The Study on Jargons and Words Constructions Used by Waria malang

Joni Susanto
Lecturer of STIBA MALANG Afit Graduate of STIBA MALANG

Abstract: The researchers focus of study is Waria language used by the members of IWAMA (Ikatan Waria Malang). In Warias language, the researchers found many jargons which common people do not know or understand in term of meaning. In this thesis, the researchers presents two problems, namely a). What kinds of jargons used by Waria in Malang especially the members of IWAMA (Ikatan Waria Malang)? b). How the jargons are constructed by Waria in Malang especially the members of IWAMA (Ikatan Waria Malang)? In conducting this study, the researchers applies descriptive qualitative research. In the data collecting, they applied some steps, namely: (1) going to some areas where the Waria do an activity as an observation of location, (2) attending the Warias events to commemorate the HIV/AIDS day in Terminal Arjosari Malang, (3) following Warias activities in Stasiun Kota Baru Malang at night, (4) attending a demonstration which involves some Warias to commemorate Anti Madat day in Alun Alun Balaikota Malang, (5) conducting informal interview with informants in some days, (6) conducting in dept interview with secretaries of IWAMA (Ikatan Waria Malang) to get significant information as the researchers need, (7) recorded it and making notes during their observation and interview, (8) crosschecking the data from in depth interview with recorded and notes.

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Based on the finding and interpretation, the researchers draw conclusion that the jargons used by Waria in Malang are borrowed from Indonesian, Javanese and English but they change the form by adding prefixes or/and suffixes. The meanings of those borrowing words also change. There is no specific rule or pattern in creating the words of jargon. The researcher suggests to the future researchers conduct a sociolinguistics study on slang, code switching, code mixing and others. Key words : jargons, word construction, IWAMA (Ikatan Waria Malang)

INTRODUCTION
Language is an important thing in daily life. As human being who live in society, people need language to communicate with each other. Language plays an important role to create relation among countries in the world. People can express their feeling, opinions, ideas, and emotion by using language. According to Sapir (in Lyons 1921:8) states that language is a purely human and non instinctive method of communicating ideas, emotions and desires by means of voluntarily produce symbols. In order to know and understand a language, we should master that language well. Comrie (Encarta 2006) says that language is the principal means used by human beings to communicate with one another and primarily spoken, although it can be transferred to other media, such as writing. People need a means to communicate with other people in society. It is called language. Language and society have close relationship, but every society has their own language. A society may not know or understand

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other languages. The study of language in relation to society is called sociolinguistics. Sociolinguistics is the study of the effect of any and all aspects of society, including cultural norms, expectations, and context, on the way language is used, and the effects of language use on society (Wikipedia). Sociolinguistics is the study of patterns and variations in language within a society or community. It focuses on the way people use language to express social class, group status, gender, or ethnicity, and it looks at how they make choices about the form of language they use (Eastman and Longyear, Encarta 2006). Sociolinguistics differs from sociology of language in that the focus of sociolinguistics is the effect of the society on the language, while the latter's focus is on the language's effect on the society. There are several languages used in Malang, such as Indonesian, Javanese, Madurese and others languages. But there is some language that is unknown by common people but still spoken by some association or community in Malang. There are several communities or groups in Malang which have their own languages. They are Aremania (Arema Football Club), IGAMA (Ikatan Gay Malang), IWAMA (Ikatan Waria Malang) and others. Fromkin and Rodman (1978: 282), jargon is words used to describe the special terms of a professional or trade group. Jargons vocabulary sometimes unknown by outsiders and used by certain groups. Different groups have different jargon. For example, Waria in Malang have their own diction to communicate each other. It is a language that unpopular to talk in common society but used only by Waria in Malang. The language used by

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IWAMA is almost same with the language used by IGAMA. The object to do this research is Waria which are the member of IWAMA (Ikatan Waria Malang) surrounding at Stasiun Kota Baru Malang. The researcher is interested to analyze the language used by Waria because in general, Waria is a man who dressed and behave like a woman, which has double personality, sometimes man and sometimes a woman who speak in unique language and unknown by common people. We also can say that Waria is a womans soul who is trapped in the mans body. In this case, the researcher would like to analyze words by focusing in sociolinguistics study especially jargon and words constructions. Waria creates the words from the combination of Indonesian, Javanese, Madurese and also Malangese language. Sometimes they create some words spontaneously and it used by all Waria continuously. They used Waria language in order to other people doesnt know what they are talking about and they want to have special identity in the society. Waria language is non-formal language used by Waria in Malang like language variety in different diction, phrase, abbreviation, intonation, pronunciation, and grammar. PROBLEMS OF THE STUDY Based on the background of the study above about the jargon words used by Waria in Malang especially the members of IWAMA (Ikatan Waria Malang), the researcher formulate the following problems of the study:

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1.

What kinds of jargons used by Malang especially the members of (Ikatan Waria Malang)? 2. How the jargons are constructed in Malang especially the members of (Ikatan Waria Malang)? OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

Waria in IWAMA by Waria IWAMA

Based on the problem of the study above, this study is intended to: 1. describe the jargon used by Waria in Malang especially the members of IWAMA (Ikatan Waria Malang). 2. describe an understanding on the jargon constructions used by Waria in Malang especially the members of IWAMA (Ikatan Waria Malang). SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY This research is expected to be a beneficial contribution for the researcher to increase her knowledge and understanding about sociolinguistics study especially jargon which is used by Waria in Malang. It also may give advantages for student of STIBA Malang as a reference to understanding about jargon used by IWAMA (Ikatan Waria Malang). On the other hand, the researcher expects that this research will give beneficial to develop study about the same topic and hoping that it will give some information to the readers who are interested in

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studying about jargon used by Waria in Malang (IWAMA).

KEY TERMS To avoid ambiguity and misunderstanding, the researcher will describe some key terms existing in this study. 1. Cant Cant, sometimes defined as false or insincere language, also (like argot) refers to the jargon and slang used by thieves and beggars and the underworld (Redmond, Encarta 2006). 2. Creoles A pidgin comes to be adopted by a community as its native tongue, and children learn it as a first language, that language is called a creole (Fromkin and Rodman, 1978: 270). 3. Colloquial Colloquial is a linguistic phrase that is characteristic of or only appropriate for casual, ordinary, familiar, and/or informal written or spoken conversation, rather than for formal speech, standard writing, or paralinguistic (Wikipedia). 4. Jargon Jargon (language) is vocabulary used by a special group or occupational class, usually only partially understood by outsiders. (Redmond, Encarta 2006)

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5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

Pidgin Pidgin is a variety specially created for the purpose of communicating with some other group, and not used by any community for communication among themselves (Hudson, 1981: 61). Slang Slang is one of those things (words) that everybody can recognize and nobody can define what the word exactly is if one does not belong to the community who uses the slang words (Robert, 1985: 51). Sociolect A sociolect or social dialect is a variety of language (a dialect) associated with a social group such as a socioeconomic class, an ethnic group, an age group, etc (Wikipedia). Speech Community Speech community is all the people who use a given language (or dialect) (Lyons, 1970: 326). Waria/Transgender Waria is a man who dresses and behaves like a woman; he has double personality, sometimes a man and sometimes a woman (Wikipedia).

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE Theoretical Review 1. Sociolinguistics

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Hudson (1987: 1), sociolinguistics as the study of language in relation to society. It is similar to the meaning of sociology of language that the study of society in relation to the language. Sociolinguistics has become a recognized part of most courses at university level on linguistics or language, and is indeed one of the main growth points in the study of language, from the point of view of both teaching and research. Sociolinguistics is the study of the effect of any and all aspects of society, including cultural norms, expectations, and context, on the way language is used, and the effects of language use on society. It also studies how language varieties differ between groups separated by certain social variables, e.g., ethnicity, religion, status, gender, level of education, age, etc., and how creation and adherence to these rules is used to categorize individuals in social or socioeconomic classes. As the usage of a language varies from place to place (dialect), language usage varies among social classes, and it is these sociolects that sociolinguistics studies. (Wikipedia) Downes (1984: 19) says that sociolinguistics is a branch of linguistics which studies those properties of language which require social explanation. The social explanations are of two main types: first, they involve large-scale social settings. Second, they involve smallscale conversational settings. The conclusion of Wisniewski (in Finch 1998 and Yule 1996), sociolinguistics is a quickly developing branch of linguistics which investigates the individual and social variation of language. Just as regional variation of language can give a lot of information about the place the speaker is from, social variation tells about the roles

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fulfilled by a given speaker within one community, or country. According to Wisniewski there are numerous factors influencing the way people speak which are investigated by sociolinguistics: Social class: the position of the speaker in the society, measured by the level of education, parental background, profession and their effect on syntax and lexis used by the speaker; Social context: the register of the language used depending on changing situations, formal language in formal meetings and informal during meetings with friends for example; Geographical origins: slight differences in pronunciation between speakers that point at the geographical region which the speakers come from; Ethnicity: differences between the use of a given language by its native speakers and other ethnic groups; Nationality: clearly visible in the case of the English language: British English differs from American English, or Canadian English; Gender: differences in patterns of language use between men and women, such as quantity of speech, intonation patterns; Age: the influence of age of the speaker on the use of vocabulary and grammar complexity. The basic usage of language is as a means of communication. An important factor influencing the way of formulating sentences in communication is according

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to sociolinguists the social class of the speakers. Social structure may influence or determine the linguistic structure and behavior. 2. Language Varieties

Hudson (1981: 24) concludes that what makes one variety of language different from another is the linguistic items that it includes, so we may define a variety of language as a set of linguistic items with similar social distribution. A variety may be much larger than a lay language, including a number of different languages. Hudson also states (1981: 25) the defining characteristic of each variety is the relevant relation to society in other words, by whom, and when, the items concerned are used. Akmajian, et al (1981: 177) say no human language can be said to be fixed, uniform, unvarying: all language, as far as anyone knows, show internal variation in that actual usage varies from speaker to speaker. Languages constantly undergo changes, resulting in the development of different varieties of the languages. In sociolinguistics a variety, also called a lect, is a form of a language used by speakers of that language (Wikipedia). Language varieties different from standard language that is taught in school, these are jargon, pidgin, creols, slang, dialect and other. These varieties have their own vocabulary, grammatical rules and the way to pronounce words. 2.1. Bilingualism

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Bilingualism is mastery of two languages. A person is bilingual if he or she knows two languages; a document or message is bilingual if it is presented in two languages. Bilingual education is teaching students in both their native language and the primary language of the culture. (Encarta 2006) Base on Yule (1996: 185), in such situation, bilingualism, at the individual level, tends to be a feature of the minority group. In this form of bilingualism, a member of a minority group grows up in one linguistic community, primarily speaking one language such as Gaelic, but learns another language, such as English, in order to take part in the larger, dominant, linguistic community. People in many parts of the country have mastered two or more languages. A person may control one language better than another, or a person might have mastered the different languages better for different purposes, using one language for speaking, for example, and another for writing. 2.2. Speech Community Hudson (1981: 25) states that the term speech community is widely used by sociolinguistics to refer to a community

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based on language, but linguistic community is also used with the same meaning. If speech communities can be delimited, then they can be studied, and it may be impossible to find interesting differences between communities which correlate with differences in their language. Lyons as quoted by Hudson (1981: 25), speech community is all the people who use a given language (or dialect). According to Hockett as quoted by Hudson (1981: 26), each language defines a speech community: the whole set of people who communicate with each other, either directly or indirectly, via the common language. Gumperz as quoted by Hudson (1981: 26), the speech community: any human aggregate characterized by regular and frequent interaction by means of a shared body of verbal signs and set off from similar aggregates by significant differences in language use. Hudson quoted from Bloomfield (1981: 26) states that a speech community is a group of people who interact by means of speech. Hudson quoted from Labov (1981: 27) says that the speech community is not defined by any marked agreement in the use of language elements, so much as by participation in a set of shared norms, these

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norms may be observed in overt types of evaluative behavior, and by the uniformity of abstract patterns of variation which are invariant in respect to particular levels of usage. Speech community is a concept in sociolinguistics that describes a more or less discrete group of people who use language in a unique and mutually accepted way among themselves (Wikipedia). Speech community is group with shared language: a group that includes all the speakers of a single language or dialect. They may be widely dispersed geographically (Encarta Dictionary Tools). Speech communities can be members of a profession with a specialized jargon, distinct social groups like high school students or hip hop fans, or even tight-knit groups like families and friends. Members of speech communities will often develop slang or jargon to serve the group's special purposes and priorities. 2.3. Diglossia In linguistics, diglossia refers to the use by a language community of two languages or dialects: the first is the community's present day vernacular; the second may be an ancient version of the

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same language, or a distinct yet closely related present day dialect (Wikipedia). Downes quoted from Ferguson (1984: 55) states that: diglossia is a relatively stable language situation in which, in addition to the primary dialect of the language (which may include a standard or regional standard), there is a very divergent, highly codified (often grammatically more complex) superimposed variety, the vehicle of a large and respected body of literature (written) either of an earlier period or in another speech community, which is learned largely by formal education and is used for most written and formal spoken purposes but is not used by any sector of the community for ordinary conversation. According to Fishman as quoted from Hudson (1981: 55) also extends the term diglossia to include any society in which two or more varieties are used under distinct circumstances. Ferguson examines four defining cases where diglossia obtains; there are Switzerland, Haiti, Greece and Arab. In German, speaking standard German is High variety while Low variety is Swiss German. In Haiti, the L is creoles and the H is French. In Greek, classical Greek is L and Dhimotiki

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is H. in Arab, H is classical Arabic while the L is colloquial Arabic (Hudson, 1981: 56). Diglossia can be refers to a situation where two different varieties of language cooccurs throughout a speech community, each with a distinct range of social function. In diglossia there are High (H) or super ordinate variety and Low (L) or colloquial variety. High variety as used on formal occasion and in education as his first language, since Low variety at home as a mother tongue. 2.4. Code Mixing and Code Switching Code-mixing refers to the mixing of two or more languages or language varieties in speech (Wikipedia). Code-switching is a linguistics term denoting the concurrent use of more than one language, or language variety, in conversation. Multilingualism is people who speak more than one language - sometimes use elements of multiple languages in conversing with each other. Thus, codeswitching is the syntactically and phonologically appropriate use of more than one linguistic variety (Wikipedia). Base on Hudson (1981: 62), situational code switching is the situation type will predict which variety a speaker will employ. Whether a speaker situationally

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code switched or not further depends on the orientation of value of the particular subgroup of the community to which he belongs. While, metaphorical code switching is the use of the variety alludes to the social values it encodes, but is otherwise inappropriate to the situation in which it is uttered (Hudson 1981: 64). Code mixing may occur within multilingual setting where speakers share more than one language in a sentence. Nearly all bilingual children produce utterances that combine two or more language in a speech. It happened because children may have limited vocabulary, they may know a word in one language but not in another. The term of code-switching emphasizes a multilingual speaker's movement from one grammatical system to another. Speakers practice code-switching when they are each fluent in both languages. Code-switching is understood as the socially and grammatically appropriate use of multiple varieties. 2.5. Style Fromkin and Rodman (1978: 271), your language is spoken differently in the different parts of the world; dialects are a

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common phenomenon. But you may not aware that you speak two or more dialect of your language. When you are out with your friends, you talk one way; when you go on a job interview, you talk differently. These situations dialect are called style. In Wikipedia, stylistics is the study of varieties of language whose properties position that language in context, and tries to establish principles capable of accounting for the particular choices made by individuals and social groups in their use of language. People change their language in different situations. In formal communication such as in a meeting, people use standard language and informal communication (talking with friends), people use non standard language. Other features of style include the use of dialogue, the language of advertising, politics, religion, individual authors, etc. In other words, they all have place or are said to use a particular 'style'. 2.6. Slang Fromkin and Rodman (1978: 282) suggest, slang may not be used in formal papers or situations, but is widely used in speech. They also state that one linguist has defined slang as one of those things that everybody can recognize and nobody can

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define. The use of slang, or colloquial language, introduces many new words into the language, by recombining old words into new meaning. Redmond (in Encarta 2006) states that slang is informal, nonstandard words and phrases, generally shorter lived than the expressions of ordinary colloquial speech, and typically formed by creative. The special in-group speech of young people and of members of distinct ethnic groups is generally called slang, especially when it is understood by outsiders. Slang word is kind of language occurring chiefly in casual and playful speech, made up typically of short-lived coinages terms for added raciness, humor, irreverence or other effect. (American Heritage Talking Dictionary, 1997). Slang is a kind of language occurring chiefly in casual and playful speech, made up typically of short lived coinages and figures of speech that are deliberately used in place of standard terms for added raciness, humor, irreverence or other effect (www.thefreedictionary.com/slang). Slang is highly informal language that is outside of conventional or standard usage and consists of both coined words and phrases and of new or extended meanings attached to established terms, slang develops from the attempt to find fresh and vigorous,

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colorful, pungent or humorous expression, and generally either passes into disuse or comes to have or more formal status (Websters New World Dictionary). Slang can called as informal or nonstandard language that is used to communicate by certain community in certain situation such as in informal and friendly conversation. The language they use is influenced by their profession, community, age, hobby, social position, etc. Slang often suggests that the person utilizing the words or phrases is familiar with the hearer group or subgroup and it can be considered a distinguishing factor in group identity. In order for an expression to become slang, it must be widely accepted and adopted by member of the subculture of group. Slang has no society boundaries or limitations as it can exist in all cultures and classes of society as well as in all languages. 2.7. Jargon Fromkin and Rodman (1978: 282), jargon is words used to describe the special terms of a professional or trade group. Practically every conceivable science, profession, trade, and occupation has its own set of words, some of which are considered to be slang and others technical, depending on the status of the people using

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these in words. Such words are sometimes called jargon or argot. According to Fromkin and Rodman, many jargon terms pass into the standard language. Jargon spread from a narrow group until it is used and understood by a large segment of the population, similar to slang. Eventually, it may lose its special status as either jargon or slang and gain entrance into the respectable circle of formal usage. Jargon (language) is vocabulary used by a special group or occupational class, usually only partially understood by outsiders. The special vocabularies of medicine, law, banking, science and technology, education, military affairs, sports, and the entertainment world all fall under the heading of jargon (Encarta 2006). Redmond (in Encarta 2006) also explains that some writers reserve the term jargon for technical language. In general, however, slang is more casual and acceptable to outsiders than jargon. Slang and cant are more vivid than jargon, with a greater turnover in vocabulary. Jargon is an indispensable means of communication within its own sphere, but it is criticized when used unnecessarily in everyday contexts, or to impress, intimidate, or confuse outsider (Encarta 2006).

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Jargon is terminology which is especially defined in relationship to a specific activity, profession, or group (Wikipedia, free encyclopedia). In the Contemporary English Indonesian Dictionary, jargon adalah kata atau ungkapan yang digunakan khusus untuk bidang tertentu (Jargon is words or phrases used by certain field). Jargon is the specialized vocabulary and idioms of those in the same work, profession, etc, as of sports writers or social workers; as somewhat derogatory term, often implying unintelligibility (Websters New World Dictionary). Jargon is technical language used and developed by people who participate in a special field, a group, profession / culture, especially when the words and phrases are not understood / used by other people. Every occupation or specialized field has its own vocabulary. The term of jargon is applied chiefly to the words and phrases that are used and understood by people within a specific profession or field of study but not by others as in medical jargon, business jargon or computer jargon. Examples of computer jargon include the words RAM, bit, byte, CPU, and hexadecimal. 2.8. Register

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The term register is widely used in sociolinguistics to refer as varieties according to use, in contact with dialects, defined as varieties according to user (Hudson, 1981: 48). In Wikipedia, registers are associated with particular situations, purposes, or levels of formality. A register (sometimes called a style) is a variety of language used in particular social setting. In linguistics, a register is a variety of a language used for a particular purpose or in a particular social setting. According to Comrie (in Encarta 2006) in additional to language varieties defined in terms of social groups, there are language varieties called registers that are defined by social situation. In a formal situation, for example, a person might say, You are requested to leave, whereas in an informal situation the same person might say, Get out! Register differences can affect pronunciation, grammar, and vocabulary. The term of register was first used by the linguist Thomas Bertram Reid in 1956, and brought into general currency in the 1960s by a group of linguists who wanted to distinguish between variations in language according to the user (defined by variables such as social background, geography, sex

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and age), and variations according to use, "in the sense that each speaker has a range of varieties and choices between them at different times". Register as language variation defined by use not user. Halliday as quoted by Hudson (1981: 49), register distinguish three general types of dimension: field is concerned with the purpose and subject matter of the communication; mode refers to means by which communication takes place notably, by speech or writing; and tenor depends on the relations between participants. Field refers to why and what a communication takes place, mode refers to how and tenor refers to whom . 2.9. Pidgins and Creoles Hudson (1981: 61) says that a pidgin is a variety specially created for the purpose of communicating with some other group, and not used by any community for communication among themselves. Hudson states that a pidgin which has acquired native speakers is called a creole language, or creoles, and the process whereby a pidgin turns into a creole is called creolisation. Fromkin and Rodman (1978: 282) say that the languages spoken by two or more groups may be simplified lexically,

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phonology, and syntactically to become a pidgin. According to Fromkin and Rodman, one distinguish characteristic of pidgin languages is that no one learns them as native speakers. When a pidgin comes to be adopted by a community as its native tongue, and children learn it as a first language, that language is called a creole; the pidgin has become creolized. Comrie (in Encarta 2006) states that a pidgin is an auxiliary language (a language used for communication by groups that have different native tongues) that develops when people speaking different languages are brought together and forced to develop a common means of communication without sufficient time to learn each other's native languages properly. A pidgin (pronounced /pdn/) language is a simplified language that develops as a means of communication between two or more groups that do not have a language in common (Wikipedia). A creole language, or simply a creole, is a stable language that has originated from a pidgin language that has been nativized (that is, acquired by children) (Wikipedia). Creoles and pidgins develop as a means of communication between members of two mutually unintelligible language

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communities. Both creoles and pidgins have simple grammatical structures and limited vocabularies. Moreover, the rules of creole grammar remain uniform from speaker to speaker, whereas pidgin grammar varies among speakers. Pidgin as a mean of communications between different native speakers. Creole is language that began as a pidgin but has become the native language of a community. 3. Process of Word Formation Process of word formation is a process of word formation in which a new word is coined by removing a real or imagined affix from an existing word (Encarta 2006). Yule (1985: 51), you can very quickly understand a new word in your language and cope with the use of different forms of that new word. This ability must derive in part from the fact that there is a lot of regularity in the word formation processes in your language. According to Yule, there are some words formations: 3.1. Coinage One of the least common processes of word formation in English is coinage, that is, the invention of totally new terms. Familiar recent examples are Kleenex, Nylon and Xerox, which also began as invented

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trade names, and which have quickly become everyday words in the language. 3.2. Borrowing One of the most common sources of new words in English is the process simply labeled borrowing, that is, the taking over of words from other language. Throughout its history, the English language has adopted a vast number of loan words from other languages, including alcohol (Arab), boss (Dutch) etc. Others languages, of course, borrow terms from English, as can be observed in Japanese use of rajio (radio). Yule also suggests that borrowing is the taking over of words from other language. Other statement from Fromkin and Rodman states that borrowing as the process by which one language or dialect takes and incorporates some linguistics element from another. Most language is borrowed. Every language usually consists of native words and nonnative words. And finally it is called loan word, which is borrowed from other language. A borrowing word or phrase is which has been borrowed by one language from another. A special type of borrowing is described as loan translation. In this process, there is a direct translation of the elements of a word into the borrowing language.

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3.3. Compounding In some of those examples we have just considered, there is a joining of two or more separate words to produce a single form. This combining process, technically known as compounding, is very common in languages such as bookcase, fingerprint, waterfall, long-haired and wallpaper. As the forgoing examples show, compounds may be written as one word, as a hyphenated word, or as two words. 3.4. Blending This combining of two separate forms to produce a single new term is also present in the process called blending. However, blending is typically accomplished by taking only the beginning of one word and joining it to the end of the other word. Blending is the fusion of two words into one, usually the first part of one word with the past part of another, as in gasohol, from gasoline and alcohol. Some other commonly used examples of blending are brunch (breakfast and lunch), motel (motor and hotel) and smog (smoke and fog). 3.5. Clipping

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The element of reduction which is noticeable in blending is even more apparent in the process described as clipping. This occurs when a word of more than one syllable is reduced to a shorter form, often in casual speech. Clipping means cutting off the beginning or the end of a word, or both, leaving a part to stand for the whole. For examples: laboratory becomes lab, gymnastic becomes gym, examination becomes exam, and influenza becomes flu. 3.6. Back Formation A very specialized type of reduction process is known as backformation. Typically, a word of one type (usually a noun) is reduced to form another word of a different type (usually a verb). A good example of backformation is the process whereby the noun television first came into use and then the verb televise was created from it. Back formation is an active source of new words today. Other examples are edit (from editor), donate (from donation), opt (from option). 3.7. Conversion A change in the function of a word, as for example, when a noun comes to be used as a verb (without any reduction) is

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generally known as conversion. For example is paper become papering, dirty become to dirty, crazy become a crazy. 3.8. Acronyms Some new words are formed from the initial letters of a set of other words. Acronyms is the process whereby a word is formed from the initials or beginning segments of a succession of words. These acronyms often consist of capital letters, as MP (military police or Member of Parliament), UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization), radar (radio detecting and ranging). 3.9. Derivation Derivation is the forming of new words by combining derivational affixes or bound bases with existing words. Derivation is achieved by adding affixes; there are prefix, suffix, and infix. In the preceding group of words, it should be obvious that some affixes have to be added to the beginning of a word, this is called prefixes. Prefix is a linguistic element that is not an independent word, but is attached to the beginning of a word to modify its meaning.

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For example, "un-" is a prefix meaning "not" (Encarta Dictionary 2006). The other affix forms are added to the end of the word is called suffixes. Suffix is a letter or group of letters added at the end of a word or word part to form another word, e.g. "-ly" in "quickly" or "-ing" in "talking" (Encarta Dictionary 2006). There is a third type of affix, not normally to be found in English, but fairly common in some other languages. This is called an infix and as the term suggests, it is an affix which is incorporated inside another word. Infix is inserting a linking element into a word. In the word "acidophilus," the letter "o" is an infix (Encarta Dictionary 2006). There is some adding of the process of word formations based on Norman: 3.10. Echoism Echoism is the formation of words whose sound suggests their meaning, like hiss and peewee. The meaning is usually a sound, either natural like the roar of a waterfall or artificial like the clang of a bell. But the meaning may also be the creature that produces the sound, like bobwhite. Examples: moan, click, murmur, quack, thunder, whisper, lisp, chickadee, bobolink.

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In literary study its called onomatopoeia. Echoism is a process by which the sound of a vowel changes to imitate the sound of a preceding vowel (in Encarta 2006). 3.11. Antonomasia Antonomasia means the formation of a common noun, a verb, or an adjective from the name of a person or place. Antonomasia is the use of a proper name as a common noun to refer to somebody or something with associated characteristics, e.g. when a strong young man is called "a Hercules" (Encarta Dictionary 2006). 3.12. Reduplication Reduplication is the process of forming a new word by doubling a morpheme, usually with a change of vowel or initial consonant, as in tiptop, pooh-pooh, hanky-panky. Reduplication is repeating a vowel, syllable, or word in order to create a new linguistic element or word such as "wishywashy" or "goody-goody" (Encarta Dictionary 2006). RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

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Type of Research Material which will be analyzed is a language used by Iwama (Ikatan Waria Malang) in various activities. This study is intended to gain deep description on jargon used by Waria in Malang. To analyze the data, the researcher used descriptive qualitative research. According to Ary, et al (2002:442), content or document analysis is a research method applied to written or visual materials for the purposes of identifying specified characteristics of the material. Content analysis focuses on analyzing and interpreting recorded material within its own context. Meanwhile, Ary, et al (2002: 422) say that qualitative research is based on the argument that both the natural and social sciences strive for testable and confirmable theories that explain phenomena by showing how they are derived from theoretical assumption. Qualitative research is a method of inquiry appropriate in many different academic disciplines, traditionally in the social sciences, but also in market research and further contexts (Wikipedia.com). Data Source The researcher took Waria especially the member of IWAMA (Ikatan Waria Malang) as primary data source since they speak unique language which common people do not understand their utterance. Waria is a man who dresses, speaks, walks and behaves like a woman who has double personality, sometimes man and sometimes a woman who speak in unique language and unknown by common people. We also can say that Waria is a womans soul who is trapped in the mans body and they love man.

Susanto, The Study on Jargons and Words Constructions 268

The secretariat office is located in Jl. Selat Sunda V/D6-14 Perumnas Sawojajar Malang. Period 2008 2010, the members of IWAMA is 60 persons. The members of IWAMA are not only from Malang but also from others area, such as Madura, Surabaya, Kediri, etc. Waria language has different diction with common people and unknown by others. Data Collecting To collect the data in this research, the researcher do some observation. Ary et al (2002: 430) say that observation is the most basic method for obtaining data in qualitative research. The most common method of recording the data collected during observation is filed notes. In order to get required data, the researcher conducted the following steps. She observed the situation whether it is possible or not to conduct a research. She went to some areas where the Waria do an activity as an observation of location. The researcher attended the Warias event to commemorate the HIV/AIDS day in Terminal Arjosari - Malang. They give out condom, sticker and brochure to the driver and passengers in Terminal Arjosari. And then she followed Warias activities in Stasiun Kota Baru Malang at night. She did in several times. Warias were searching men as customers to making love and collects the money from them. The researcher was attending a demonstration which involves some Warias to commemorate Anti Madat day in Alun Alun Balaikota Malang. Warias help demonstrator to distribute brochure to the people who pass by Alun-alun Kota Malang. And the researcher met some Warias in

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informal situation such as in their boarding house and food court, she also met in formal situation with them like in a seminar with ODHA (Orang Dengan HIV/AIDS) in Universitas Brawijaya. During her observation, she recorded and making notes the jargon in the conversation of Waria. According to Ary et al (2002:434), interview is used to gather data on subjects opinion, belief and feelings about the situation in their own words. Interviews provide information that cannot be obtained through observation. The researcher make informal interview with informants in some days, the purpose is to know the language they used in informal situation and to know the meaning of the words contextually. The researcher also makes in depth interview with secretaries of IWAMA (Ikatan Waria Malang) to get significant information as the researcher need. She asked him to speak in Waria language and recorded it. She did an in depth interview in order to crosscheck the data with the recorded and notes from the observation and informal interview. Credibility and Dependability Credibility of the data is related to validity, the data should be answered of the problem statement. Validity in qualitative research concerns the accuracy or truthfulness of the findings based on the research design, participant and context (Ary, et al 2002:451). To check the credibility of the data, the researcher checks it using Triangulation technique. Triangulation is a technique to check the accuracy and trustworthy of the data by

Susanto, The Study on Jargons and Words Constructions 270

crosscheck activity. So, for the quality of the data, the researcher applies theoretical triangulation technique by crosschecking the data based on theories of Hudson (1981: 1), Fromkin and Rodman (1978:282), Ary, et al (2002: 422), and Yule (1985: 51). Dependability of the data is related to the reliability of the data, it means that the data should be the same as the data which are obtained from informants. To make the data accurate and trustworthy, in this case the researcher makes field note, extends the time in collecting the data, cross checks, and compared the data with what are written in studied material so that the data collecting is trustworthy and yet it can be investigated further. Data Analysis and Interpretation After collecting the data, the researcher analyzed and interpreted the data through several steps. First, she listed the jargon words used by the members of IWAMA (Ikatan Waria Malang). Second, she read the list of jargon words. Next, she translated the jargons words into standard Indonesian and English. And then, she analyzed the jargon words, compare the data getting from observation, informal interview, notes taking, and recording. Next is classifying the words based on the process of word formations. The last is draw conclusions. FINDING AND INTERPRETATION Data Description In this chapter, the researcher would like to discuss the problem by representing the result of data

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analysis. She discusses the kind of jargon and words construction of Waria language. We know that the Waria use different language and special words to communication. Waria use different language in order to common people does not know they are talking about. Generally they change the language according to the situation, condition and people the talk to. The researcher has collected the raw data as below: 1. No 1 2 3 4 5 No 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 List of Warias Jargon. Table 1.1 List of Warias Jargon. Waria Language Indonesian Akika Aku/Saya Apese Apa Aides AIDS Adisi Ada Baruna Baru Waria Language Indonesian Bengkulu Belum Brondong Remaja Laki-laki Bayangkara Bayar Bajangratu Baju Belimbing Beli Bences Banci Blekes Belakang Berenes Berani Belenjes Belanja Baigon Baik Bukes Buku Bukrena Buka Cucok Cocok/Bagus

English I What AIDS To have New English Yet Boy Pay Cloths Buy Homosexual Back Brave Shopping Good Book Open Beautiful

Susanto, The Study on Jargons and Words Constructions 272

19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 No 45 46 49 50

Carma Candra Cap cus Cecong - cecong Centon Centong Datrea Diclatu Duta Departemen Dompra Dodong Diamond Ejes Eyes Ertong Endul Enjes Etong-etong Entrong Gelanggang Gilingan Gedong Gebse Hepong Harem Waria Language Hidangan Hijrah Ites Ines

Cari Ganteng Cepat Cuci Cinta Cantik Datang Dimaki maki Duit/Uang Depan Dompet Donor Diam Saja Ayu/Cantik Artis Enak Anjing Hati Hati Antar Gelang Gila Besar Pukul Telepon genggam Buruk/Bangsat Indonesian Hidung Hujan Itu Ini

Looking for Handsome Fast/Quick Wash Love Beautiful Come To revile Money Front Wallet Donor Silent Only Pretty Actress Delicious Dog Be Careful Accompany Bangle Crazy Big Beat Hand phone Bad gay English Nose Rain That This

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51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81

Jelita Jahaka Jenges Jeget Jali-jali Jreng Kendes Klewong Keseyong Kenti Kalangkang Kesindang Keces Kelinci Krembong Kencana Kursase Lapangan Lambreta Lesbong Leres Lenterong Lambada Lekong Lemse Lenggesan Mawar Maskara Mursida Maharani Majalengka

Jelek Jahat Jangan Joget Jalan - jalan Oke Kondom Keluar Kasihan Alat kelamin laki2 Kalung Kesini Kaca Kecil Krimbat Kencing Kurus Lapar Lama Lesbi Lari Tentara Lambat Laki laki Lemari Langganan Suka Masak Murah Mahal Majalah

Ugly Wicked Do Not Dancer Stroll Ok Condom Out Pitiful Penis Necklace Come Here Mirror Small Cream bath Urinate Thin Hungry Long Homosexual Run Soldier Slow Man Cupboard Costumer Like Cook Cheap Expensive Magazine

Susanto, The Study on Jargons and Words Constructions 274

82 83 84 85 No 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 10 0 10 1 10 2 10 3 10 4 10 5

Mlem Mengges Metong Merong2 Waria Language Meblong Mbok Nduk Nepsong Nyenyes Nyebong Nolse Nyepse Narita Nyengnyong Ngantang Ngejes Nenges Orbit Odhes Pecong Pendekar Pelecong Peges Pakarena

Malam Minggu Mati Marah marah Indonesian Mobil Panggilan waria yg tua Panggilan waria yg muda Nafsu Nyanyi Melacur Nulis Menyapu Narik Mencuri Ngantuk Mengajak Nangis Obat Odha Pacar Pendek Pelicin Pagi Pakai

Night Sunday Dead Angry English Car Old sister Young sister Desire Singing Prostitute Write Sweep Pull Stole Sleepy To invite Cry Medicine

People infected by HIV

Boyfriend or Girlf Short Lubricant Morning Use/Wear

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10 6 10 7 10 8 10 9 11 0 11 1 11 2 11 3 11 4 11 5 11 6 11 7 11 8 11 9 12 0 12 1

Pyur Panadol Polonia Polesong Paramek Ramayana Ramse Rapse Reyes Rexona Rungkit Sakina Sepidol Serong Sparta Santikan

Pergi Panas Pulang Polisi Pantat rasa memek Ramai Rampok Rapat Rayu Rokok Rumah Sakit Sepeda Sering Sepatu Suntik

Go Hot Go home Police Bottom with vagina taste Crowd Robber Meeting Flattery Cigarette House Sick/Ill Motorcycle Often Shoes Injection

Susanto, The Study on Jargons and Words Constructions 276

12 2 12 3 12 4 No 12 5 12 6 12 7 12 8 12 9 13 0 13 1 13 2 13 3 13 4 13 5 13 6 13

Somse Sense Semse Waria Language Sepor Sander Sisat Salonpas/Seles Sipet Sipa Tasbe Takara Temong Tinta Titi DJ Titi kamal Tinurindang

Sombong Sendok Semir Indonesian Sepi Sandal 100 ribu Salon Mani Laku Tas Takut Tamu Tidak Hati hati di jalan Hati hati kalau malam Tidur

Arrogant Spoon Shoe polish English Quiet/Silent Sandal

One hundred thou Beauty salon Sperm Saleable Bag Afraid Guest No

Careful on your w

Please careful at n Sleep

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7 13 8 13 9 14 0 14 1 14 2 14 3 14 4 14 5 14 6 14 7 14 8 14 9 15 0 15 1 15 2

Tingse Tenges Tengse Torsina Tempong Tetengges Tempika Teksong Tubang Titi puspa Unta laut Weker Warior Warse Volse

Tinggi Tangan Kalender Tutup Sodomia Tetangga Vagina Taksi Tua Tidak puas Hutang Wig Waria Warung Volly

Tall Hand Calendar Close Sodomy Neighbor Vagina Taxi Old Not satisfied Debt Wig Man Small shop Volley ball

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2.

Word Formation in Warias Jargon 2.1. Coinage Words 1) Baigon Meaning : Kind (Baik) 2) Reksona Meaning : Cigarette (Rokok) 3) Panadol Meaning : Hot (Panas) These words are including coinage word but already exist now. These are the names of product. Waria use it to express their feeling and change the meaning of words, such as baigon. It is the mark of the mosquito poison and Waria change the meaning into baik. 2.2. Borrowing Words 2.2.1 Javanese Borrowing Words 1) Brondong Meaning : Young man (Remaja laki-laki) 2) Candra Meaning : Handsome (Ganteng) 3) Diclatu Meaning : To revile (Dimaki-maki) 4) Gedong Meaning : Big (Besar) 5) Mbok

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Meaning

: old sister. They use it to call the older Waria in their community. (Kakak)

6) Nduk Meaning

: young sister. They use it to call the younger Waria in their community. (Adik) : Sperm : No people : Sodomy

7) Sipet Meaning (Sperma) 8) Sepor Meaning or guest (Sepi) 9) Tempong Meaning (Sodomi)

From the list above, the researcher concludes that some of Waria language is borrowing from Javanese. They use Javanese words but they change the meaning of the words. For example brondong, in Javanese it means grains of corn fried, but Waria change the meaning into young man. 2.2.2 Indonesian Borrowing Words

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1) Bayangkara Meaning (Bayar) 2) Bajangratu Meaning (Baju) 3) Belimbing Meaning 4) Bengkulu Meaning (Belum) 5) Duta Meaning (Duit/Uang) 6) Departemen Meaning (Depan) 7) Gilingan Meaning (Gila) 8) Hidangan Meaning (Hidung) 9) Hijrah Meaning (Hujan) 10) Jelita Meaning (Jelek) 11) Karaoke

: Pay : Cloths : Buy (Beli) : Yet : Money : Front : Crazy : Nose : Rain : Ugly

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Meaning with the mouth (Oral) 12) Kelinci Meaning (Kecil) 13) Kencana Meaning (Kencan) 14) Lapangan Meaning (Lapar) 15) Maskara Meaning (Masak) 16) Majalengka Meaning (Majalah) 17) Mawar Meaning 18) Maharani Meaning (Mahal) 19) Pendekar Meaning (Pendek) 20) Polonia Meaning (Pulang) 21) Ramayana Meaning (Ramai) 22) Serong

: Having sex : Small : Date : Hungry : Cook : Magazine : Suka (Like) : Expensive : Short : Go home : Noisy

Susanto, The Study on Jargons and Words Constructions 282

Meaning (Sering) 23) Spidol Meaning (Sepeda motor) 24) Titi Puspa Meaning satisfied (Tidak puas) 25) Tinta Meaning 26) Weker Meaning (Rambut palsu)

: Often : Motorcycle : Not : No (Tidak) : Wig

Waria language also borrows from Indonesian language, but they change the meaning of the words. Like the word belimbing, it means star fruit but change the meaning into buy. 2.2.3 English Borrowing Words 1) Diamond Meaning : Keep Silent (Diam) 2) Eyes Meaning : Beautiful (Ayu) 3) Warrior Meaning : Transgender (Waria)

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Waria language not borrowing from Indonesian Javanenes, but also borrows English. Waria use some English in their communication but change the meaning of words.

only and from word they

2.3. Blending Words 1) Paramek Meaning : bottom with vagina taste (Pantat rasa memek) Word form : Pa + ra + mek Pantat rasa memek 2) Somse Meaning : Very arrogant or conceited (Sombong Sekali) Word form : Som + Se Sombong Sekali 3) Titi DiJe Meaning : Please careful on the way (Hati hati di jalan) Word form : Ti + ti + di + je Hati hati dijalan 4) Titi Kamal Meaning : Please careful at night (Hati hati kalau malam) Word form : Ti + ti + ka + mal Hati hati kalau malam

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Waria blend some words from names of people and products, such as titi kamal and paramek. They also change the lexical meaning of those words. 2.4. Derivation 2.4.1 Suffix es 1) Berenes Meaning (Berani) Word form nes 2) Belekes Meaning (Belakang) Word form kes 3) Belenjes Meaning (Belanja) Word form jes 4) Bences Meaning Homosexual (Banci) Word form 5) Bukes Meaning (Buku) Word form

: Brave : be + re + : Back : be + le +

: Shopping : be + len + : : ben + ces : Book : bu + kes

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6) Celenes Meaning (Celana) Word form nes 7) Ites Meaning Word form 8) Ines Meaning Word form 9) Jenges Meaning (Jangan) Word form 10) Kendes Meaning (Kondom) Word form 11) Keces Meaning (Kaca) Word form 12) Leres Meaning Word form 13) Mengges Meaning (Minggu) Word form 14) Metes

: Trouser : ce + le + : That (Itu) : I + tes : This (Ini) : I + nes : Dont : Jeng + es : Condom : ken + des : Mirror : ke + ces : Run (Lari) : le + res : Sunday : meng + ges

Susanto, The Study on Jargons and Words Constructions 286

Meaning (Mata) Word form 15) Meyes Meaning love (Main) Word form 16) Nyenyes Meaning (Nyanyi) Word form 17) Ngejes Meaning (ngajak) Word form 18) Nenges Meaning (Nangis) Word form 19) Odhes Meaning

: Eyes : me + tes : Making : me + yes : Singing : nye +nyes : To invite : nge + jes : Cry : neng + es : People infected by HIV/AIDS (ODHA) : odh + es : Morning : pe + ges

Word form 20) Peges Meaning (Pagi) Word form 21) Reyes

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Meaning (Rayu) Word form 22) Seles Meaning salon (Salon) Word form 23) Tenges Meaning (Tangan) Word form 24) Tetengges Meaning (Tetangga) Word form es

: Flattery : re + yes : Beauty : se + les : Hand : teng + es : Neighbor : te + teng +

From the list above, the researcher concludes that some of Indonesian words use by Waria in Malang changes the vowel. The vowel a, u, o, and i change become e and the end of word is replace with es. 2.4.2 Suffix se 1) Apese Meaning : What (Apa) Word form : a + pe + se 2) Homse Meaning : Homosexual (Homo) Word form : hom + se

Susanto, The Study on Jargons and Words Constructions 288

3) Lemse Meaning (Lemari) Word form 4) Nolse Meaning (Nulis) Word form 5) Nyepse Meaning Nyapu) Word form 6) Ramse Meaning (Rampok) Word form 7) Rapse Meaning (Rapat) Word form 8) Sense Meaning (Sendok) Word form 9) Semse Meaning polishes (Semir) Word form 10) Tinges Meaning (Tinggi) Word form

: Cupboard : lem + se : Write : nol + se : Sweep ( : nyep + se : Robber : ram + se : Meeting : rap + se : Spoon : sen + se : Shoe : sem + se : Tall : ting + se

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11) Tengse Meaning (Kalender/Tanggalan) Word form 12) Voles Meaning (Volly) Word form 13) Warse Meaning (Warung) Word form

: Calendar : teng + se : Volley ball : vol + se : Shop : war + se

These are the list of Indonesian words using by Waria in Malang and change in some part. The vowel a becomes e and vowel u becomes o, but this pattern only use in certain words. In the end of word is change into se. Mostly, words with vowel a not change into e, such as warse from word warung means shop. 2.4.3 Suffix ong 1) Centong Meaning (Cantik) Word form 2) Dodong Meaning (Donor) Word form

: Beautiful : cen + tong : Donor : do + dong

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3) Gretong Meaning : Free (Gratis) Word form : gre + tong 4) Hepong Meaning : Hand phone (Telepon genggam) Word form : he + pong 5) Hemong Meaning : Male homosexual/Gay (Homo) Word form : he + mong 6) Kelewong Meaning : Out (Keluar) Word form : ke + le + wong 7) Keseyong Meaning : Pitiful (Kasihan) Word form : ke + se + yong 8) Krembong Meaning : Cream bath (Krimbat) Word form : krem + bong 9) Lekong Meaning : Man (Laki laki) Word form : le + kong 10) Lesbong

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Meaning : Female homosexual (Lesbian) Word form : les + bong 11) Meblong Meaning : Car (Mobil) Word form : me + blong 12) Mekong Meaning : Eat (Makan) Word form : me + kong 13) Metong Meaning : Dead (Mati) Word form : me + tong 14) Nepsong Meaning : Desire (Nafsu) Word form : nep + song 15) Panjengjong Meaning : Long (Panjang) Word form : pan +jeng + jong 16) Pecong Meaning : Boyfriend/girlfriend (Pacar) Word form : pe + cong 17) Pelecong Meaning : Lubricant (Pelicin) Word form : pe + le + cong

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18) Polesong Meaning (Polisi) Word form song 19) Pewong Meaning (Perempuan) Word form 20) Temong Meaning (Tamu) Word form 21) Teksong Meaning (Taksi) Word form

: Police : po + le + : Woman : pe + wong : Guest : te + mong : Taxi : tek + song

Waria change some of Indonesian words into their language with adding by ong in the end of word. Mostly, the vowel (a, o and i) changes into e and adding by ong in the end of word. 2.4.4 Suffix ang 1) Endang Meaning (Enak) Word form 2) Inang Meaning

: Delicious : en + dang : This (Ini)

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Word form 3) Kalangkang Meaning (Kalung) Word form + kang 4) Kesindang Meaning (Kesini) Word form dang 5) Ngantang Meaning (Ngantuk) Word form tang 6) Gelanggang Meaning (Gelang) Word form + gang 7) Tubang Meaning Word form

: i + nang : Necklace : ka + lang : Come here : ke + sin + : Sleepy : ngan + : Bangle : ge + lang

: Old (Tua) : tu + bang

Besides adding by ong, some Waria words which is borrowing from Indonesian also adding by ang. The vowel u change into a.

Susanto, The Study on Jargons and Words Constructions 294

2.4.5

Suffix -na and -rena 1) Baruna Meaning : New (Baru) Word form : ba + ru + na 2) Bukrena Meaning : Open (Buka) Word form : bu + kre + na 3) Pakarena Meaning : Wear/Use (Pakai) Word form : pa + ka + re + na 4) Sakina Meaning : Sick (Sakit) Word form : sa + ki + na Waria borrows from other language and change it the construction and meaning of the words. In the end of these words are replace with -na or -rena. The words adding by -na or -rena

2.4.6

Prefix e- and suffix es / -ong 1) Ejes Meaning : Only (Saja) Word form : e + jes 2) Enjes

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Meaning : Dog (Anjing) Word form : en + jes 3) Ertong Meaning : Actress (Artis) Word form : Er + tong 4) Entrong Meaning : Accompany (Antar) Word form : Er + tong Vowel a in the beginning of the word change into e, while -ing in the end of the word change into -es and -is and -ar change into -ong. 2.4.7 Infix e or -a- 1) Aides Meaning Word form 2) Melem Meaning (Malam) Word form 3) Jeget Meaning (Joget) Word form 4) Santikan Meaning (Suntikan)

: AIDS : aid + e + s : Night : me + lem : Dance : je + get : Injection

Susanto, The Study on Jargons and Words Constructions 296

Word form kan

: san + ti +

From the list above, some words used by Waria are infixing by e. a and o in the middle of these words are change into e, while u becomes a. 2.5. Echoism 1) Meong Meaning (Main)

: Making love

Word meong is sound of cat using by Waria in their language means making love. 2.6. Reduplication 1) Cap cus Meaning 2) Cecong cecong Meaning 3) Jali jali Meaning jalan) 4) Merong merong Meaning marah) 5) Nyengnyong Meaning (Mencuri/Nyuri)

: Fast/quick (Cepat) : Wash (Cuci cuci) : Stroll (Jalan : Angry (Marah : Steal

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6) Cumi cumi Meaning 7) Cipta cipta Meaning pipi)

: Kissing (Ciuman) : Kissing (Cium

From the list above the researcher conclude that the reduplication word not only repeated word but also repeated vowel or consonant of the word. 2.7. Irregular words 1) Akika Meaning 2) Adisi Meaning 3) Cucok Meaning 4) Carma Meaning 5) Centon Meaning 6) Datrea Meaning 7) Dompra Meaning 8) Endul Meaning 9) Gebse Meaning 10) Harem

: I (Saya) : Exist (Ada) : Suitable (Cocok) : Search (Cari) : Love (Cinta) : Come (Datang) : Wallet (Dompet) : Delicious (Enak) : Beat (Pukul)

Susanto, The Study on Jargons and Words Constructions 298

Meaning (Buruk/bangsat) 11) Jahaka Meaning 12) Jreng Meaning 13) Kenti Meaning kelamin laki laki) 14) Kursase Meaning 15) Lambreta Meaning (Lama) 16) Lenterong Meaning 17) Lambada Meaning 18) Lenggesan Meaning (Pelanggan) 19) Mursida Meaning 20) Ngesong Meaning mouth (Oral) 21) Nyebong Meaning (Melacur) 22) Narita Meaning 23) Orbit

: Rascal : Wicked (Jahat) : Ok (Oke) : Penis (Alat : Thin (Kurus) : Long duration : Soldier (Tentara) : Slow (Lambat) : Customer : Cheap (Murah) : Having sex with : Prostitute : Pull (Tarik)

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Meaning : Medicine (Obat) 24) Pyur Meaning : Go (Pergi) 25) Rungkit Meaning : House (Rumah) 26) Sparta Meaning : Shoes (Sepatu) 27) Sander Meaning : Sandal (Sandal) 28) Sepong Meaning : Having sex with mouth (Oral) 29) Sicel Meaning : Trouser (Celana) 30) Sisat Meaning : One hundred thousand (Seratus ribu) 31) Sipa Meaning : Saleable (Laku) 32) Tasbe Meaning : Bag (Tas) 33) Takara Meaning : Afraid (Takut) 34) Tinurindang Meaning : Sleep (Tidur) 35) Tempika Meaning : Vagina (Vagina) 36) Torsina Meaning : Close (Tutup) 37) Unta laut Meaning : Debt (Hutang)

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These words are irregular word used by Waria in Malang. Actually they have no pattern to create a word. They just create it spontaneously, unique and unknown by common people. 2.8. Synonym Words in Waria Language 1) Celenes synonym with Sicel means Trouser (Celana) 2) Inang synonym with Ines means This (Ini) 3) Karaoke synonym with Ngesong and Sepong means Having sex with mouth (Oral) 4) Luna synonym with Luner means Hooker (Pelacur) 5) Meyes synonym with Meong means Making love (Main) 6) Pewong synonym with Pewi means Woman (Perempuan) 7) Rambo synonym with Rambutan means Hair (Rambut) 8) Tempra synonym with Tempong means Sodomy (Sodomi) 9) Gretong synonym with Geretan means Free (Gratis) 10) Makasar synonym with Mekong means Eat (Makan) 11) Menina synonym with Mabar means Drink (Minum) 12) Metong synonym with Mataram means Dead (Mati)

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13) Endang synonym with Endul means Delicious (Enak) 14) Matador synonym with Metes means Eyes (Mata) 15) Cumi-cumi synonym with cipta - cipta means Kissing (Ciuman) 16) Peres synonym with Rumpi means Lie (Bohong) 17) Hemong synonym with Homse means Homosexual (Homo) 18) Panjengjong synonym with Pancasila means Long (Panjang) The list of these words has same meaning in different word. Waria have no pattern or rule to create a word. 2.9. The Use of Warias Jargon in Sentences 1. Lekong ines mawar mbek akika Laki-laki ini suka sama saya This gay likes me. 2. Adese ape ye datrea kesindang Ada apa kamu datang kesini Why you come here? 3. Pewong inang disangkakne luna Perempuan ini disangka pelacur He thinks this girl is a hooker 4. Akika takara polesong Saya takut polisi I am afraid of police 5. Jenges pyur ye Jangan pergi kamu

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Dont go! Pewi ines rambone pancasila Wanita ini rambutnya panjang This woman has long hair 7. Ye organda jahara sekeles Kamu orangnya jahat sekali You are very wicked 8. Akike centon semes ye Saya cinta sama kamu I love you 9. Ye sutra tinta centon akike Kamu sudah tidak cinta saya You dont love me 10. Akike tinta mawar semes ye Saya tidak suka sama kamu I dont like you 11. Akike tinta titik puspa semes ines Saya tidak puas sama dia I am not satisfied with him 12. Kawanua pakarena weker Kamu memakai wig You are wearing a wig 13. Akike lapangan bo, ayo makasar Saya lapar, mari makan. Im hungry, lets eat 14. Akike belimbing hepong baruna Saya beli handphone baru I bought new hand phone 15. Akike tinta penyes unta laut Saya tidak punya hutang I have no debt 16. Ye mawar polonia? Titi dije ya 6.

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Kamu mau pulang? Hati-hati dijalan ya Do you want to go home? Take care. 17. Ines ekes mawar polonia Dia mau pulang sekarang He will go home now 18. Pecongan candra sekeles, si ol dimandeng? Pacarmu cakep sekali, dapat dimana? Your boyfriend is very handsome, where you got him? A. Result of Analysis From the data description above, the researcher conclude that Waria jargon have no certain pattern in create words. Some of Waria jargon in Malang is borrowing from Indonesian, Javanese and also English but they change the meaning of those words. In Waria jargon also has coinage word which already exists, such as the name of product. Blending words from the name of people and mark of medicine in Indonesian also used by Waria in daily communication. For example, titi kamal means hati hati kalau malam (please take care on night). Warias jargon is formed by suffix: -es, -se, ong, -ang, -na or rena. These suffixes sometime replace the end of the words. For example, bukes come from buku means book. The vowel a, u, o, and i change become e, the example, pagi becomes peges means morning. The vowel u change into a, the example is kalangkang from the word kalung meaning necklace. In infixes, a and o in the middle of words are change into e, while u becomes a, such as melem

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from malam means night and santikan from the word suntikan means injection. There are also some echoism, reduplication and synonym words. Many irregular words used by Waria in Malang. But there is no antonomasia, compounding words, clipping words, acronyms, conversion, and back formation found in Warias jargon. Unfortunately, the jargon of Waria in Malang especially the community of IWAMA (Ikatan Waria Malang) cannot be stated that the jargon has a fix pattern. It is happened because the process of creting the jargons words are spontaneously and naturally without any formulas. B. Finding Interpretation The finding of this discussion enriches the comprehension toward Warias jargon used by the member of IWAMA (Ikatan Waria Malang). Based on the data description and the result of study above the researcher finally interprets that Warias jargon is borrowed from Indonesian, Javanese, and English words. The words that are taken from other language are change to fit into the language of the borrower. The changes from original form to the loaned form are through that is popularly called borrowing word adoption process. The borrowing words are commonly changes the original meaning. The previous study enhances the knowledge concerning with Gays slang in Gajayana Sport Hall Malang about the contextual and social meaning, indeed, this research enhances the knowledge about particular terms used by Waria in Malang.

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In conclusion, the research support the theories that are applied or used, because the study uses the theories to interpret the data and this study also accept what previous study found. CONCLUSION The researcher concludes that every language variety has its own characteristic. Waria also has their own language which is different, unique and unknown by common people. There are many kind of jargon used by Waria in Malang and some the process of word formation. The conclusions of this study are: 1. Warias jargons are borrowing from Indonesian, Javanese and English word but they change the meaning of the words. a. Mbok Meaning : old sister. They use it to call the older Waria in their community. (Kakak) b. Nduk Meaning : young sister. They use it to call the younger Waria in their community. (Adik) c. Mawar Meaning : Suka (Like) d. Tinta Meaning : No (Tidak) e. Diamond Meaning : Silent (Diam) 2. Some of Warias jargons constructed with ended by suffix es, -se, ong, -ang, -na, and rena. The suffixes are replacing the end of the

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words and change the original meaning of the words. The example are belenjes, warse, kelewong, kesindang, baruna and pakarena. 3. The vowel a, u, o, and i change become e, the vowel u change into a. Some example of this changing are jenges, keces, kendes, ites and kalangkang. 4. The most jargons used by Waria in Malang are irregular words. There is no rule or pattern in creating the words. 5. Waria communicate use Warias jargon with the same community of them. They use Indonesian also Javanese when they communicate with common people. REFERENCES Akmajian, Adrian, Richard A Demers and Robert M Harnish. 1981. An Introduction to Language and Communication. Cambridge: MIT Press. American Heritage Thesaurus Dictionary. 1997. Meaning of Slang. Ary, Donald, Lucy Cheser Jacobs and Asghar Razavich. 2002. Introduction to Research in Education. Stamford: Wodsworth Thompson Learning. Budiansyah, Muhammad Arief. 2003. A Semantic Study on Gay Language Used in Gajayana Sport Hall Malang . Unpublished Thesis at College of Foreign Language (STIBA) Malang.

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Comrie, Bernard. Language. Microsoft Encarta 2006. Downes, William. 1984. Language and society. London: Fontana Paperbacks. Drs. Peter Salim, M.A. 2006. The Contemporary English Indonesian Dictionary. Media Eka Pustaka. Eastman, Carol M., and Christopher Longyear. Linguistics. Microsoft Encarta 2006. Encarta Dictionary Tools. 2006. Fromkin, Victoria and Robert Rodman. 1978. An Introduction to general linguistic. Hole, Rinehart and Winston Inc. New York. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/code_mixing_and_code_swit ching http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colloquialism http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diglossia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pidgins_and_creoles http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qualitative_research http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociolinguistics http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/waria http://www.thefreedictionary.com/slang Hudson, R. A. 1981. Sociolinguistics. Cambridge University Press. Kamil Winiewski. 2007. Sociolinguistics. http://www.linguistics.com/sociolinguistics. (June 17, 2010). Lyons, John. 1970. Language and Linguistics. England: Cambridge University Press. Redmond, WA. Slang. Microsoft Encarta 2006.

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Riskiawan, Bayu. 2008. A Semantic Study on the Jargon used in Canary Bird Farms in Malang. Unpublished Thesis at College of Foreign Language (STIBA) Malang. Robert, P. 1985. Understanding English. New York: Harper & Row. Simon and Schuster. 1970. Websters Newworld Dictionary secong Edition. New York. Yule, George. 1986. The Study of Language Second Edition: England. Cambridge University Press.