Artificial Selection The intentional reproduction of organisms/individuals in a population that have desirable traits Reasons: - used to improve on specific

traits of an organism Eg. farmers & breeders allow only plants/animals w/ desirable traits to reproduce > evolution of farm stock Processes: natural breeding, artificial insemination Positives: benefits industries, people; hobby; provides job & profit Negatives: inhumane, may create new diseases in breeds, defects, more mutations Lamarks & Darwins Theories of Evolution Lamarks: Evolution is caused by the passing down of gained characteristics changes are acquired during life of a parent organism, then transmitted to offspring - Darwin: changes were already present in parent organisms & the best adapted to survive to breed > genetic changes become common in following generations - Similarities: traits passed onto offspring > genetic info.; evolution is evident Radiometric Dating Radioisotopes taken into living things/rocks These are used to determine age of a rock (or fossils by looking at decay of radioisotope) *Isotopes: elements which have same number of protons but different number of neutrons *Radioisotopes: when isotope breaks down & releases high-energy radiation (radioactive) *Half-life: time taken for radiation to drop by half

Communications
Waves carry energy - dont carry matter Types of waves Transverse waves: travel in a direction perpendicular to their vibrational movement, transmitted as a series of undulations (like a ripple)

Longitudinal/Compression Waves: travel in a direction parallel to their vibrational movement, transmitted as a series of compressions (particles squashed together) & rarefactions (particles spread apart)

Mechanical Waves: (eg.sound) are produced when a disturbance causes particles in a medium (eg. Air/water) to vibrate > vibrating particles collide with others > transmits energy through medium as a transverse/longitudinal wave. As the transmission of these waves requires particles, theyre unable to travel through a vacuum (contains nothing but space) Electromagnetic Waves: transverse waves made of vibrating electric & magnetic fields. As no particles involved in their transmission, they can travel through vacuums. Features of Waves Amplitude: measures size of waves vibrations Wavelength: length of one complete cycle, measured in metres (m) Frequency: number of wave cycles passing a given point per unit of time, measured in Hertz (Hz)/cycles per second Period: time for a wave to complete one cycle, measured in seconds (s) Speed: distance travelled by a given point on a wave (eg. Crest) per unit of time, measured in metres per second (m/s) Velocity of Waves Can be related to the waves frequency & wavelength with the equation: V = f where V = velocity f = frequency = wavelength Light Travels in straight lines Lines of light called rays

Cannot see a single ray of light, beams of light are seen Reflection throwing back by a body or surface of light, heat, or sound without absorbing it Law of Reflection: angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection Types of Reflection Regular Reflection: - normals face in the same direction - every angle of incidence/reflection is the same Diffuse Reflection: - normal dont face in the same direction - every angle of incidence/reflection isnt the same Refraction The bending of light as it passes from one medium to another Causes use to see objects at positions different from their actual positions The speed at which light travels through a medium depends upon the density of that medium Laws of Refraction: Light that moves at an angle from a less dense medium to a more dense medium bends towards the normal more dense medium bends away from the normal straight on from one medium to another does not bend. Its not refracted Colour Rainbow is a spectrum of light Light from the sun has been refracted into its colours Dispersion: separation of light into its colours (of the spectrum) White light: light from the sun (combination of all colours of light, made from primary colours) Objects that dont reflect any light look black Tiny particles of dust & water vapour in the atmosphere scatter blue light better than red light Scattering of light: light is scattered by light passing through an uneven surface Electromagnetic Waves Radio Waves Emergency/defence/AM/FM radio, TV, microwaves, radar Infrared Radiation TV remotes, heat tracking, converts energy into electrical energy Visible Light Photosynthesis, sense of sight Ultraviolet Radiation Produces vitamin D, kills bacteria, forensics X-rays Kills cancer cells, find weaknesses in metal, analyse structure of complex chemicals, x-ray machines Gamma rays Changes in Communication Technology - 1967: Samuel Morse invented telegraph - Morse code used to send messages (short/long pulses of sound) along electrical wires - Alexander Graham Bell invented phonautograph vibrated steel membrane where the lever scratched a wave pattern onto smoked glass - 10 March 1876: Bell invented telephone, makes 1st phone call - After WWII: microwave radio invented to transmit long distance calls using microwave relay towers - 1947: 1st microwave radio used; transistor developed (revolutionised electronics > possible to make smaller electrical devices) - 1960s: international phone calls made using cables laid under ocean or by microwaves beamed to communication satellites - Underground cables replaced with optical wires - Microwaves used to send international phone calls & transmit messages in mobile phone networks Communications Jobs Careers: Communications Director (Climate Institute), Hardware Technician, Communications Associate, Communication Technician (Defence Material Organisation) Skills: marketing & communications experience, client facing experience, directing, coordinating, engineering & technical skills, leadership roles, strategic logic, project managing experience