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Harrison's PRINCIPLES OF INTERNAL MEDICINE Seventeenth Edition Chapter 71 Vitamin and Trace Mineral Deficiency and Excess: Introduction

Editors
Anthony S. Fauci, MD Dennis L. Kasper, MD Dan L. Longo, MD Eugene Braunwald, MD Stephen L. Hauser, MD J. Larry Jameson, MD, PhD Joseph Loscalzo, MD, PhD Riboflavin (Vitamin B2) Riboflavin is important for the metabolism of fat, carbohydrate, and protein, reflecting its role as a respiratory coenzyme and an electron donor. Enzymes that contain flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) or flavin-mononucleotide (FMN) as prosthetic groups are known as flavoenzymes (e.g., succinic acid dehydrogenase, monoamine oxidase, glutathione reductase). FAD is a cofactor for methyltetrahydrofolate reductase and therefore modulates homocysteine metabolism. The vitamin also plays a role in drug and steroid metabolism, including detoxification reactions. Although much is known about the chemical and enzymatic reactions of riboflavin, the clinical manifestations of riboflavin deficiency are nonspecific and similar to those of other B vitamin deficiencies. Riboflavin deficiency is manifested principally by lesions of the mucocutaneous surfaces of the mouth and skin (Table 71-1). In addition to the mucocutaneous lesions, corneal vascularization, anemia, and personality changes have been described with riboflavin deficiency. Deficiency and Excess Riboflavin deficiency is almost always due to dietary deficiency. Milk, other dairy products, and enriched breads and cereals are the most important dietary sources of riboflavin in the United States, although lean meat, fish, eggs, broccoli, and legumes are also good sources. Riboflavin is extremely sensitive to light, and milk should be stored in containers that protect against photodegradation. Laboratory diagnosis of riboflavin deficiency can be made by measurement of red blood cell or urinary riboflavin concentrations or by measurement of erythrocyte glutathione reductase activity, with and without added FAD. Because the capacity of the gastrointestinal tract to absorb riboflavin is limited (~20 mg if given in one oral dose), riboflavin toxicity has not been described.
Riboflavin (Vitamin B2) Riboflavin sangat penting untuk metabolisme lemak, karbohidrat, dan protein, yang mencerminkan perannya sebagai koenzim pernapasan dan donor elektron.

Enzim yang mengandung flavin adenin dinukleotida (FAD) atau flavinmononukleotida (FMN) sebagai kelompok prostetik dikenal sebagai flavoenzymes (misalnya, asam suksinat dehidrogenase, monoamine oxidase, glutation reduktase). FAD merupakan kofaktor untuk reduktase methyltetrahydrofolate dan karena itu memodulasi metabolisme homosistein. Vitamin ini juga berperan dalam metabolisme obat dan steroid, termasuk reaksi detoksifikasi. Meskipun banyak yang diketahui tentang kimia dan reaksi enzimatik riboflavin, manifestasi klinis dari defisiensi riboflavin yang spesifik dan mirip dengan kekurangan vitamin B lainnya. Riboflavin kekurangan diwujudkan terutama oleh lesi dari permukaan mukokutan dari mulut dan kulit (Tabel 71-1). Selain lesi mukokutan, vaskularisasi kornea, anemia, dan perubahan kepribadian telah dijelaskan dengan kekurangan riboflavin. Kekurangan dan Kelebihan Kekurangan Riboflavin hampir selalu karena kekurangan makanan. Susu, produk susu lainnya, dan diperkaya roti dan sereal merupakan sumber makanan yang paling penting dari riboflavin di Amerika Serikat, meskipun daging tanpa lemak, ikan, telur, brokoli, dan kacang-kacangan juga merupakan sumber yang baik. Riboflavin sangat sensitif terhadap cahaya, dan susu harus disimpan dalam wadah yang melindungi terhadap fotodegradasi. Laboratorium diagnosis defisiensi riboflavin dapat dilakukan dengan pengukuran sel darah merah atau konsentrasi riboflavin kemih atau dengan pengukuran aktivitas reduktase glutathione eritrosit, dengan dan tanpa FAD ditambahkan. Karena kapasitas saluran pencernaan untuk menyerap riboflavin terbatas (~ 20 mg jika diberikan dalam satu dosis oral), riboflavin toksisitas belum dijelaskan.

Harrison prinsip-prinsip ilmu penyakit dalam edisi 13 volume 1 Bab 77 defisiensi dan kelebihan vitamin Hal 531 Isselbacher, braunwald, wilson, martin, fauci, kasper EGC 1999

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