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Date : 04/02/2013

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Aim : (i). To determine the determine the resolution characteristics of a grating and a prism by recording the spectral intensity of the Sodium doublet as a function of angle. (ii). To determine the wavelength of Hydrogen spectra using the grating and the prism from the spectral information we get above.

Theory : As light passes through a diffraction grating, the light bends to form a diffraction pattern. The angles to the maxima in the diffraction pattern are given by d sin = m (m = 0, 1, 2, ...) .............(1) where d is the separation between the lines on the grating, is the wavelength of the light, and m is the order number (Figure 1).
Now we can find the grating constant d for known wavelength of Sodium spectra and then we can find the unknown wavelength of Hydrogen spectra. Now for the case of the prism, we have the Cauchy's relation n = a + 2

..........(2)

where n is the refractive index of the material of the prism at the wavelength , Figure : 1 and a and b are two constants which can be determined from the spectrum of the Sodium doublet. Now from the known value of a and b, we can find the wavelength of the Hydrogen spectrum for different value of refractive index (n) for different colour. Now the refractive index of the material of the prism at a specific wavelength is given by n=

+ 2 2

............(3)

where A is the angle of the prism and D is the minimum deviation (Figure 2).

Figure :2

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Observations : In the following two graph we have shown the spectrum of the Sodium (Na) using a grating.

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(A). Determination of Grating Constant (m) and No. of Rulings per mm : TABLE - I Wavelength () = 589.3 nm Observation Order No. No (n) Angle of diffraction () in Left side I II 1 20.71 20.70 Right side 20.138 19.894 Grating Constant m = in m-1 in Left side Right side 1.66610-6 1.66710-6 1.71210-6 1.73210-6

Mean of Grating Constant (m) in m-1 1.69410-6

Rulings per mm of the grating 590.32

In the following two graph we have shown the spectrum of Hydrogen (H2)

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Date : 04/02/2013

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(B). Calculation of Hydrogen Wavelength : TABLE - II Grating Constant (m) = 1.69410-6 m-1 No of Observation Order Spectrum No No (n) Angle of diffraction () in Left Right side side 14.911 14.796 14.882 14.749 14.102 13.945 14.026 14.000 Wavelength ( of the spectrum in nm for Left Right side side 435.90 432.61 435.07 431.27 412.74 408.24 410.56 409.82
= )

Mean of the wavelength () in nm

1 I II 2 I II

433.71 410.34

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In the following two graph we have shown the spectrum of Sodium (Na) using a prism.

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(C). Calculation of Coefficients of the Cauchy's Relation : TABLE - III

Wavelength Observation Angle of () in nm No refraction () in degree 589.5924 I II 588.9950 I II 38.636 38.631 38.641 38.636

Mean of angle of refraction () in degree 38.634

Prism Angle (A) in degree

Refractive index n=

+ 2 2

Value of Cauchy's Constants a b in nm2 1.49202 8563.87

1.51666 60 1.51671

38.639

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In the following two graph we have shown the spectrum of Hydrogen (H2) using the prism.

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(D). Calculation of Hydrogen Wavelength : TABLE - IV Value of the Cauchy's Constants : a = 1.49202 and b = 8563.87 nm2 No of Observation Angle of Spectrum No refraction () in degree 1 II 2 I II 40.508 40.562 41.050 41.077 Mean of angle of refraction () in degree 40.445 41.064 Prism Angle (A) in degree 60 Refractive index n=

+ 2 2

Wavelength () of the spectrum in nm 435.86 405.90

1.5371 1.5440

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Discussions : (i). Advantages and Disadvantages of a Prism over grating: (a). A prism produces only one spectrum but a grating produces a number of spectra. But the prism spectra is brighter than the grating spectrum. (b). In grating spectra there is a chance of overlapping of different spectral lines in the higher order. As there is only one spectrum for the prism so there is no chance of overlapping the prism spectra. (c). In prism the deviation of violet colour is more than the deviation of the red colour. But in grating spectra the deviation of violet colour is smaller than the red colour. (d). Resolving power of grating is much greater than that of the prism. (e). Grating spectrum is nearly normal but the prism spectrum is never normal. (f). Dispersion in the grating spectra does not depend on the material of the grating, but dispersion of the prism spectrum depends on the material of the prism. (g). Sometimes, due to periodic error in ruling additional false spectra known as ghosts spectra are produced by the grating. But prism spectra is free from such ghosts spectra. (ii). Improvement of the resolution of a prism : The resolving power of a prism is given by the relation

=t

, where t is the thickness of the base of the prism.

So the resolution of a prism can be increase by increasing the thickness (t) of the prism. (iii). Improvement of the resolution of a grating : The resolving power of a prism is given by the relation

= Nm , where N is the total number of rulings on the grating and m is the order number.

So the resolution of a grating can be increase by increasing the number of rulings (N) on the grating. (iv). Role of slit width: In this experiment when we increase the slit width, more light will fall in the grating, so the intensity of the spectrum will be increased, as well as the width of the spectrum will also increase. So there may be possibility of overlapping the spectrum. So to get accurate spectrum the slit width must be very small. (v). Determination of line width of spectral lines : To determine the width of spectral lines we need to at first determine the 'Full Width of Half Maxima' of the intensity pattern. In this experiment we can determine this from the intensity pattern, so we can determine the line width of the spectral lines.

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