MM2406/8441 _______________________________________________________________________________ SINGAPORE POLYTECHNIC 2011/2012 SEMESTER ONE EXAMINATION Diploma in Bioengineering 2nd Year (A) Full Time

Diploma in Mechanical Engineering 2nd Year (A) Full Time 4th Year (A) Evenings Only Diploma in Resort Facilities and Services Management 2nd Year (A) Full Time THERMOFLUIDS ll Time Allowed: 2 Hours

_______________________________________________________________________________ Instructions to Candidates 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. The examination rules set out on the last page of the answer booklet are to be complied with. This paper consists of 4 questions. Each question carries 25 marks. Answer all. Answer your questions on the answer booklet provided. A Steam Tables booklet is provided for this paper. This paper consists of 5 pages including 2 pages of appendix. For air, take Cv = 0.718 kJ/kgK, Cp = 1.005 kJ/kgK, R = 0.287 kJ/kgK, = 1.4

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1.

A diesel engine operating on the ideal dual combustion cycle has a compression ratio of 16:1. At the start of the compression stroke (point 1), the pressure is 1 bar and the temperature is 30 oC. The maximum cycle pressure reached is 80 bar and the maximum cycle temperature is 1450 oC. Sketch the p-V and T-s diagrams of this cycle (4 marks) and determine the: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) temperature (in K) at all the other points of the cycle, cut-off ratio, heat addition pressure ratio, heat added (in kJ/kg), heat rejected (in kJ/kg), net work done (in kJ/kg), thermal efficiency. (8 marks) (2 marks) (2 marks) (3 marks) (2 marks) (2 marks) (2 marks)

2.

A steam plant is designed to operate on a Rankine cycle with superheat and reheat. Steam enters the high-pressure turbine at 80 bar absolute and 425 oC (point 1), and undergoes isentropic expansion until its pressure reaches 20 bar absolute (point 2). To avoid a moisture problem the steam is then routed to a reheater where it is reheated at constant pressure to 300 oC (point 3) before expanding in the low-pressure turbine to a condenser pressure of 0.045 bar absolute (point 4). The isentropic efficiency of the lowpressure turbine is 80 %. The power output of the system is 50 MW. Neglect the feed pump work. Sketch the T-s diagram for the cycle (4 marks) and calculate the: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) net work output (in kJ/kg), heat supplied (in kJ/kg), mass flow rate of the steam (in kg/hr), thermal efficiency (in %), specific steam consumption (in kg/kWh). (13 marks) (2 marks) (2 marks) (2 marks) (2 marks)

3.

A single stage single cylinder air compressor has a swept volume of 0.055 m3/s. The clearance volume is 6 % of the swept volume. The suction conditions are 0.95 bar and 32 o C while the delivery pressure is 7 bar. The compression and expansion processes are polytropic with n = 1.32. The free air conditions are 1.01 bar and 25 oC. Draw the p-V diagram for this cycle (3 marks) and calculate the: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) induced volume (in m3/s), F.A.D (in m3/s), volumetric efficiency at inlet conditions, volumetric efficiency at F.A.D, mass flow rate (in kg/s), indicated power (in kW), compressor speed (in rpm) if the bore of the cylinder is 100 mm and its stroke is 150 mm. (6 marks) (2 marks) (2 marks) (2 marks) (2 marks) (5 marks) (3 marks)

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4.

(a)

Sea-water flows inside an inclined pipe. Section (1) of this pipe is 4 m above the ground. The diameter of the pipe is 0.2 m, the pressure is 100 kN/m2 and the velocity is 4 m/s. Section (2) of the pipe is 8 m above the ground and the pipe diameter is 0.4 m. Determine the: (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) volumetric flow rate of the sea-water (in m3/s), static and dynamic head at section (1) (in m of sea-water), total head at Section (1) (in m of sea-water), velocity (in m/s) and pressure (in kN/m2) at section (2). (2 marks) (4 marks) (2 marks) (7 marks)

(b)

A sea-water fire extinguisher has a nozzle at its exit. The sea-water from the nozzle hits a vertical wall. The nozzle diameter is 0.025 and the mass flow rate of the jet is 5 kg/s. Calculate the force acting on the wall. (10 marks)

[The density of sea-water is 1040 kg/m3. The acceleration due to gravity, g = 9.81 m/s2]

Nozzle sea-water Jet Vertical wall

. Diagram for Question 4(b)

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Appendix - Table of Formulae Constant P P=C

V1 V2 = T1 T2

Constant V V=C
p1 p = 2 T1 T2

Constant T T=C
p1V1 = p2V2

Polytropic

Adiabatic

Equation of state

p1V1n = p 2V2n p1V1 pV = 2 2 T1 T2 T2 p =( 2 ) T1 p1

n 1 n

p1V1 = p2V2 p1V1 pV = 2 2 T1 T2

=(

p V1 n 1 T2 =( 2) ) T1 p1 V2

=(

V1 1 ) V2

mCv(T2 T1)

mCv(T2 T1)

mCv(T2 T1)

mCv(T2 T1)

p (V2 V1 ) mR (T2 T1 )

p1V1 ln (

V2 ) V1 V2 ) V1

mRT ln (

p1V1 p2V2 n 1 mR(T1 T2 ) n 1

U +W

p1V1 p2V2 1 mR (T1 T2 ) 1

mCp(T2 T1)

mCv(T2 T1)

mCpln(

T2 ) T1

mCvln(

T2 ) T1

mRln(

V2 ) V1

mCvln(

T2 )+ mRln( T1 V2 ) V1

For air, take Cv = 0.718 kJ/kgK, Cp = 1.005 kJ/kgK, R = 0.287 kJ/kgK, = 1.4

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Appendix - List of Formulae

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pV = mRT
Vs =

power = mwnet
W = n mR (T2 T1 ) n 1
indicated work shaft work shaft power input power

d 2l
4

rv =

v1 v2 v s + vc vc
v3 v4 ; v2 v3

rv =

motor iso
=

isothermal work indicated work

k=

p3 p2

p c V cn = p d V dn

Wnet TH = Q s

paVFAD p (V Vd ) = 1 a Ta T1

h = hf + xhfg

v v

V FAD Vs
V a V d Vs

s = sf + xsfg
x x1 y y1 = x 2 x1 y 2 y1
S .S .C . =
isen

F = m(V2 V1 )

3600 wnet

p = gh
p1 v12 p v2 + + z1 = 2 + 2 + z 2 g 2 g g 2 g

actual work = isentropic work

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Q1) 918.52, 1515.09, 598.33, 1.137, 1.65, 637.29, 212.05, 425.24, 0.667 Q2) 1285.03, 140074.1, 3618.82, 0.3551, 2.802 Q3) 0.0433, 0.0398, 0.787, 0.724, 0.047, 10.6 Q4) 0.126, 9.8, 0.816, 14.62, 1, 67.02, 48.95

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