Further LTE Enhancements toward Future Radio Access

Takehiro Nakamura NTT DOCOMO, Inc.

NTT DOCOMO, INC., Copyright 2012, All rights reserved.

LTE Release 10/11 (LTE-Advanced) Standardization

NTT DOCOMO, INC., Copyright 2012, All rights reserved.

3GPP
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 GSM/GPRS/EDGE enhancements

Release 99 Release 4

W-CDMA 1.28Mcps TDD HSDPA

Release 6 Release 7

Release 5

HSUPA, MBMS HSPA+ (MIMO, HOM etc.) LTE

Release 9
Approved at ITU-R RA in Jan. 2012

ITU-R M.1457
IMT-2000 Recommendation

Release 8

Minor LTE enhancements

ITU-R M.2012
IMT-Advanced Recommendation

Release 10 LTE-Advanced Release 11

NTT DOCOMO, INC., Copyright 2012, All rights reserved.

3GPP TSG-RAN Workshop on Release 12 onward to be held on June 11-12, 2012

Key Requirements for LTE-Advanced

LTE-Advanced
(LTE Release 10)

LTE-Advanced shall be deployed as an evolution of LTE Release 8 and on new bands. LTE-Advanced shall be backwards compatible with LTE Release 8 Smooth and flexible system migration from Rel-8 LTE to LTE-Advanced
LTE Rel-8 cell

LTE Release 9

LTE Release 8

LTE-Advanced contains all features of LTE Rel-8&9 and additional features for further evolution

LTE-Advanced evolved from LTE Rel-8 LTE-Advanced cell

LTE Rel-8 terminal

LTE-Advanced terminal

LTE Rel-8 terminal

LTE-Advanced terminal

An LTE-Advanced terminal can work in an LTE Rel-8 cell

An LTE Rel-8 terminal can work in an LTE-Advanced cell

LTE-Advanced backward compatibility with LTE Rel-8

NTT DOCOMO, INC., Copyright 2012, All rights reserved. March 4, 2011 4

Key Features in LTE Release 10&11

Support of Wider Bandwidth(Carrier Aggregation) Rel-10&11
Use of multiple component carriers(CC) to extend bandwidth up to 100 MHz Common physical layer parameters between component carrier and LTE Rel-8 carrier Improvement of peak data rate, backward compatibility with LTE Rel-8

100 MHz f CC

Advanced MIMO techniques Rel-10

Extension to up to 8-layer transmission in downlink Introduction of single-user MIMO up to 4-layer transmission in uplink Enhancements of multi-user MIMO Improvement of peak data rate and capacity

Heterogeneous network and eICIC(enhanced Inter-Cell Interference Coordination) Rel-10&11

Interference coordination for overlaid deployment of cells with different Tx power Improvement of cell-edge throughput and coverage

Relay Rel-10
Type 1 relay supports radio backhaul and creates a separate cell and appear as Rel-8 LTE eNB to Rel-8 LTE UEs Improvement of coverage and flexibility of service area extension

Coordinated Multi-Point transmission and reception (CoMP) Rel-11

Support of multi-cell transmission and reception Improvement of cell-edge throughput and coverage

Interference rejection combining (IRC) UE receiver Rel-11

Improved minimum performance requirements for E-UTRA Improvement of cell-edge throughput

NTT DOCOMO, INC., Copyright 2012, All rights reserved.

Future Radio Access (LTE Release 12 and Beyond)

NTT DOCOMO, INC., Copyright 2012, All rights reserved.

Growth of Packet Traffic in DOCOMO

Various services, especially video services, and high-speed mobile access increased amount of mobile data traffic
Approx. 1.6 times per year (2004 2009) Approx. 2 times per year (2010-2011)

Further traffic growth is projected due to dramatic increase in Smartphone sales

NTT DOCOMO, INC., Copyright 2012, All rights reserved.

Forecast of Mobile Data Traffic Growth

Cisco VNI Mobile:
Mobile video has the highest growth rate of any application category

UMTS Forum:
By 2015, the mobile data traffic footprint of a single subscriber could be 450 times what it was 10 years earlier in 2005.

Consensus in the industry is that there will be substantial growth in demand for mobile data traffic over the next 5 10 years NTT DOCOMO, INC., Copyright 2012, All rights reserved.

Approach for Capacity Enhancements

We need set of radio access technologies to satisfy future requirements of 500-1000x capacity
Required capacity
(bps/km2 = bps/Hz/cell x Hz x cell/km2)

Spectrum efficiency
TRx TRx TRx TRx TRx TRx TRx TRx

Traffic offloading
(alternative means for communication)

Non-orthogonal multiple access

WiFi offload, D2D, etc.

Controller

Network density
Current capacity
Cellular network assists local area radio access Home/office Dense urban Shopping mall Study for new interference scenarios

Massive MIMO, Advanced receiver

Multiple access technologies Spectrum with Tx-Rx cooperative interference cancellation Existing cellular bands

extension
Very wide

Higher/wider frequency bands Super wide

New cellular concept for cost/energyefficient dense deployments

Frequency

Hybrid access using coverage and capacity spectrum bands

NTT DOCOMO, INC., Copyright 2012, All rights reserved. 9

Other Requirements (1)

Requirements mainly from user perspective
Higher data rate and userexperienced throughput
Data rate competitive to that of future wired networks Gbps-order experienced throughput Low latency for improving user experience
Mobility

Gbps-order experienced throughput

100 Mbps wide area
IMT-Advanced van diagram Data rate

1 Gbps wide area

Mobility IMT-Advanced van diagram Data rate

1 Gbps peak

10 Gbps peak

10x improvement in the next decade

More spectra utilized efficiently

Fairness of user throughput

In a cell Improve cell-edge throughput Among cells Urban to rural Digital divide Among users Lower system impact from few heavy users
NTT DOCOMO, INC., Copyright 2012, All rights reserved.

Source: Artist4G (FP7 ICT), Jan. 2010

10

Other Requirements (2)

Requirements mainly from operator perspective
Flexible, easy, and cost-efficient operation
For diverse spectrum allocation Efficient utilization of higher/wider frequency bands For diverse environments and network nodes/devices with different types of backhauling RRE, Femto, relay, etc. For diverse types of services, user devices, and communication methodologies MTC, thin client, etc.
Non-contiguous spectrum allocation over wide range of frequencies
Frequency

Different duplex schemes may be applied

Macrocells

RRE

Femto

Energy saving (Green)

Reduction in joule per bit

System robustness against emergencies

Earthquake, Tsunami, etc.
NTT DOCOMO, INC., Copyright 2012, All rights reserved.

Robustness to emergencies
11

Possible Standardization Scenario

Standardization scenario towards 2020
Mid-to-long term evolution introducing new technologies to achieve required capacity gain based on 3GPP LTE radio interface The following two types of evolutions to be considered Backward-compatible evolutions
Legacy carrier type

Rel. 8

Rel. 10

Rel. 11

Rel. 1X

Complementary evolutions

Additional Rel. 11 Rel. 1X carrier type New carrier type or new radio inter face Rel. 1X

New RAT?

Backward-compatible evolutions
Evolutions backward compatible to legacy UEs sharing the same spectrum bands New technologies to be introduced, e.g., for further improving spectrum efficiency
Most of new radio access technologies can be introduced in future LTE releases using LTE (OFDM/SC-FDMA) based signal waveform

Complementary evolutions
Introduction of new carrier type that is complementary to legacy carrier type(s) with backward-compatible evolutions Evolutions focusing on new frequency spectrum bands and/or specific scenarios such as enhanced local area radio access

NTT DOCOMO, INC., Copyright 2012, All rights reserved.

12

Technologies Related to Efficient Spectrum Extension and Utilization

Capacity

Spectrum extension
NTT DOCOMO, INC., Copyright 2012, All rights reserved. 13

Wider Bandwidth
Super-wideband to achieve Gbps as typical data rate
At least more than 200 MHz will be desirable (maybe up to 1 GHz)
Examples to achieve 1-Gbps data rate Bandwidth Spectrum efficiency 100 MHz 10 bps/Hz (4x4 MIMO) 200 MHz 5 bps/Hz (2x2 MIMO) 300 MHz 3.3 bps/Hz (~64QAM) 600 MHz 1.7 bps/Hz (~16QAM) 1000 MHz 1 bps/Hz (~QPSK)

LTE-A FRA Gbps to be achieved with lower spectrum efficiency, e.g., without MIMO (More than 10-Gbps can be achieved by MIMO technology)

Utilization of much higher frequencies

Maybe possible to find contiguous wideband spectrum in higher frequency
Existing cellular bands Higher frequency bands
Very wide (e.g. > 3.5GHz) Super wide (e.g. > 10GHz) Frequency
NTT DOCOMO, INC., Copyright 2012, All rights reserved. 14

How to use in cellular systems ?

Efficient Spectrum Utilization

Hybrid radio access using lower & higher frequency bands
Basic coverage/mobility supported in lower frequency bands, e.g., existing cellular bands
Current Service Quality in terms of Connectivity/ Mobility can be maintained Support control signaling for efficient small-cell discovery

High speed data transmission supported in higher frequency bands

Large bandwidth Mainly for smaller or denser cell deployments Existing cellular bands
(high power density for coverage)

Higher frequency bands

(wider bandwidth for high data rate) Very wide (e.g. > 3.5GHz) Super wide (e.g. > 10GHz) Frequency

Hybrid radio access

Macro-cellular deployments supporting full coverage area

NTT DOCOMO, INC., Copyright 2012, All rights reserved.

Various local area scenarios with low-power nodes/devices

15

Technologies for Efficient Support of Denser Network Deployments

Capacity

NTT DOCOMO, INC., Copyright 2012, All rights reserved.

16

Requirements for Denser Network Deployments

Capacity per NW cost (bps/cost)
= Capacity per unit area / NW cost per unit area (bps/km2 (= bps/cell x cell/km2)) (cost/km2)
Spectrum efficiency x bandwidth

km km

- Low cost NW node & backhaul deployments - Easy cell planning & maintenance - NW energy saving

Efficient small cell identification & mobility

UE battery saving
Can be optimized to low mobility Macro cell

Support for non-uniform deployments

Dense cells for high traffic area Less efforts on cell planning Small cell
NTT DOCOMO, INC., Copyright 2012, All rights reserved. 17

Deployment Scenarios
Two deployment scenarios are identified for small-cell deployments (increasing network density):
Scenario 1 (Mixed deployment scenario):
Small cell and Macro cell co-exist on a single carrier.

Scenario 2 (Small-cell dedicated carrier scenario):

Small cell utilizes a dedicated carrier, where no Macro cell exists.

Secenario 1 was studied in Rel-11. We assume Scenario 2 getting more and more important in Rel-12 onward
Scenario 1: Mixed deployment scenario Scenario 2: Small-cell dedicated carrier scenario

F1 F0

F2

NTT DOCOMO, INC., Copyright 2012, All rights reserved.

18

RRH CA Deployments
Macro cell link 2 GHz (Example)
RRH RRH RRH

Macro cell

3.5 GHz (Example) RRH link

RRH

Macro cell link can maintain good connectivity and mobility RRH link can provide high throughput due to frequency reuse using small RRH cells Additional carrier type for RRH link would provide more flexible and cost/energy-efficient operations
NTT DOCOMO, INC., Copyright 2012, All rights reserved. 19

Technologies for Further Enhancing Spectrum Efficiency

Spectrum efficiency

Capacity

NTT DOCOMO, INC., Copyright 2012, All rights reserved.

20

Different Requirements Between WA and LA Spectra

Different requirements for radio access between Wide Area (WA) and Local Area (LA) spectra in HetNet deployments
But, commonality between WA and LA to be considered within a framework of LTE-based radio interface Wide Area spectrum Local Area spectrum Spectrum efficiency Very important Important
(limited BW) (may not be critical if large BW available)

Mobility Coverage DL/UL radio link Traffic load

Medium-to-High Essential Asymmetric More uniform

(many users & cell planning)

Low Not critical (but wider is better) More symmetric More fluctuated
(less users & non-uniform deployments)

Macro-cellular deployments supporting full coverage area

NTT DOCOMO, INC., Copyright 2012, All rights reserved.

Various local area scenarios with low-power nodes/devices

21

FDD/TDD in Local Area

FDD is advantageous over TDD in wide area
No need for synchronization among cells/operators The adjacent channel interference is much lower than in TDD Wider coverage and lower latency owing to continuous transmission DL/UL channels are always "open

TDD might be more applicable in local area & in higher frequency bands
Requirements on synchronization among operators can be relaxed in local area Potential benefits in spectrum sharing between DL/UL Dynamic TDD Traffic is more bursty (unbalanced DL/UL) in local area Interference management of DL/UL transmissions is required among multi-points Possibly facilitate worldwide harmonized spectrum allocation Flexible spectrum allocation No need for guard band (No need for duplexer)
Static DL/UL allocation User #2 UL DL UL DL User #4 User #2 Dynamic DL/UL allocation UL DL User #4
22

User #1 UL DL

User #1 DL

UL DL User #3

Enhanced efficiency

DL User #3

NTT DOCOMO, INC., Copyright 2012, All rights reserved.

Concept of Hybrid Radio Access

Hybrid radio access
Adaptation of radio access schemes according to environments, spectrum bands, types of traffic, etc.
Required high commonality in radio interface among radio access schemes Adaptation for radio access schemes Wide area/lower frequency Local area/higher frequency

Example of hybrid access schemes

Hybrid FDD and TDD according to cell environments Hybrid non-orthogonal and orthogonal multiple access schemes according to, e.g., path loss variation among users Non-orthogonal
Path loss variation Large Small
(Local area)

Orthogonal
freq/time

freq/time (Wide area)

Hybrid multi-carrier and single-carrier transmission schemes according to, e.g., required coverage or cell environments
Wide area Tx data S/P (MC) NTT DOCOMO, INC., Copyright 2012, All rights reserved. Local area DFT (SC) Resource mapping & Power control IFFT Transmission
23

Conclusion
LTE Release 10 and 11
LTE Release 10 was developped and approved in ITU-R M.2012 as LTE-Advanced LTE Release 11 is under development to enhance LTE Release 10 technologies

Future Radio Access (LTE Release 12 and beyond)

3GPP will hold a Workshop on Release 12 onward to identify requirements and potential technologies for Future Radio Access Variety of requirements including reduced cost and further capacity enhancements needed by traffic explosion Two evolution scenarios, backward compatible evolution and complementary evolution, to satisfy both of backward compatibility and sufficient gain Key techniques to meet requirements
Efficient utilization of higher and wider spectrum bands New small-cell dedicated carrier for efficient and simple NW densification Hybrid Radio Access for wide area and local area enhancements
NTT DOCOMO, INC., Copyright 2012, All rights reserved. 24

NTT DOCOMO, INC., Copyright 2012, All rights reserved.

25