CHAPTER 1 Introduction

1.1 BACKGROUND
In the name of economic growth most rivers and streams are turning into sewers. As more and more rivers are getting polluted, the municipalities are finding it difficult to treat river water to safe levels and supply it for irrigation purpose atleast. Several crore rupees have been sunk into plans to clean up the Ganga and Yamuna, the two major rivers in India but without any success. A recent report by Central Government points to the fact that the above two rivers are so much polluted that people living nearby these rivers stand greater chance of having cancer. The river water cleansing and its subsequent use for commercial purpose has become a major challenge especially when cost is concern too.

1.2 PROJECT STATEMENT Designing a microcontroller based economical river water filtration system that aims
at purification of water upto that level where it can be utilized for irrigation purpose, at the same time maintaining the flow rate of incoming and outgoing water from filtration system.

1.3 PROJECT OBJECTIVES

The main objective of the project is to get clean water free of harmful chemicals, non biodegradable wastes, plastics and other wastes. The water coming out of the filtration system is not meant for drinking purpose but it still has good pH level and free from different microbes so that it can be used to irrigate the farm. The other objectives are: 1. To have easy control of the filtration processes using Microcontroller AT89S52. 2. To maintain flow rate of incoming polluted water almost equal to the outgoing clean water so as to reduce wastage of water and maintain pH and TDS of water. 3. To utilize Ultraviolet Radiation (UV rays) to sanitize the clean water.

1.4 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

This project can be utilized by different municipalities and government bodies to clean the polluted river. The project is economical and easy to assemble.

1.5 ORGANIZATION OF THESIS

This Thesis has been organized into parts Chapter 1 introduces with our project Chapter 2 gives the frame work of our project Chapter 3 describes various filtration process Chapter 4 describes the electronic circuits and control

CHAPTER 2
FRAMEWORK
Screening filters are used to separate out living water organisms, debris, plastics, solid wastes etc. and it constitutes first phase of filteration. The polluted water inlet and water outlet is done through pressure pumps. If the head of running river water is higher, instead of pressure pump, gravity pumps can also be used. The main filtration process is controlled by Microcontroller AT89S52. The relay operation controls the inlet and outlet valves. The comparator circuits connected to filters and microprocessors allows effective running of the filter. As the filtration process is an open loop system and feedback is not taken back for comparison, this essentially means less time is spend in filtration process and so flow rate of water is maintained. The last process is an disinfectant (sanitization ) of filtered water. The UV rays of Sun rays can be used for sanitization but we use UV lamp only. The Block diagram descriptions are given in and hardware components are explained

Screening Filter
Polluted Water Pump

Coagulants (CO2 or Lime)

Sand Filter

Disinfectant (Sanitization) UV rays

Carbon Filter

Membrane Filter

Clean Water Figure 1.1 : Block Diagram of Filtration Processes U

Figure 1.2 : Block Diagram of whole Project

LCD 16X2

ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT

POWER SUPPLY

MICROCONTROLLER AT89S52

DRIVER CIRCUIT

COMPARATOR CIRCUIT

COMPARATOR CIRCUIT

RELAY

S A N D

C A R B O PUMP MOTOR (INLET)

SOL VALVE

F I L T E R

F I L T E R
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2.1 Hardware Layout Description :

1) Screening Filters : To remove larger debris like fishes, branches , etc. 2) Coagulants and Sediment filter : The coagulants such as lime, alum or CO2 gas is used so that suspended particles stick together. Medium sized gravels are use as sediment filter. 3) Sand filter : The quartz sand of varying sizes are used for filteration with smaller sized sand at the bottom. The sand grains are put on the filter bed made of filter paper which is again put on the stainless steel mesh of appropriate pore size 4) Carbon Filters : The granular activated charcoal or carbon filter absorbs organic particles and removes bad odours. The anthracite coal after burning in vacuum gives activated carbon. The activated carbon is put on the Stainless steel mesh which bears the weight of activated carbon. 5) Cyst filteration membrane : It removes cyst found in feaces of animals and humans and remove large sized bacteria upto length of 50 m. 6) Disifectation : The disinfectation can be done by chlorination, UV rays or by other means. We use UV lamp driven by relay connected to mains and controlled by AT89S52. The water goes to drainbox slightly inclined, where the bacteria and viruses are deactivated by the UV rays. 7) Microcontroller, relays, valves and power sources to control the operations or processes. Microcontroller AT89S52 is used to drive and control various process. Relays are used to control heavier inductive loads like UV rays lamp, pumps through microcontroller commands. 8) Pumps : Gravity pressure or artificial pressure pump will be utilized in different process. 9) Electronics components and Control box : The box contains various electronics components and control system.

2.2 Hardware model of basic filtration chamber

i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. The size of basic filtration chamber is (160 mm *160mm* 10 mm). Viewing glass is provided to see the process of filtration. A stainless steel mesh has been used to carry the weight of sediments and polluted water because of its noncorrosive and inertness to various degradation reactions. A filter paper is put on to stainless steel mesh. The shorting leads connected to comparator in electronics components box is rested on the filter paper surface. Sediment ( sand/ gravel /activated carbon ) is put on to filter paper surface.

Figure 2.3 Hardware layout of basic filtration chamber

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2.3 Shorting Leads

Shorting leads are actually 2 wire of copper constituting an open circuit. These open circuits are connected to comparator circuit. The leads get shorted when resistance between them is reduced such that enough current can flow through them shorting the leads and lightning a, LED, sounding a buzzer and at the same time displaying a command on LCD to change the filter. The resistance between the open wires can be changed by variable resistor preset switch. When the dirt gets collected on the filter bed i.e, filter paper, the resistance between the leads decreases. As the dirt collected increases a time comes when the resistance is not enough to stop flow of current through lead wires as shown in second diagram. The length and configuration of lead wires are varied along with variable resistor preset are varied to get desired current sensitivity.

Figure 2.4 Shorting leads

CHAPTER 3 Filtration Processes

3.1 Screening Filter
The first step in filtration of water is to remove large debris such as sticks, leaves, rubbish and other large particles which may interfere with subsequent purification steps. As far as present river system is concerned, there are various solids present in it like plastics, clothes, polymer materials, papers, metal parts etc. The screening filter is actually a very large stainless steel mesh connected at the mouth of water inlet into the filtration system. The stainless steel mesh is inclined at 30 degree with direction of flow of polluted water at the inlet. This much inclination provides mechanical strength against flow and also better removal of solid particles.

3.2 Sediment (Gravel) Filter

Actually Sediment Filter forms the 1st phase of filtration. Larger and medium sized gravels are used for this phase. The semisolid dirts and mud get sticked to the surface of the gravels are not allowed to move further. The Alum is used as coagulating and flocculation agent. The alum is powdered and mixed equally with gravels. The Stainless Steel mesh supports the gravel weight. On mesh is placed filter bed. On filter bed more of the Alum powder is used. The coagulated water will go to sand filtration chamber where it will get precipitated.

Figure 3.1 Sediment (Gravel ) Filtration

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3.3 Sand Filtrations

The sand filtration forms the third layer of filtration. Actually there are 3 main type of sand filtrations in general 1. Rapid (gravity or pressure ) sand filter 2. Upflow sand filter 3. Slow sand filter We use rapid sand filter in our case so as to reduce the time of filtration. For rapid sand filter to work more efficiently it is required that the polluted water be flocculated* or coagulated* before it enters the sand filtration chamber. The polluted water is passed through alum* powder or CO2 gas so as to bring efficient coagulation of particulate matters * in the water. CO2 gas coagulation is more efficient and fast as compared to alum. But alum in powdered form does provide good coagulation of particulates. How does sand filter work ? As the water flows through the sand the particulates in the water will come to each others by one of the following forces :1. 2. 3. 4. Direct Collision* Vander Walls Forces * Surface charge attraction.* Diffusion *

In addition, particulate solids can be prevented from being captured by surface charge repulsion if the surface charge of the sand is of the same sign (positive or negative) as that of the particulate solid. Furthermore, it is possible to dislodge captured particulates although they may be re-captured at a greater depth within the bed. Finally, a sand grain that is already contaminated with particulate solids may become more attractive or repel addition particulate solids. This can occur if by adhering to the sand grain the particulate loses surface charge and becomes attractive to additional particulates or the opposite and surface charge is retained repelling further particulates from the sand grain.

Figure 3.2. White Quartz sand grains

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Silca sand contains atleast 95 % of pure SiO2 . Quartz sand are made up of 98 % Silicon dioxide. The oxygen bonds give strength. Because of which there is no weathering effect on quartz sand..Also quartz sand are inert that means they do not react with acids, bases , solvent and other majority of chemicals and hence find use in filtration process. Sand can be easily washed to remove the contaminants and can be reused Quartz sand comes in number of sizes and of different grades and colours. Usual sizes of grain of sand is from diameter of 0.01 mm to 2 mm. We are using grain of 0.4mm and 1 mm average diameter. The grains are not totally rounded but have small edges, which is better for filtration. The sand has 98 % silica and small percentage of iron content. The usual content of iron in the silica sand is 5 % which can increase the conductivity in the water. Since we require minimum conductivity of current through sand so that leads do not get shorted easily white translucent quartz sand is the only best option available.

Figure 3.3 Sand filtration process

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3.4 Carbon Filtration

Carbon filter constitute the 4 rd phase of filtration system. Carbon filtration is a method of filtering that uses a bed of activated cabon to remove contaminants and impurities, using chemical adsorption. Each particle/granule of carbon provides a large surface area/pore structure, allowing contaminants the maximum possible exposure to the active sites within the filter media. One pound (450 g) of activated carbon contains a surface area of approximately 100 acres (40 Hectares). Activated carbon works via a process called adsorption, whereby pollutant molecules in the fluid to be treated are trapped inside the pore structure of the carbon substrate.Carbon filters are most effective at removing chlorine, sediment, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), taste and odour from water. They are not effective at removing minerals, salts, and dissolved inorganic compounds. Most of the water soluble solids can be adsorbed on the surface of activated carbon. Typical particle sizes that can be removed by carbon filters range from 0.5 to 50 micron . The particle size will be used as part of the filter description. The efficacy of a carbon filter is also based upon the flow rate regulation. The small granular activated carbon are kept on filter bed made up of filter paper which is supported on Stainless Steel Mesh. The Stainless Steel Mesh carries the weight of carbon granules. The shorting leads can be either put onto the filter bed or directly inside the carbon granules with certain distance between them. The variable resistor preset is adjusted in such a way the leads will get shorted only when filter bed and/ or carbon granules surfaces has become reasonably dirty and are really needed to be replaced. The viewing glass can be used to view the process. The smaller granules of activated carbon are kept at the bottom and then larger or medium sized granules are kept

Figure 3.4 & 3.5 Activated Carbon Working

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Figure 3.6 Carbon Filtration Chamber

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3.5 Cyst Filtration

Cyst are found in the faeces and human wastes and can cause numerous diseases. The cyst membrane has a pore size of 50 micron and is made up of artificial fibres. The membrane is hydrophilic* and can be easily washed for numerous use. Water softner spherical balls can also be used optionally to reduce the Total Hardness*.

Figure 3.7 Cyst Filtration ChamberThe words with astrick mark can be understood from Chapter 6- Glossary of Chemical Terms

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3.6 Ultraviolet Rays Filtration

Ultraviolet rays form a part of electromagnetic spectrum with its wavelength shorter than violet radiation. There are types of UV rays of which only UVC ray is capable of germicidal action on microbes, viruses and bacterias. UV will break the molecular bonds within micro-organismal DNA, producing thymine diamers in their DNA thereby destroying them, rendering them harmless or prohibiting growth and reproduction. It is a process similar to the UV effect of longer wavelengths (UVB ) on humans, such as sunburn or sunglare . Micro-organisms have less protection from UV and cannot survive prolonged exposure to it. The degree of inactivation by Ultraviolet Radiation is directly related to the UV dose applied to the water. The dosage, a product of UV light intensity and exposure time, is usually measured in micro joules per square centimeter, or alternatively as microwatt seconds per square centimeter (Ws/cm2). Dosages for a 90% kill of most bacteria and virus range from 2,000 to 8,000 Ws/cm2. Dosage for larger parasites such as Cryptosporidium require a lower dose for inactivation. UV disinfection has become a method for drinking water plants to obtain Cryptosporidium, Giardia or virus inactivation credits. For example, for onedecimal-logarithm reduction of Cryptosporidium, a minimum dose of 2,500 Ws/cm2 is required.

Figure 2.14 . UVC ray wavelength for disinfecation

Figure 2.15 UV lamp used

Figure 2.15 Action of UV rays on DNA of microbe

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UV rays lamp circuit is described in Electronics Circuit part . The hardware for UV lamp installation in project is shown below in a diagram

Figure 3.8 UV rays lamp hardware location . The UV rays should not fall on eyes directly for longer time and hence it is covered in a box. The drainbox used has only slight inclination of 10 to 15 degrees so that the water is irradiated for little longer time. Also the inner surface of tube holder is painted with aluminium paint so as to provide partial reflection of UV rays for more efficient irradiation.

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CHAPTER 4 Electronic Circuits and Control Description

The processes of filtration are controlled not manually but by means of electronic circuit which basically has got Microprocessor 8051 at its heart. The 8-bit Microcontroller 8051 is feed with program so as to control the various processes. The Electronic circuit works on AC supply 220 Volts at 50 Hz frequency. The relays are connected to microcontroller and pumps on inlet and outlet side and control the operations. The process of carbon filtration, sand filtration are controlled by comparator circuit which is connected to Microcontroller circuit. The UV rays lamp is also controlled by microcontroller. The UV rays from sunlight are not controlled by 8051. Rather we will have option regarding which one to use.

Circuit components description

4.1 Power Supply: The microcontroller requires about 5 volt DC for its operation. The rectifier circuit consists of 230/ 12 Volts Transformer , Bridge rectifier and voltage regulator. The tranformer steps down the voltage of 230 from mains into 12 volt AC. The bridge rectifier converts 12 volts ac to 12 volts dc. The arrangement of capacitor and 3 terminal Voltage regulator LM7805 is used to get constant 5 volts DC. Below is shown complete block diagram of voltage regulator LM7805.

Figure 4.1 Schematic diagram of Power Supply

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Figure 4.2 Pin assignment of LM7805

4.2 Microcontroller AT89S52 : The 8 bit 40 pin DIP IC Microcontroller AT89S52 forms main part of the circuit. The AT89S52 is connected to power supply, 16X2 lcd display, comparator circuit, relay circuits, UV light circuit. The pin diagram of 8051 is given below. We are developing program to run this project and it will burned into microcontroller chip using FlashMagic Software. As we are in process of designing the project and programming will be done only once the whole components are ready to be integrated.

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Fig x Microcontroller AT89S52 (40 pins DIP)

Figure 4.3 pin diagram of AT89S52

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Figure 4.4 Schematic diagram of electronic circuit

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4.3 LCD (Liquid Crystal Display)- 2 Line Display : LCD has 2 line display with each line displaying 16 digits. The LCD is connected to 8051 from pin no. 26 to 28 & 32 to 39. The display on lcd gives information about state of various filration procces. The lcd display maximum performance range and pin descriptions are shown below.

Figure 4.5 LCD display

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4.4 Comparator circuit : Comparator circuit consists of comparator chip LM358 designed using OPAMPS . The Comparator circuit has probes which compares the values of resitivity and other properties of polluted water with already stored values in 8051 memory. Hence 8051 controls the filtration processes. The figure below shows the comparator circuit used in the project.

Fig 4.6 Comparator Circuit

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Figure 4.7 8 pin LM358

4.5 Relay driver chip ULN2003 : Chip ULN2003 which is basically an array of 7 set of open collector darligton pairs with common emitter is used to drive wide range of load like solenoid, relays,etc in general. In our project it will be used to drive relays which are in turn driving the inlet and outlet valves and pump. Input pins 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 are connected to the microcontroller. The output is taken from pins 14, 15, 16 of ULN2003, thus first three darlington pairs are driving Solenoid valve (output pump), Input pump and UV light lamps which are inductive load. The figures in next page gives pin configuration of ULN2003 and shows how inductive loads are run via relay via ULN2003 controlled by 8051 microcontroller.

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Figure 4.8 ULN2003 pin configuration

Figure 4.9 ULN2003 driving valve, pump UV light lamp via Relay

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4.6 Relay : The relay senses when the pump is to get on and when to get off. It controls the inlet and outlet valve operation and also controls the operation of UV lamp.

Figure 4.10 relay with 2 contacts

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CHAPTER 5 Water Quality Testing

The quality of water coming out of filtration unit is different from that which goes into the filtration unit. The water going into filtration unit is contaminated and polluted with various chemicals and pollutants. Various standard tests are performed on the both incoming and out going water to confirm to specific standards. These standard test are : 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. pH Total Hardness (TH) Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) Turbidity Alkalinity Sulphates and Phosphates.

and various other chemical tests. The pH and TDS tests have been performed on incoming water and outgoing water to filtration unit by Water Testing laboratory (Faculty of Technology, MSU , Vadodara) and the report has been shown on next few pages. Before we go further let us discuss what is pH, TDS , TH and Turbidity. 1. pH : pH is defined as the decimal logarithm of the reciprocal of the hydrogen ion activity. pH of pure water is 7. When an acid is dissolved in water, the pH will be less than that of pure water (less than 7). When a base or alkaline, is dissolved in water, the pH will be greater than that of pure water (greater than 7). 2. TDS (Total Dissolved Solids) : TDS is a measure of the combined content of all inorganic and organic substances contained in a liquid in: molecular, ionized or micro-granular colloidal suspended form. It means total dissolved solids and it is different from Total Suspended Solids which gives content of suspended and not dissolved solid in water. 3. Turbidity :Turbidity is a measure of suspended particles (solids) in a water. A tubid (hazy) water makes a light translucent. More the tubidity, more is coagulation or flocculation required. 4. Total Hardness : It can be defined as soap consuming property of hard water in which white precipitate is formed instead of lather. Hardness of water is due to Calcium Bicarbonates or Magnesium Bicarbonates causing temporary hardness due to
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Calcium Sulphate and Magnesium Sulphates causing permanent hardness. More is hardness more soap is water and more useless the water becomes. As the project involves around producing water required for atleast irrigation purpose we tested the pH and TDS of water of Vasna Lake (Vadodara ) for irrigation standard . The below are attached the test result pdf.

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The test result after the filtration shows that waters TDS has been reduced to 756 from 1544 and pH has been reduced from 9.03 to 8.61 which are confirmable to the irrigation standard of TDS= 800 and pH= 8.5.

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CHAPTER 6 Further Advancements

Membranes of different pore sizes can significantly improve the TDS and quality of water.The glass fibre membranes take less time for filteration and hence flow rate is maintained. Glass fibre membranes of 10 micron to 1 micron can remove major suspended particles and bacterias improving the filtered water grade from irrigation grade to drinkable but that does increase the time of filtration. The gravity can be used to centrifuge the polluted water and hence different pressurized filteration can be even done without major design changes. The UV rays of the sun is available at least for 8 months in a year. As the sun rays falls along the whole length and breadth of the river it can be easily utilized for disinfectation. The UV rays if separated from spectrum of sunlight can save a lot of energy wasted in running UV lamp. The energy required for pumping and valve operation can obtained from solar panels or other renewable energy source making the filtration real energy and money saving. Electro-flocculation and Electro-coagulation can speed up filtration of particulate matter in polluted water but that would require high voltage and current.

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CHAPTER 7 Cost Analysis

SR NO.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

COMPONENT DISCRIPTION
Microcontroller 89S52 (1 pc) or 8051 Transformer 12-0-12 1 Amp (1 pc)

PRICE
165 ` 100 ` 50 ` 30 ` 20 ` 15 ` 12 ` 10 ` 10 ` 30 ` 40 ` 3 ` 14 ` 5 ` 20 ` 10 ` 130 ` 14 ` 8 ` 30 ` 400 ` 120 ` 300 ` 150 `

40 pin IC socket (1 pc) Diode IN4007 (8 pc) IC 7805 Regulated (1 pc) Capacitor 104 0.1pf (3 pc) Capacitor 1000uf 25v (1 pc) Capacitor 100uf 16v (1pc) Capacitor 33pf (2 pc) Crystal 11.0592 MHz (1 pc) Push to on switch (2 pc) Resistor 8.2K (1 pc) Resistor 1K (7 pc) Capacitor 150pf (1 pc) Resistor bank 10k 9pin (1 pc) BC547 (1 pc) ADC 0804 (1 pc) 18 pin IC socket (1 pc) Red LED (4 pc) 12VDC Relay single change over (2 pc) General purpose PCB (7 pc) Hookup wire (10 meter) 16X2 LCD (1 pc) Mains code wire (3 pc)

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25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45

10K Preset (2pc) Bus strip 16 pin (1 pc) Solder wire (1 pc) Carbon Filter & Control Circuit Sand Filter & Control Circuit UV rays lamp Pumps ( 2pc) Galvanized and PVC pipes Activated Carbon(7 packets:130/pack) Sediment Spare (2 packets:35/pack) S.S Net Different Size(80,50,36) Fabricated Spare Quartz White Sand (15 kg) Water Softer Balls Fabrication Work (M.S: 200/kg) 27.7 Kg Powder Coating Water Proofing S.S Handle (2 pc) Solenoid Valve Holder Pipe Water Testing (TDS,pH)For Sample & Filtered Sample Filter Paper Total

32 ` 35 ` 110 ` 700 ` 1000 ` 450 ` 500 ` 100 ` 910 ` 70 ` 195 ` 30 ` 300 ` 40 ` 5540 ` 1800 ` 500 ` 20 ` 20 ` 400 ` 100` 14538 `

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CHAPTER 8 Glossary of Chemical Terms

1) pH : A figure expressing the acidity or alkalinity of a solution on a logarithmic scale on which 7 is neutral, less than 7 is acidic and more than 7 is basic. 2) TDS : Total Dissolved Solids means total amount of mobile charged ions, including minerals, salts or metals dissolved in a given volume of water, expressed in units of mg per volume of water (mg/L) also expressed in ppm. 3) Coagulation : Coagulation is a physio-chemical reaction in which ions (heavy metals) and colloids (organic and inorganic) are made to precipitate either by addition of chemicals such as alum or by electricity. When ions of opposite charges are added to already present ions it will precipitate. 4) Flocculation : Process by which particles are clumped together . 5) Particulate Matter : Suspended solids as particle inside the water. 6) Alum : It is a double sulphate of aluminium and potassium. It is white, transparent. very astringent, and crystallizes easily. Aluminium ions help in flocculation.
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7) Vander Walls Forces : Sum of attractive or repulsive forces between molecules other than due to covalent bond, hydrogen bond or ions. 8) Surface Charge Attraction : Electric charge present on surface of molecule exerts electric field which causes particle repulsion and attraction. 9) Diffusion : It is process by which the molecules intermingle as result of their kinetic energy of random motion. 10) Hydrophilic : Easily get wet with water.

References and Bibliography

1. Microchip Technology , Data Sheet , Microchip 2010.

2. Balaji Engineering Ltd., Anand Industrial Estate, Pratapnagar, Vadodara, Gujarat.

3. Sedra and Smith, Microelectronic Circuits, fourth edition, Oxford University Press, 2010. 4. R.S. Siddha, 2008. A Text Book of Applied Electronics, S. Chand and Company Ltd., New Delhi. 5. Microcontroller 8051, Kenneth Ayala, 2010.

6. The 8051 Microcontroller And Embedded System, Mazidi Mazidi Makinlay. 7. Faculty of Environmental Engineering, Maharaja Sayajirao Gaekwad University, Vadodara.

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8. Yash Filters, Ahmedabad 9. Wikepedia

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