1

Estimated Dog Population within the Boundaries of the Curchorem-Cacora Municipal Council Area & in a Selected Section of Quepem Taluka

Adarsha Institute of Management - Margao, Goa

Grace D. Kare, MBA (USA)

by

Researcher & Data Analyst APRIL 2013

Tracy Potts

&

TABLE OF CONTENTS
I. INTRODUCTION a. Background b. Purpose of Study c. Definitions d. Estimating the Stray Dog Population in Goa e. Available Research f. Geographic and Demographic Information g. Relationship Between Human and Dog Populations h. Garbage Problems and the Effects of Tourism ANALYSIS A. Dog to Human Ratio 1. Dog to Human Ratios Around the World 2. Dog to Human Population in Goa B. Mark-Resight Survey 1. Methodology 2. Observations 3. Analysis 4. Calculations C. Analysis of GAWTs ABC Programme Records 1. ABC Analysis 2. Calculation of Mortality Rate 3. Estimation of the Dog Population III. SUMMARY Conclusion Bibliography Annex I Appendix I: Indicators of Socio-Economic Development 2011 Appendix II: Maps of Curchorem-Cacora Municipal Council Appendix III: Charts of 11 Individual Areas within CCMC Covered in the Survey Appendix IV: Sample Photographs Taken of Each Observation Facts About Curchorem 41 44 46 17 18 21 26 28 28 32 33 35

1 2 2 3 5 7 10 13

II.

i iv x xxi xxii

I. INTRODUCTION
a. Background In 1998, the Bombay High Court, Goa Bench, banned the shooting of stray dogs in the State of Goa. Directions were issued by the High Court to the Goa Government to set up proper facilities for the care of animals and to follow humane methods for keeping under control the stray dog population in the state. Later the Court also directed the municipalities to conduct a dog census within their jurisdiction and to set up animal shelters and begin sterilization programmes for strays with the assistance of animal welfare NGOs in their areas. Since November 2007, the animal welfare organisation Goa Animal Welfare Trust (GAWT) has been conducting a small animal birth control programmein conjunction with grants from the Animal Welfare Board of India-Chennai (AWBI-Chennai) to reduce the number of stray dogs in the jurisdiction of the Curchorem-Cacora Municipal Council area (referred to in this document as CCMC). According to Dr. Kathy Anzuino BVM&S, CertWEL, MRCVS: Both human and animal welfare are given as reasons for controlling street dog numbers. Spread of zoonoses (diseases that can spread from animals to people) is a particular problem where high densities of dogs and humans live in close association and, in India, rabies is a major concern. 99% of human cases of this fatal disease are transmitted in the saliva of infected dog bites. The AWBI-Chennai has required local authorities to monitor the progress of the ABC programme, as outlined in the Animal Birth Control (Dogs) Rules, 2001.1 A monitoring committee must be constituted by the local body, and monthly meetings held to review the progress made by the Animal Birth Control programme in the area. In addition, a census must be conducted periodically to ascertainthe success of the programme, to evaluate the number of dogs sterilised and vaccinated, and the number of dogs yet to be included in the programme. To meet these requirements, Adarsha Institute of Management has been engaged to conduct a dog census in the CCMC area. Adarsha Institute of Management is a post-graduate educational institution located in Margao, Goa that provides students with specialised business training in the areas of finance, marketing and human resources.
1

The Animal Birth Control (Dogs) Rules, 2001 are covered by sub-section (1) of Section 38 of the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act (1950, under the notification of the Government of India, Ministry of Environment and forest.

b. Purpose of the Study The purpose of the study is to determine the number of dogs found within the municipality of the CCMC. The final number includes stray and roaming dogs, private dogs, and pups found within the designated area. Since this is the first time a survey of this kind has been conducted in Goa, the results of this census were described according to the indicators of the number of dogs in the area, as well as by estimation based on observation. According to Dr. John F. Reese, Help in Suffering (HIS) in Jaipur, and board member of several committees constituted by the Animal Welfare Board of India: There are two main ways of measuring and reporting on roaming dog populations:

Collecting an indicator of the roaming population (sometimes referred to as an index of abundance). This is simply a count that, under certain assumptions, is expected to increase or decrease as the number of roaming dogs in the area increases or decreases. It will not tell you how many roaming dogs there are in your area but a repeat count 12 months later can be compared to the original count to indicate if the population has changed. Calculating a population estimate. This may be for an entire city or for part of a city such as a specific municipality. Counts made in selected regions are combined to estimate the total number of dogs roaming on public property at any one time.

The resulting estimates of total number of dogs within the CCMC municipality was used to extrapolate the probable number of dogs in the entire working area of GAWT within the Quepem Taluka.

c. Definitions In India there are numerous levels of interaction with dogs, from the extreme of fear and avoidance to the other extreme of buying exclusive foreign dog breeds at exorbitant prices as status symbols. The World Health Organization (WHO) has recognised these varying relationships across the world and created the following categories for differing levels of interaction between human beings and dogs. 1. Restricted (supervised) dogs - fully dependant and fully restricted by man. Usually tied up and kept within private premises.

3 2. Family dogs - fully dependent and semi-restricted. Usually seen as a pet but the animal is able to roam around the neighborhood. 3. Neighbourhood dogs semi-dependent and semi-restricted. These dogs are usually adopted by some of the residents of a building complex, or are tolerated outside a shop or restaurant, for example. 4. Unrestricted dogs (unsupervised) dogs may reside within a designated area without any supervision or restriction, although dependent on garbage or handouts for food. 5. Feral dogs independent and unrestricted. These animals do not interact with humans and are dependent on their own resources for food and shelter.2 For the purposes of this study, dogs within categories 1 and 2 were considered private dogs, and dogs in categories 3, 4, 5 were considered as stray/roaming dogs. Any dog with a collar was categorised as a private dog. Jurisdiction (area) of Curchorem-Cacora Municipal Council: designated as under the jurisdiction of the CCMC is 22.55 sq. km. Population of Curchorem-Cacora Municipal Council area: The 2001 Indian Population Census is used as the base figure for this study, 21,407 with an annual growth rate of 1.48%, and a density of inhabitants per sq. km. of 949.3. It is categorised as an urban setting. The area

d. Estimating the Stray Dog Population in Goa During the past few years, several figures have been used in the mediaby animal welfare organizations and citizens' groups to estimate the existing number of stray dogs in Goa. Unfortunately, a formal, scientific and statistically relevant study has not been

conducted. Among the figures quoted, one is based on the Goa Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Services' report of 1997 when it was estimated that around 92,311 "other animals" were found in Goa, not including the usual farm animals such as buffaloes, goats, chickens,

WHO (1988) Report of a WHO consultation on dog ecology studies related to rabiescontrol (unpublished doc WHO/Rabies/88.25)

4 etc., which were listed separately. Several reports have been filed with the Bombay High Court with regard to stray dog cases where the figure of 100,000 strays in Goa was indicated by the respondents. In addition, the Director of Goa Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Services in an interview published in the Navhind Times on 7/11/2002 also estimated the number of stray dogs in Goa at 1 lakh. A later estimate of the number of dogs in the state from AH&VS, from 2007-08, will be used for our estimates.

Animal Husbandry in Goa

S.No Item 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Number of veterinary hospitals Number of veterinary dispensaries Number of slaughter houses in use Number of animals slaughtered Reference North period Goa 2000-2001 3 2000-2001 12 1999-2000 24 South Goa 1 12 29 Total 4 24 53 92,524 62,235 159,846 87,978 40,222 105,402

1999-2000 56,557 35,967

Total net weight of animals slaughtered 1999-2000 50,273 11,962 ( ' 00 ' Kgs) Value of slaughtered animals (Rs.' 000 ' ) 1999-2000 80650 Livestock and Poultry : i) Number of cattle ii) Number of buffaloes iii) Number of pigs iv) Number of other animals v) Number of poultry 1997 1997 1997 1997 1997 47,449 40,529 24,840 15,382 37,535 67,867 79,196

49,480 42,633 92,113 381329 408175 789504

Source: Directorate of Planning, Statistics and Evaluation Panaji-Goa Statistical Handbook of Goa 2008

The most acceptable figure found by the researchers is from the Government of Goas Statistical Hand Book of Goa: 2008,3 which lists the number of dogs in the state as 41,094 in the north and 40,541 in the south, for a total of 81,635 dogs in the state of Goa.

District Wise Total Number of Livestock and Poultry 2007 Source: Government of Goa Statistical Hand Book of Goa: 2008, pg. 37, Directorate of Planning, Statistical and Evaluation, Panaji-Goa.

Unfortunately, the researchers were unable to find data on the number of pet dogs living in the State of Goa. Although there are adequate laws and regulations in existence regarding the licensing of pets, Goa does not enforce these laws. As a result, not only are pets unlicensed, there is no enforcement of annual vaccination of pets against rabies. According to a research conducted by Research and Consultancy Enterprise (RACE) of Institute of Management Technology (IMT), Ghaziabad there are about 2.2 million dogs in the Indian household with the population increasing by 26% every year. For our study, we have used the actual figures provided by GAWT of private dog treatments conducted at their Animal Care Centre in Curchorem. For the period January to October 2012, 753 cases were treated, eliminating any duplicates for same patient. The average of this works out to 75.3 private patients per month.

e. Available Research Very limited research has been done to determine the dog to human ratio around the world. Many of the studies use surveys to interview pet owners. A few have estimated the total dog population, including owned dogs and strays. One of the most extensive reports noting dog to human ratios is found in the World Health Organization's (WHO), "Field

6 Application of Oral Rabies Vaccines for Dogs: Report of a WHO consultation",4which outlines findings for several countries with noticeable dog populations. Another much quoted report from the WHO, "Guidelines for Dog Population Management"i, provided additional data. An Internet search also provided access to several articles prepared by E-collage which reported dog to human ratios for India as a whole and the cities of Bangalore and Pune. There are also numerous scientific studies conducted on various animal welfare issues in India and all over the world. A very detailed and noteworthy study was conducted in Nepal and Okayama Prefecture, Japan and published in October 2003.5 The statistical information for our study are from Goa Government sources and also found available on the Internet. In addition, the GAWT Animal Care Centre records for the CCMC area for the past five years were used for the statistical work needed to estimate the number of dogs in the area. Statistics for several countries and India were analysed to determine the dog to human ratios for Goa. A thorough review of the available population figures for Goa was conducted to calculate human population trends, including populations in rural and urban areas. Using the results of actual sightings of dogs within the CCMC area and the available human population figures from the 2001 census (plus estimated growth), a dog to human ratio was calculated for use in this study. In addition, analysis of Goa Animal Welfare Trusts Animal Birth Control records for the years 2007 to 2012 were analysed. A yearly survival rate was estimated for the total number of sterilised dogs during the period, and an estimate of the stray dog population was calculated for the end of 2012. Also, reviewing the records of GAWTs private dog

treatments during the period 2007 to 2012 provided an indication of the number of private dogs in the Quepem area. Based on a visual survey conducted in 11 areas of the municipality, plus the estimates provided by GAWT on the actual data of sterilised strays and privately owned dogs treated,

Survey of the stray dog population and the health education program on the prevention ofdog bites and dog-acquired infections: a comparative study in Nepal and OkayamaPrefecture, Japan by Masahiko Kato, Hideki Yamamoto, Yoshihide Inukai, Shohei Kira, Okayama University Medical School, published in Acta Medica Okayama, Volume 57, Issue 5 2003 Article 8, October 2003.

7 this report has estimated the total population of dogs (strays and private) for the CCMC area as of December 2012. Based on the above three estimates, a probable range was developed to determine the total number of dogs (stray and owned) found in the CCMC area as of December 2012. An indication of the possible number of dogs in the Quepem Taluka areas covered by GAWT was also estimated.

f. Geographic and Demographic Information The information below shows a summary of the geographical area of the State of Goa and the forest area within the state. It is interesting to note that out of 3,702 sq. km., only 2,278 sq. km. are considered human habitable areas.

GOA GEOGRAPHICAL FACTS

Geographical Area (sq. km.) Forest Area (sq. km. ) Government Forest (sq. km.) Private Forest (sq. km.) : 3702.00 : 1424.46 : 1224.46 : 200.00 approx.

The Table below shows the population breakdown for Goa, listing the 11 Talukas in the state, as well as the population breakdown in urban and rural areas. By percentage, the Talukas with the least population in Goa are Pernem, Bicholim, Satari in the North, and Quepem and Canacona in the South. By far, the most urbanized Taluka is Marmugao, followed by Bardez and Tiswadi.

2001 Goa Population Breakdown

Area in Taluka Tiswadi Bardez Pernem Bicholim Satari Ponda Sanguem Canacona Quepem sq. km. 213.57 263.98 251.69 238.80 489.46 292.78 836.82 352.04 318.25 Population 160,091 227,695 71,999 90,734 58,613 149,441 64,080 43,997 74,034 % of total Population 12% 17% 5% 7% 4% 11% 5% 3% 5% Population Rural 55,019 54,210 62,386 53,647 50,696 100,826 53,074 32,096 40,054 % 34% 24% 87% 59% 86% 67% 83% 73% 54% Urban 105,072 133,445 9,613 37,087 7,917 48,615 11,006 11,901 33,980 % 66% 76% 13% 41% 14% 33% 17% 27% 46%

8
Salcete Marmugao TOTAL 292.94 109.13 3659.46 262,035 144,949 1,347,668 19% 11% 110,456 24,587 637,051 47% 42% 17% 151,579 120,362 670,577 50% 58% 83%

The Table below shows the population breakdown for South Goa, including the percentage of the population that resides in rural and urban areas. Based on the figures, one can conclude: The population for South Goa in 2001 was estimated to be 589,095. 44% of the population in South Goa lived in rural areas. 83% of the people in Sanguem Taluka live in rural areas, and 54%. 83% of the population of Marmugao lives in urban areas. 56% of the population live in urbanized areas and 44% live in rural areas.

2001 South Goa Population Breakdown by Taluka

Area in square Taluka Sanguem Canacona Quepem Salcete Marmugao TOTAL % of total State Population 64,080 43,997 74,034 262,035 144,949 589,095 Population Rural 53,074 32,096 40,054 110,456 24,587 260,267 % 83% 73% 54% 42% 17% 44% Urban 11,006 11,901 33,980 151,579 120,362 328828 % 17% 27% 46% 58% 83% 56%

km.
836.82 352.04 318.25 292.94 109.13 1909.18

Population
5% 3% 5% 19% 11%

The Quepem Taluka has a population of 74,034, and 54% of the population is rural. In the Quepem Taluka, the populations of the municipalities of Curchorem-Cacora and Quepem of 33,980 account for the total number of residents that live in urban areas in the Taluka. Salcete Taluka has a population nearly twice as large as the next highest populated taluka of Marmugao. The Table on the following page compares the amount of geographical area available in Goa that is non-Government

9 forest with the population figures for the state. Although Goa has a geographical area of 3,702 sq. km., only 2,478 sq. km. are considered non-Government forest. There are also private forest areas of approximately 200 sq. km. Within this small amount of available nonGovernment forest land resides a human population of 1,347,688 (based on 2001 Census). As a result, the average human population density in non-Government forest areas in the state equals 544 people per square kilometres

AVAILABLE NON-FOREST AREA IN GOA

GOA Total geographical area (sq. km) Total Govt. forest areas (sq. km.) Total amount of Human Residing space (sq. km.) (non-Govt. Forest) Total Human population for the state Avg. Human population available Residing Space forest) per sq. km. = density in (non- Govt. 544/sq. km. 3,702 1,225

2,478 1,347,688

Website:Goa Government Forestry Department

10 g. Relationship between Human Populations and Dog Populations One of the most common methods for estimating the dog population is to evaluate the growth and migration of the human population and associate it with the growth of the dog population in the specific area. Thereafter, a broad dog to human ratio can be calculated based on the estimates of human and dog populations. The main assumption (which has been mentioned in various publications) is that dogs are often directly or indirectly dependent on the human population. populations variables that are affected by human populations. Dr. John F. Reese writes in "The State of the Animals III, 2005"7, wrote about the dependence between dogs and humans: "It is against this background of a wide range of man-dog relationships that dogs in the developing world must be seen and understood. Knowledge about and understanding of the complexity of the relationships between dogs and local people is essential to any attempts to regulate the human-dog relationship officially and to control any problems caused by dogs." Dr. Reese also mentions that human activities contribute to dogs' accessibility to food, shelter, and even companionship: "It is generally believed that dogs exist in very few places where they have no referral household or community (WHO 1990). The exception to this is around food markets, slaughterhouses, temples, and roadside restaurants, where sufficient food is available without theactive involvement of humans in feeding the dogs." A review of the human population in Goa over the past twenty years indicates some interesting trends that may have a significant bearing on dog population growth in the state. Appendix I contains data found in "Goa Economy in Figures - 2011", prepared by the Goa Directorate of Planning, Statistics and Evaluation. From the time Goa attained statehood (1987-88) to the population census of 2001, the human population in the state grew from 10.08 lakhs to 13.48 lakhs, or about 13.5% over 13 years. According to the 2001 Population Census, the population growth rate for Goa Annex I at the end of

this report contains excerpts from a World Health Organization report regarding dog

between 1990 and 2000 was 15.21%. As indicated in the Tables below, for the period from 2001 to 2011 it was around 8.5%, to a population of 14.6 lakhs.

The State of the Animals III, Reece et. al., edited by Deborah J. Salem and Andrew N. Rowan, Humane SocietyPress, 2005.

11

A more interesting trend is found when reviewing Goa's rural and urban population trends.

Source: Rural Development Statistics: Section 1: Population Trends. Govt. of India 2011 Census

The table above shows that Goas Rural/Urban breakdown is the opposite of the rest of the country. In 2011, 68.84% of Indias population lived in a rural setting. By comparison, only 37.83% of Goas population was categorised as rural. Records indicate that

12 The rural population in Goa for the period 1987-88 to 2001 declined slightly. When Goa attained statehood in 1987-88, the rural population was 6.85 lakhs. By 2001, the rural population had declined to 6.77 lakhs. In other words, the rural population decreased by 1.2% at the time the general population in Goa was growing by 15.21%8. On the other hand, the urban population during the same period grew tremendously, from 3.23 lakhs in 1987-88 to 6.71 lakhs in 2001, or 208%.

Source: G O I, Census of India 2011, Provisional Population Totals, Paper-2 of 2011, Registrar General, India.

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h. Garbage Problems and the Effects of Tourism One of the main drawbacks of such an increase in the human population living in an urban environment is the improper disposal of garbage. Large human populations in

14 small,urban areas, means high human population densities without proper infrastructure, due to rapid growth. Today, the lack of proper garbage collection and the location of garbage disposal sites are among the most debated and highly explosive topics in Goa. In addition to garbage, other human activities strongly influence the growth of dog populations. For example, urban living brings restaurants, bars, function halls, catering businesses and corner fast food carts, etc. In addition, urban areas create the need for densely populated apartment complexes, schools, hospitals, and entertainment arenas. All these sites represent excellent sources of food for street dogs. In addition, Goa's tourism industry has grown tremendously and with this growth has come numerous hotels, resorts, etc. Since Goa attained statehood in 1987-88 to 2005-6, the number of hotels/lodging houses increased from 275 to 2,233 as shown in the table on the following page. Also, domestic tourists increased from 7.34 lakhs in 1987-88 to an estimated 20.11 lakhs in 2006-07. Foreign tourists visiting Goa increased from .93 lakhs in 1987-88 to an estimated 3.46 lakhs in 2006-07. The high number of food and drink establishments catering to all these visitors creates numerous opportunities for food and shelter in the dog population. According to Tourism Minister, Mr. Dilip Parulekar figures in July 2012 indicated that for the financial year 2011-2012, Goa received a record 4,51,998 international tourists, In 201011 Goa recorded 4.41 lakh international tourists visiting the state, while in 2009-10 the number of foreign tourists visiting Goa stood at 3.76 lakh. In addition, the State Tourism Departments records indicate that the number of domestic tourists arriving in the state has been on the rise since the last few years. A total of 22.25 lakh domestic tourists arrived in the state in the year 2011, as against 22.01 lakh domestic tourists for the year 2010, and 21.27 lakhs in 2009, and 20.20 lakhs in 2008. As a result, the population of Goa during the peak months nearly doubles, creating huge stress on the states infrastructure.9

Source: Published newspaper articles and interviews with Goa Tourism Department personnel.

15

16 The Table below shows the level of garbage produced in 2008 for each Taluka in Goa. Due to the increased urbanisation and the limited improvement in the processing of garbage, the figures below can be assumed to have risen substantially as of 2012. In conclusion, the poor management of garbage, the huge increase in the number of entertainment/food establishments, the migration of the human population from the rural to the urban environment, plus the friendly attitude of foreign tourists towards animals has in general, made for increased food and shelter resources for stray dogs.

* Source: Municipal Solid Waste Stats on Municipalities, PDF document published on the
internet, 2007-8.

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II. ANALYSIS A. Dog to Human Ratio

1. Dog to Human Ratios around the World The Table on the following page summarises the findings from various sources on the estimated dog to human ratios around the world. The dog to human ratio compares the total number of dogs (both stray and owned) compared to the human population of a certain location. It indicates for every one dog how many human beings there are in a particular location. Ratios for western countries usually range from 1:6 to 1:10. In 2001, the WHO estimated that there was a 1:20 dog to human ratio in India. Other countries, for example in Indonesia, have an estimated dog to human ratio of 1:16. Studies have found that the dog to human ratio in Bangalore was estimated at 1:12 and in Pune at 1:22. 10 Unfortunately, in Goa there is no research available on this topic. To our knowledge, neither the Government of Goa nor any other government department or NGO has to date made a periodic, systematic census of the total dog population in the state.

10

Dog Population Management & Canine Rabies Control: Indias Official Dog Control Program, an International Context, p. 5, published by E-Collage, Pune 2002.

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2. i. ii.

2. Dog to Human Population in Goa In 2001, Goa had a human population of 13,47,668 and an estimated stray dog population of around 100,000, resulting in a dog to human ratio of 1 dog per 13.5 humans. By 2007, the Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Services estimated the number of dogs in Goa to be 81,636. Goas human population had risen to 14.14 lakhs in 2007, resulting in a dog to human ratio of 1:17.4.Using this estimated ratio for 2007, an educated guess can be made of the number of dogs in the CCMC area. The human population of CCMC in 2001 was 21,398, with an estimated growth rate of 8.17% over the decade. The growth rate for South Goa was 8.63% over the decade.

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As a result, by 2007 the human population of CCMC was approximately 22,700. Therefore, using a 1:17.4 ratio and a human population of 22,700, the estimated number of dogs in the CCMC area in 2007 was approximately 1,230, without consideration of the mortality rate for the year. Using the figures for South Goa only, the dog to human ratio can be calculated with a bit more accuracy and more relevance to the CCMC area. The human population in 2001 for South Goa was 5, 86,591, and at an annual growth rate of .87 can be estimated to be 6,23,261 in 2007. The Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Services figure for the number of dogs in South Goa in 2007 was 40,541, resulting in a dog to human ratio of 1:15.4. If the population of Curchorem in 2007 was 22,700, then there were around 1,475 dogs in the CCMC area without consideration of the mortality rate for the year.

District/Taluka/City

Total / Rural Population Urban Male Female 289090 130116 158974 36454 19760 16694 10437 6257 Total Rural Urban 297501 127839 169662 37472 20284 17188 10961 6227

2001 Total 586591 257955 328636 73926 40044 33882 21398 12484

District :South Goa

44% 56% 54% 46%

3. Quepem Taluka

Total Rural Urban

Curchorem-Cacora CT Quepem CT

Urban Urban

The Table on the following page summarises the above discussed ratios.

GAWT started the ABC programme in the CCMC area in 2007. Thereafter, the growth rate for the stray dog population in the CCMC area would be expected to decline over the years as dogs were caught and sterilised, preventing the birth of unwanted pups. In another section, the results of the ABC programme will be examined in more detail.

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Human to Dog Ratio 2001 & 2007

Year 2001

Year 2007

Area

Human

Dog

Ratio

Human

Dog

Ratio

Goa

13,47,668

100,000

1:13.5

14.14 LK

81,636

1:17.4

South Goa

5,86,951

N/A

N/A

6,23,261

40,451

1:15.4

Source: Goa Stats hand Book 2008/9 Data from Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Services

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B. MARK-RESIGHT SURVEY
The Animal Birth Control (ABC) programme in Curchorem-Cacora is run by Goa Animal Welfare Trust and was implemented in November 2007. Each dog picked up for sterilisation is spayed or neutered by a veterinarian, and while under anaesthesia the right ear is ear-notched for easy identification later. The dog remains at the centre for post - operative care for around 5 to 7 days. Before being released back to the areas where it was picked up, each dog is given an anti-rabies injection. During the period November 2007 to December 2012, a total of 1,027 stray dogs were sterilised by GAWT in the CCMC area. Within the Quepem Taluka, GAWT has Memoranda of Understanding (MOUs) with the municipalities of Curchorem-Cacora and Quepem, and also responds to complaints about roaming dogs near these areas. The area of coverage for GAWT in the Quepem Taluka is approximately 50 sq. km., although the Taluka is much larger. During the period November 2007 to December 2012, a total of 2,289 stray dogs were sterilised within this 50 sq. km. area of the Quepem Taluka.

1. Methodology A Mark-Resight survey census was conducted to estimate the number of dogs found within the CCMC jurisdiction. As described by Dr. John F. Reece and others 11, the MarkResight survey method is used where the ABC programme has been implemented for a number of years to monitor the number of roaming dogs in certain areas, provided that the numbers, dates and locations of the dogs released following the intervention are reliably recorded. The dog observations within the designated areas of Curchorem-Cacora were recorded using the methodology suggested in the WSPA article, WSPA Companion & Working Animals Unit: Surveying Roaming Dog Populations: Guidelines on Methodology which discusses the methodology for a Mark-Resight survey.12

11

A mark-resight survey method to estimate theroaming dog population in three cities in Rajasthan, India by Lex R Hiby1*, John F Reece2, Rachel Wright3, Rajan Jaisinghani4, Baldev Singh4 and
Elly F Hiby5
12

WSPA article: Surveying Roaming Dog Populations: Guidelines on Methodology,

Companion & Working Animals Unit, World Society for the Protection of Animals, London-UK, June 2008.

22 Since this is the first time a census of this type has been conducted in Goa, there were no previous sources of information for the researchers. In addition, it proved extremely difficult to find accurate and up-to-date maps for the area. The researchers relied on the verification of map areas by the CCMC staff, as well as maps for the area found on internet sources and Google Earth. The Google Earth photograph on the following page depicts the Curchorem-Cacora Municipal Council Area with detailed roads. Also included is a map of the municipal area provided to the researchers by the CCMC. Appendix II contains Google Earth images of each of the areas covered in the Mark-Resight survey. The dog census figures were collected between 26 November 2012 and 3rd January 2013. A total of 11 sections of the CCMC area were selected for study.

A strict protocol was used by the researchers, which included:

1. Dogs on both sides of the streets were counted. 2. The observers looked for dogs under parked cars, in compounds and in building areas. 3. Observations were made of all dogs observed, including private, stray, and all ages. 4. Dogs wearing a collar were categorised as privately owned 5. The observations were completed within the same early morning timeframe for each of the areas observed (approximately a 2 hour timeframe) 6. There was no interaction with any of the dogs, i.e. feeding or petting to reduce the risk of large numbers of dogs following the observers and thus introducing bias into the count. 7. A variety of routes were selected to ensure variations on both population density and traffic volume. 8. An individual photograph was taken of each dog as a record of the observation ( See Appendix IV for sample of photographs taken)

23

Curchorem-Cacora Municipal Council Area

Source : Google Earth 2013

24

Source:CCMC

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The information collected includes:

Top level Survey Information:

1. The date of the survey. 2. The start/end locations of each surveyed area. 3. The time started. 4. The time finished. 5. The temperature during the observation time. 6. Traffic flow (heavy/medium/light). 7. Density of population ( high, medium, low). 8. Landmarks within each of the surveyed areas.

Information was also recorded pertaining to each observed dog and this was categorised as follows:

1. Male or female. 2. With a V cut (indicating sterilisation) or without a V cut indicating unsterilised. 3. With a V cut but gender unknown. 4. Old or young. Old was categorised as being approximately 5 years or more. Young was categorised as being older than 6 months but younger than 5 years. 5. Lactating female. 6. Puppies under 6 months old. 7. Dogs that were unable to be categorised as any of the above were recorded as dog only. 8. Dogs wearing collars were considered as privately owned and marked as such but included in the categories stated above.

26 2. Observations 1. The largest number of dogs observed were young males without a V-cut (yet to be sterilised). One reason for this could be the emphasis on catching females in order to quickly reduce the number of puppies born each mating season, quickly increasing the number of strays in the area. 2. The next largest number of dogs observed was young females that had been sterilised and had a V-cut. Young females are the most likely to have large litters, and thereby stressing the sterilisation of these animals decreases the number of strays in the area. 3. 91 out of 308 dogs observed (nearly 30%) were sterilised females. 4. A total of 39 out of 308 dogs (12%) were unsterilised females. 5. 73 out of 308 dogs (24%) were unsterilised males. 6. 12 out of 308 dogs (3.4 %), or 12 out of 132 females (9%) were lactating females with pups. 7. The highest number of dogs were observed in the centre of Curchorem, within approximately a 1+1/2 kilometre radius. This area includes the bus station,

railroad station, and central market. This area also has numerous restaurants, tea shops, and food-generating buildings, schools, and public areas. 8. The least number of dogs were observed in residential areas, and nearing the open paddy field areas. 9. The table below summarises the observations made between 26 November 2012 and 3rd January 2013 in each of the areas under study. A total of 11 areas were selected and 308 dogs were observed and categorised as shown:

27

CUMULATIVE SUMMARY OF DOGS COUNTED

CATEGORIES OF DOGS V CUT/ GENDER UNKNOWN/ YOUNG V CUT/ GENDER UNKNOWN/OLD MALE/ V CUT UNKNOWN/OLD FEMALE V CUT UNKNOWN/YOUNG MALE/ V CUT UNKNOWN/YOUNG FEMALE/V CUT UNKNOWN/ OLD DOG FEMALE/NON V CUT/OLD LACTATING FEMALE MALE/NON V CUT/OLD PUP UNDER 6 MONTHS MALE /V CUT/OLD MALE/V CUT/ YOUNG FEMALE/NON V CUT/YOUNG FEMALE/V CUT/OLD FEMALE/V CUT/YOUNG MALE NON V CUT/YOUNG
0 0 0 0 1 1 2 6 9 12 19 21 26 28 29 30 60

64
10 20 30 40 50 60 70

NUMBER OF DOGS COUNTED

28 3. Analysis The Chart on the following page lists all the recorded observations for each of the 11 researched areas. Appendix III contains the detailed information recorded on each day of observation.

a. Calculations Using the observations collected by the researchers, a rough estimate can be made of the total number of dogs in the CCMC area. Since this is the first time such a study has been made about the number of dogs in the area, these findings cannot be compared with previous estimates. As a result, the following results are only approximations, to be viewed as a starting point until future studies can be made of the dog population in the area. The Chart on the following page summarises the number of dogs observed in each of the 11 areas. For comparison purposes, the distance covered in each observation area has been adjusted to reflect the number of dogs that would be found within one square kilometre. The total adjusted number of dogs observed per sq. kms. is then 461. Utilising these adjusted figures, the mean for the sample is 42 dogs per sq. km., and the standard deviation is 29.1. Using the formula discussed in the WSPA article (mentioned in earlier section), the population estimate can be calculated from the above count. The population estimate is calculated by dividing the total number of dogs counted in the sample blocks by the sampling fraction:

total number of dogs counted number of sample blocks total number of blocks

461 11 22.55

945

The numbers of blocks in the formula were substituted by the number of areas selected in sq. km. versus the total sq. km. for the CCMC area of 22.55. Based on this formula, the number of dogs roaming in the CCMC area between 9:30 a.m. and 11:30 a.m. is approximately 950.

29 Summary of Information Collected for 11 Observed Areas of Curchorem-Cacora Municipal Council Area
MALE V CUT SURVEY DATE TTL DOGS LOCATION/LANDMARK SURVEYED K SQ % VCUT % NVC % UKN %U6 MTH M/VC/OLD M/VC/Y FEMALE V CUT F/VC/OLD F/VC/Y MALE NON V CUT FEMALE NON V CUT MALE V CUT ? FEMALE V CUT? V CUT GENDER UNKWN VC/GU/OLD VC/GU/Y LACT FEM PUPS U6MTH DOG COLLAR/ PRIVATE M/NVC/OLD M/NVC/Y F/NVC/OLD F/NVC/Y M/VC?/OLD M/VC?/Y F/VC?/OLD F/VC?/Y

26/11/12

57

CURCHOREM CENTRE FROM CAR PARK OPP MILK UNION CURCHOREM CENTRE FROM PONTEMOL RD

0.50

64%

25%

11%

12

13

2P 1C

28/11/12

31

0.50

87%

13%

0%

13

1P

1/12/12

41

FROM SUNNI MASJID TEMPLE AND AROUND CARRIAMADI TO 0.75 BACK OF ELECTRICITY SUBSTATION PONTEMOL ROAD KAKODA ROAD AT SHRI MAHADEV TEMPLE ALONG RD OPPOSITE TEMPLE TO BACK OF GAWT CARE CENTRE NEXT TO SHELTER BANSAI AREA TO KAKODA RD -TO MAHADEV TEMPLE FROM BANSAI SIDE BEHIND CURCHOREM RAILWAY STATION TO ST SEBASTIAN CHAPEL KAKUMODDI EAST RD OPP GAS STATION TO KAKUMODDI WEST

51%

46%

2%

8P

1/12/12

40

0.75

40%

53%

4%

3%

2P 2C

3/12/12

40

1.00

32%

62%

3%

3%

15

13 P

3/12/12

15

0.50

20%

80%

0%

0%

4P

31/12/12

32

1.50

16%

69%

9%

6%

15

26 P

3/1/13

23

PONTEMOL RD BACK OF SUBSTATION TO 0.50 DESSAI AUTOS PONTEMOL RD RD OPPOSITE GUARDIAN ANGEL CHURCH RD VIA NEW EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTE TO BACKSIDE BANK OF INDIA BEYOND CARIAMODDI (PONTEMOL RD) TO CACORA RD TO END OF PONTEMOL RD CURCHOREM CACORA RD ENTRANCE FROM PONTEMOL RD TO END OF PONTEMOL RD EAST

61%

30%

0%

9%

3/1/13

15

0.75

40%

47%

0%

13%

6P

3/1/13

0.50

50%

25%

0%

25%

1P

3/1/13

0.50

0%

83%

17%

0%

1P

26

28

30

60

19

64

29

12

21

64 P 3C

SUMMARY
VCUT NON V CUT (INC LAC FEM) VCUT UKN
PUPS UNDER 6 MONTH

308
144 133 10
21

47% 43% 3%
7%

NO V CUT

PRIVATE

64

0.21

30

The standard deviation calculated for the 11 areas observed was 29.1, reflecting the small size of the sample and the large variance in the number of dogs recorded in each area. The range in each of the areas varies greatly from 114 dogs per sq. km. in the centre of Curchorem to a low of 12 dogs per sq. km. in the quieter residential areas in the outskirts of the CCMC area. Using the formulas in the WSPA article, the 95% confidence interval13for the 950 estimate can be calculated as follows: The lower limit of the 95% confidence interval is calculated by subtracting the standard deviation of the estimate multiplied by the t-statistic from the estimated number:

estimated number of dogs ( standard deviation t statistic) 950 (29.1x 2.228) 950 64.8 885
The upper limit of the 95% confidence interval is calculated by adding the standard deviation of the estimate multiplied by the t-statistic to the estimated number:

estimated number of dogs ( standard deviation t statistic) 950 (29.1x 2.228) 950 64.8 1015
Based on the above calculations, it can be concluded that between 9:30 am. and 11:30 a.m. there is an estimated 950 roaming dogs in the CCMC area. The 95% confidence interval on this estimate is from 885 to 1,015 (it means that you can be 95% certain that the true number of roaming dogs lies between these numbers).

13

It must be noted that the size of the sample is small in statistical terms, and therefore these results are only indicators until a larger study is conducted.

31

CALCULATIONS OF DOGS PER SQ. KM. IN OBSERVED AREAS AND AVERAGE AND STANDARD DEVIATION

SURVEY DATE 26/11/12 28/11/12 1/12/12 1/12/12 3/12/12 3/12/12 31/12/12 3/1/13 3/1/13 3/1/13 3/1/13

TTL DOGS SURVEYED 57 31 41 40 40 15 32 23 15 8 6

LOCATION/LANDMARK
CURCHOREM CENTRE FROM CAR PARK OPP MILK UNION

K SQ 0.5 0.5 0.75 0.75 1 0.5 1.5 0.5 0.75 0.5 0.5

EST. DOGS PER SQ. KM.

114

CURCHOREM CENTRE FROM PONTEMOL RD

62

FROM SUNNI MASJID TEMPLE AND AROUND CARRIAMADI TO BACK OF ELECTRICITY SUBSTATION PONTEMOL ROAD

51

KAKODA ROAD AT SHRI MAHADEV TEMPLE ALONG RD OPPOSITE TEMPLE TO BACK OF GAWT CARE CENTRE

50

NEXT TO SHELTER BANSAI AREA TO KAKODA RD -TO MAHADEV TEMPLE FROM BANSAI SIDE

40

BEHIND CURCHOREM RAILWAY STATION TO ST SEBASTIAN CHAPEL

30

KAKUMODDI EAST RD OPP GAS STATION TO KAKUMODDI WEST ROAD

21

PONTEMOL RD BACK OF SUBSTATION TO DESSAI AUTOS PONTEMOL RD

46

RD OPPOSITE GUARDIAN ANGEL CHURCH RD VIA NEW EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTE TO BACKSIDE BANK OF INDIA

19

BEYOND CARIAMODDI (PONTEMOL RD) TO CACORA RD TO END OF PONTEMOL RD

16

CURCHOREM CACORA RD ENTRANCE FROM PONTEMOL RD TO END OF PONTEMOL RD EAST

12

TOTAL AVERAGE STD DEV

308 28 16.0

461 42 29.1

32

C. Analysis of GAWTs ABC Programme Records

Goa Animal Welfare Trust has Memoranda of Understanding (MOUs) with the Curchorem-Cacora Municipality, Sanguem Municipality, Quepem Municipality and the Cuncolim Municipality. Any grant received to sterilise a pre-determined number of street dogs from the Central Government via the Animal Welfare Board of India must be divided among all four municipalities. As a result, the number of stray dogs operated through the ABC programme varies from year to year depending on the grant sanctioned to GAWT. Detailed records suggest that the Animal Birth Control programme in Curchorem has been effective to some extent. However, much work remains in order to accomplish a target of at least 80% of the animals being sterilised in the area. Since GAWT has MOUs with the municipalities of Quepem and Curchorem-Cacora, most of the ABC work in the Quepem Taluka is conducted in these areas. Together, CCMC and the Quepem municipality account for an area of around 40 sq. km. In addition, GAWT also responds to dog complaints in surrounding areas. It is estimated therefore, that the working area for GAWT in the Quepem Taluka is in total around 50 sq. km. Meticulous records are kept by GAWT about each dog collected, including the date and location where the animal is picked up, sex, age, colour, and other identifying markings, date of surgery, date of vaccination, and date of release. These records are inspected periodically by a representative from the Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Services (AH&VS). Also, the organs removed during surgery from each stray animal are kept in formaldehyde and counted for verification purposes on a periodic basis by a representative of AH&VS.

1. ABC Analysis The ABC records for 2007 to 2012 were reviewed and the utmost care was taken to identify only those stray dogs collected from the Quepem Taluka working area and CCMC area. The areas outside of this Taluka, including Sanguem, Cuncolim, beaches, etc. were deleted for this analysis. Between 2007 and 2012, a total of 2,289 stray dogs were sterilised and vaccinated against rabies in GAWTs working area in the Quepem Taluka.

33

TOTAL QUEPEM TALUKA RECORDS & PROJECT AREAS

TOTAL RECORDS QUEPEM TALUKA 100 519 717 391 272 290 NON PROJECT AREAS BUT WITHIN QUEPEM TALUKA 26 210 499 228 161 138 CURCHOREM PROJECT AREAS 74 309 218 163 111 152

YEAR

DATA TO & FROM

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

SEPT - DEC JAN - DEC JAN - DEC JAN - DEC JAN - DEC JAN - DEC

TOTAL

2289

1262

1027

2. Calculation of Mortality Rate To calculate how many roaming dogs there are in Curchorem as of the end of 2012, the mortality rate for dogs in Goa must be considered. Unfortunately, there are no figures or estimates available regarding this subject. A search of the internet yielded very little substantiated information about the longevity of roaming dogs in India. Some estimates are available for pets, however very little research has been done on the subjectof roaming or street dogs. According to the website Dog Breed Info Center, A well-looked after pet Pariah may live to the age of 12 16 years. There is no research to determine the life expectancy of free-roaming dogs but it is probably considerably less, perhaps 4 6 years.14 The published article, Fecundity and longevity of roaming dogs in Jaipur, India15 discusses several previous studies as well as introducing the findings of the research
14

Pariah Dog: Indian Pariah Dog, Dog Breed Info Center Website (C) 1998- 2013

15

Fecundity and longevity of roaming dogs in Jaipur, India, by John F. Reece, Sunil K. Chawla, Elly F. Hiby, and Lex R. Hiby, published by British Medical Council Vet Res. 2008; 4: 6.

34 conducted in Jaipur in 2007on this subject. discussed in this paper.

AUTHOR % SURVIVAL PER YEAR (RANGE) 70% (62%-78%) ROAMING DOG LONGEVITY SPECIFIC GROUP

The table below summarises the findings

Reece, Chawla & Hiby

4 years

Adult spayed females In Jaipur, India

Kitala P, McDermott J, Kyule M, Gathuma J, Perry B, Wandeler A. Pal, S. K. Beck, A.M. RANGE MEDIAN 91% 77% (70%-87%) (60% - 91%) 75.5% 2.6 years -2.6 4 years 3.3 years West Bengal Baltimore, MD USA 60% -Machakos Dist, Kenya

According to the researchers, survival rates for street dogs can range from 60% to 91%, depending on various conditions. The median for this range is 75.5%. Since there are no estimates available for the longevity of roaming dogs in Goa, or for the yearly survival rate of dogs in the state, for the following analysis the median figure of 75.5% has been adopted to estimate the number of dogs in Quepem Taluka and the CCMC area.

CARE CENTRE NEXT TO SHELTER BANSAI AREA TO KAKODA RD -TO 3/12/12 40 1.00 32% 62% 3% 3% 35 MAHADEV TEMPLE FROM BANSAI SIDE 3. Estimation of the Dog Population BEHIND CURCHOREM Based on the actual3/12/12 figures of the programme provided GAWT for its ABC RAILWAY STATION 15ABC 0.50by20% 80% 0% 0% TO ST SEBASTIAN programme, and using a survival rate of 75.5%, the number of surviving ABC roaming dogs CHAPEL KAKUMODDI (strays) in the Quepem Taluka area at the end of 2012 is EAST estimated to be around 1,220: RD OPP GAS 31/12/12 32 1.50 16% 69% 9% 6% STATION TO KAKUMODDI WEST QUEPEM TALUKA: 75.5% SURVIVAL RATE OF ABC DOGS IN QUEPEM TALUKA (50 SQ. KM)

2007 2008 2009

100 76 57 519 392

3/1/13

23

PONTEMOL RD BACK OF SUBSTATION TO 0.50 DESSAI AUTOS PONTEMOL RD

61%

30%

0%

9%

RD OPPOSITE GUARDIAN ANGEL 391 CHURCH RD VIA 2010 43 296 541 EDUCATIONAL 0.75 40% 47% 0% 13% 15 2011 32 223 3/1/13 409 295 NEW272 INSTITUTE TO BACKSIDE BANK OF 2012 25 169 309 223 INDIA 205 290 1220 ROAMING BEYOND DOGS (strays) CARIAMODDI (PONTEMOL RD) TO 0.50 50% 25% 0% 25% 3/1/13 8 CACORA RD TO END OF PONTEMOL RD Several assumptions must be made inCURCHOREM order to calculate the total number of stray CACORA RD (roaming) dogs in the Quepem Taluka area. ENTRANCE FROM 3/1/13 6 0.50 0% 83% 17% 0% RD TO The observations recorded under the PONTEMOL Mark-Resight survey method (and discussed in a END OF PONTEMOL RD EAST 50% (47% + 3%) of the dogs observed previous section) indicate that approximately

717

had been sterilised and had a v-cut ear.

26

SUMMARY
VCUT NON V CUT (INC LAC FEM) VCUT UKN
PUPS UNDER 6 MONTH

308
144 133 10
21

47% 43% 3%
7%

NO V CUT

PRIVATE

64

0.21

43% of the dogs observed did not have a V-cut ear, indicating that they had not been sterilised by GAWT yet, and included lactating females with pups.

36 Private dogs accounted for 21% in the Mark-Resight survey. However, based on actual data collected from GAWT, 904 private dogs are estimated to have been treated from around the Quepem Taluka in 2012. Instead of using the 21% recorded in the Mark-Resight survey in Curchorem, the figure of 904 private dogs will be used for the Quepem Taluka estimate.

Using these observations to determine the total number of dogs roaming in the Quepem Taluka area covered by GAWT (50 km.), it is estimated that there were a total of 3,344 dogs (private and stray) as of December 2012, with a dog density of 66.9 per sq. km.

IF: CALCULATION:

1,220 = REPRESENT 50% OF V-CUT OBSERVED DOGS (SUMMARY DATA - MARK-RESIGHT SECTION) 1,049 1,220 171 904 3,344 66.9

THEN 2,440 Total Strays

EQUALS:

= 43% STRAY NON V-CUT DOGS IN QUEPEM = 50% STRAY V CUT (STERILISED) = 7% PUPS (NON V-CUT) = PRIVATE DOGS BASED ON DATA PROVIDED BY GAWT = TOTAL DOGS (STRAY & PRIVATE) IN QUEPEM TALUKA = DOGS PER SQ. KM

Using the same assumptions discussed above to estimate the total number of dogs in the CCMC area, below are the estimates of the number of surviving ABC dogs for Curchorem:
CCMC AREA: 75.5% SURVIVAL RATE OF ABC DOGS STERILISED BY GAWT 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

74
56 42 32 24

309
233 176 133

218
165 124

163
123

111
84 152 541 = ABC SURVIVING
STRAY DOGS

18

100

94

93

37

Then applying the findings of the Mark-Resight survey method, as discussed above, it can be estimated that the total number of dogs (both roaming/stray and private) in the CCMC area equals 1,082, with a dog density of 58.1 per sq. km.

IF: CALCULATION:

541 = REPRESENT 50% OF V-CUT OBSERVED DOGS (SUMMARY DATA - MARK-RESIGHT SECTION) 465 541 76 227 = 43% STRAY NON V-CUT DOGS IN CCMC = 50% STRAY V CUT (STERILISED) = 7% PUPS (NON V-CUT) = PRIVATE DOGS BASED ON 21% OBSERVED (SUMMARY DATA - MARK-RESIGHT SECTION)

THEN

1,082

Total Strays

EQUALS:

1,309 = TOTAL DOGS (STRAY & PRIVATE) IN THE CCMC AREA 58.1 = DOGS PER SQ. KM

Please note that for the above estimate, the number of private dogs was calculated using the 21% observed in the Mark-Resight survey. The actual figure provided by GAWT of 904 private cases was inclusive of all dogs in the Quepem Taluka area. It was not possible to isolate the number of private dogs living only within the CCMC area.

The above findings are illustrated on the following graphs. The efficacy of the Animal Birth Control (ABC) programme in both Quepem and Curchorem can easily be seen on the Pie Charts illustrating Total Surviving Dogs since 2007.

38

ANIMAL BIRTH CONTROL SURVIVAL RATE FOR QUEPEM GOA 2007-2012

800 700 600

TOTAL SURVIVING ABC DOGS BASED ON 75.5% SURVIVAL RATE FROM 2007-2012

No.of Dogs based on 75.5% survival rate

500

2007 2008

400
300 200 100 0 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

2009 2010 2011

TOTAL SURVIVING ABC DOGS

1220 2289
TOTAL DOGS OPERATED IN QUEPEM UNDER ABC PROGRAMME 2007-2012

2012

Year
2007 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 100 76 57 43 32 25 519 392 296 223 169 717 541 409 309 391 295 223 272 205 290 TTL 1220 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

TOTAL OPERATED IN QUEPEM TALUKA UNDER ABC PROGRAMME 2007-2012 TOTAL SURVIVING DOGS

2289 1220

NUMBER OF DOGS BASED ON 75.5% SURVIVAL RATE

BREAKDOWN OF STRAY & PRIVATE DOGS IN QUEPEM BASED ON 75.5% SURVIVAL RATE
904 (Private Dogs Based on Data Provided by GAWT
171 (7% Stray Pups & Unknown)
1 2 3 4

1220 BREAKDOWN 171 1049 1220 904

TOTAL NUMBER OF STRAY DOGS IN QUEPEM 7% STRAY PUPS AND UNKNOWN 43% STRAY NON V-CUT DOGS IN QUEPEM 50% STRAY V CUT PRIVATE DOGS BASED ON DATA PROVIDED BY GAWT

3344

TOTAL DOGS (STRAY & PRIV) IN QUEPEM

1049 (43% Stray Non V-Cut Dogs in Quepem)

1220 (50% Stray V-Cut)

Total Dogs Stray & Private In Quepem 3344

39

ANIMAL BIRTH CONTROL SURVIVAL RATE FOR CURCHOREM-CACORA MUNICIPAL COUNCIL AREA (CCMC) GOA 2007-2012

TOTAL SURVIVING ABC DOGS BASED ON 75.5% SURVIVAL RATE FROM 2007-2012

350 300

No.of Dogs based on 75.5% survival rate

250 200 150 100 50 0 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

TOTAL SURVIVING ABC DOGS

541

1027

Year
2007 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 74 56 42 32 24 18 309 233 176 133 100 218 165 124 94 163 123 93 111 84 152 TTL 541 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

TOTAL DOGS OPERATED IN CCMC AREA UNDER ABC PROGRAMME 2007-2012

TOTAL OPERATED IN CCMC AREA UNDER ABC PROGRAMME 2007-2012 TOTAL SURVIVING ABC DOGS

1027 541

NUMBER OF DOGS BASED ON 75.5% SURVIVAL RATE

BREAKDOWN OF STRAY & PRIVATE DOGS IN CCMC AREA BASED ON 75.5% SURVIVAL RATE
227 (Private Dogs Based on 21% Observed) Summary Data Mark-Resight Section 76 (7% Stray Pups & Unknown)

1082 BREAKDOWN 76 465 541 227

TOTAL NUMBER OF STRAY DOGS IN CCMC AREA 7% STRAY PUPS AND UNKNOWN 43% STRAY NON V-CUT DOGS IN CCMC AREA 50% STRAY V CUT PRIVATE DOGS BASED ON 21% OBSERVED (SUMMARY DATA: MARK-RESIGHT SECTION)

1309

TOTAL DOGS (STRAY & PRIV) IN CCMC AREA

1 2 3

465 (43% Stray Non V-Cut Dogs in CCMC Area)

541 (50% Stray V-Cut)

Total Dogs Stray & Private In CCMC Area 1309

40

III. SUMMARY
In the previous sections of this report, several methods were proposed to estimate the number of dogs in the Curchorem-Cacora Municipal Council area of jurisdiction. The following table summarises the findings for each section.

SUMMARY Number of Dogs in the Area

CURCHOREM-CACORA METHODOLOGY I.DOG TO HUMAN RATIO GOA RATIO S. GOA RATIO QUEPEM TALUKA MUNICIPAL COUNCIL

1,230 1,475

II.MARK-RESIGHT SURVEY ESTIMATE RANGE

950 855 TO 1,015

III.ABC ACTUAL FIGURES SURVIVING ABC DOGS TOTAL NO. OF STRAYS TOTAL NO. OF DOGS

1,220 2,440 3,344

541 1,082 1,309

In Section II (A) the dog to human ratio for Goa was estimated using available comparable information from previous studies around the world. The estimate prepared by Goas Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Services department along with official census population figures for the state were then used to calculate a conceivable ratio of dogs to humans for Goa and for South Goa. In Section II (B) the researchers conducted a Mark-Resight survey in the CCMC area between November 2012 and January 2013, recording numerous observations and following the procedures recommended by WSPA (World Society for the Protection of Animals).

41 In Section II (C) the actual figures for the Animal Birth Control (ABC) programme implemented by Goa Animal Welfare Trust (GAWT) for parts of Quepem Taluka and in the CCMC area were analysed. These figures were used to calculate an initial estimate of the number of dogs in the area.

In addition, a possible range was calculated for the number of roaming/stray dogs within a 50 sq. km. area of the Quepem Taluka and for the CCMC area of 855 to 1,015. Furthermore, using the actual records of private dogs treated at GAWTs Animal Care Centre, an estimate was made of the number of private dogs in the 50 sq. km. area of the Quepem Taluka.

Conclusion
Section II (A)s calculation of the dog to human ratio for Goa is only a preliminary estimate. The figures published in the 2008 Statistical Hand Book of Goa from the

AH&VS do not provide any information about the methodology used to determine this figure. In addition, no other research or study has been conducted to verify the number of dogs in the state. As a result, the estimated ratio of 1:17.4 for Goa and 1:15.4 for South Goa can only be viewed as starting points for discussion. Section II (B) (Mark-Resight survey results) and Section II (C) (Analysis of GAWTs ABC figures) are both stronger indicators of what is the possible number of dogs in the CCMC area. These figures are based on observations and historical data of work done in the field. In the case of the Mark-Resight survey, although this is the first such study made in this geographical area, the researchers recorded meticulous data of their observations in the field. In addition, to ensure accuracy, the maps for the area were researched, evaluated, and verified. And finally the calculations used to determine the number of roaming dogs in the area follow the guidelines of experienced nationwide researchers in the area of census taking. Using the Mark-Resight survey results, an estimate of around 950 roaming dogs appears to be a very reasonable figure for the CCMC. The population of the CCMC area is around 22,700 currently, and the population density is around 1,000. However, looking at the recorded observations at each of the 11 areas under review, it is clear that the central

42 locations of the CCMC area are the most densely populated. It is here that most of the dogs were observed. This is the area of town where most of the food, shelter and water sources are located - restaurants, hotels, schools, temples, church, and administrative and commercial buildings, as well as numerous residential apartment buildings. As the researchers moved out into the residential and outlying areas of the CCMC region, where there are fewer opportunities for food, the number of dogs observed drastically dropped. As a result, although there are 22.55 sq. km. in the CCMC area, only a small section of the municipal area can sustain large numbers of dogs. A large part of the CCMC area is made up of paddy fields, open areas, and industrial (mining storage piles) areas, which cannot sustain roaming dogs due to lack of food, water and shelter. In Section II (C) the actual recorded figures for GAWTs ABC programme demonstrates some degree of success for the programme, as well as the need for additional implementation of the ABC programme in larger numbers per year. The records indicate that about 50% of the roaming/stray dogs in the CCMC area that were sterilised and vaccinated against rabies over the past 5 years have survived until date. For the population to stabilise, the AWBI recommends that around 80% of the population must be spayed or neutered. Based on the observed number of dogs, only about 50 % have been sterilised, highlighting the need to increase the number of sterilizations per year in order to reach the goal of 80%. The records kept by the NGO were detailed. The researchers were able to segregate the work done in the 50 sq. km. area only within the Quepem Taluka as well as within the CCMCs jurisdiction. Based on these actual figures, the estimated number of roaming/stray dogs in the CCMC area is around 1,082, or say 1,100. This figure is comparable to the estimate found by the Mark-Resight survey of 950 roaming dogs. In conclusion, based on the above discussions and calculations, it is estimated that the number of roaming/stray dogs in the Curchorem-Cacora Municipal Council area of jurisdiction is between 950 and 1,100 dogs.Within the area of operation of GAWT in the Quepem Taluka, it is estimated that there are (say) 2,500 roaming/stray dogs within the 50 sq. km. area. In addition, using the actual figures recorded by GAWT of private dog treatments in 2012, it is estimated that there is a combined total of 3,400 stray and private dogs in the 50 sq. km. area of the Quepem Taluka. The estimated figure of

43 private dogs for Curchorem-Cacora could not be isolated from GAWTs actual records, as a result the total number of dogs (stray and private) for the CCMC area can roughly be estimated at around 1,300 using the observations from the Mark-Resight survey results.

This report is the first of its kind in the state of Goa. It is a starting point to determine the number of dogs in any sector of the state. The report is limited due to the lack of previous research and the small size of the sample area. However, every effort has been used to analyse the field observations and historical data from GAWT in the most reliable and scientific manner. It is suggested that a state-wide survey be conducted at the earliest opportunity, and that the areas covered by this report be re-examined after one year, so that the data can be compared and more accurate estimates can be calculated in the future.

44

BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. 2011 Census for Goa, Provisional Population Totals, Chapter 1: Introduction Concepts and definitions, Jurisdictional changes in the State/UT, Rural-Urban Frame and general interpretation of Urbanization in the State/UT, Gov. of India, April 2011. 2. Animal Birth Control (ABC) Programme Records for the years 2007 to 2012, Goa Animal Welfare Trust, Bansai, Curchorem-Cacora. 3. The Success of the ABC-AR Programme in India, Dr. S. Chinny Krishna, June 2009. 4. Guidelines for Dog Population Management, 1990, WHO and World Society for the Protection of Animals, Bogel K and Hoyt J.A. 5. The Ecology of Stray Dogs: A study of free ranging urban animals, Beck, AM, York Press, Baltimore, USA, 1973 6. Estimation of the dog and cat population in the State of Sao Paulo, Maria Cecilia Porto Alveset. al, Instituto de Saude, Secretaria de Estado da Suade de Sao Paulo, Brazil, 2005. 7. Goas Urbanisation and the impact of sea level rise, Dr. Nandkumar M. Kamat, Lecturer, Goa University, Goa, India 2008. 8. Statistical Hand Book of Goa 2008-09, Government of Goa, Publication Division, Directorate of Planning, Statistics and Evaluation, Panaji-Goa. 9. Statistical Hand Book of Goa 2006-07, Government of Goa, Publication Division, Directorate of Planning, Statistics and Evaluation, Panaji-Goa. 10. Studies on Dog Population in Makurdi, Nigeria (1): Demography and Survey of Pet Owners Beliefs and Attitudes, Omudu, E.A. et. al, Department of Biological Sciences Benue State University, Makurdi, Nigeria, Journal of Research in Forestry, Wildlife and Environment, Volume 2, No. 1, March 2010. 11. Indicators of Socio-Economic Development, 2009, Directorate of Planning, Statistics and Evaluation, Government of Goa, Panaji-Goa. 12. Indicators of Socio-Economic Development, 2011, Directorate of Planning, Statistics and Evaluation, Government of Goa, Panaji-Goa. 13. Surveying Roaming Dog Populations: Guidelines on Methodology, WSPA Companion & Working Animals Unit, London, UK, 2008 14. Rural Development Statistics, Section 1, Government of India 2011, Registrar General, Delhi, India.

45 15. The Booming Pet Industry in India, The Views Paper (website), by Shruti R., March 8, 2010. 16. Vaccination Coverage and epidemiological parameters of the owned-dog population in Thungsong District, Thailand, Wandee Kongkaewet. al, Preventive Veterinary Medicine 65 (2004) 105-115. 17. OIE questionnaire on dog population control in 81 countries: different national approaches to the free-roaming dog problem and their association with degrees of economic development, by P. DallaVillaet. al, Instituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentaledell Abruzzo e del Molise G. Caporale Teramo, 2008. 18. Annual Administrative Report (2008-09), by Rajesh Desai, Goa Forestry Department, 2008. 19. Dog Population Modeling, Bruno B. Chomel, DVM, PhD., School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Presented at FAO Meeting, Banna, Italy, March 1519, 2011 20. Re-evaluating the Burden of Rabies in Africa and Asia, Bulletin of the World Health Organization, May 2005, (83)5 21. Free-Roaming Dogs in Developing Countries: The Benefits of Capture, Neuter, and Return Programs, Jannifer Jackman and Andrew Rowan, The State of Animals IV, Chapter 3, 2007 22. A Survey of Communal Land Dogs in Zimbabwe with Reference to Improving Rabies Vaccination Coverage, James R. A. Butler, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, 2006. 23. Fecundity and longevity of roaming dogs in Jaipur, India, John F Reece, et.al, BMC Veterinary Research 2008. 24. Alphabetical List of Towns and their Populations Goa, List of towns: Census of India 2001 25. Street Dog Population Control, Kathy Anzuino, BVM&S, CertWEL, MRCVS, British Veterinary Association, BVA Overseas Group, 2006. 26. Stray dog population demographics in Jodhpur, India following a population control/rabies vaccination program, Sarah C. Totton et. al, Preventive Veterinary Medicine, July 2010.

46 ANNEX I

EXCERPT:

Some major components of the environment that are determinants of dog habitat (and thus their density and distribution) are:

Climate. Harsh climates and particularly cold, winter weather, but also extreme heat, tend to make survival more difficult, resulting in lower freeroaming dog densities (Daniels; 1980). Shelter. The urban environment contains numerous areas where dogs can find cover and protection against adverse weather conditions, people andother animals, while resting, sleeping or whelping. The availability of shelter in urban areas appears to be determined in large part by the economic status and density of the human population. As mentioned under Section 2.3.2, dog densities are generally higher in densely populated areas where incomes are low. Sites offering complete cover include vacant buildings and garages, as well as those under construction, and passages and common areas of occupied structures (Fox et. al., 1975). There are also numerous 'topographic ,features that offer some protection against the elements including disused densely vegetated areas, woodlots, dumps, building 'structures, porches and other overhanging structures. Parked cars and trucks are also routinely used (Beck, '1973, 1974, 198Oa; Daniels, 1980). The rural environment contains many similar structures as well as larger woodlands and fields and natural caves and dens; Scott-and Causey, I973). It should be remembered that the general social acceptance of dogs permits them to use areas which are not available to wild animals or pest species (Beck, 1973, 1980a). Water. While availability of water in most areas is not a limiting factor, water in arid habitats may be so limited that dogs are forced to either move elsewhere or numbers are limited.

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Food. Availability of food for free-roaming dogs is probably one of the most important factors influencing density. In urban as well as in rural areas garbage from individual homes, at market places, or at centralized dumps is a major source of food for dogs. Cultural practices and customs. Human affection for, or tolerance of, both owned and un-owned dogs, religious beliefs, use and disposal of natural and man-made resources, and living conditions, to mention only a few factors, directly or indirectly influence the quality and quantity of shelter, food, and water required to support dog populations.
Source: Guides for Dog Rabies Control, World Health Organization, VPH/83.43 Rev. 1, p. 71.