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beam
subjected
to
transverse loads as shown in figure, the deflections occur in the plane same as the loading plane, is called the plane of bending. In this chapter we discuss shear forces and bending moments in beams related to the loads.
4.2
Type of beams
Type of loads a. concentrated load (single force) b. distributed load (measured by their intensity) : uniformly distributed load (uniform load) linearly varying load c. couple
Reactions consider the loaded beam in figure equation of equilibrium in horizontal direction Fx = P1 cos =
HA HA
= P1 cos
MB
- RA L + (P1 sin ) (L - a) + P2 (L - b) + q c2 / 2 = 0 q c2 CC 2L
RA
+ P2 b CC L
P2 (L - b) CCCC + L + q c2 CC 2L
RB
Fy =
12 P3 RA = CC + 13
MA
12 P3 q1 b q1 b MA = CC + CC (L 2b/3) + CC (L b/3) 13 2 2
P4 (L a) + M1 RA = CCCCCC L 4.3
concentrated load
the shear force tends to rotate the material clockwise is defined as positive
the bending moment tends to compress the upper part of the beam and elongate the lower part is defined as positive
Example 4-1 a simple beam AB and a couple M0, M supports a force V P and
x = (L/2)_ M0 C L (L/2)_ 0 = = M = = = = 0 RA RA
at x = (L/2)+ + M0 C L
3P RA = C 4 (a) at x =
P RB = C 4
Fy = V M
P =
= -
0 M0 / L 0
- P
-P/4
P L / 8 - M0 / 2
(b) at
x V M
[similarly as (a)]
- P / 4 - M0 / L P L / 8 + M0 / 2
Example
4-2 AB subjected to a
a cantilever beam
linearly varying distributed load as shown, find the shear force V and the bending moment q Fy = V = Vmax = q0 x / L 0 - V - 2 (q0 x / L) (x) - q0 x2 / (2 L) = - q0 L / 2
4
= M
0 =
2 (q0 x / L) (x) (x / 3) =
- q0 x3 / (6 L) = - q0 L 2 / 6
ABC
is
of intensity calculate
from the free body diagram of the right-hand part, same results can be obtained
4.4 Relationships Between Loads, Shear Forces, and Bending Moments consider an element of a beam of length dx subjected to distributed loads q
Fy = or
V - q dx - (V + dV) dV / dx = -q
- q dx
A B
i.e. VB = VA =
- q dx
A
and
B)
the area of loading diagram may be positive or negative moment equilibrium of the element M or = 0 - M - q dx (dx/2) - (V + dV) dx + M + dM dM / dx = V = 0, = 0
maximum (or minimum) bending-moment occurs at dM / dx i.e. at the point of shear force V = 0 B
V dx
A B
i.e. MB MA =
= V dx
A
this equation is valid even when concentrated loads act on the beam between and B A and B, but it is not valid if a couple acts between A
i.e. an abrupt change in the shear force occurs at any point where a concentrated load acts equilibrium of moment - M - P (dx/2) or M1 = P (dx/2) dx (V + V1) dx + V dx + M + j M1 0 M1 = 0
+ V1 dx
is also infinitesimally small, thus, the bending moment does not change as we pass through the point of application of a concentrated load
i.e. no change in shear force at the point of application of a couple equilibrium of moment - M + M0 - (V + V1) dx + M + M1 or M1 = - M0 = 0
4.5
concentrated loads consider a simply support beam AB with a concentrated load P RA for = Pb/L x < RB a Pb/L = Pbx/L Pb/L = V = Pa/L
0 < V M = =
RA = RA x
note that
dM / dx =
for
a < V M =
<
L = -Pa/L = P a (L - x) / L = V
RA - P RA x
- P (x - a)
note that
dM / dx =
-Pa/L
with
Mmax
Pab/L
RA V
= =
RB
RA - q x
several concentrated loads for 0 < x < a1 M1 for a1 < x < a2 M = = V = RA RA a 1 V = RA - P1 RA x - P1 (x - a1) (RA - P1 )(a2 - a1) M = RA x
Example
4-4
construct the shear-force and bending -moment diagrams for the simple beam AB RA RB for = = 0 V q b (b + 2c) / 2L q b (b + 2a) / 2L < = x < a = RA x
RA M
for
a V M
< = = + =
x RA
< a
- q (x - a) - q (x - a)2 / 2 < L M = RB (L - x) = 0
RA x
for
a V
b < x - RB
b (b + 2c) / 2L
Mmax for b = L,
a=c=0 =
q L2 / 8
construct the
V-
and
MB = P1 L + P2 b
- P1
- P1 x
< x = =
< L - P2 M P 2 (x - a)
- P1 - P1 x
10
Example
construct the V-
Mmax = - q L2 / 2
V - VA
= V-0 = V
- q dx
0 x
-qx
M - MA = M - 0
M =
- V dx
0
= - q x2 / 2
Example
4-7
1.25 kN
V = constant
11
- 8 + 1.25 x 8
12