Bureau of Mines Report of Pmvestigations/l977

Estimating Methane Content of Bituminous Coalbeds From Adsorption Data

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT O F T H E INTERIOR

Report of Investigations 8245

Estimating Methane Content of Bituminous Coalbeds From Adsorption Data

By Ann G. Kim

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Cecil D. Andrus, Secretary

BUREAU OF MINES

This publication has been cataloged as follows:

Kim, Ann G
Estimating methane content of bituminous coalbeds from adsorption data / by Ann G. Kim. [Washington] : U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, 1977.
22 p. : diagrams ; 26 cm. (Report of investigations Mines ; 8245) Bibliography : p. 13. 1. Coal mines and mining. 2. Methane. I. United States. Bureau of Mines. 11. Title. 111. Series: United States. Bureau of Mines. Report of investigations - Bureau of Mines ; 8245.

Bureau of

TN23.U7

no. 8245

622.06173

U.S. Dept. of the Int. Library

CONTENTS Page Abstract Introduction............................................................ Acknowledgments ........................................................ Methane-adsorption equation ............................................. Estimating the methane content of coal................................... Discussion............................................................... Conclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Appendix A.--Estimating methane content from adsorption isotherms ........ Appendix B.--Estimating the effect of moisture on adsorptive capacity of coal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ILLUSTRATIONS Value of adsorption constants k, and no versus the ratio of fixed carbon to volatile matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 . Variation of adsorption isotherms with rank at 0 ' C................ 3 . Variation in adsorptive capacity with temperature and rank at 10 atm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4. Relationship of pressure to depth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 . Estimated methane content with depth and rank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-1 Adsorption isotherm................................................ A-2 . Log-log plot of volume adsorbed versus pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-3 . Volume adsorbed versus temperature at constant pressures . . . . . . . . . . . A-4 Relationship of k, to fixed carbon ................................. A-5 . Relationship of k, to the ratio of fixed carbon to volatile matter 1.

.................................................................

1 1

2
2 7 11 12 13 14 21

3 5 5
6

. .

8
14 18 18 19 20

TABLES

. . 3. A . 1 .
1 2 A . 2 B . 1

. .

Adsorption constants for selected coals comparison of estimated and direct determination of methane content of coal Methane content of shallow. high-volatile bituminous coals Analyses of coal samples Adsorption constants for methane on coal Critical moisture and reduction in adsorptive capacity

............................ .................................................. ......... ........................................ ...........................

4
9
10 16 17 22

.............

ESTIMATING METHANE CONTENT OF BITUMINOUS COALBEDS FROM ADSORPTION DATA

by
Ann

GI K i m '

ABSTRACT The Bureau of Mines e s t i m a t e d t h e methane c o n t e n t of a c o a l , which depends p r i m a r i l y upon r a n k and p r e s s u r e , from t h e a d s o r p t i o n e q u a t i o n V = k p n , where k and n a r e c o n s t a n t s r e l a t e d t o r a n k . By i n c o r p o r a t i n g c o r r e c t i o n s f o r m o i s t u r e , a s h , and temperature, and e s t i m a t i n g p r e s s u r e and temperature a s a f u n c t i o n o f d e p t h , t h e methane c o n t e n t of c o a l i n p l a c e c a n be e s t i m a t e d from the following equation:

Values c a l c u l a t e d w i t h t h i s e q u a t i o n g e n e r a l l y a r e i n r e a s o n a b l e agreement w i t h d i r e c t d e t e r m i n a t i o n s . By assuming a s t a n d a r d m o i s t u r e and a s h c o n t e n t , and u s i n g t h e h y d r o s t a t i c head t o e s t i m a t e p r e s s u r e , a graph of r a n k and depth v e r s u s gas c o n t e n t was c o n s t r u c t e d . Although e s t i m a t e d v a l u e s were c o n s i s t e n t l y high f o r s e v e r a l h i g h - v o l a t i l e bituminous c o a l s from an a r e a where t h e p r e s s u r e i s known t o be l e s s t h a n h y d r o s t a t i c , t h e e s t i m a t e d methane c o n t e n t f o r most c o a l s shows r e a s o n a b l e agreement w i t h v a l u e s determined by t h e d i r e c t method. INTRODUCTION Methane i s always p r e s e n t i n c o a l (3-4)2 -and c o n s t i t u t e s a s e r i o u s s a f e t y hazard i n c o a l mining. It occurs admixed w i t h o t h e r hydrocarbons, C02, N,, 0 2 , Ha, and He. It i s a normal byproduct of t h e coal-forming p r o c e s s . Although much of t h e g a s formed d u r i n g c o a l i f i c a t i o n m i g r a t e s away from t h e c o a l , a s i g n i f i c a n t p o r t i o n i s r e t a i n e d i n t h e c o a l and a d j a c e n t r o c k s . Some f r e e g a s i s p r e s e n t i n c r a c k s and f r a c t u r e s , but most i s adsorbed on the i n t e r n a l s u r f a c e o f micropores w i t h i n t h e c o a l . The amount of g a s t h a t t h e c o a l c o n t a i n s depends p r i m a r i l y upon p r e s s u r e , t e m p e r a t u r e , a d s o r p t i v e capaci t y , and m o i s t u r e c o n t e n t of t h e c o a l . P e r m e a b i l i t y , p o r o s i t y , degree of l c h e m i s t , P i t t s b u r g h Mining and S a f e t y Research C e n t e r , Bureau o f Mines, Pittsburgh, Pa. 2 Underlined numbers i n p a r e n t h e s e s r e f e r t o items i n t h e l i s t of r e f e r e n c e s preceding t h e appendixes.

f r a c t u r i n g of t h e c o a l and a d j a c e n t r o c k s , and d i s t a n c e from t h e o u t c r o p may a l s o i n f l u e n c e t h e g a s c o n t e n t of a c o a l b e d . When c o a l i s mined, 60 t o 80 p c t o f t h e g a s t h a t i t c o n t a i n s i s e m i t t e d i n t o t h e mine atmosphere, where g a s accumulation c r e a t e s a n e x p l o s i o n h a z a r d . The c o n v e n t i o n a l method of d e a l i n g w i t h t h i s hazard i s through v e n t i l a t i o n , which d i l u t e s t h e e m i t t e d methane w i t h a i r t o n o n e x p l o s i v e c o n c e n t r a t i o n s and c a r r i e s i t t o t h e s u r f a c e . The d e e p e r , h i g h e r r a n k c o a l b e d s t h a t w i l l be mined i n t h e f o r e s e e a b l e f u t u r e w i l l c o n t a i n more g a s t h a n t h e beds c u r r e n t l y b e i n g worked, and i t i s p o s s i b l e t h a t v e n t i l a t i o n w i l l n o t be a d e q u a t e t o cont r o l methane e m i s s i o n . I t may be n e c e s s a r y t o d r a i n methane from t h e c o a l i n advance of mining. I f t h e d r a i n e d g a s i s t o be s o l d a s a f u e l , i t w i l l be n e c e s s a r y t o e s t i m a t e t h e amount of g a s t h a t c a n be r e c o v e r e d from t h e c o a l . The methane c o n t e n t of a g i v e n c o a l c a n be e s t i m a t e d by measuring t h e amount of g a s e m i t t e d by a c o r e sample r e c o v e r e d d u r i n g e x p l o r a t o r y d r i l l i n g (2-6). This d i r e c t method i s simple and i s c o n s i d e r e d a c c u r a t e t o 1 3 0 p c t . However, i t does r e q u i r e d r i l l i n g a h o l e , and t h e d a t a t h u s o b t a i n e d a p p l y only t o a p a r t i c u l a r coal a t a p a r t i c u l a r depth.
A more g e n e r a l e s t i m a t e c a n be made u s i n g a d s o r p t i o n - i s o t h e r m d a t a . An a d s o r p t i o n i s o t h e r m d e s c r i b e s t h e v a r i a t i o n i n g a s a d s o r p t i o n a s a f u n c t i o n of p r e s s u r e a t a c o n s t a n t t e m p e r a t u r e . I f i s o t h e r m s a r e r u n a t s e v e r a l temperat u r e s , t h e change i n a d s o r p t i v e c a p a c i t y w i t h t e m p e r a t u r e c a n be d e t e r m i n e d . I s o t h e r m s f o r d r y and m o i s t c o a l s a r e r u n t o d e t e r m i n e t h e e f f e c t of m o i s t u r e on the volume o f adsorbed g a s . The i n f o r m a t i o n from v a r i o u s i s o t h e r m s c a n be combined i n t o a g e n e r a l e q u a t i o n f o r adsorbed-gas volume a s a f u n c t i o n of temp e r a t u r e , p r e s s u r e , and m o i s t u r e c o n t e n t . By a p p l y i n g t h e a d s o r p t i o n e q u a t i o n t o d i f f e r e n t c o a l s , t h e e f f e c t o f r a n k c a n be d e t e r m i n e d , and a g r a p h of t h e g a s c o n t e n t o f h i g h - r a n k c o a l c a n be c o n s t r u c t e d a s a f u n c t i o n of r a n k and depth.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The a d s o r p t i o n i s o t h e r m s upon which t h i s r e p o r t i s based were o b t a i n e d by t h e Energy Conversion S e c t i o n , P i t t s b u r g h Energy Research C e n t e r of t h e Energy Research and Development A d m i n i s t r a t i o n (ERDA), under c o n t r a c t t o t h e P i t t s burgh Mining and S a f e t y Research C e n t e r of t h e Bureau of Mines. D e t a i l e d r e p o r t s of t h e s e s t u d i e s have been p u b l i s h e d e l s e w h e r e ( 1-2, 8 -9). M E T H A N E -ADSORPTION EQUATION Most of t h e g a s i n c o a l i s adsorbed on t h e i n t e r n a l s u r f a c e of m i c r o p o r e s . The amount of g a s t h a t a c o a l c a n a d s o r b v a r i e s d i r e c t l y w i t h p r e s s u r e and i n v e r s e l y w i t h t e m p e r a t u r e . The r e l a t i o n s h i p between t h e volume of g a s adsorbed by t h e c o a l , and p r e s s u r e and t e m p e r a t u r e c a n be d e s c r i b e d by t h e equation

where

volume of gas adsorbed, in cubic centimeters per gram of moistureand ash-free coal; pressure, in atmospheres; temperature, in degrees Centigrade; a constant, in cubic centimeters per gram per atmosphere; a constant; a constant, in cubic centimeters per gram per degree Centigrade.

P T
k, no

= =
= = =

and

Constants k, , no, and b were determined for 18 coals and are listed in table 1.3 The temperature constant b averages 0.14 cm3/g0 C for coals studied, from
25 20 E 0 : 15C

0.08

rn E 0 100 \
(7,

E"

.20
0 C

5-

- .26 -

.32

I
2

I
4

I-

--- -

.38

8 10 1 2 1 4 FIXED CARBON /VOLATILE MATTER and n ,

1 6

1 8

20

FIGURE 1.

- Value of adsorption constants k,

t i l e matter.

versus the r a t i o of f i x e d carbon to vola-

3~erivationof the equation and calculation of constants are discussed in appendix A.

s u b b i t u m i n o u s t o a n t h r a c i t e . The v a l u e s of k, and no depend on t h e r a n k of t h e c o a l , and c a n be e x p r e s s e d i n t e r m s of t h e r a t i o o f f i x e d c a r b o n (FC) t o v o l a t i l e ~ l l a t t e r (VM) :

and

no = 0 . 3 1 5

0 . 0 1 Fc/vM

The r e l a t i o n s h i p between t h e c o n s t a n t s k,, f i g u r e 1. TABLE 1 .

n o , and t h e r a t i o FC/VM i s shown i n

Adsorption c o n s t a n t s f o r s e l e c t e d c o a l s

Coalbed Mammoth P o c a h o n t a s No. 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lower K i t t a n n i n g . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Beckley . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mary Lee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Upper F r e e p o r t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lower F r e e p o r t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pittsburgh................................. Sewell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . No. 5 Block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Somerset B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Castlegate ................................. Rosebud . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E l k h o r n No. 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hazard No. 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P o c a h o n t a s No. 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S t e a r n s No. Z . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hazard No. 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ND--Not d e t e r m i n e d .
t t h e amount o f g a s a d s o r b e d b y c o a l Adsorption curves i n d i c a t e t k ~ a i n c r e a s e s w i t h i n c r e a s i n g r a n k a t a g i v e n t e m p e r a t u r e and p r e s s u r e ( f i g s . 2 - 3 ) , and t h i s h a s b e e n v e r i f i e d b v d a t a on tt~c?g a s c o n t e n t of t h e Mary Lee group cif: c o a l b e d s ( 7 ) . A t a g i v e n t e m p e r a t u r e and p r e s s u r e , h i g h e r r a n k c o a l s ( , o n f a i n l a r g e r volumes of methane t h a n lower r a n k c o a l s . The volume of a d s o r b e d methane i n c r e a s e s w i t h i n c r e a s i n g p r e s s u r e , b u t d e c r e a s e s w i t h i n c r e a s i n g temperature.

....................................

P r e s s u r e and t e m p e r a t u r e a r e f u n c t i o n s of d e p t h . A t a g i v e n d e p t h , t h e p r e s s u r e P i s u s u a l l y assumed t o e q u a l t h e h y d r o s t a t i c head g i v e n b y t h e equation--

20-

> IO-

P= I0 atm

1 0

20

30
PRESSURE, atm

40

50

60

1
0

I
O

1 0

20

30

FIGURE 2.

Variation of adsorption isotherms w i t h rank at

o0 C*

FIGURE 3.

- Variation i n adsorptive capacity w i t h temperature and rank at

TEMPERATURE,

40 C

50

1
I

60

10 atm.

where P i s e x p r e s s e d i n atmospheres, and h i s t h e d e p t h , i n m e t e r s . However, d r i l l - s t e m t e s t s have f r e q u e n t l y shown t h a t p r e s s u r e w i t h i n a coalbed i s subs t a n t i a l l y l e s s t h a n hydros t a t i c ( f i g . 4 ) . For t h e s e d a t a ( f i g . 4 ) , the average p r e s s u r e g r a d i e n t i s 0.063 atm/m w i t h a s t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o n of '0.027 atm/m. Since i t i s primarily dependent on p r e s s u r e , t h e e s t i m a t e d adsorbed g a s v o l ume w i l l be o n l y a s a c c u r a t e as the pressure value. If t h e p r e s s u r e a t depth o r pressure gradient f o r an a r e a i s known, t h i s v a l u e should bc used t o e s t i m a t e t h e adsorbed g a s c o n t e n t of 200 300 400 500 a c o a l . Jf: h y d r o s t a t i c head DEPTH (h),rneter s i.s u s e d , i.t should be r e a lized that t h i s represents a FIGURE 4. Relationship of pressure t o depth. l i m i t i n g c a s e , and a c t u a l g a s c o n t e n t may be lower than the estimated v a l u e . Temperature a t a g i v e n d e p t h h i s e s t i m a t e d a s t h e g e o t h e r m a l g r a d i e n t m u l t i p l i e d by h and added t o t h e ground t e m p e r a t u r e . Although t h e g e o t h e r m a l g r a d i e n t v a r i e s i n d i f f e r e n t a r e a s , a commonly used v a l u e i s 1 . 8 " C/100 m. Ground t e m p e r a t u r e - - t h a t t e m p e r a t u r e n o t a f f e c t e d by s u r f a c e h e a t i n g and cooling--is also variable. I n t h i s s t u d y , 11" C i s u s e d . Temperature a t d e p t h i s e s t i m a t e d by t h e f o l l o w i n g r e l a t i o n s h i p :

A t the r e l a t i v e l y shallow depths considered i n t h i s r e p o r t , i t i s u n l i k e l y t h a t an e r r o r i n e s t i m a t i n g T w i l l s u b s t a n t i a l l y a f f e c t t h e e s t i m a t e of g a s content.

To e s t i m a t e t h e methane c o n t e n t of c o a l i n p l a c e , i t s m o i s t u r e c o n t e n t must a l s o be c o n s i d e r e d . M o i s t u r e i n c o a l r e d u c e s i t s c a p a c i t y t o a d s o r b methane. According t o one s t u d y ( I ) , below a c r i t i c a l v a l u e , t h e r e d u c t i o n i n a d s o r p t i o n c a p a c i t y o f a c o a l i s d i r e c t l y r e l a t e d t o m o i s t u r e c o n t e n t .q Above c h i s c r i t i c a l v a l u e , a d d i t i o n a l m o i s t u r e c a u s e s no f u r t h e r r e d u c t i o n i n g a s a d s o r p t i o n . The r a t i o of volumes of g a s adsorbed on wet and d r y c o a l (V,/vd) 4 ~ h e r e d u c t i o n i.n a d s o r p t i o n c a p a c i t y r e l a t e d t o m o i s t u r e c o n t e n t i s d i s c u s s e d i n appendix B .

i s g i v e n i n t a b l e 1. For most h i g h - r a n k c o a l s , t h e minimum volume of methane adsorbed on wet c o a l i s between 55 and 85 p c t o f t h e volume adsorbed on d r y coal. I n general, the reduction i n gas-adsorption capacity i s g r e a t e r f o r lower r a n k c o a l s . For c o a l s f o r which e x p e r i m e n t a l d a t a i s n o t a v a i l a b l e , m o i s t u r e i n c o a l c a n r e a s o n a b l y be assumed t o r e d u c e t h e volume o f adsorbed methane by 25 p c t . I n a g e n e r a l g a s - a d s o r p t i o n e q u a t i o n , 0 . 7 5 i s used a s t h e r a t i o of adsorbed g a s i n wet and d r y c o a l ( v , / v , ) . I n t h e p r e c e d i n g e q u a t i o n s , adsorbed g a s was e s t i m a t e d p e r gram o f m o i s t u r e - and a s h - f r e e (maf) c o a l . To e s t i m a t e t h e g a s c o n t e n t o f c o a l i n p l a c e , t h e c a l c u l a t e d g a s c o n t e n t i s m u l t i p l i e d by t h e f a c t o r (100 minus t h e Incorporating the p e r c e n t a g e o f m o i s t u r e minus t h e p e r c e n t a g e of a s h ) / 1 0 0 . f a c t o r s d i s c u s s e d above, a g e n e r a l e q u a t i o n f o r e s t i m a t i n g adsorbed g a s c o n t e n t o f c o a l i n p l a c e c a n be w r i t t e n a s f o l l o w s :
3

(100

% moisture 100

% a s h ) V,

V,cm / g =

-[ k
Vd

pno

b (1.8h/100

ll)].

(lj

I f P i s e s t i m a t e d from t h e h y d r o s t a t i c head, t h e e q u a t i o n i s V,cm /g =

3

(100 - % m o i s t u r e - % a s h ) V, - [k, (0.096h)"o - b ( 1 . 8 h / 1 0 0 100 Vd

+ ll)],

(2)

where h i s t h e d e p t h , i n m e t e r s . ESTIMATING THE METHANE CONTENT O F COAL Depending o n t h e amount o f i n f o r m a t i o n a v a i l a b l e , t h e g a s c o n t e n t o f a c o a l c a n be e s t i m a t e d i n s e v e r a l ways. I f t h e c o a l i s l i s t e d i n t a b l e 1 and i f t h e p r e s s u r e a t d e p t h i s known, e q u a t i o n 1 c a n be used d i r e c t l y . For example, d u r i n g d r i l l i n g i n t h e C a s t l e g a t e c o a l b e d i n Utah, measured p r e s s u r e was 24 atm a t a d e p t h o f 310 m . From t a b l e 1, t h e c o n s t a n t s f o r t h i s c o a l a r e k, = 4 . 9 , % = 0.37, b = 0 . 1 2 , and V, /v, = 0 . 4 2 . M o i s t u r e and a s h c o n t e n t t o t a l e d 8 p c t . Using t h e s e v a l u e s i n e q u a t i o n 1, t h e e s t i m a t e d methane c o n t e n t of t h e C a s t l e g a t e c o a l i s 5 . 3 cm3/g; t h e d i r e c t d e t e r m i n a t i o n f o r t h i s c o a l was 4 . 7 cm31g. For c o a l s t h a t a r e n o t l i s t e d i n t a b l e 1, a d s o r p t i o n c o n s t a n t s c a n be e s t i m a t e d from proximate a n a l y s i s . For a s a n p l e of t h e Lower H a r t s h o r n e c o a l from Oklahoma, t h e f i x e d c a r b o n c o n t e n t was 8 0 p c t maf, and v o l a t i l e m a t t e r , 20 p c t maf; m o i s t u r e and a s h c o n t e n t equaled 13 p c t . C a l c u l a t e d v a l u e s f o r t h e a d s o r p t i o n c o n s t a n t s a r e k, = 8 . 7 and n, = 0 . 2 8 . The a v e r a g e v a l u e o f t h e t e m p e r a t u r e c o n s t a n t i s 0.14 cm3/g0 C , and V, /v, c a l c u l a t e d a c c o r d i n g t o e q u a t i o n s i n appendix B i s 0 . 8 2 . Measured p r e s s u r e i n t h e c o a l b e d was 17 a t n ~ a t a d e p t h o f 450 m . Using t h e s e d a t a t o c a l c u l a t e t h e methane c o n t e n t , a v a l u e o f 11.8 cm3/g i s o b t a i n e d , compared w i t h 11.1 cm3/g o b t a i n e d by d i r e c t determination. When p r e s s u r e i s e s t i m a t e d a s a f u n c t i o n of d e p t h , t h e a c c u r a c y o f t h e g a s - c o n t e n t e s t i m a t e depends on how c l o s e l y t h e p r e s s u r e g r a d i e n t a p p r o a c h e s

25

~ l r l l l l l l l l l ~ l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l , , l l l l l l l l , l l l l l l , l l -

2o

/
-

t h e normal v a l u e of 0.096 atm/m. For example, f o r t h e Upper F r e e p o r t c o a l a t a d e p t h of 275 m, t h e g a s cont e n t e s t i m a t e d w i t h equat i o n 2 i s 9 . 5 cm3 / g , b u t t h e d i r e c t determination i s 3 . 9 cm3lg. The measured p r e s sure gradient i n t h i s area of t h e Lower F r e e p o r t c o a l i s 0.046 atm/m, approximately o n e - h a l f of t h e normal v a l u e . The anomalously low p r e s s u r e c o u l d account f o r t h e low gas c o n t e n t .

I f i t i s assumed t h a t t h e sum of t h e m o i s t u r e and a s h c o n t e n t i s 10 p c t , an 2s t i m a t e d gas - c o n t e n t range can be c a l c u l a t e d f o r v a r i ous r a n k s of c o a l and depicted graphically ( f i g . 5 ) . Although t h e range of g a s c o n t e n t a t a g i v e n d e p t h becomes l a r g e r f o r higher rank coals, a r e a s o n a b l e e s t i m a t e of t h e g a s c o n t e n t of most c o a l s c a n be o b t a i n e d from t h e ~ ~ ~ " " " ~ ~ ~ " " " ~ ~ ~ ' " " ' ~ ~ ~ " " 1 ~ ~ ~ " " ' ~ ~ 0 g r a p h . When t h e e s t i m a t e d 0 100 DEPTH ( h), m g a s c o n t e n t i s compared w i t h the d i r e c t determination FIGURE 5; E s t i m a t e d methane content w i t h depth and ( t a b l e 2 ) , t h e agreement i s rank, r e a s o n a b l y good. D i r e c t d e t e r m i n a t i o n i s c o n s i d e r e d a c c u r a t e t o t 3 0 p c t , and most of t h e v a l u e s e s t i mated from t h e a d s o r p t i o n g r a p h a r e w i t h i n '30 p c t of t h e d i r e c t determinations.

TABLE 2.

Comparison of e s t i m a t e d and d i r e c t d e t e r m i n a t i o n of methane c o n t e n t of c o a l

Difference Direct Estimated between d i r e c t range determination Depth ,determination Coalbed Meters F e e t cm3/g ~ t ~ / t o n ~ t ~ / t o n estimated and cm3/g r a n g e , cm3/g A N T H R A C ITE Tunnel No. 19. . . . .. 183 600 19 608 13-18 416-576 i-1 0 600 14 13-18 416-576 448 183 0 600 13 183 13-18 416-576 416 Peach Mountain No. 18. 22 213 14-19 448-608 699 +3 704 14-19 448-608 699 0 213 19 , 608 IQW -VOLATILE BITUMINOUS Beckley.. . . . . . . . . . . 0 416 302 991 12-15 384-480 13 12-14 384-448 0 448 14 267 876 12-14 384-448 480 +1 15 253 830 0 11-14 352-488 448 14 226 742 0 13-16416-512 512 Hartshorne ............ 16 451 1,480 13-16416-512 18 +2 576 395 1,295 0 11-13 352-416 384 12 174 571 0 11-13 352-416 416 13 553 169 10-12 320-384 1 1 0 352 488 148 8-10 256-320 160 5 252 -3 77 New C a s t l e . . . . . . 651 2,137 17 544 15-17 480-544 0 14-17 488-544 448 Pocahontas No. 3. . . . . 14 643 2,110 0 0 544 14-17 448-544 17 621 2,038 11 14-17 488-544 352 -3 529 1,736 13-16416-512 12 -1 384 494 1,621 14-16 448-512 0 16 512 484 1,588 0 14-16448-512 466 1,529 480 15 11-14 352-488 288 9 232 761 -2 Pratt.. ... .. . . . . 416 1,365 15 480 14-16 448-512 0

.. .

. .

. .. ..

Mary

. .... . Lee.. . . . . . . . . . . . .

MEDIUM-VOLATILE BITUMINOUS

Pittsburgh.

.. . . . . . . . . .

Redstone.. . . . . . . Sewell .......,........ Sewickley.. . . . . . Waynesburg

............

. . . .. . . . . . ..

666 2,185 16 512 13-15 416-480 12 384 520 1,706 13-14 416-448 14 448 13-14416-448 519 1,703 13 518 1,700 416 13-14 416-448 14 335 1,099 448 12-13 384-416 HIGH-VOLATILE BITUMINOUS 259 224 710-11 320-352 7 850 6 235 192 9-11 288 -352 771 206 160 9-10 288-320 5 676 130 3 96 8 - 9 256-288 427 95 312 5 - 6 160-192 2 64 225 4 128 747 9-11 288-352 9-10 288-320 288 207 9 679 9-10 288-320 160 205 5 675 122 3 402 96 8 - 9 256-288

+1 -1 0 0 +1 -3 -3 -4 -5 -3 -5 0 -4 -5

For some c o a l s , gas c o n t e n t s e s t i m a t e d from a d s o r p t i o n d a t a may be subs t a n t i a l l y h i g h e r t h a n d i r e c t d e t e r m i n a t i o n s ; u s u a l l y such c o a l s a r e low i n rank and r e l a t i v e l y shallow. For example, i n t a b l e 2, d i r e c t d e t e r m i n a t i o n s f o r t h e P i t t s b u r g h , Sewickley, Redstone, and Waynesburg c o a l s a r e 30 t o 65 p c t lower t h a n t h e range p r e d i c t e d from the graph, b u t t h e p r e s s u r e g r a d i e n t i n t h e a r e a from which t h e s e samples were obtained (Pennsylvania and West V i r g i n i a ) i s lower t h a n a v e r a g e . D r i l l - s t e m t e s t s have shown t h a t p r e s s u r e i n t h e P i t t s b u r g h c o a l i n t h i s a r e a i s approximately one-half t h e h y d r o s t a t i c head. Using t h e p r e s s u r e g r a d i e n t 0.046 atm/m and t h e v a l u e s of t h e c o n s t a n t s l i s t e d f o r t h e P i t t s b u r g h c o a l i n t a b l e 1, gas c o n t e n t s were c a l c u l a t e d f o r t h e c o a l s i n t a b l e 3 w i t h t h e following e q u a t i o n :

Values c a l c u l a t e d w i t h t h i s e q u a t i o n a r e i n b e t t e r agreement w i t h t h e d i r e c t determination values ( t a b l e 3).

TABLE 3 .

Methane c o n t e n t of shallow, h i g h - v o l a t i l e bituminous c o a l s Direct determination ~ n ? / g Fts/ton 2 64 3 96 3 96 160 5 160 5 4 128 6 192 224 7 Calculated CI$ /g Ft3 / t o n 128 4 128 4 4 128 160 5 160 5 160 5 160 5 160 5 Difference, cm3 /g -2 -1 -1 0 0 +1 -1 +2

Coal Pittsburgh.. . Waynesburg ..... Pittsburgh.. Sewickley.. . . Pittsburgh. ... Redstone . . . . . . . Pittsburgh.. . .

.. ... . . . .

Depth Meters F e e t 312 95 400 122 130 427 205 673 206 676 225 738 771 235 850 259

The d i r e c t d e t e r m i n a t i o n s i n t a b l e 3 c a n be d e s c r i b e d by a l i n e a r equat i o n (V = 0.025h - 0 . 5 ; c o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t = 0 . 9 0 ) , but whether t h i s r e l a t i o n s h i p i s g e n e r a l l y a c c u r a t e f o r shallow, low-rank c o a l s cannot be determined from t h e l i m i t e d d a t a a v a i l a b l e . The r e l a t i o n s h i p between gas cont e n t and depth f o r shallow, h i g h - v o l a t i l e c o a l s i n t h e southwestern Pennsylvania-northern West V i r g i n i a a r e a i l l u s t r a t e s the p o i n t t h a t l o c a l geology, anomalous pressure-depth r e l a t i o n s h i p s , and c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of i n d i v i d u a l c o a l s must be considered i n e v a l u a t i n g t h e accuracy of t h e e s t i m a t e of a c o a l ' s gas c o n t e n t . Lack of d a t a precluded extending t h e e s t i m a t e t o lower r a n k c o a l s . Of 22 c o a l samples s t u d i e d , only 4 were not bituminous. The a d s o r p t i o n i s o t h e r m f o r a n t h r a c i t e f i t t e d t h e p a t t e r n observed f o r o t h e r c o a l s , b u t t h e r e s u l t s f o r subbituminous c o a l s were ambiguous. Such c o a l s a r e known t o be high i n moist u r e , and t h e o r e t i c a l l y t h e i r gas - a d s o r p t i o n c a p a c i t y i s minimal. However, subbituminous c o a l s and l i g n i t e s have been known t o l i b e r a t e s u b s t a n t i a l q u a n t i t i e s of g a s . Rather t h a n base t h e gas c o n t e n t e s t i m a t e s on i n s u f f i c i e n t d a t a , e s t i m a t e s were l i m i t e d t o t h e higher rank c o a l s . I n view of t h e number of v a r i a b l e s and assumptions, t h e g a s c o n t e n t e s t i m a t e d from a d s o r p t i o n d a t a

provides a g e n e r a l standard f o r determining t h e g a s s i n e s s of most bituminous coals. DISCUSS ION The estimated methane content of a c o a l can be used i n mine planning and r e s o u r c e e v a l u a t i o n . I n mining, t h e amount and r a t e of methane r e l e a s e d depend on f a c t o r s such a s r i b e x t e n t , age of t h e mine, production r a t e , gob a r e a , and permeability of t h e c o a l . However, a simple measure of the g a s s i ness of a mine i s t h e methane c o n t e n t of t h e c o a l . When planning a mine, an e s t i m a t e of t h e c o a l ' s gas c o n t e n t can be used t o e s t i m a t e methane production r a t e s and v e n t i l a t i o n requirements. The following example i s based on d a t a f o r the Lower Kittanning coalbed i n Pennsylvania. A l l o t h e r f a c t o r s being e q u a l , a mine i n which t h e methane c o n t e n t of a medium-volatile bituminous c o a l i s 6.0 cm3Ig a t 50 m (163 f t ) could produce 1.5 MMft3/day of methane; i n a mine a t 150 m (490 f t ) w i t h a methane c o n t e n t of 9.5 cm3/g, t h e methane production r a t e would be 2.4 MMft3/day. A t 250 m (810 f t ) , t h e methane p r o duction r a t e could be 3 . 2 tIP4ft3/day from c o a l w i t h a methane c o n t e n t of 11.2 cm3lg. V e n t i l a t i o n c a p a c i t y f o r the deepest mine would have t o be a t l e a s t double t h a t of the shallowest mine. The estimated gas c o n t e n t can a l s o be used t o e v a l u a t e p o t e n t i a l gas r e s o u r c e s i n c o a l . For example, assume t h a t a h i g h - v o l a t i l e bituminous c o a l i s known t o u n d e r l i e a 10- by 20-mile a r e a ; t h e average depth t o t h e c o a l i s 150 m (approximately 500 f t ) and average c o a l thickness i s 15 i n . The 290 m i l l i o n tons of c o a l i n t h i s a r e a i s i n a c c e s s i b l e t o s t r i p mining and t o o t h i n t o be economically deep mined. The methane c o n t e n t o f t h i s c o a l (estimated from f i g . 5) i s 8 . 1 cm3/g, or 260 f t 3 / t o n . Therefore, t h i s r e l a t i v e l y small, uneconomic coalbed c o n t a i n s 75 b i l l i o n f t 3 of methane. Draining 50 p c t of t h i s would provide enough gas t o h e a t 30,000 homes f o r 10 y e a r s . Of 727 b i l l i o n tons of bituminous c o a l i n t h e coterminous United S t a t e s , only 60 p c t i s considered minable by c u r r e n t methods To g e t t h e most of l i m i t e d energy r e s o u r c e s , t h e 290 b i l l i o n t o n s of "uneconomic" c o a l s could be considered a s gas r e s e r v o i r s , p o t e n t i a l l y c o n t a i n i n g over 70 t r i l l i o n f t 3 of high-Btu g a s .

.=

The r e l a t i o n s h i p between rank, depth, and gas content developed i n t h i s r e p o r t can be extended t o deeply buried c o a l s . An estimated 378 b i l l i o n tons of c o a l l i e between 1,000 and 2,000 m below t h e s u r f a c e of t h e coterminous United s t a t e s . " Using 15 cm3 lg (480 f t 3 / t o n ) a s a minimum gas c o n t e n t , t h e s e c o a l s could c o n t a i n 181 t r i l l i o n cubic f e e t of g a s . Using t h e d a t a i n t h i s r e p o r t a s a b a s i s f o r s p e c u l a t i n g on the gas c o n t e n t of t h i n coalbeds and deeply buried c o a l s , t h e s e c o a l s could c o n t a i n over 250 t r i l l i o n f t 3 of highBtu g a s , t h e e q u i v a l e n t of a 10-year supply of n a t u r a l g a s .

=Estimates of c o a l resources a r e from: A v e r i t t , P . Coal Resources of t h e United S t a t e s , January 1, 1974. Geol. Survey B u l l . 1412, 1975, 131 pp. 'work c i t e d i n f o o t n o t e 5.

CONCLUSION The g a s - a d s o r p t i o n c a p a c i t y of c o a l depends upon p r e s s u r e , temperature, and r a n k . Since p r e s s u r e and temperature a r e f u n c t i o n s of d e p t h , the gas cont e n t of most c o a l s can be e s t i m a t e d from rank and depth o r c a l c u l a t e d from t h e g e n e r a l a d s o r p t i o n equation. I n some c a s e s , f a c t o r s such a s high moisture c o n t e n t , low p r e s s u r e g r a d i e n t , and anomalous temperatures should be c o n s i d e r e d i n e v a l u a t i n g t h e accuracy of t h e g a s - c o n t e n t e s t i m a t e , The e s t i m a t e s of coalbed gas c o n t e n t d e r i v e d from a d s o r p t i o n d a t a provide reasonable p r e l i m i n a r y f i g u r e s and can be developed using r e a d i l y a v a i l a b l e d a t a .

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1.
2.

J o u b e r t , J. I . , C . T . G r e i n , and D. B i e n s t o c k . Moist C o a l . F u e l , v . 52, 1973, pp. 181-185.

S o r p t i o n o f Methane i n

. E f f e c t of M o i s t u r e on t h e Methane C a p a c i t y of American C o a l s . F u e l , v . 5 3 , 1974, pp. 186-191.

Kim, A. G.

3.
4. 5.

The Composition o f Coalbed Gas.

BuMines R I 7762, 1973, 9 pp.

K i m , A . G . , and L. J . Douglas. Gases Desorbed From F i v e Coals o f Low Gas C o n t e n t . BuMines R I 7768, 1973, 9 pp.

K i s s e l l , F . N . , C . M. McCulloch, and C . H . E l d e r . The D i r e c t Method of Determining Methane C o n t e n t of Coalbeds f o r V e n t i l a t i o n Design. BuMines R I 7767, 1973, 17 pp. McCulloch, C . M . , J . R . Levine, F. N . K i s s e l l , and M . Deul. Measuring t h e Methane C o n t e n t of Bituminous Coalbeds. BuMines R I 8043, 1975, 2 1 p p . McCulloch, C . M. , and W . P . Diamond. I n e x p e n s i v e Method Helps P r e d i c t Methane C o n t e n t of Coalbeds. C o a l Age, v . 8 1 , No. 6 , June 1976, pp. 102-106. Ruppel, T. C . , C . T. G r e i n , and D. B i e n s t o c k . A d s o r p t i o n of Methane/ Ethane M i x t u r e s on Dry Coal a t E l e v a t e d P r e s s u r e . F u e l , v . 5 1 , 1972, pp. 297-303. A d s o r p t i o n of Methane on Dry C o a l a t E l e v a t e d P r e s s u r e . v . 53, 1974, pp. 152-162.

6.

7.

8.

9.

Fuel,

APPENDIX A. --ESTIMATING METHANE CONTENT FROM ADSORPTION ISOTHERMS Coal is a porous solid that can adsorb gas on the internal surface of its micropores. The amount of gas adsorbed depends upon pressure and temperature. The adsorptive capacity of a solid is determined by measuring the amount of gas adsorbed at various pressures and constant temperature. This procedure is repeated at several temperatures to obtain a series of adsorption isotherms (fig. A-1) . Empirically, adsorption isotherms can be described by the equation

where

V = volume adsorbed, in cubic centimeters per gram of moisture- and ash-free coal;

= = =

pressure, in atmospheres; a constant, in cubic centimeters per gram per atmosphere; a constant.

k
and n

The constants k and n vary with temperature. Rather than determine these constants for all temperatures of interest, the effect of temperature can be estimated by using the following equation:

FIGURE A-1.

- Adsorption isotherm.

PRESSURE, atm

where k and n a r e determined a t a r e f e r e n c e temperature ( i n t h i s c a s e O0 C); b i s a c o n s t a n t , i n cubic c e n t i m e t e r s per gram per degree Centigrade; and T i s t h e temperature, i n degrees Centigrade. To determine k, and n o , equation 1 i s converted t o logarithmic form: Log V
=

log k + n log P.

(A -3)

P l o t t i n g log V v e r s u s log P (with v a l u e s of V and P taken from t h e 0" C i s o therm) gives a s t r a i g h t l i n e i n which log ko i s t h e i n t e r c e p t and no i s t h e The temperature c o n s t a n t b i s determined by p l o t t i n g V s l o p e ( f i g . A-2). v e r s u s T a t c o n s t a n t p r e s s u r e ; b i s t h e s l o p e of the s t r a i g h t l i n e ( f i g . A-3). The c o n s t a n t s k,, n o , and b were determined f o r t h e c o a l s l i s t e d i n table A-1. Experimental procedures used t o determine the isotherms f o r dry c o a l a r e described i n a previous r e p o r t ( 1 ) . Values of k,, n o , and b, d e t e r mined from t h e isotherms f o r dry c o a l , a r e l i s t e d i n t a b l e A-2. When k, and no a r e p l o t t e d versus f i x e d carbon ( f i g . A-4), t h e s t r a i g h t l i n e s obtained a r e described by the equations:

and

no = 0.55

0.004 FC ( r = 0.86).

(A-5)

The r e g r e s s i o n c o e f f i c i e n t s f o r these l i n e s , 0.82 and 0.86 f o r equations A-4 and A-5, r e s p e c t i v e l y , show t h a t t h e experimental d a t a a r e i n f a i r agreement w i t h the l i n e a r e q u a t i o n s . To minimize t h e d e v i a t i o n from t h e s t r a i g h t l i n e a t high and low v a l u e s of fixed carbon, v a l u e s of k, a r e p l o t t e d v e r s u s FC/VM ( f i g . A-5) t o o b t a i n t h e following equation:

which has a r e g r e s s i o n c o e f f i c i e n t of 0.93. The c o n s t a n t no can be r e l a t e d t o k,, s i n c e both a r e f u n c t i o n s of rank, by the following equation:

, and n,, c a l c u l a t e d using equations A-6 and A-7, a r e l i s t e d i n Values of k t a b l e A-2. Calculated v a l u e s a r e g e n e r a l l y w i t h i n +20 p c t of t h e e x p e r i mentally determined v a l u e .
The temperature c o n s t a n t b ( t a b l e A-2) does not vary with r a n k . a mean v a l u e of 0.14 cm3 /go C w i t h a standard d e v i a t i o n of LO. 02. It has

TABLE A.1 Coal

.Analyses

of c o a l samples Proximate a n a l y s i s . pc t Moisture Ash Fixed Volatile matter carbon

Locat i o n (county and S t a t e )

Mammoth Pocahontas N o . 3 ..... DO Lower K i t t a n n i n g DO Beckley Mary Lee Upper F r e e p o r t Lower F r e e p o r t Upper F r e e p o r t Mary Lee Upper F r e e p o r t ....... Pittsburgh Sewell N o 5 Block Pittsburgh Mary Lee Pittsburgh DO Somerset B ........... C a s t l e g a t e ........... Rosebud .............. Elkhorn N o . 3 ........ Hazard N o . 4 ......... Pocahontas N o 4..... DO Stearns N o . 2 ........ Hazard N o 7 ......... P i t t s b u r g h ........... Pocahontas N o 3
NA.. Not a v a i l a b l e

.............. S c h u y l k i l l . Pa ....... Wyoming. W . Va ....... ................. Buchanan. Va ......... ..... Cambria. Pa .......... ................. .....do .............. .............. Raleigh. W . Va ....... ............. J e f f e r s o n . Ala ....... ....... Indiana. Pa .......... ....... .....do .............. ....... .....do .............. ............. J e f f e r s o n . Ala ....... Indiana. Pa .......... ........... Washington. Pa ....... ............... Randolph. W . Va ...... . .......... Boone. W . Va ......... ........... Greene. Pa ........... ............. Walker. Ala .......... ........... Washington. Pa ....... ................. Marion. W . Va ........ Gunnison. Colo ....... Carbon. Utah . . . . . . . . . Rosebud. Mont ........ Floyd. K y ............ Kentucky ............. . McDowell. W . Va ...... ................. Raleigh. W . Va ....... Kentucky ............. . .....do .............. Allegheny. Pa ........ . ..... Buchanan. Va .........

'Moisture-free

basis

TABLE A.2
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.Adsorp :ion c o n s t a n t s f o r methane on c o a l

Coalbed

k,, :m?/g atm no ~ x ~ e r fC -a l c u l a t e d E x p e r i - C a l c u l a t e d mental mental from from e q u a t i o n A-6 e q u a t i o n A-7

.

Mammoth ............... Pocahontas No . 3 . . . . . . Lower K i t t a n n i n g . . . . . . Beckley ............... Mary Lee Upper F r e e p o r t Lower F r e e p o r t Upper F r e e p o r t Mary Lee Upper F r e e p o r t Pittsburgh Sewe 1 1 N o 5 Block Pittsburgh Mary Lee Pittsburgh

............ .............. ............ Somerset B ............ C a s t l e g a t e ............ Rosebud ............... Elkhorn N o . 3 ......... Hazard No . 4 .......... Pocahontas N o . 4 ...... Stearns N o . 2 ......... Hazard N o . 7 .......... P i t t s b u r g h ............ Pocahontas N o . 3 ...... NA.= Not a v a i l a b l e .

.............. ........ ........ ........ .............. ........ ............ ................ ...........

LOG PRESSURE

FIGURE A-2.

- Log-log

lot of volume

adsorbed versus pressure.

FIGURE A-3.

- Volume adsorbed versus

temperoture at constant pressures.

1 0

20 30 TEMPERATURE,' C

40

50

FIXED CARBON, pct maf

FIGURE A-4.

Relationship of

k,

to fixed carbon.

F I X E D CARBON / V O L A T I L E M A T T E R

FIGURE A-5.

Relationship of

k,

to the ratio of fixed carbon to volatile matter

(FC/VM).

APPENDIX B. --ESTIMATING THE EFFECT O F IWISTURE ON THE ADSORPTIVE CAPACITY OF COAL The amount of g a s t h a t c a n be adsorbed by c o a l i s i w e r s e l y r e l a t e d t o i t s m o i s t u r e c o n t e n t , up t o a c r i t i c a l m o i s t u r e - c o n t e n t v a l u e ( 1-2 ) . Above t h i s v a l u e , which i s a p p a r e n t l y r e l a t e d t o t h e oxygen c o n t e n t of t h e c o a l , a d d i t i o n a l m o i s t u r e has no e f f e c t upon a d s o r p t i v e c a p a c i t y . Using t h e equation

where C,, C , , and C 2 a r e c o n s t a n t s , ' and X , i s t h e p e r c e n t a g e of oxygen, ma, t h e c r i t i c a l m o i s t u r e was c a l c u l a t e d f o r most of t h e c o a l s l i s t e d i n ,2 and compared w i t h "as - r e c e i v e d f ' m o i s t u r e ( t a b l e B-1) . Generally, t a b l e A-1 the c a l c u l a t e d c r i t i c a l moisture i s g r e a t e r than the a s -received moisture. When r a t i o s of a d s o r p t i v e c a p a c i t y i n m o i s t and d r y c o a l ( v , / v ~ ) a r e c a l culated with the equation

( t a b l e B-1), t h e r a t i o i s a p p r o x i m a t e l y t h e same f o r b o t h c r i t i c a l and a s r e c e i v e d m o i s t u r e . With t h e e x c e p t i o n of t h e subbituminous Rosebud c o a l , t h e r a t i o of g a s adsorbed i n wet and d r y c o a l (v,/v*) h a s a mean v a l u e o f 0 . 7 3 w i t h a s t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o n of '0.13. I n t h e absence o f o t h e r d a t a , t h e amount o f g a s adsorbed i n m o i s t c o a l c a n be e s t i m a t e d a s 75 p c t of t h a t adsorbed on dry coal.

l ~ h e c o n s t a n t s C, and C 2 d i s p l a y some v a r i a t i o n w i t h p r e s s u r e . However, t h e e f f e c t i s s m a l l , and h a s been i g n o r e d i n t h e s e c a l c u l a t i o n s . 2 ~ o m p l e t ea n a l y s e s w e r e n o t a v a i l a b l e f o r a l l c o a l samples l i s t e d i n t a b l e A - 1 .

TABLE B - 1 .

C r i t i c a l m o i s t u r e and r e d u c t i o n i n adsorptive capacity Critical moisture, 1 pc t

Coalbed

Mammoth. Pocahontas No. 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lower K i t t a n n i n g Beckley Mary L e e . . . Upper F r e e p o r t Lower F r e e p o r t Upper F r e e p o r t Mary Lee Upper F r e e p o r t Pittsburgh Sewell NO. 5 Block. Pittsburgh Mary Lee. Pittsburgh

.............................

.....................

.............................. .......................... ....................... ....................... ....................... ............................. ....................... ........................... ............................... ......................... ........................... ............................ ........................... Somerset B . . ......................... C a s t l e g a t e ........................... P i t t s b u r g h ........................... Pocahontas No. 3 . ....................
..............................
1 I

Rosebud

NA--Not a v a i l a b l e .

2 ~ a l c u l a t e dfrom c r i t i c a l m o i s t u r e . 3 C a l c u l a t e d from a s -received m o i s t u r e .