CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE Kaikkonen et. al., (2000)1 done a research on The Effect of Heart Rate Controlled Low Resistance Circuit Weight Training and Endurance Training on Maximal Aerobic Power in Sedentary Adults. The effects of a 12-weeks low resistance circuit weight training (CWT) on cardiovascular and muscular fitness were studied in 90 healthy sedentary adults. The subjects were randomized into three equally fit groups: CWT, Endurance (END) and Control (CON) according to their maximal aerobic power (Vo2max). Both training groups exercised for 12 weeks, 3 days a week in sessions of 40 min, with a heart rate (HR) level of 70-80% HRmax. The CWT group trained with air resistance machines. Heart rate was controlled by setting the speed of movement. The END group walked, jogged, cross-country skied or cycled. The net differences (between pre- and posttraining changes) between the CWT and CON groups was statistically significant for VO2max (2.45 ml x min(-1) x kg(-1), 95% CI 1.1; 3.8), for abdominal muscles (3.7 reps, CI 0.3; 7.1), for push-ups (1.1 reps, CI 0.2; 2.1), and for kneeling (2.25 reps, CI 0.01; 4.5). The net difference (between pre- and posttraining changes) in the END and CON groups was statistically significant for VO2max (2.75 ml(-1) x min(-1) x kg(-1), 95% CI 0.9; 4.6), and kneeling (3.0 reps, CI 0.7; 5.3). Low resistance CWT with moderately hard HR level has effects comparable to an equal amount of endurance training on the cardiovascular fitness of sedentary adults. The CWT model was benefical

also on muscular fitness. Based on the results, this type of exercise can be recommended for beginners because of its multilevel effects

Howley et. al., (1993)2 done a research on The Effect of Moderate Resistance Weight Training on Peak Arm Aerobic Power . The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of moderate resistance weight training (MRWT) on peak arm aerobic power as measured by arm cranking ergometry. Fourteen sedentary college age males, divided equally into two groups, served as subjects. The seven subjects in the MRWT group completed 12, 1-hour bouts of weight lifting over a 4 week period, exercising on Monday, Wednesday and Friday of each week. Exercise sessions included 3 sets of 10 repetitions of the following lifts: bench press, overhead dumbbell press, dumbbell arm curl, and behind the neck pull down. The remaining seven subjects served as a nontraining control group, whose purpose was to account for possible learning effects on the arm ergometer test that could distort the statistical relevance of the aerobic power data. These subjects did not serve as a control for the weight training exercises, as the procedures used to determine muscular strength may produce a modest training effect. Peak arm aerobic power and muscular strength, as measured by the one-repetition maximum for each lift, were determined before and after the training program. The average increase in strength for all lifts combined for the trained group was 20.0%. They also experienced a 13.4% (p < .005) increase in peak arm aerobic power, whereas there was no significant change in this variable for the control group. It is concluded that peak arm aerobic power is enhanced by the changes in muscular strength produced by 4 wks of MRWT.

De Vos et. al., (2005)3 done a research on Optimal Load for Increasing Muscle Power During Explosive Resistance Training in Older Adults.Background: Muscle power (force x velocity) recedes at a faster rate than strength with age and may also be a stronger predictor of fall risk and functional decline. The optimal training paradigm for improving muscle power in older adults is not known, although some literature suggests high velocity, low load training is optimal in young adults. Methods: One hundred twelve healthy older adults (69 +/- 6 years) were randomly assigned to either explosive resistance training at 20% (G20), 50% (G50), or 80% (G80) one repetition maximum (1RM) for 8-12 weeks or to a nontraining control group (CON). Participants trained twice per week (five exercises; three sets of eight rapidly concentric and slow eccentric repetitions) using pneumatic resistance machines. Repeated-measures analysis of variance and covariance (ANOVA and ANCOVA) were used to determine the effects of training. Results: Average peak power increased significantly and similarly in G80 (14 +/- 8%), G50 (15 +/- 9%), and G20 (14 +/- 6%) compared to CON (3 +/- 6%) (p < . 0001). By contrast, a positive dose-response relationship with training intensity was observed for relative changes in average strength (r = .40, p = .0009) and endurance (r = . 43, p = .0005). Average strength increased in G80 (20 +/- 7%), G50 (16 +/- 7%), and G20 (13 +/- 7%) compared to CON (4 +/- 4%) (p < .0001). Average muscle endurance increased in G80 (185 +/- 126%, p < .0001), G50 (103 +/- 75%, p = .0004), and G20 (82 +/- 57%, p = .0078) compared to CON (28 +/- 29%). Conclusion: Peak muscle power may be improved similarly using light, moderate, or heavy resistances, whereas there is a dose-response relationship between training intensity and muscle strength and endurance

changes. Therefore, using heavy loads during explosive resistance training may be the most effective strategy to achieve simultaneous improvements in muscle strength, power, and endurance in older adults

Henwood and Taaffe, (2005)4 done a study on Improved Physical Performance in Older Adults Undertaking a Short-Term Programme of High-Velocity Resistance Training. Background: The age-related loss of muscle power in older adults is greater than that of muscle strength and is associated with a decline in physical performance. Objective: To investigate the effects of a short-term high-velocity varied resistance training programme on physical performance in healthy community-dwelling adults aged 60-80 years. Methods: Subjects undertook exercise (EX; n=15) or maintained customary activity (controls, CON; n=10) for 8 weeks. The EX group trained 2 days/week using machine weights for three sets of eight repetitions at 35, 55, and 75% of their onerepetition maximum (the maximal weight that an individual can lift once with acceptable form) for seven upper- and lower-body exercises using explosive concentric movements. Results: Fourteen EX and 10 CON subjects completed the study. Dynamic muscle strength significantly increased (p=0.001) in the EX group for all exercises (from 21.4 +/9.6 to 82.0 +/- 59.2%, mean +/- SD) following training, as did knee extension power (p <0.01). Significant improvement occurred for the EX group in the floor rise to standing (10.4 +/- 11.5%, p=0.004), usual 6-metre walk (6.6 +/- 8.2%, p=0.010), repeated chair rise (10.4 +/- 15.6%, p=0.013), and lift and reach (25.6 +/- 12.1%, p=0.002) performance tasks but not in the CON group. Conclusion: Progressive resistance training that incorporates rapid rate-of-force development movements may be safely undertaken in

healthy older adults and results in significant gains in muscle strength, muscle power, and physical performance. Such improvements could prolong functional independence and improve the quality of life.

Faigenbaum et. al. , (1999)5 done a stidy on The Effects of Different Resistance Training Protocols on Muscular sStrength and Endurance Development in Children. Background: Previous research has shown that children can increase their muscular strength and muscular endurance as a result of regular participation in a progressive resistance training program. However, the most effective exercise prescription regarding the number of repetitions remains questionable. Objective: To compare the effects of a low repetition-heavy load resistance training program and a high repetition-moderate load resistance training program on the development of muscular strength and muscular endurance in children. Design. Prospective, controlled trial. Setting: Community-based youth fitness center. Subjects: Eleven girls and 32 boys between the ages of 5.2 and 11.8 years. Intervention: In twice-weekly sessions of resistance training for 8 weeks, children performed 1 set of 6 to 8 repetitions with a heavy load (n = 15) or 1 set of 13 to 15 repetitions with a moderate load (n = 16) on child-size exercise machines. Children in the control group (n = 12) did not resistance train. One repetition maximum (RM) strength and muscular endurance (repetitions performed posttraining with the pretraining 1-RM load) were determined on the leg extension and chest press exercises. Results: One RM leg extension strength significantly increased in both exercise groups compared with that in the control subjects. Increases of 31.0% and 40.9%, respectively, for the low repetition-heavy load and high repetition-moderate load groups were observed. Leg

extension muscular endurance significantly increased in both exercise groups compared with that in the control subjects, although gains resulting from high repetition-moderate load training (13.1 +/- 6.2 repetitions) were significantly greater than those resulting from low repetition-heavy load training (8.7 +/- 2.9 repetitions). On the chest press exercise, only the high repetition-moderate load exercise group made gains in 1-RM strength (16.3%) and muscular endurance (5.2 +/- 3.6 repetitions) that were significantly greater than gains in the control subjects. Conclusion: These findings support the concept that muscular strength and muscular endurance can be improved during the childhood years and favor the prescription of higher repetition-moderate load resistance training programs during the initial adaptation period.

Seynns, (2004)6 done a study on Physiological and Functional Responses to Low-Moderate Versus High-Intensity Progressive Resistance Training in Frail Elders Background: The purpose of this efficacy study was to measure the dose-response effect of a free weight-based resistance training program by comparing the effects of two training intensities (low-moderate and high) of the knee extensor (KE) muscles on muscle function, functional limitations, and self-reported disability. Methods: The authors conducted a single-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Twenty-two

institutionalized elders (mean age, 81.5 years) were assigned to either high-intensity strength training (HI; n = 8), low-moderate intensity strength training (LI; n = 6), or weight-free placebo-control training (PC; n = 8). The HI group trained at 80% of their 1repetition maximum and the LI group trained at 40%. All groups performed 3 sets of 8 repetitions, 3 times per week for 10 weeks. Outcome measures included KE maximal

strength, KE endurance, and functional performance as assessed by 6-minute walking, chair-rising, and stair-climbing tests, and by self-reported disability. Results: KE strength and endurance, stair-climbing power, and chair-rising time improved significantly in the HI and LI groups compared with the PC group. Six-minute walking distance improved significantly in the HI group but not in the LI group compared with the PC group. Changes observed in HI were significantly different from those observed in the LI group for KE strength and endurance and the 6-minute walking test, with a trend in the same direction for chair-rising and stair-climbing. Changes in strength were significantly related to changes in functional outcomes, explaining 37% to 61% of the variance. Conclusions: These results show strong dose-response relationships between resistance training intensity and strength gains, and between strength gains and functional improvements after resistance training. Low-moderate intensity resistance training of the KE muscles may not be sufficiently robust from a physiologic perspective to achieve optimal improvement of functional performance. Supervised HI, free weight-based training for frail elders appears to be as safe as lower intensity training but is more effective physiologically and functionally.

Jozsih et. al., (1999)7 done a study on Changes in Power with Resistance Rraining in Older and Younger Men and Women Background: Muscle power diminishes with increasing age and inactivity. The capacity for older adults to increase muscle power with resistance exercise has not been examined; therefore, we examined the influence of progressive resistance training (PRT) on muscle power output in 17 men and women aged 56-66 years, and compared their responses to 15 men and women aged

21-30 years. Methods: All subjects performed 12 weeks of PRT at a workload equivalent to 80% of the one repetition maximum (1RM). All training and assessments of 1RM and power were made on Keiser pneumatic resistance machines. Subjects performed five exercises, three sets per exercise, twice weekly. Muscle power was measured (isotonically) at resistances equivalent to 40, 60, and 80% of the 1RM, on the knee extension and arm pull machines. Results: All subjects increased arm pull power similarly at 40 and 60% of 1RM, independent of age or sex. There was not a significant increase in arm pull power at 80% of 1RM. Older and younger subjects also had similar absolute increases in leg extensor power at 40 and 60% of 1RM, but men responded with greater absolute gains than women at these percentages (p < .05). The increase in leg extensor power at 80% of 1RM was similar in all groups. Older and younger subjects increased strength similarly in all exercises except the left knee extension. Independent of age, men increased strength more than women in all exercises except the double leg press. Conclusions: These data demonstrate that individuals in their sixth decade can still improve muscle power (and strength); however, men may realize greater absolute gains than women.

Shephard et. al., (2003)8 done a research on New Insights in the Prescription of Exercise for Coronary PatientsPrescribing exercise for cardiac patients is comparable in many ways to prescribing medications; that is, one recommends an optimal dosage according to individual needs and clinical status. Recent research has shown that it is more accurate to prescribe exercise as a percentage of the oxygen uptake reserve (VO2R), which is the difference between resting and maximal or peak oxygen

consumption, rather than as a percentage of the VO2 max. Moreover, it appears that a minimum of 1600 kcal/week of leisure-time physical activity may halt the progression of coronary artery disease, whereas regression may be achieved with a gross energy expenditure of 2200 kcal/week. Upper body and resistance training have also been shown to be safe and effective for clinically stable patients. Aerobic capacity serves as an independent predictor of all cause and cardiovascular mortality in patients referred to an outpatient cardiac rehabilitation program, with each 1 metabolic equivalent increase in aerobic fitness conferring an approximate 10% reduction in mortality. The goal of preventing recurrent cardiac events is, to a large extent, based on sustained compliance to multifactorial interventions, which can be influenced by numerous socioeconomic and clinical variables, and enhanced by home-based or group cardiac rehabilitation programs that are designed to circumvent or attenuate barriers to participation and adherence, so that many more individuals may realize the benefits that secondary prevention can provide.

Verrill and.Ribisl (1996)9 done a research on "Resistive Exercise Training in CardiacRrehabilitation". An update"Resistive exercise training has become very popular for patients of cardiopulmonary rehabilitation programmes (CRPs). For decades, CRPs focused almost exclusively on improving cardiorespiratory endurance and most programmes ignored muscular fitness development. Moreover, resistance training was thought to be potentially hazardous for the cardiac patient due to the risk of cardiovascular complications from adverse haemodynamic responses. We now know that resistive exercise testing and training is very safe for properly screened patients, even at

relatively high workloads. Improvement in muscular strength facilitates return to daily vocational and avocational activities and is important for the CRP participant to regain lost strength and resume work soon after a cardiac event. Circuit weight training (CWT) is helpful in this respect and has been shown to increase muscular strength, cardiovascular endurance, body composition, bone density and mineral content, selfconfidence, and self-efficacy in various populations. This article presents an update on current research in cardiac patients and also presents guidelines for implementing a properly supervised cardiac resistive exercise programme.

McCartney (2001)10 done a research on Role of Resistance Training in Heart Disease Since the mid-1980s resistance training has become an accepted part of the exercise rehabilitation process for patients eligible for traditional cardiac rehabilitation programs. A growing number of studies have demonstrated the safety of resistance training in Phase III/IV programs (Phase III--community based, beginning 6-12 wk posthospital discharge; a typical patient would be clinically stable with a functional capacity of > or = 5 METs; Phase IV--long-term maintenance) and more recently in Phase II (beginning within 3 wk posthospital discharge and lasting up to 3 months). Evidence is consistent that this form of training provokes fewer signs and symptoms of myocardial ischemia than aerobic testing and training, perhaps because of a lower heart rate (HR) and higher diastolic pressure combining to produce improved coronary artery filling. The major role of resistance training in heart disease patients is to promote increased dynamic muscle strength. Increases in muscular strength have been associated with increased peak exercise performance, improved submaximal endurance, and reduced

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ratings of perceived leg effort. Two studies show that resistance training may result in improved self-efficacy for strength and exercise tasks and improved quality of life parameters such as total mood disturbance, depression/dejection, fatigue/inertia, and emotional health domain scores. The data on risk factor modification are somewhat equivocal. Studies on blood lipid profiles have mostly been contaminated by confounders, and the effects on blood pressure (BP) are inconsistent. There are encouraging reports that resistance training may increase glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity, independent of changes in body fat or aerobic capacity. Future studies are needed in patients with congestive heart failure and orthotopic heart transplantation; muscle weakness is common in these groups and makes them excellent candidates to benefit from this form of exercise.

Kostka (2002)11 done a research on Resistance (strength) Training in Health Promotion and Rehabilitation. Recent research data bring about sound scientific evidence on the importance of resistance training in health promotion and primary and secondary prevention of many diseases. This paper reviews the current scientific evidence and the most important recommendations on resistive training programming in healthy adults, elderly subjects and cardiac and pulmonary patients. An adequate resistance training appears to be an effective and safe method of improvement of muscle strength, enhancement of aerobic endurance (VO2max), beneficial modification of risk factors of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, and increase in autonomy and wellbeing, especially in the elderly and cardiac and pulmonary patients. An appropriate

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preliminary examination, exercise programme and medical control increase the safety and long-term effectiveness of strength training.

Butler, Palmer and Rogers (1992)12 done a research on Circuit Weight Training in Early Cardiac Rehabilitation. A prospective, randomized study evaluated the feasibility, safety, and efficacy of upper body circuit weight training (CWT) in 25 stable male cardiac patients entering the initial out-of-hospital phase of cardiac rehabilitation. Both groups performed 30 minutes of aerobic exercise only for 6 weeks. The aerobic exercise group (N = 13) continued this regimen for 6 more weeks, during which time the CWT group (N = 12) performed 15 minutes of aerobic exercise followed by CWT (two loops, eight upper body exercises). The only adverse response was in one CWT patient in whom restenosis developed. Peak heart rate during aerobic exercise and CWT was similar, but peak systolic blood pressure during aerobic exercise was significantly greater than during CWT. Peak rate pressure product during aerobic exercise and CWT was similar. Treadmill time increased significantly in both groups. Upper body strength (cumulative pounds lifted) increased significantly only in the CWT group. A coordinated program of CWT and aerobic exercise can be performed safely in stable cardiac patients during phase 2 cardiac rehabilitation, resulting in improved upper body strength and aerobic capacity.

Hunter,McCarthy and Bamman (2004)13 done a research on Effects of Resistance Training on Older Adults.Using an integrative approach, this review highlights the benefits of resistance training toward improvements in functional status, health and

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quality of life among older adults. Sarcopenia (i.e. muscle atrophy) and loss of strength are known to occur with age. While its aetiology is poorly understood, the multifactorial sequelae of sarcopenia are well documented and present a major public health concern to our aging population, as both the quality of life and the likelihood of age-associated declines in health status are influenced. These age-related declines in health include decreased energy expenditure at rest and during exercise, and increased body fat and its accompanying increased dyslipidaemia and reduced insulin sensitivity. Quality of life is affected by reduced strength and endurance and increased difficulty in being physically active. Strength and muscle mass are increased following resistance training in older adults through a poorly understood series of events that appears to involve the recruitment of satellite cells to support hypertrophy of mature myofibres. Muscle quality (strength relative to muscle mass) also increases with resistance training in older adults possibly for a number of reasons, including increased ability to neurally activate motor units and increased high-energy phosphate availability. Resistance training in older adults also increases power, reduces the difficulty of performing daily tasks, enhances energy expenditure and body composition, and promotes participation in spontaneous physical activity. Impairment in strength development may result when aerobic training is added to resistance training but can be avoided with training limited to 3 days/week.

Feigenbaum and Franklin (2001)14 done a research on Prescription of Resistance Training for Healthy Populations. Although there are well documented protective health benefits conferred by regular physical activity, most individuals of all ages are not physically active at a level for sufficient maintenance of health. Consequently, a major

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public health goal is to improve the collective health and fitness levels of all individuals. The American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) and other international organisations have established guidelines for comprehensive exercise programmes composed of aerobic, flexibility and resistance-exercise training. Resistance training is the most effective method available for maintaining and increasing lean body mass and improving muscular strength and endurance. Furthermore, there is an increasing amount of evidence suggesting that resistance training may significantly improve many health factors associated with the prevention of chronic diseases. These health benefits can be safely obtained by most segments of the population when prescribed appropriate resistanceexercise programmes. Resistance-training programmes should be tailored to meet the needs and goals of the individual and should incorporate a variety of exercises performed at a sufficient intensity to enhance the development and maintenance of muscular strength and endurance, and lean body mass. A minimum of 1 set of 8 to 10 exercises (multi-joint and single joint) that involve the major muscle groups should be performed 2 to 3 times a week for healthy participants of all ages. More technical and advanced training including periodised multiple set regimens and/or advanced exercises may be more appropriate for individuals whose goals include maximum gains in strength and lean body mass. However, the existing literature supports the guidelines as outlined in this paper for children and adults of all ages seeking the health and fitness benefits associated with resistance training.

McCartney and McKelvie (1996)15 done a research on The Role of Resistance Training in Patients with Cardiac Disease.During the past decade, research has

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demonstrated that resistance training is a safe and effective mode of exercise for cardiac patients who are suitable candidates for conventional exercise rehabilitation. Fears of an excessive pressor response seem unwarranted and the incidence of ischaemia is less than that during dynamic exercise such as walking and cycling. Major benefits from resistance training include improved muscular strength, increased peak exercise capacity and submaximal endurance, reduced ratings of perceived exertion during exercise and improved self-efficacy in strength-related tasks. The effects of resistance training on blood pressure and blood lipids levels are equivocal, but there may be positive effects on glucose metabolism. This form of training is likely to assume greater importance in cardiac rehabilitation in the future.

Takeshima, et. al., (2004)16 done a research on Effect of Concurrent Aerobic and Resistance Circuit Exercise Training on Fitness in Older Adults. The purpose of this study was to determine the physiological effects of a programmed accommodating circuit exercise (PACE) program consisting of aerobic exercise and hydraulic-resistance exercise (HRE) on fitness in older adults. Thirty-five volunteers were randomly divided into two groups [PACE group (PG) 8 men and 10 women, 68.3 (4.9) years, and nonexercise control group (CG) 7 men and 10 women, 68.0 (3.4) years). The PG participated in a 12-week, 3 days per week supervised program consisting of 10 min warm-up and 30 min of PACE (moderate intensity HRE and aerobic movements at 70% of peak heart rate) followed by 10 min cool-down exercise. PACE increased ( P<0.05) oxygen uptake ( V(.)O(2)) at lactate threshold [PG, pre 0.79 (0.20) l min(-1), post 1.02 (0.22) l min(-1), 29%; CG, pre 0.87 (0.14) l min(-1), post 0.85 (0.15) l min(-1), -2%] and at peak V(.)O(2)

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[PG, pre 1.36 (0.24) l min(-1), post 1.56 (0.28) l min(-1), 15%; CG, pre 1.32 (0.29) l min(-1), post 1.37 (0.37) l min(-1), 4%] in PG measured using an incremental cycle ergometer. Muscular strength evaluated by a HRE machine increased at low to high resistance dial settings for knee extension (9-52%), knee flexion (14-76%), back extension (18-92%) and flexion (50-70%), chest pull (6-28%) and press (3-17%), shoulder press (18-31%) and pull (26-85%), and leg press (21%). Body fat (sum of three skinfolds) decreased (16%), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC) increased (10.9 mg dl(-1)) for PG. There were no changes in any variables for CG. These results indicate that PACE training incorporating aerobic exercise and HRE elicits significant improvements in cardiorespiratory fitness, muscular strength, body composition, and HDLC for older adults. Therefore, PACE training is an effective well-rounded exercise program that can be utilized as a means to improve health-related components of fitness inolderadults.

Anderson and Kearney (1982)17 done a research on Effects of Three Resistance Training Programs on Muscular Strength and Absolute and Relative Endurance. Three sets of Ss: (a) a high-resistance-low-repetition (HL) group (N = 15) performed three sets of 6-8 RM per session; (b) a medium-resistance-medium-repetition (MM) group (N = 16) performed two sets of 30-40 RM per session; and (c) a low-resistance-high-repetition (LH) group (N = 12) performed one set of 100-150 RM, trained three times per week for nine weeks. Strength (1 RM), absolute, and relative endurance were assessed before and after the training period.The 20% improvement in 1 RM strength in the HL group was significantly greater than the 8% (MM) and 5% (LH) changes in the other two groups. In

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terms of absolute endurance, the LH (41%) and MM (39%) groups improved significantly more than the HL (28%) group. When relative endurance was considered it was found that the HL group actually decreased (7%) while the MM group improved by 22% and the LH group improved by 28%. Those differences were significant.These results show that resistance training in untrained males produces changes in strength and endurance irrespective of the protocol. However, those forms of training which favored strength development (high resistance) produced strength improvement only while those which favored endurance development (high repetitions) produced endurance and to a much lesser extent strength. The major anomaly was that the HL group actually decreased in relative endurance.Since Ss were initially "untrained" any form of overload stimulation would likely provoke a training response. One should be cautious about generalizing these changes to elite or highly-trained athletes.

Housh et. al., (1995)18 done a research on Effects of Eccentric Only Resistance Training and Detraining The effects on dynamic constant eccentric resistance (DCER formerly called isotonic training) training on the extensor muscles of one leg were assessed for: eccentric DCER strength in both legs, concentric isokinetic leg extension peak torque-velocity curves in both legs, and retention of the previous two factors after detraining.Males were divided into a training group (N = 9) and a non-training control group (N = 8). Training consisted of eight weeks of eccentric-only DCER exercise (3-5 sets of 6 repetitions at 80% of eccentric 1 RM) on the nondominant limb followed by an additional eight weeks of detraining.DCER strength improved in the trained (29%) and

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untrained (17%) limbs. No changes in isokinetic values were recorded in either limb. The training increases were retained after eight weeks of detraining.

Bishop et. al., (1997)19 done a research on The Influence of Resistance Training on Endurance Performance in Female Endurance CyclistsThe purpose of this study was to determine the effects of resistance training on endurance performance in female endurance cyclists. Ss were assigned to a resistance training (N = 14) and a control group (N = 7). Resistance training focusing on leg strength consisted of training twice per week for 12 weeks.There were no significant changes in either group in a one-hour cycle test, lactate threshold, peak Vo2, or muscle fiber characteristics.

Mayhew et. al., (1997)20 done a research on Changes in Upper Body Power Following Heavy-Resistance Strength Training in College Men The effects of heavyresistance training on measures of bench press power using absolute loads and seated shot put performance were measured. College men (N = 24) trained twice weekly for 12 weeks. Bench press power was measured by timing free weight actions at 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, and 80% of 1 RM.1 RM performance increased significantly (9.1%) after training. There was no change in shot put performance. Peak power was produced between 40-50% of 1 RM before and after training. There was no relationship between changes in shot put performance and changes in resistance-training strength.

Hetzler et. al., (1997)21 done a research on Effects of 12 Weeks of Strength Training on Anaerobic Power in Prepubescent Male Athletes Two groups of 10

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prepubescent and pubescent male baseball players trained three times per week for 12 weeks using a variety of general free-weight and machine exercises designed for both strength and power acquisition. One group was experienced in strength training while the other comprised novices. A comparable control group (N = 10) did not perform the training program but did participate in all other non-experimental activities.For the experienced, novice, and control groups respectively, the following gains were recorded: leg press -- 41%, 40%, and 14%; and bench press -- 23%, 18%, and 0%. Both training groups were significantly better than the control group. Similarly, the two training groups improved in vertical jump. However, the control group improved to a significantly greater degree in peak and mean anaerobic power and the 40-yard dash.The training regime improved the training activities but did not transfer to functional performance measures. One could argue that the training actually caused anaerobic power and 40-yd dash measures to decrease, particularly in the experienced strength-training group.The metabolic changes in training groups did not transfer changes in energy potential to dynamic cycling, supporting the principle of specificity. In particular, the high force/low velocity aspects of the training did not transfer to high velocity activities.

Hsu et. al., (1997)22 done a research on The Effects of Shoulder Isokinetic Strength Training on Speed and Propulsive Forces in Front Crawl Swimming. The effects of shoulder isokinetic strength training on 50 m sprint time, propulsive force of arm stroke, and propulsive force for whole stroke in crawl stroke swimming were assessed in competitive swimmers (M = 8; F = 20). Two groups were formed. Both groups had the same training program but one experienced added isokinetic strength

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training that focused on the internal and external rotator muscles of the shoulders. The study lasted five weeks.The strength trained group improved significantly in the three factors involving swimming speed and propulsive forces. No changes were observed in the swimming-only group.

Hass et. al., (1998)23 done a research on Effects of Training Volume on Strength and Endurance in Experienced Resistance Trained Adults The effects of low volume strength training and high volume strength training on strength and endurance development in resistance trained adults (N = 40) were determined. Ss w ere assigned to a group of experimental training consisting of either one or three sets of 8-12 repetitions to failure, three times per week for 13 weeks. Performance gains were measured through 1RM for leg extension, leg curl, chest press, overhead press, and biceps curl. Muscular endurance was measured for chest press and leg extension as the number of repetitions to failure with a load of 75% of baseline 1RM. Both groups increased strength and muscular strength significantly with no difference between them on any measure. Stone et. al., (1979)24 done a research onA Short-Term Comparison of Two Different Methods of Resistance Training on Leg Strength and Power. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of short term Nautilus training and free weight training on leg strength and power. Ss (N = 34 males) trained for four weeks using a combination of Nautilus and free-weights. They were then divided into two groups, one performing only Nautilus activities, the other only free weights (all movements with the greatest velocity). Both groups trained three times per week for five weeks. The length of time for the study was selected as being a more common duration devoted to preparatory

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strength training for many sports.The free weight group was significantly better than the Nautilus group in strength (1RM squat) and vertical jump. There was no significant difference between the groups on Nautilus leg press. The superiority of free weights over Nautilus exercises was attributed to several possible factors.

Choi et. al., (1997)25 done a research on Comparison of Training Effects Between Power-up Type and Bulk-up Type in Strength Training. Power-up strength training is employed to mainly improve strength and power while bulk-up training is for muscular hypertrophy. This investigation compared the structural and functional adaptations that result from both forms of training.Power-up training (the repetition method) was characterized by longer inter-set intervals while performing 5 sets of 90% of 1 RM. Bulkup training (the interval method) consisted of shorter inter-set intervals while performing 9 sets of 40-80% (multi-poundage) of 1 RM. Two groups of six males trained twice per week for 8 weeks.Power-up training showed a greater rate of improvement in all dynamic (1 RM), isometric, and isokinetic knee extension forces under maximal effort but less change in the cross-sectional area of the quadraceps femoris and average knee-extension force. The rate of decrease in 50 consecutive knee extension trials was less in the bulk-up trained group. The two types of training produced different effects.The type of strength training that is undertaken should be that which is appropriate for meeting the objectives of training.

Hortobagyi et. al., (1991)26 done a research on Effects of Simultaneous Training for Strength and Endurance on Upper and Lower Body Strength and Running

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Performance High resistance (HR), low resistance (LR), and control groups of college males were formed. Following the workouts, subjects ran two miles. There were no differences between the two active groups in body compositions or fitness tests. Overall strength changes were 6.5% compared to 16% in a prior study conducted without concomitant running. Strength and endurance improvements were independent of HR or LR training.

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E. T. Howley et. al., The Effect of Moderate Resistance Weight Training on

Peak Arm Aerobic Power International Journal of Sports Medicine 14(1) (January1993): 43-7
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Explosive Resistance Training in Older Adults Journal of Gerontology Applied Biological Science and Medical Sciences 60(5) (May 2005):638-47.

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Adults Undertaking a Short-Term Programme of High-Velocity Resistance Training Gerontology 51(2) (March-April 2005):108-15.

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Versus High-Intensity Progressive Resistance Training in Frail Elders Journal of Gerontology American Biological Science and Med Science 59(5) (May 2004):503-9.

A. C Jozsih et. al., Changes in Power with Resistance Training in Older and

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N. Mc Cartney, "Role of Resistance Training in Heart Disease" Medical

Sciences and Sports Exercises 33(4) (April 2001):525-31.

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T. Kostka

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Rehabilitation Pol Merkuriusz Lek 13(78) (December 2002):520-3.

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Training

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Healthy Populations Sports Medicine 31(14) (2001):953-64.

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McKelvie, The Role of Resistance Training in Patients with Cardiac Disease

Journal of Cardiovascular Risk 3(2) (April 1996):160-6.

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N. Takeshima et. al., Effect of Concurrent Aerobic and Resistance Circuit

Exercise Training on Fitness in Older Adults European Journal of Applied Physiology 93(1-2) (October 2004):173-82.

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T. Anderson and J. T. Kearney, Effects of Three Resistance Training Programs

on Muscular Strength and Absolute and Relative Endurance Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport 53 (1982):1-7.

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T. J. Housh et. al., Effects of Eccentric Only Resistance Training and

Detraining International Journal of Sports Medicine 17 (1995):145-148.

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D. Bishop et. al., The Influence of Resistance Training on Endurance

Performance in Female Endurance Cyclists Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 29(5) (1997):1502.

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J. L. Mayhew et. al., Changes in Upper Body Power Following Heavy-

Resistance Strength Training in College Men International Journal of Sports Medicine 18 (1997):516-520.

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R. K. Hetzler et. al., Effects of 12 Weeks of Strength Training on Anaerobic

Power in Prepubescent Male Athletes Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 11 (1997):174-181.

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T. G. Hsu et. al., The Effects of Shoulder Isokinetic Strength Training on

Speed and Propulsive Forces in Front Crawl Swimming Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 29(5) (1997): 713.

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C. J. Hass et. al., Effects of Training Volume on Strength and Endurance in

Experienced Resistance Trained Adults Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 30(5) (1998):651.

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M. H. Stone et. al., A Short-Term Comparison of Two Different Methods of

Resistance Training on Leg Strength and Power Athletic Training 14 (1979):158-160.

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Bishop D. et. al., The Influence of Resistance Training on Endurance Performance in Female Endurance Cyclists. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 29(5) (1997). Butler R. M., G. Palmer and F. J. Rogers Circuit Weight Training in Early Cardiac Rehabilitation. Journal of American Osteopathy Association 92(1) ( January1992). Choi J. Y. et. al., Comparison of Training Effects Between Power-up Type and Bulk-up Type in Strength Training. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 29(5) (1997). Faigenbaum A. D. et. al. , The Effects of Different Resistance Training Protocols on Muscular Strength and Endurance Development in Children. Pediatrics104(1) (July1999). Feigenbaum M. S. and B. A. Franklin Prescription of Resistance Training for Healthy Populations. Sports Medicine 31(14) (2001). Franklin B. A. , D. P. Swain and R. J. Shephard, New Insights in the Prescription of Exercise for Coronary Patients. Journal of Cardiovascular for Nurses18 (2) ( April-June 2003). Hass C. J. et. al., Effects of Training Volume on Strength and Endurance in Experienced Resistance Trained Adults. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 30(5) (1998). Henwood T. R. and D. R Taaffe, Improved Physical Performance in Older Adults Undertaking a Short-Term Programme of High-Velocity Resistance Training Gerontology 51(2) (March-April 2005).

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Hetzler R. K. et. al., Effects of 12 Weeks of Strength Training on Anaerobic Power in Prepubescent Male Athletes. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 11 (1997). Hickson R. C., M. A. Rosenkoetter, Strength Training Effects on Aerobic Power and Short-Term Endurance. Journal of Medical Science and Sports Exercises 12 (1980). Hortobagyi T. et. al., Effects of Simultaneous Training for Strength and Endurance on Upper and Lower Body Strength and Running Performance. The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness 31 (1991). Housh T. J. et. al., Effects of Eccentric Only Resistance Training and Detraining. International Journal of Sports Medicine 17 (1995). Howley E. T. et. al., The Effect of Moderate Resistance Weight Training on Peak Arm Aerobic Power. International Journal of Sports Medicine 14(1) (January1993). Hsu T. G. et. al., The Effects of Shoulder Isokinetic Strength Training on Speed and Propulsive Forces in Front Crawl Swimming. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 29(5) (1997). Hunter G. R., J. P. McCarthy and M. M. Bamman Effects of Resistance Training on Older Adults. Sports Medicine 34(5) (2004). Jozsih A. C et. al., Changes in Power with Resistance Training in Older and Younger Men and Women. Journal of Gerontology American Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 54(11) (November 1999). Kaikkonen H. et. al., The Effect of Heart Rate Controlled Low Resistance Circuit Weight Training and Endurance Training on Maximal Aerobic Power in

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Sedentary Adults Scandinavian Journal of Medical Sciences and Sports 10(4) (August 2000):211-5. Kelvie Mc, The Role of Resistance Training in Patients with Cardiac Disease Journal of Cardiovascular Risk 3(2) (April 1996):160-6. Kostka T. Resistance (strength) Training in Health Promotion and Rehabilitation Pol Merkuriusz Lek 13(78) (December 2002):520-3. Mayhew J. L. et. al., Changes in Upper Body Power Following Heavy-Resistance Strength Training in College Men International Journal of Sports Medicine 18 (1997):516-520. McCartney N., "Role of Resistance Training in Heart Disease" Medical Sciences and Sports Exercises 33(4) (April 2001):525-31. Seynns O. et. al., Physiological and Functional Responses to Low-Moderate Versus High-Intensity Progressive Resistance Training in Frail Elders Journal of Gerontology American Biological Science and Med Science 59(5) (May 2004):503-9. Stone M. H. et. al., A Short-Term Comparison of Two Different Methods of Resistance Training on Leg Strength and Power Athletic Training 14 (1979):158-160. Takeshima N., et.al.,Effect of Concurrent Aerobic and Resistance Circuit Exercise Training on Fitness in Older Adults Europiean Journal of Applied Physiology93(1-2) (October 2004):173-82. Vos N.J.de et. al., Optimal Load for Increasing Muscle Power During Explosive Resistance Training in Older Adults Journal of Gerontology Applied Biological Science and Medical Sciences 60(5) (May 2005):638-47.

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