2/7/2005

2_4 The Smith Chart

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2.4 The Smith Chart

Reading Assignment: pp. 64-73 The Smith Chart

The Smith Chart provides: 1)

2) The most important fact about the Smith Chart is: HO: The Complex plane Q: But how is the complex plane useful? A: HO: Transformations on the Complex Plane Q: But transformations of are relatively easy transformations of line impedance Z is the difficult one.

Jim Stiles

The Univ. of Kansas

Dept. of EECS

2/7/2005

2_4 The Smith Chart

2/2

A:

HO: Mapping Z to HO: The Smith Chart

HO: Zin Calculations using the Smith Chart Example: The Input Impedance of a Shorted Transmission Line Example: Determining the Load Impedance of a Transmission Line Example: Determining the Length of a Transmission Line

Expressing a load or line impedance in terms of its admittance is sometimes helpful. Additionally, we can easily map admittance onto the Smith Chart

HO: Impedance and Admittance Example: Admittance Calculations with the Smith Chart
Jim Stiles The Univ. of Kansas Dept. of EECS

2/7/2005

The Complex Gamma Plane

1/6

The Complex Plane

Resistance R is a real value, thus we can indicate specific resistor values as points on the real line:

R =0 R =5

R =20

R =50

Likewise, since impedance Z is a complex value, we can indicate specific impedance values as point on a two dimensional complex plane:

Im {Z }

Z =30 +j 40
Re {Z }

Z =60 -j 30

Note each dimension is defined by a single real line: the horizontal line (axis) indicating the real component of Z (i.e., Re {Z } ), and the vertical line (axis) indicating the imaginary component of impedance Z (i.e., Im {Z } ). The intersection of these two lines is the point denoting the impedance Z = 0. * Note then that a vertical line is formed by the locus of all points (impedances) whose resistive (i.e., real) component is equal to, say, 75. * Likewise, a horizontal line is formed by the locus of all points (impedances) whose reactive (i.e., imaginary) component is equal to -30.

Jim Stiles

The Univ. of Kansas

Dept. of EECS

2/7/2005

The Complex Gamma Plane

2/6

Im {Z }

R =75
Re {Z }

X =-30
If we assume that the real component of every impedance is positive, then we find that only the right side of the plane will be useful for plotting impedance Zpoints on the left side indicate impedances with negative resistances! Im {Z }

Invalid Region (R<0)

Valid Region (R>0)

Re {Z }

Moreover, we find that common impedances such as Z = (an open circuit!) cannot be plotted, as their points appear an infinite distance from the origin. Im {Z }

(short)

Z =0

(matched)

Z =Z0

Z = (open)
Re {Z }

Somewhere way the heck over there !!

Jim Stiles

The Univ. of Kansas

Dept. of EECS

2/7/2005

The Complex Gamma Plane

3/6

Is there some graphical tool that is more useful?

Q: Yikes! The complex Z plane does not appear to be a very helpful.

A: Yes! Recall that impedance Z and reflection coefficient are equivalent complex valuesif you know one, you know the other.

We can therefore define a complex plane in the same manner that we defined a complex impedance plane. We will find that there are many advantages to plotting on the complex plane, as opposed to the complex Z plane! Im { }
=0.3 +j 0.4 =-0.5 +j 0.1

Re { }
=0.6 -j 0.3

while the vertical axis indicates the imaginary component of ( Im { } ). We could plot points and lines on this plane exactly as before:

Note that the horizontal axis indicates the real component of ( Re { } ),

Im { }

Re {}=0.5
Re { }

Im {} =-0.3
Jim Stiles The Univ. of Kansas Dept. of EECS

2/7/2005

The Complex Gamma Plane

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However, we will find that the utility of the complex pane as a graphical tool becomes apparent only when we represent a complex reflection coefficient in terms of its magnitude ( ) and phase ( ):

= e j
In other words, we express using polar coordinates:

= 0.6 e

j 3 4

Im { }

Re { }

= 0.7 e j 300

Note then that a circle is formed by the locus of all points whose magnitude equal to, say, 0.7. Likewise, a radial line is formed by the locus of all points whose phase

is equal to 135D .
Im { }

= 135D

= 0.7
Re { }

Jim Stiles

The Univ. of Kansas

Dept. of EECS

2/7/2005

The Complex Gamma Plane

5/6

Perhaps the most important aspect of the complex plane is its validity region. Recall for the complex Z plane that this validity region was the right-half plane, where Re {Z } > 0 (i.e., positive resistance). The problem was that this validity region was unbounded and infinite in extent, such that many important impedances (e.g., open-circuits) could not be plotted.
Q: What is the validity region for the complex plane? A:

Recall that we found that for Re {Z } > 0 (i.e., positive

resistance), the magnitude of the reflection coefficient was limited:

0 < <1

Therefore, the validity region for the complex plane consists of all points inside the circle = 1 --a finite and bounded area!

Im { }

Invalid Region ( > 1)

Valid Region ( < 1)

Re { }

=1

Jim Stiles

The Univ. of Kansas

Dept. of EECS

2/7/2005

The Complex Gamma Plane

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Note that we can plot all valid impedances (i.e., R >0) within this finite region! Im { }

(short)

= e j = 1.0

(matched) Re { }

=0

(open)

= e j 0 = 1.0

=1
(Z = jX purely reactive)

Jim Stiles

The Univ. of Kansas

Dept. of EECS

2/7/2005

Transformations on the Complex

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Transformations on the Complex Plane

The usefulness of the complex plane is apparent when we consider again the terminated, lossless transmission line:

z = A
Z0,

z =0

in

Z0,

Recall that the reflection coefficient function for any location z along the transmission line can be expressed as (since z L = 0 ):
( z ) = L e j 2 z = L e
j ( +2 z )

And thus, as we would expect:

(z = 0) = L and (z = A) = Le - j 2 A = in

Recall this result says that adding a transmission line of length A to a load results in a phase shift in by 2 A radians, while the magnitude remains unchanged.

Jim Stiles

The Univ. of Kansas

Dept. of EECS

2/7/2005

Transformations on the Complex

2/7

Q: Magnitude and phase --arent those the

values used when plotting on the complex plane?

A: Precisely! In fact, plotting the transformation of L to in along a transmission line length A has an interesting graphical interpretation. Lets parametrically plot ( z ) from z = z L (i.e., z = 0 ) to z = z L A (i.e., z = A ):
Im { }

(z )

(z = 0 ) = L

Re { }

( z = A ) =

in = L 2 A
in

=1

Since adding a length of transmission line to a load L modifies the phase but not the magnitude L , we trace a circular arc as we parametrically plot ( z ) ! This arc has a radius L and an arc angle 2 A radians.

Jim Stiles

The Univ. of Kansas

Dept. of EECS

2/7/2005

Transformations on the Complex

3/7

With this knowledge, we can easily solve many interesting transmission line problems graphicallyusing the complex plane! For example, say we wish to determine in for a transmission line length A = 8 and terminated with a short circuit.

z = A

z =0

Z0,

in

Z0 ,

L = 1

A= 8

The reflection coefficient of a short circuit is L = 1 = 1 e j , and therefore we begin at that point on the complex plane. We then move along a circular arc 2 A = 2 ( 4 ) = 2 radians (i.e., rotate clockwise 90D ).
(z )
Im { }

in = 1 e

+j2

Re { }
L = 1 e
+ j

=1

Jim Stiles

The Univ. of Kansas

Dept. of EECS

2/7/2005

Transformations on the Complex

4/7

When we stop, we find we are at the point for in ; in this case

in = 1 e j 2 (i.e., magnitude is one, phase is 90 o ).

Now, lets repeat this same problem, only with a new transmission line length of A = 4 . Now we rotate clockwise 2 A = radians (180D ). Im { } (z )

in = 1 e

+j 2

Re { }
L = 1 e
+ j

=1

For this case, the input reflection coefficient is in = 1 e j 0 = 1 : the reflection coefficient of an open circuit!

Our short-circuit load has been transformed into an open circuit with a quarter-wavelength transmission line! But, you knew this would happenright?

Jim Stiles

The Univ. of Kansas

Dept. of EECS

2/7/2005

Transformations on the Complex

5/7

z = A

z =0

Z0,

in = 1
(open)

Z0,

L = 1
(short)

A= 4

Recall that a quarter-wave transmission line was one of the special cases we considered earlier. Recall we found that the input impedance was proportional to the inverse of the load impedance. Thus, a quarter-wave transmission line transforms a short into an open. Conversely, a quarter-wave transmission can also transform an open into a short: Im { }
=1

L = 1 e

+j2

Re { }
in = 1 e
+ j

(z )
Jim Stiles The Univ. of Kansas Dept. of EECS

2/7/2005

Transformations on the Complex

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short), only this time with a transmission line length A = 2 ( a

Finally, lets again consider the problem where L = 1 (i.e.,

half wavelength!). We rotate clockwise 2 A = 2 radians (360D ).

Hey look! We came clear around to where we started!

(z )
Im { }

L = 1 e

+ j

Re { }
in = 1 e
+ j

=1

Thus, we find that in = L if A = 2 --but you knew this too! Recall that the half-wavelength transmission line is likewise a special case, where we found that Zin = Z L . This result, of

course, likewise means that in = L .

Jim Stiles

The Univ. of Kansas

Dept. of EECS

2/7/2005

Transformations on the Complex

7/7

Now, lets consider the opposite problem. Say we know that the input impedance at the beginning of a transmission line with length A = 8 is:
in = 0.5 e j 60
D

Q: What is the reflection coefficient of the load? A: In this case, we begin at in and rotate COUNTERCLOCKWISE along a circular arc (radius 0.5) 2 A = 2 radians
(i.e., 60D ). Essentially, we are removing the phase shift associated with the transmission line! Im { } (z )
in

L = in + 2 A

0.5
in L

= 0.5 e j 60

Re { }

= 0.5 e j 150

=1

The reflection coefficient of the load is therefore:

L = 0.5 e j 150
Jim Stiles The Univ. of Kansas
D

Dept. of EECS

2/7/2005

Mapping Z to Gamma

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Mapping Z to
Recall that line impedance and reflection coefficient are equivalenteither one can be expressed in terms of the other:

(z ) =

Z (z ) Z 0 Z (z ) + Z 0

and

Z (z ) = Z 0

1 + (z ) 1 z ( )

Note this relationship also depends on the characteristic impedance Z0 of the transmission line. To make this relationship more direct, we first define a normalized impedance value z (an impedance coefficient!):

z (z ) =

Z (z ) R (z ) X (z ) = +j = r (z ) + j x (z ) Z0 Z0 Z0

Using this definition, we find:

(z ) = = =

Z (z ) Z 0 Z (z ) + Z 0 Z (z ) Z 0 1 Z (z ) Z 0 + 1 z (z ) 1 z (z ) + 1

Jim Stiles

The Univ. of Kansas

Dept. of EECS

2/7/2005

Mapping Z to Gamma

2/8

Thus, we can express ( z ) explicitly in terms of normalized impedance z --and vice versa!

z (z ) 1 (z ) = z (z ) + 1

z (z ) =

1 + (z ) 1 (z )

The equations above describe a mapping between coefficients z and . This means that each and every normalized impedance value likewise corresponds to one specific point on the complex plane! For example, say we wish to mark or somehow indicate the values of normalized impedance z that correspond to the various points on the complex plane. Some values we already know specifically:

case
1 2 3 4 5
Jim Stiles

1 -1 0

0 1

Z0 j Z0
j Z0
The Univ. of Kansas

j j

j
j
Dept. of EECS

2/7/2005

Mapping Z to Gamma

3/8

Therefore, we find that these five normalized impedances map onto five specific points on the complex plane:
i =1
z = j

z = 1

( = j )
z =

( =0 )
z = 0

( =1)

( =1)
z = j

( = j )

Or, the five complex map onto five points on the normalized impedance plane:

z = j

z =

z = 0

( = j )
r
z = 1

( =1)

( =1)

z = j

( = j )

( =0 )

Jim Stiles

The Univ. of Kansas

Dept. of EECS

2/7/2005

Mapping Z to Gamma

4/8

Now, the preceding provided examples of the mapping of points between the complex (normalized) impedance plane, and the complex plane. We can likewise map whole contours (i.e., sets of points) between these two complex planes. We shall first look at two familiar cases.

Z =R

In other words, the case where impedance is purely real, with no reactive component (i.e., X = 0 ). Meaning that normalized impedance is:

z =r + j0

(i .e., x

= 0)

where we recall that r = R Z 0 . Remember, this real-valued impedance results in a real-valued reflection coefficient: r 1 = r +1 I.E.,:

r  Re {} =

r 1 r +1
The Univ. of Kansas

i  Im {} = 0

Jim Stiles

Dept. of EECS

2/7/2005

Mapping Z to Gamma

5/8

Thus, we can determine a mapping between two contoursone contour ( x = 0 ) on the normalized impedance plane, the other ( i = 0 ) on the complex plane:

x =0

i = 0
=1
x =0

( i =0 )
r

r
x =0

( i =0 )

Jim Stiles

The Univ. of Kansas

Dept. of EECS

2/7/2005

Mapping Z to Gamma

6/8

Z = jX

In other words, the case where impedance is purely imaginary, with no resistive component (i.e., R = 0 ). Meaning that normalized impedance is:

z = 0 + jx

(i .e., r

= 0)

where we recall that x = X Z 0 . Remember, this imaginary impedance results in a reflection coefficient with unity magnitude:

=1

Thus, we can determine a mapping between two contoursone contour ( r = 0 ) on the normalized impedance plane, the other ( = 1 ) on the complex plane:

r =0

=1

Jim Stiles

The Univ. of Kansas

Dept. of EECS

2/7/2005

Mapping Z to Gamma

7/8

=1

r =0

( =1)

x
r =0

( =1)
r

Jim Stiles

The Univ. of Kansas

Dept. of EECS

2/7/2005

Mapping Z to Gamma

8/8

very well be fascinating in an academic sense, but they seem not particularly relevant, since actual values of impedance generally have both a real and imaginary component. Sure, mappings of more general impedance contours (e.g., r = 0.5 or x = 1.5 ) onto the complex would be usefulbut it seems clear that those mappings are impossible to achieve!?!

Q: These two mappings may

A: Actually, not only are mappings of more general impedance contours (such as r = 0.5 and x = 1.5 ) onto the complex plane possible, these mappings have already been achieved thanks to Dr. Smith and his famous chart!

Jim Stiles

The Univ. of Kansas

Dept. of EECS

2/7/2005

The Smith Chart

1/11

The Smith Chart

Say we wish to map a line on the normalized complex impedance plane onto the complex plane. For example, we could map the vertical line r =2 ( Re{z } = 2 ) or the horizontal line x =-1 ( Im{z } = 1 ).
Im {z }

r =2
Re {z }

x =-1

Recall we know how to map the vertical line r =0; it simply maps to the circle = 1 on the complex plane.

Likewise, we know how to map the horizontal line x = 0; it simply maps to the line i = 0 on the complex plane. But for the examples given above, the mapping is not so straight forward. The contours will in general be functions of both 2 r and i (e.g., 2 r + i = 0.5 ), and thus the mapping cannot be

stated with simple functions such as = 1 or i = 0 .

Jim Stiles

The Univ. of Kansas

Dept. Of EECS

2/7/2005

The Smith Chart

2/11

As a matter of fact, a vertical line on the normalized impedance plane of the form: r = cr , where cr is some constant (e.g. r = 2 or r = 0.5 ), is mapped onto the complex plane as:
1 cr 2 + = r i 1 + cr 1 + cr
2 2

Note this equation is of the same form as that of a circle:

2 2 ( x x c ) + ( y yc ) = a 2

where:

a = the radius of the circle

Pc ( x = xc , y = yc )
point located at the center of the circle

Thus, the vertical line r = cr maps into a circle on the complex plane! By inspection, it is apparent that the center of this circle is located at this point on the complex plane:

Pc r =

cr , i = 0 1 + cr
Dept. Of EECS

Jim Stiles

The Univ. of Kansas

2/7/2005

The Smith Chart

3/11

In other words, the center of this circle always lies somewhere along the i = 0 line. Likewise, by inspection, we find the radius of this circle is:

a=

1 1 + cr

We perform a few of these mappings and see where these circles lie on the complex plane:
i
r = 0.3

=1

r = 0. 0
r = 1.0

r
r = 3. 0

r = 0.3

Jim Stiles

The Univ. of Kansas

Dept. Of EECS

2/7/2005

The Smith Chart

4/11

We see that as the constant cr increases, the radius of the circle decreases, and its center moves to the right.
Note: 1. If cr > 0 then the circle lies entirely within the circle = 1. 2. If cr < 0 then the circle lies entirely outside the circle = 1. 3. If cr = 0 (i.e., a reactive impedance), the circle lies on circle = 1 . 4. If cr = , then the radius of the circle is zero, and its

other words, the entire vertical line r = on the normalized impedance plane is mapped onto just a single point on the complex plane! But of course, this makes sense! If r = , the impedance is infinite (an open circuit), regardless of what the value of the reactive component x is.

center is at the point r = 1, i = 0 (i.e., = 1 e j 0 ). In

Now, lets turn our attention to the mapping of horizontal lines in the normalized impedance plane, i.e., lines of the form:

x = ci

Jim Stiles

The Univ. of Kansas

Dept. Of EECS

2/7/2005

The Smith Chart

5/11

where ci is some constant (e.g. x = 2 or x = 0.5 ). We can show that this horizontal line in the normalized impedance plane is mapped onto the complex plane as:

( r

1)

1 1 + i = 2 ci ci

Note this equation is also that of a circle! Thus, the horizontal line x = ci maps into a circle on the complex plane! By inspection, we find that the center of this circle lies at the point:

Pc r = 1, i =

1 ci

in other words, the center of this circle always lies somewhere along the vertical r = 1 line. Likewise, by inspection, the radius of this circle is:

a=

ci

Jim Stiles

The Univ. of Kansas

Dept. Of EECS

2/7/2005

The Smith Chart

6/11

We perform a few of these mappings and see where these circles lie on the complex plane:
i
x = 0 .5

r = 1
x = 1 .0 x = 3. 0
x = 2 .0

=1

x = 3 . 0 x = 0 . 5

x = 1.0

x = 2.0

We see that as the magnitude of constant ci increases, the radius of the circle decreases, and its center moves toward the point ( r = 1, i = 0 ) .
Note: 1. If ci > 0 (i.e., reactance is inductive) then the circle lies entirely in the upper half of the complex plane (i.e., where i > 0 )the upper half-plane is known as the inductive region.

Jim Stiles

The Univ. of Kansas

Dept. Of EECS

2/7/2005

The Smith Chart

7/11

2. If ci < 0 (i.e., reactance is capacitive) then the circle lies entirely in the lower half of the complex plane (i.e., where i < 0 )the lower half-plane is known as the capacitive region.

3. If ci = 0 (i.e., a purely resistive impedance), the circle has an infinite radius, such that it lies entirely on the line i = 0 . 4. If ci = , then the radius of the circle is zero, and its

words, the entire vertical line x = or x = on the normalized impedance plane is mapped onto just a single point on the complex plane!

center is at the point r = 1, i = 0 (i.e., = 1 e j 0 ). In other

But of course, this makes sense! If x = , the impedance is infinite (an open circuit), regardless of what the value of the resistive component r is.
5. Note also that much of the circle formed by mapping x = ci onto the complex plane lies outside the circle

= 1.

This makes sense! The portions of the circles laying outside = 1 circle correspond to impedances where the
real (resistive) part is negative (i.e., r < 0).

Thus, we typically can completely ignore the portions of the circles that lie outside the = 1 circle !
Jim Stiles The Univ. of Kansas Dept. Of EECS

2/7/2005

The Smith Chart

8/11

the complex plane results in tool called the Smith Chart.

Im{ }

Mapping many lines of the form r = cr and x = ci onto circles on

Re{ }

Jim Stiles

The Univ. of Kansas

Dept. Of EECS

2/7/2005

The Smith Chart

9/11

Note that around the outside of the Smith Chart there is a scale indicating the phase angle , from 180D < < 180D . However, there is another scale that also directly indicates the equivalent transmission line distance z associated with phase shift = 2 z , in terms of (i.e., the electrical distance). The two scales are related by the equation:
z = = 2 4

horizontal lines x = ci of the normalized impedance plane, mapped onto the two types of circles on the complex plane. Note for the normalized impedance plane, a vertical line r = cr

Note the Smith Chart is simply the vertical lines r = cr and

and a horizontal line x = ci are always perpendicular to each other when they intersect. We say these lines form a rectilinear grid.

However, a similar thing is true for the Smith Chart! When a mapped circle r = cr intersects a mapped circle x = ci , the two circles are perpendicular at that intersection point. We say these circles form a curvilinear grid. In fact, the Smith Chart is formed by distorting the rectilinear grid of the normalized impedance plane into the curvilinear grid of the Smith Chart!

Jim Stiles

The Univ. of Kansas

Dept. Of EECS

2/7/2005

The Smith Chart

10/11

I.E.,:
r =0

x =1

r
x =0

x = 1

x = 1

Distorting this rectilinear grid:

Jim Stiles

The Univ. of Kansas

Dept. Of EECS

2/7/2005

The Smith Chart

11/11

And then distorting some morewe have the curvilinear grid of the Smith Chart!

x r

Jim Stiles

The Univ. of Kansas

Dept. Of EECS

2/8/2005

Zin Calculations using the Smith Chart.doc

1/7

Zin Calculations using the Smith Chart

zin =1 z0
A

z L

z = A

z = 0

of a transmission line length The normalized input impedance zin A , when terminated in normalized load z L , can be determined as:
= zin = =

Zin Z0 Z0
1

Z0

Z L Z 0 + j tan A 1 + j Z L Z 0 tan A z + j tan A = L 1 + j z L tan A

Z L + j Z 0 tan A Z 0 + j Z L tan A

looks not the least bit pleasant. Isnt there a ? less disagreeable method to determine zin

Q: Evaluating this unattractive expression

Jim Stiles

The Univ. of Kansas

Dept. of EECS

2/8/2005

Zin Calculations using the Smith Chart.doc

2/7

A: Yes there is! Instead, we could determine this normalized input impedance by following these three steps: 1. Convert z L to L , using the equation:
in =

Zin Z 0 Zin + Z 0 Z Z 1 = in 0 Zin Z 0 + 1 z 1 = in +1 zin

2. Convert L to in , using the equation:

in = L e j 2 A , using the equation: 3. Convert in to zin

z L =

Z L 1 + L = Z 0 1 L

calculations would be even more difficult than the single step you described earlier. What short of dimwit would ever use (or recommend) this approach?

Q: But performing these three

Jim Stiles

The Univ. of Kansas

Dept. of EECS

2/8/2005

Zin Calculations using the Smith Chart.doc

3/7

A: The benefit in this last approach is that each of the three steps can be executed using a Smith Chartno complex calculations are required! 1. Convert z L to L
Find the point z L from the impedance mappings on your

Smith Chart. Place you pencil at that pointyou have now located the correct L on your complex plane! For example, say z L = 0.6 j 1.4 . We find on the Smith

Chart the circle for r =0.6 and the circle for x =-1.4. The intersection of these two circles is the point on the complex plane corresponding to normalized impedance z L = 0.6 j 1.4 .

This point is a distance of 0.685 units from the origin, and is located at angle of 65 degrees. Thus the value of L is:
L = 0.685 e j 65
D

2. Convert L to in
Since we have correctly located the point L on the

complex plane, we merely need to rotate that point clockwise around a circle ( = 0.685 ) by an angle 2 A . When we stop, we are located at the point on the complex plane where = in !
Jim Stiles The Univ. of Kansas Dept. of EECS

2/8/2005

Zin Calculations using the Smith Chart.doc

4/7

For example, if the length of the transmission line terminated in z L = 0.6 j 1.4 is A = 0.307 , we should

rotate around the Smith Chart a total of 2 A = 1.228 radians, or 221D . We are now at the point on the complex plane: D = 0.685 e + j 74

This is the value of in !

3. Convert in to zin When you get finished rotating, and your pencil is located at the point = in , simply lift your pencil and determine

the values r and x to which the point corresponds!

For example, we can determine directly from the Smith D Chart that the point in = 0.685 e + j 74 is located at the

intersection of circles r =0.5 and x =1.2. In other words:

= 0.5 + j 1.2 zin

Jim Stiles

The Univ. of Kansas

Dept. of EECS

2/8/2005

Zin Calculations using the Smith Chart.doc

5/7

Step 1

= 0.685

L = 0.685 e j 65

= 65D

Jim Stiles

The Univ. of Kansas

Dept. of EECS

2/8/2005

Zin Calculations using the Smith Chart.doc

6/7

Step 2
A 2 = 0.147

in = 0.685 e j 74

= 0.685

L = 0.685 e j 65

A 1 = 0.16

A = A 1 + A 2 = 0.160 + 0.147 = 0.307

2 A = 221D
Jim Stiles The Univ. of Kansas Dept. of EECS

2/8/2005

Zin Calculations using the Smith Chart.doc

7/7

Step 3

= 0.5 + j 1.2 zin

Jim Stiles

The Univ. of Kansas

Dept. of EECS

2/8/2005

Example Shorted Transmission Line.doc

1/3

Example: The Input Impedance of a Shorted Transmission Line

Lets determine the input impedance of a transmission line that is terminated in a short circuit, and whose length is: a) A = 8 = 0.125 b) A = 3 8 = 0.375
2 A = 90D

2 A = 270D

zin

=1 z0
A

z L = 0

z = A

z = 0

Jim Stiles

The Univ. of Kansas

Dept. of EECS

2/8/2005

Example Shorted Transmission Line.doc

2/3

a) A = 8 = 0.125

2 A = 90D
D

=j. Rotate clockwise 90D from = 1.0 = e j 180 and find zin

zin = j

L = 1 = e j 180

Jim Stiles

The Univ. of Kansas

Dept. of EECS

2/8/2005

Example Shorted Transmission Line.doc

3/3

b) A = 3 8 = 0.375

2 A = 270D
D

= j . Rotate clockwise 270D from = 1.0 = e j 180 and find zin

L = 1 = e j 180

zin = j

Jim Stiles

The Univ. of Kansas

Dept. of EECS

2/8/2005

Example The Load Impedance.doc

1/2

Example: Determining the Load Impedance of a Transmission Line

Say that we know that the input impedance of a transmission line length A = 0.134 is:
= 1.0 + j 1.4 zin Lets determine the impedance of the load that is terminating this line.

= zin 1 + j 1. 4
z = A

=1 z0
A = 0.134

z L = ??

z = 0

on the Smith Chart, and then rotate counterLocate zin

clockwise (yes, I said counter-clockwise) 2 A = 96.5D . Essentially, you are removing the phase shift associated with the transmission line. When you stop, lift your pencil and find z L !

Jim Stiles

The Univ. of Kansas

Dept. of EECS

2/8/2005

Example The Load Impedance.doc

2/2

A = 0.134 2 A = 96.5D

= 1 + j 1.4 zin

z L = 0.29 + j 0.24

Jim Stiles

The Univ. of Kansas

Dept. of EECS

2/8/2005

Example Determining the tl length.doc

1/7

Example: Determining Transmission Line Length

A load terminating at transmission line has a normalized impedance z L = 2.0 + j 2.0 . What should the length A of
transmission line be in order for its input impedance to be:

a) purely real (i.e., xin = 0 )? b)

have a real (resistive) part equal to one (i.e., rin = 1.0 )?

Solution:
a) Find z L = 2.0 + j 2.0 on your Smith Chart, and then rotate

clockwise until you bump into the contour x = 0 (recall this is contour lies on the r axis!).
When you reach the x = 0 contourstop! Lift your pencil and note that the impedance value of this location is purely real (after all, x = 0 !). Now, measure the rotation angle that was required to move clockwise from z L = 2.0 + j 2.0 to an impedance on the x = 0 contourthis angle is equal to 2 A ! You can now solve for A , or alternatively use the electrical length scale surrounding the Smith Chart.
Jim Stiles The Univ. of Kansas Dept. of EECS

2/8/2005

Example Determining the tl length.doc

2/7

One more important pointthere are two possible solutions!

Solution 1:
2 A = 30D A = 0.042

z L = 2 + j 2
(z )

= 4.2 + j 0 zin

x =0

Jim Stiles

The Univ. of Kansas

Dept. of EECS

2/8/2005

Example Determining the tl length.doc

3/7

Solution 2:

z L = 2 + j 2
= 0.24 + j 0 zin

x =0

(z )

2 A = 210D
A = 0.292

Jim Stiles

The Univ. of Kansas

Dept. of EECS

2/8/2005

Example Determining the tl length.doc

4/7

b) Find z L = 2.0 + j 2.0 on your Smith Chart, and then rotate

clockwise until you bump into the circle r = 1 (recall this circle intersects the center point or the Smith Chart!).
When you reach the r = 1 circlestop! Lift your pencil and note that the impedance value of this location has a real value equal to one (after all, r = 1 !). Now, measure the rotation angle that was required to move clockwise from z L = 2.0 + j 2.0 to an impedance on the r = 1 circlethis angle is equal to 2 A ! You can now solve for A , or alternatively use the electrical length scale surrounding the Smith Chart. Again, we find that there are two solutions!

Jim Stiles

The Univ. of Kansas

Dept. of EECS

2/8/2005

Example Determining the tl length.doc

5/7

Solution 1:

z L = 2 + j 2

(z )

r =1

= 1.0 j 1.6 zin

2 A = 82D
A = 0.114

Jim Stiles

The Univ. of Kansas

Dept. of EECS

2/8/2005

Example Determining the tl length.doc

6/7

Solution 2:

= 1 .0 + j 1 .6 zin

(z )

z L = 2 + j 2

r =1

2 A = 339D
A = 0.471

Jim Stiles

The Univ. of Kansas

Dept. of EECS

2/8/2005

Example Determining the tl length.doc

7/7

= 1 j 1.6 and Q: Hey! For part b), the solutions resulted in zin = 1 + j 1.6 --the imaginary parts are equal but opposite! Is zin

this just a coincidence?

A: Hardly! Remember, the two impedance solutions must result in the same magnitude for --for this example we find ( z ) = 0.625 .
Thus, for impedances where r =1 (i.e., z = 1 + j x ):
= and therefore:
=
2

jx z 1 (1 + jx ) 1 = = z + 1 (1 + jx ) + 1 2 + j x

jx

2 2

2+ j x

x2 = 4 +x2

Meaning:

x =
2

4 1

2 2

of which there are two equal by opposite solutions!

x =

2 1
2

Which for this example gives us our solutions x = 1.6 .

Jim Stiles

The Univ. of Kansas

Dept. of EECS

2/10/2005

Admittance.doc

1/4

Admittance
As an alternative to impedance Z, we can define a complex parameter called admittance Y:

Y =

I V

where V and I are complex voltage and current, respectively. Clearly, admittance and impedance are not independent parameters, and are in fact simply geometric inverses of each other: 1 1 Y = Z =

Thus, all the impedance parameters that we have studied can be likewise expressed in terms of admittance, e.g.:

Y (z ) =

Z (z )

YL =

ZL

Yin =

Zin

Moreover, we can define the characteristic admittance Y0 of a transmission line as:

I + (z ) Y0 = + V (z )

And thus it is similarly evident that characteristic impedance and characteristic admittance are geometric inverses:
Jim Stiles The Univ. of Kansas Dept. of EECS

2/10/2005

Admittance.doc

2/4

Y0 =

Z0

Z0 =

Y0

As a result, we can define a normalized admittance value y :

y =

Y Y0

An therefore (not surprisingly) we find:

y =

Y Z0 1 = = Y0 Z z

Note that we can express normalized impedance and admittance more compactly as:

y = Y Z0

and

z = Z Y0

Now since admittance is a complex value, it has both a real and imaginary component:

Y = G + jB

where:

Re {Y }  G = Conductance Im {Z }  B = Susceptance

Jim Stiles

The Univ. of Kansas

Dept. of EECS

2/10/2005

Admittance.doc

3/4

Now, since Z = R + jX , we can state that:

G + jB =

1 R + jX

Q: Yes yes, I see, and from this we can conclude:

G = R
1

and

B=

and so forth. Please speed this up and quit wasting my valuable time making such obvious statements!

A: NOOOO! We find that G 1 R and B 1 X

(generally). Do not make this mistake!

In fact, we find that

G + jB =
=

R jX 1 R + jX R jX

R jX R2 + X 2 R X = 2 j R +X2 R2 + X 2

Jim Stiles

The Univ. of Kansas

Dept. of EECS

2/10/2005

Admittance.doc

4/4

Thus, equating the real and imaginary parts we find:

G =

R2 + X 2

and

B=

X R2 + X 2

Note then that IF X = 0 (i.e., Z = R ), we get, as expected:

G =

and

B =0

And that IF R = 0 (i.e., Z = R ), we get, as expected:

G =0

and

B=

I wish I had a nickel for every time my software has crashedoh wait, I do!

Jim Stiles

The Univ. of Kansas

Dept. of EECS

2/17/2005

Example Admittance Calculations with the Smith Chart.doc

1/9

Example: Admittance Calculations with the Smith Chart

Say we wish to determine the normalized admittance y1 of the network below:

y1

z 2 = 1 .7 j 1 . 7

=1 z0
A = 0.37

z L = 1.6 + j 2.6

z = A

z = 0

First, we need to determine the normalized input admittance of the transmission line:

yin

=1 z0
A = 0.37

z L = 1.6 + j 2.6

z = A

z = 0

Jim Stiles

The Univ. of Kansas

Dept. of EECS

2/17/2005

Example Admittance Calculations with the Smith Chart.doc

2/9

There are two ways to determine this value!

Method 1
First, we express the load z L = 1.6 + j 2.6 in terms of its admittance y L = 1 z L . We can calculate this complex valueor we can use a Smith Chart!
z L = 1.6 + j 2.6
y L = 0.17 j 0.28

Jim Stiles

The Univ. of Kansas

Dept. of EECS

2/17/2005

Example Admittance Calculations with the Smith Chart.doc

3/9

The Smith Chart above shows both the impedance mapping (red) and admittance mapping (blue). Thus, we can locate the impedance z L = 1.6 + j 2.6 on the impedance (red) mapping, and then determine the value of that same L point using the admittance (blue) mapping. From the chart above, we find this admittance value is approximately y L = 0.17 j 0.28 . Now, you may have noticed that the Smith Chart above, with both impedance and admittance mappings, is very busy and complicated. Unless the two mappings are printed in different colors, this Smith Chart can be very confusing to use! But remember, the two mappings are precisely identicaltheyre just rotated 180D with respect to each other. Thus, we can alternatively determine y L by again first locating z L = 1.6 + j 2.6

on the impedance mapping :

z L = 1.6 + j 2.6

Jim Stiles

The Univ. of Kansas

Dept. of EECS

2/17/2005

Example Admittance Calculations with the Smith Chart.doc

4/9

Then, we can rotate the entire Smith Chart 180D --while keeping the point L location on the complex plane fixed.
y L = 0.17 j 0.28

Thus, use the admittance mapping at that point to determine the admittance value of L . Note that rotating the entire Smith Chart, while keeping the point L fixed on the complex plane, is a difficult maneuver to successfullyas well as accuratelyexecute. But, realize that rotating the entire Smith Chart 180D with respect to point L is equivalent to rotating 180D the point L with respect to the entire Smith Chart! This maneuver (rotating the point L ) is much simpler, and the

typical method for determining admittance.

Jim Stiles The Univ. of Kansas Dept. of EECS

2/17/2005

Example Admittance Calculations with the Smith Chart.doc

5/9

z L = 1.6 + j 2.6

y L = 0.17 j 0.28

by simply rotating Now, we can determine the value of yin clockwise 2 A from y L , where A = 0.37 :

Jim Stiles

The Univ. of Kansas

Dept. of EECS

2/17/2005

Example Admittance Calculations with the Smith Chart.doc

6/9

2 A

y L = 0.17 j 0.28

yin = 0.7 j 1.7

Transforming the load admittance to the beginning of the = 0.7 j 1.7 . transmission line, we have determined that yin Method 2 Alternatively, we could have first transformed impedance z L to ), and then determined the value the end of the line (finding zin
Smith Chart).

from the admittance mapping (i.e., rotate 180D around the of yin

Jim Stiles

The Univ. of Kansas

Dept. of EECS

2/17/2005

Example Admittance Calculations with the Smith Chart.doc

7/9

= 0 . 2 + j 0 .5 zin

z L = 1.6 + j 2.6

2 A

The input impedance is determined after rotating clockwise = 0.2 + j 0.5 . 2 A , and is zin Now, we can rotate this point 180D to determine the input : admittance value yin

Jim Stiles

The Univ. of Kansas

Dept. of EECS

2/17/2005

Example Admittance Calculations with the Smith Chart.doc

8/9

2 A
= 0 . 2 + j 0 .5 zin

yin = 0.7 j 1.7

The result is the same as with the earlier method- = 0.7 j 1.7 . yin Hopefully it is evident that the two methods are equivalent. In method 1 we first rotate 180D , and then rotate 2 A . In the second method we first rotate 2 A , and then rotate 180D --the result is thus the same! Now, the remaining equivalent circuit is:

Jim Stiles

The Univ. of Kansas

Dept. of EECS

2/17/2005

Example Admittance Calculations with the Smith Chart.doc

9/9

y1

z 2 = 1 .7 j 1 . 7

= yin 0.7 j 1.7

Determining y1 is just basic circuit theory. We first express z 2 in terms of its admittance y2 = 1 z 2 . Note that we could do this using a calculator, but could likewise and then rotate 180D ) to use a Smith Chart (locate z 2 accomplish this calculation! Either way, we find that y2 = 0.3 + j 0.3 .
= yin 0.7 j 1.7

y1

y2 = 0.3 + j 0.3

Thus, y1 is simply:
y1 = y2 + yin

= ( 0.3 + j 0.3) + ( 0.7 j 1.7 ) = 1 .0 j 1 . 4

Jim Stiles

The Univ. of Kansas

Dept. of EECS