UNIT-II BASIC SIGNAL PROCESSING OPERATIONS IN DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS

Transmitter Discrete Channel Digital source Source encoder Channel encoder Modulator

Noise

Channel

User

Source decoder

Channel encoder

Detector

Receiver

Fig. 1 Block diagram of Digital Communication System

The above figure shows the block diagram of Digital Communication System. Here, 3 basic signal processing operations are identified: 1. Source Coding 2. Channel Coding 3. Modulation Source Coding: In source encoding, the encoder maps the digital signal generated at the source output into another signal in digital form.

The mapping is one-to-one and the objective is to eliminate or reduce redundancy so as to provide an efficient representation of the source output. Since the source encoder mapping is on-to-one, source decoder simply performs the inverse mapping and thereby delivers to the user destination, a reproduction of the original digital source output. So source coding is done at a reduced bandwidth requirement.

Channel Coding: In channel coding, the objective is for the encoder to map the incoming digital signal into a channel input for the decoder to map the channel output into an output digital signal in such a way that the effect of channel noise is minimized. So combined role of channel encoder and decoder is to provide reliable communication over a noisy channel. It is satisfied by introducing redundancy in the channel encoder & exploiting it in the decoder to re-construct original encoder output as accurately as possible. So, in source coding redundancy is removed whereas in channel encoding, controlled redundancy is introduced. So, source coding & channel coding can be performed alone, or together. When done together, the source encoding is done before channel encoding in transmitter. In receiver, proceeding in reverse order, channel decoding is done first and then source decoding. The resulting improvement in system performance is achieved at cost of increased circuit complexity.

Modulation: As for modulation, it is performed with purpose of providing for efficient transmission of signal over the channel. The modulator operates by keying shifts in amplitude, frequency, phase of a sinusoidal carrier wave to the channel encoder output. The digital modulation techniques are referred to as Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK), Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK), or Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) respectively. The detector there by performs de-modulation, thereby producing a signal that follows time variations in channel encoder output. The combination of modulator, channel and detector included in the rectangle is called a discrete channel since its both input and output are in the digital form. Traditionally coding and modulation are performed as different operations, and the introduction of redundant symbols by the channel encoder appears to imply increased bandwidth.

In some applications are performed together as one function in such a way that the transmission bandwidth need not be increased. We define this joint function of channel encoder and modulator as the imposition of distinct patterns on transmitted signal, which are detected with sense by the combined action of channel decoder and detector in the receiver.