Univerzitet u Kragujevcu Fakultet Inenjerskih nauka Smer: Industrijski inenjering

Seminarski rad Engleski jezik 2

Internal transport in system of logistics

Profesor: Sandra Stefanovi

Student: Stevan Borisavljevi 394/2012

Technological changes in the world require innovation and improvement of business strategies of the enterprise and the companies. Priority is given to those enterprises and companies whose business is based on speed of information. In the market-oriented economy, where there is a strong competition, there is a demand for cost-effective and high-quality production, and quality service delivery, in which information plays a crucial role. The right information at the right time and right place enable timely and adequate response to the stringent demands of the market, both in production and trade. Product information is not only essential to the consumer; it is also needed in all links of the logistics chain, from production to distribution to the end user. Manufacturers are laying claim to the management and monitoring of the production process for managing and tracking inventory in order to ensure the smooth production process. The distribution is laying claim to quality service delivery (delivery reliability, readiness for delivery, delivery time, etc.). Use of modern information technology is necessary to provide information about the product along the entire logistics chain.

The logistics can be divided into four functional subsystems: Logistics procurement subsystem, which includes all the flows of raw materials, semifinished materials, auxiliary materials and spare parts from suppliers to warehouses in intermediate goods production company; Logistics subsystem of production, which includes all the material flows that pass (processed or consumed) through the processes of production; Logistics distribution subsystem, which covers all aspects of the final product from the warehouse of finished products to the end users; Logistics subsystem and supply drawing that include all waste materials, return flows of products and empty containers.

The goal of logistics is necessary to reduce downtime by identifying potential sites of problematic places, influencing production bottlenecks, less wear tools, less scrap, workers fatigue, overloading the lines with a combination of technical and economic factors, and thus finds favorable ratio of the relative size of the physical and technical, which would achieve the optimum total production capacity.

In all economic activities in society: industry, construction, agriculture, forestry, mining, services and trade, carries out the transfer of the case, the means of labor or workers to jobs where the manufacture or traffic. Transport in the wider sense includes all activities necessary for the performance of transport and other transport operations, maintenance and security matters, as well as documentation during the transport, while transport in the narrow sense can be briefly defined as transporting things from one place to another. Transportation is important due to the fact that rarely coincide place of production and consumption, that is, it can be said that the transportation of materials and supplies is used to bridge the spatial distance between suppliers, producers and consumers.

Transport can be seen as: External transportation (or as they also call it input-output) is used by transport carried out by the supplier to the customer and the manufacturer to the customer, and Internal transport used to transport materials within the company.

External transportation is considered one of the parts of the logistics that most affect external conditions. In this environment it impacts include existing infrastructure, external means of transport with its tariffs, regulations, and incidental transportation costs such as tolls, fees for the use of ports, customs fees or demurrage charges or parking fees. Within the logistics-oriented procedures in transport must be taken into account not only clean change of goods, but also the interaction among previous and upcoming tasks, and quality of logistics services. Any means of transport can be evaluated on the following criteria: Cost: Transport costs, Incidental transportation costs, The costs of handling, Other logistics costs and Acting above the cost of logistics.

Performance criteria: - During shipping - Frequency of transportation - Technical affordability of transport - Capability of networking - Flexibility - Reliability - side effects. Raw materials can bi transported by: Road transport Rail transport Water transport Air transport.

Internal transport takes place within the company and is the subject of the transfer, the funds for the work and the workers in the production. Transport relocate material forms of working capital within a manufacturing complex and the purpose of internal transport is the transport itself: Inside the warehouse entrance, From the entrance to the storage facility, Inside the plant, Among plants, From the shop floor to the internal storage, Within the internal storage, From the warehouse to the internal drive, Output from the plant to the warehouse, In the output storage, From the warehouse to the output carrier.

Internal transport consists of four transport operations: Freight (transportation from the central (specialized) receiving storage materials, spare parts, energy production in the handling of the admissions stock) Transfer (transport of materials, components and finished products through technological phase, to the work units such as processing, assembly, or other production units), Reloading (combination of loading and unloading and reloading clean) at all required places where there is a change in the flow of materials and products) and Unloading (removal of finished goods (intermediate) in the shipping warehouse operation within it, as well as preparation of finished products for distribution). Several basic functions of internal transport are: Covering all phases of the production process through the required equalization of volume range of materials from the moment of entry until the moment of release of finished products, Connecting the various stages of the production process across spatial and temporal changes in the position of the material and /or without changing its physical-chemical properties, Spatial and temporal coordination of production to places of storage for transport technology changes or other technological demands Connectivity and optimum performance of the entire reproduction process corresponding to logistic chain, combining them into a single unit. Based on the transport functions within the manufacturing process, it can be seen that there are two key spatial segments in which the transport is realized: Process and inter-operating. The process involves the implementation of transport of material within the production plants, departments, along product lines, between jobs that are implemented on physical, chemical or other changes to the work piece. His (fictional) technology limits are rounded to the production phase.

Inter-operating transport is achieved between spatially separated production plants in the production complex. The temporal integrity of transport (depending on whether it is done with or without a break interrupt) can be: Interrupt (cyclic), characteristic of the individual and mass production, where transportation and manipulative means work in cycles, Continuous, characteristic for mass production: rhythmic and non-rhythmic (rhythmic, when the case is removed does not work with the means of transport and if the job is next to the means of transport then moving means of transport determines the rhythm of the workplace and work out the time. Non- rhythmic, when there is no clock, and no spatial position on the transport vehicle - strike the case of a worker to its preparation or assembly). The transfer of the case is made from the warehouse to the plant, and then drives within and between the warehouses. The tool is also transferred from the warehouse to the tools of jobs where it is used, and by the use of going back to the warehouse. In forestry, agriculture and mining within the production and transport workers it has become a part of internal transport. The narrow definition of internal transport refers to the transfer of objects within production: From the storage of raw materials to the workshop, Between the work and control of inside and workshops From workshop to finished products warehouse. Here we mean the case of raw materials, semi-finished or finished products, which needs to be processed or change their shapes or internal characteristics, or both during the manufacturing process. When the internal transport is done in the manufacturing process, it depends on the types of processes themselves. Internal transport is carried out in the production process, and this implies the type and mode of internal transport, which largely depend on the types of processes themselves. Individual processes, serial or mass production methods require the introduction of an appropriate internal transport, which should be especially productive, cost-effective and profitable. Internal transport is mainly in the production of transport objects from the receipt of raw materials to delivery of finished products. Its goal is to provide continuity of work and movement between storage and work and control of the manufacturing process.

Since we know that the type of production influences the distribution of jobs in the manufacturing process, it tells us that the internal transport depends on the distribution of jobs. If group schedule jobs at small batch and individual production uses carts, tractors and trains, auto windows, conveyors and cranes. Internal transport can be divided according to the level of equipment and means of automation machinery. The transition from individual to serial and from serial to mass production should increase the level of mechanization and automation of funds. The level of mechanization and automation of handcarts is based on the least mechanized assets used in individual production classically appointed, to such highly mechanized conveyor means, which are used in mass production of modern equipment.

According to the production stages, the internal transport distinguishes three phases: Preparatory (delivery vehicles outside material transport, and admission control with or without weighing, transport to the receiving warehouse or directly to the beginning of the production process (if no auxiliary storage), including transportation and admission within and /or between warehouses. Technological (transport and handling of materials through various processes, both within jobs and between work units) and Final (transport finished goods from the end of the production cycle through the dispatch of finished products to warehouse loading in external transport vehicles). Preliminary and final phase of the less technological phases of internal transport which involves the movement of objects from auxiliary storage to work in the facility, between certain jobs, including the control of, or the intermediate storage depending on the type of production. According to the movement of the subject areas of internal transport, it can be divided into: Constant movement paths (below-surface, underground and overhead), Combined with alternate ways of moving around the floor or area.

According to the level of equipment for internal transportation means, it can be: Manual, Semi, mechanized, semi-automated and Automated.

Transport has existed mainly in the mass production of a so called liquid transport, which can be round or rhythmically accurate. In case of transport without interruption of continuous flow between warehouse, production and control of it, all trends in these areas must be repeated in the same direction. It can be a continuous movement and non-rhythmic movement. If the rhythmic movement, transport, and control of the working places are easy to perform which is not the case with non-rhythmic transport. In the rhythmic transport workers doesnt strike the case of the transport vehicle in most cases during the drafting of the case. Internal transport in the workplace often consists of highly automated and mechanized operations while the treatment and control are made mechanized and automated without the participation of the workers. In the non-rhythmic internal transport worker strike the case out of the conveyor to its manufacture or assembly in the workplace, and the completion of it goes back to the conveyor.

All developments, regardless of the use of funds can be linear and curvilinear. Straight-line movement can be made in a horizontal, vertical, slant or combined mode, while the curvilinear movements are performed on the curve. This determines the direction of movement; however, every course has its own direction, which can be either reentrant stack. Rectilinear and curvilinear movement is done to the subject matter of a work tool or brought into the warehouse or export them from it, and that would be passed on from one generation to another, or control operations. The manufacturing processes of movement are combined and they depend on the disposition of stock, and the control of working. The most common modes of transport are carried out in straight and horizontal motion. This movement is achieved by man's power supply or operating machinery. The transfer of cases from the place from where it is to where its needed the present case, in the horizontal plane is called to horizontal movement. Before and after the horizontal movement regularly comes to lifting and lowering objects, which makes vertical or oblique motion.

A good way to increase the efficiency of the vertical movement of the hand is to remove the vertical movement because it is hard for the human force. Machinery lifting and lowering loads significantly contributed to the development of internal transport, and specially the kind of energy that is used instead of the machines, power of gravity. This was used in the mechanized and automated process and thereby increased transport efficiency and efficiency of other process in general. Combining these three types of movement in the internal transport is one of the most important properties of internal transport, primarily because it provides efficient transfer of cases between the working and control of the rational use of storage. These routes and direction depend on the schedule of work and control of the production process, and it should be optimally determined and provided to allow the subject to work time exceeds the minimum for the shortest time with the least expenditure of energy in the average. For the determination of the direction and the directions of transport affects the workplace and employment status of workers in the process, at work or control of production, provided that the employee and his height at these locations, depending on whether it is in a sitting or standing position.

The introduction of mechanization and automation of internal transport requires a thorough study of the modes of transport by type of movement, and the technical and economic calculation and planned ways of transport.

Internal transport pathways in the production depend on the type of production, and they are places of approaches, external transport means in the receiver, and the approach of these funds in the stock dispatch. These routes are set through storage, production and control jobs that are stages of production. Internal transport pathways can be divided, first, to the major and minor, then the transport routes on the ground, on the ground and above-ground transportation routes. Transport routes can be divided into those that are open to those who are indoors. All these, transport routes are however designed to move the pieces of work in the manufacturing process, and they are used at the same time and for the movement of tools and workers, as well as for the combined movement of all three elements of production. The main transport routes in the production are according to their position along the production buildings, storage of raw materials and finished goods to the warehouse. This road is done most of the transport, and they are larger in length and width, which leads to the conclusion that their driveway should be as resilient. The main transport routes specifically designate and transport them with an advantage over other roads.

The secondary transport routes according to their position are transverse to the main transport routes that intersect or cross over them flyovers. The secondary transportation routes are less in length and width than the main. Transport on the road doesnt have an advantage over the main and, as such, must be specially marked. Transport routes in the ground are located within the production area and are oriented so that the surface is divided into technological areas (deferred workshops and plants). These pathways occur in three forms: as a transport path, in the form of lines and sidings as well. These three aspects often intersect each other at the same level, but must weigh a minimum number of such intersections. For this reason, if the high incidence of domestic transport, above the production area should build overpasses. Depending on the type and size of load funds there shall be approved types and dimensions of road transport on the ground to provide maintenance burden. These paths should always be free, which means that they are not in the work piece or funds for which are not in use, these paths should be correct and clear, not only for efficiency but also transports for the protection of people and transport vehicles. Therefore the transport routes are marked on the ground, in terms of putting a large inland traffic and road signs (identical signs in public transport, but smaller in size). The first type of road transport on the ground is inside the conveyor track. They are located in an enclosed space, and between buildings within the factory premises. Each transport path should have a floor that needs to be resistant to loads such as pressure and shock, then slip, but at the same time, there is no high-wear. It is preferable that is elastic to reduce noise. the choose from various flooring materials depends on the purpose of the transport paths, but should consist of a substrate and coating. Surface transport floor contains one or more layers, covering the most common one layer.

Transport path can be one-way and two-way, it describes the side lines of white or yellow, or iron or brass nails with a wide head. Transport routes should be flat and cannot have a slope of 6-10%. The ups are usually marked with red or white. Width of direct paths equals to the width of a loaded vehicle increased by one meter (0.5 feet on each side of the transport path as the width for the passage of workers). Width of bidirectional transport paths is equal to twice the width of the loaded vehicles increased by 1.4 m (0.5 m with the addition of each party transportation routes taken 0.4 m in the middle of the track that would not bother a second vehicle in transport). The radius of turn and spin transport in this type of trail is from 2.5 to 4 m. Table 3 shows the means of transport used for internal transport in the transport paths. Another form of internal transport is in the ground transportation tracks, and they are predominantly located in the open space between the buildings inside the perimeter but can also be inside the factory building. The transport tracks are directed transport route with narrow or normal track with a range of 0.6 to 0.75, or a meter.

Rails are made of rolled steel, most of the default profile 14x70x125x142 mm dimensions. Gauge is usually in the floor or ground level so it doesnt interfere with the movement of other vehicles. Beam transport track shall be greater than the range of rail for 2x2 feet if outdoors, or 2x1 m if it indoors to provide a path for the movement of workers. Turning radius should be at least 5 m. The track is usually found at railways links to twist and turn and means of transport for crossing some tracks on two levels. Tractors with trailers or trains with carriages can move within the production process on transport tracks.

The third form of internal transport is in the soil transport lines, they are usually found indoors inside buildings, but can also be inside the factory premises as a transportation link between the open and closed space. In the case of the transportation lines and also the technology on the one hand there are jobs, and then the width of the conveyor line width of space takes the job which adds width and conveyor belts. As the technology in line positions may be located on either side of conveyor line, and in this case, the width of the transport route, takes double width space of places, which adds width and conveyor belts. Under the width of conveyor means frames with brackets fixed to the floor, if it comes to roller, belt, plate and screw conveyors, gutters, pipes or casings with the sliding rails and worm conveyor, then channels and pipelines with support with water and air carriers.

The main task of the warehouse is a dynamic balance of material flow, volume and space in all phases of the business process. Rational use of internal transport and storage needs to ensure continuity of production. Continuity is ensured so that the material flows at a pre-determined order, systematically and continuously. This applies in the following situations: the inputs of labor and the production process, during the movement of materials within the production process, and refining its manufacturing process and t he output of material for sale. Storage process should be implemented at low cost storage and with the least possible financial resources involved in controlling inventories. In stock must maintain a constant quality of material storage, protection and maintenance of the physical and chemical properties of materials.

There should be no waste, failure, breakage and other losses in the value of inventory, and store-operated to accelerate the flow of materials, in order to shorten the process operation (e.g. production cycle) and thereby accelerate the turnover the coefficient related to stock. Proper inventory management, warehousing and material is very useful in the industry. In industrial production processes are highly significant for storage are associated with the production: Extra storage to individual plants, with the aim of supplying these plants with materials, tools, etc.. Intermediate storage inside the production facilities with the task of balancing the flow of materials between jobs or some machines and plants.

The basis for the design of internal transport seems to set organization of the production process. This depends on the type of organization and type of production, the type and quantity of items being transported, the position and type of storage, and the organization and distribution of work and control of the manufacturing process. The designing of internal transport is to determine the optimal organization of internal transport within the phases of the production process, then the choice of means and equipment of internal transport in terms of their type and capacity, and the number of calculations needed movers. For some funds design includes determining the speed and force of the means of internal transport and rational exploitation of the establishment of internal transport, to determine its optimal economy. All this makes the contents of the design of internal transport within the organization design of the production process.

Rationalization of any part of the production process is a step that all production systems in the future should seek to introduce, as a primary mission, which will lead to a reduction in production costs. In the framework of the implementation of internal transport there is an effort to apply the systems with the required level of flexibility that would integrate into the production system, allowing the production of a wide range of products.

Since transport costs are directly proportional to the time, the time should be shorter, and the reduction of the transmission time can be achieved by the organization and mechanization. The shorter period of mechanization is achieved by using the most appropriate means of transport. Transport means save the space in workshops and warehouses, increasing the speed of any material, any relief surface at the workshop as well as the circular transmission. Internal transport machinery can increase the effect of significantly increasing production and productivity. Since in the transport there are plenty of empty strokes, it is the work of a rational use of means of transport through detailed studies of road transport, warehouse location and organization of workshops and manufacturing jobs.