Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Dr.S.Nallayarasu
Associate Professor
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras,
Chennai - 600036, India
SYNOPSIS
The book has been organised from basics to advanced topics including geometry of fixed
offshore structures, loads, design methodology, global structural analysis for inservice and
preservice instllation forces. Further, the topics such as design of tubular members and joints
as per latest codes has been addressed. The manuscript has been developed with various
examples from recent projects.
The specialised topics such as material selection for jacket and deck structures including
corrosion is addressed. Corrosion protection of such structures using sacrificial anodes has
also been included with examples. Material selection including special properties for jacket
nodes has been discussed in detail which will provide information for teh designers.
A chapter containing fabrication facilities, procedure and sequence of fabrication for the
jacket and topside facilities is included. This will provide good insight in to specilised
problems faced by fabricators for offshore structures.
The book also include a chapter on foundation design from basic soil mechanics to the
driveability of the steel pile foundation. Relevant information from recent projects including
pile refusal, remedial measures are included which provides rich practical aspects of the
design.
The book contains several example problems on topics relevant for the design and practicing
engineers which will help them understand the concepts, relevant design methods for use in
the projects. Similalry, the book covers advanced topics such as spectral fatigue analysis,
design for accidental loads such as fire, blast and ship collision.
The book has updated information suitable to be used with API RP 2A and ISO 19902
codes for teh design of fixed offshore platform structures.
Contents
1 INTRODUCTION
21
1.1
General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21
1.2
22
1.3
Fixed Platforms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23
1.3.1
23
1.3.2
23
Compliant Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
27
1.4.1
Compliant Tower . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
27
1.4.2
Guyed Tower . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
28
1.4.3
28
1.4.4
Articulated Tower . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
29
Floating Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
30
1.5.1
30
1.5.2
31
1.6
Subsea System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
31
1.7
32
1.7.1
Functional Classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
32
1.7.2
Geometrical Classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
32
1.4
1.5
Contents
1.7.3
Contents
Foundation Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2 LOADS
33
35
2.1
General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35
2.2
Types of Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35
2.3
Gravity Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
36
2.3.1
Dead Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
36
2.3.2
36
2.3.3
Fluid Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
36
2.3.4
Live Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
37
2.3.5
Drilling Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
37
Environmental Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
37
2.4.1
Wind Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
37
2.4.2
40
2.4.3
Current Profile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
41
2.4.4
Marine Growth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
42
2.4.5
Morison Equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
43
2.4.6
Wave-Current Interaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
43
2.4.7
44
2.4.8
45
2.4.9
50
51
53
54
55
2.4
2.5
Contents
2.6
Contents
Load Combinations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
57
61
3.1
General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
61
3.2
Structural Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
62
3.2.1
62
3.2.2
Steel Grades . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
62
3.2.3
Manufacturing
64
3.2.4
Chemical Requirements
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
64
3.2.5
64
3.2.6
Mechanical Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
65
3.2.7
65
3.2.8
Supplementary Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
65
3.3
65
3.4
Corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
65
3.4.1
Seawater Corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
65
3.4.2
66
3.4.3
types of corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
68
3.4.4
Rates of corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
69
3.5
Corrosion Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
70
3.6
Cathodic Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
70
3.6.1
71
3.6.2
73
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7
77
77
Contents
Contents
4.2
78
4.3
Geometry Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
79
4.3.1
Axis System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
79
4.3.2
Joints or Nodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
79
4.3.3
80
4.3.4
81
4.3.5
Wish-bone Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
82
4.3.6
84
Foundation Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
85
4.4.1
Pile Modelling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
85
4.4.2
Soil Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
87
4.4.3
87
Load Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
90
4.5.1
Dead Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
90
4.5.2
Equipment Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
90
4.5.3
Fluid Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
90
4.5.4
Drilling Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
91
4.5.5
Live Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
91
4.5.6
91
In-place Analyses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
92
4.6.1
Principle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
92
4.6.2
Geometry Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
94
4.6.3
Load Simulation
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
95
4.6.4
96
4.6.5
96
4.4
4.5
4.6
Contents
4.7
4.8
4.9
Contents
4.6.6
96
4.6.7
Allowable Stresses
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
97
Dynamic Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
97
4.7.1
Principle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
97
4.7.2
Geometry Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
97
4.7.3
Load Simulation
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
97
4.7.4
Foundation Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
99
4.7.5
Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
99
Seismic Analysis
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
4.8.1
4.8.2
4.8.3
4.8.4
4.8.5
Fatigue Analysis
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
4.9.1
4.9.2
4.9.3
4.9.4
4.9.5
4.9.6
4.9.7
Contents
Contents
5 DESIGN METHODOLOGY
119
5.1
General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.2.1
FEED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
5.2.2
5.2.3
5.3.2
5.3.3
5.3.4
5.3.5
5.3.6
5.3.7
5.4.2
Contents
Contents
5.4.3
5.4.4
5.4.5
129
6.1
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.2.1
6.2.2
6.2.3
Imperfections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
6.3.2
6.3.3
Buckling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
6.4.2
6.4.3
6.4.4
6.4.5
6.4.6
6.4.7
6.4.8
6.4.9
Contents
Contents
6.5.2
141
7.1
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
7.2
Classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
7.2.2
7.3
7.4
General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
7.4.2
7.5
7.6
7.7
7.6.1
7.6.2
7.6.3
7.6.4
7.7.2
7.7.3
7.7.4
Contents
Contents
7.7.5
7.7.6
7.8
7.9
7.9.2
7.9.3
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
157
8.1
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
8.2
8.3
Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
8.4
8.4.2
8.5
8.6
8.7
8.8
8.7.1
8.7.2
8.7.3
8.7.4
8.8.2
Contents
8.8.3
8.9
Contents
Fatigue damage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
9.2
159
9.1.2
9.1.3
9.1.4
9.1.5
9.1.6
9.1.7
9.1.8
9.2.2
9.2.3
9.2.4
9.2.5
9.2.6
9.2.7
9.2.8
9.2.9
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
14
Contents
Contents
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
9.3.2
9.3.3
9.3.4
9.3.5
9.3.6
9.3.7
9.3.8
9.3.9
9.4.2
9.4.3
9.4.4
9.4.5
9.4.6
Contents
Contents
9.4.7
9.4.8
9.4.9
161
163
Contents
Contents
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
165
Contents
Contents
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
Contents
Contents
Contents
Contents
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
20