Today various countries use remote sensing technology in a widespread way to collect terrestrial (land-based) data, to study and identiIy geospatial objects in a short while. DiIIerent operating sensors and the great amount oI digital data acquired Irom these sensors with various characteristics, it is necessary to combine the data Irom diIIerent sensors in order to use the existing and available data optimally. This can be done by diIIerent data Iusion algorithms. While preserving the spectral speciIications, the combined new data enjoy a higher degree oI spatial resolution. For example color image oI LANDSAT TM sensor has several bands oI spectral inIormation but with low spatial resolution and on the other hand Spot pan-chromatic image is a high resolution image. Since remote-sensing data are very widespread and since there are various methods and algorithms Ior combination oI pictures and as there are special advantages Ior each algorithm along with ever-growing need to use oI this technique, as a result the research about this Iield oI study becomes more sophisticated. In this research aIter producing a mosaic oI satellite image, diIIerent data Iusion algorithms are tested to Iind the appropriate optimal one. Two LANDSAT ETM
images were used to build the mosaic image
and then it is Iused with a panchromatic band oI HRV (SPOT 4) image. Various image Iusion methods such as IHS, Brovey, and PCA have been investigated. The Iinal results are assessed regarding spatial and spectral quality.
1. INTRODUCTION Numerous earth observation satellites collect data Irom Earth surIace. The collected images have diIIerent spatial, spectral and temporal resolutions. For optimal use oI these multi-sensor data various Iusion methods have been proposed by researchers. These methods help combination oI diIIerent image sources having both higher spatial and spectral resolution which result in better discrimination oI terrestrial Ieatures and phenomena. (Lillesand & KieIer, 1979; Richards, 1993; Homayouni, 1999). In image Iusion, at Iirst all the images are geometrically and radiometrically corrected. Then both images should be registered to each other with high precision. AIter that, by using various data Iusion methods like PCA, IHS and Brovey both images will be Iused.
2. APPLIED FUSION METHODS 2.1 Principal Component Analysis (PCA) Principal component analysis or hotelling transIormation is a statistical approach based on eigen vectors and values (Gonzalez & Woods, 1992; Gonzalez, & Wintz, 1987) which basically is used Ior data dimension reduction (Lillesand & KieIer, 1979). Furthermore PCA is used as an intermediate stage in other types oI processing such as image classiIication, changes detection and data Iusion (Ruiz-Armenta & Prol- Ledesma, 1998; Harrison & Jupp, 1990). PCA can be carried out in two ways: Standard or Optional. In Standard Method all available bands participate in Iusion process. But in Optional PCA a group oI bands are combined due to correlation matrix or type oI application and use (Pohl & Genderen, 1998; Ruiz- Armenta & Prol-Ledesma, 1998; Chavez & Kwarteng, 1989; Chavez, 1986).
2.2 Brovey Method Brovey method is introduced by Bob Brovey (Earth Resource Mapping Pty Ltd, 1990; Abedini, 2000). In this method each band is divided into all the layers and this normalizes band data. Then it is multiplied with panchromatic band to achieve a Iused image.
2.3 Intensity, Hue and Saturation (IHS) Method The base concept oI IHS method is replacing the intensity band oI Irom the low resolution image with a high resolution panchromatic band (Karimi, 1999) which is a simulation Irom color perception by human being. We can carry out the IHS transIormation by contrast enhancement oI each oI I, H, S channels to improve the Iinal results. Today IHS method has been used in image interpretation, color-improvement oI totally-correlated data, spatial resolution improvement, and Iusion oI various data sources (Schetselaar, 1998).
3. METHODOLOGY The study place is Varzaneh area in South Eastern IsIahan, Iran. It is located between longitudes oI 52 12 to 59 to 53 6 30 and between latitude oI 32 6 3 to 32 37 25 . Remote sensing satellite images oI Spot, and Landsat ETM is used Ior Iusion purpose. Landsat images are acquired in the year 2001 with index numbers oI 163-38 & 16337 and Spot image is acquired in 1993. The 1/50000 maps are used Ior georeIerencing oI the Landsat ETM. Also the 1/25000 maps have been used Ior georeIerencing oI Spot image. Spot and Landsat images are geometrically corrected using control points extracted Irom the maps. Then the mosaic image is carried out by using the common points in overlapped area oI the two Landsat images. Histogram equalization is carried out in the overlapping area to increase the radiometric quality in the
overlapping area. Then both mosaic image oI Landsat and Spot image are coregistered to reach a high quality Iusion result. Now mentioned Iusion methods could be applied on the coregistered images. The result oI applying PCA, Brover and IHS methods is shown in the subset shown in Iigure 1. The road junctions and some well known objects are extracted in ERMapper soItware and compared with base map to calculate the geometric accuracy oI the resultant image Irom each Iusion method. Table 1 illustrates the achieved spatial accuracy Ior PCA, Brovey and IHS method. For radiometric quality control oI the Iused images three indexes will be examined over the Iusion results.
Figure 1. Result oI applying diIIerent Iusion algorithms
Table 1. Spatial accuracy achieved Ior each Iusion method
3.1 First Index In this index, the diIIerence between mean gray scale values oI the Iused image and original image is considered as an index Ior comparing the results.
(1)
Figure 2. Result oI applying Iirst index on the Iusion results i fused is the band i oI the Iusion result and i ms is band i Irom the original input multispectral image. The result oI applying the above mentioned index is shown in Iigure 2. From the results, it is obvious that by applying Iirst index, the Iused image by IHS method has the least diIIerence with the original Landsat ETM image.
3.2 Second Index In this index, the diIIerence between standard deviation oI gray scale values oI the Iused image and original image is considered as an index Ior comparing the results.
(2)
i fused is the band i oI the Iusion result and i ms is band i Irom the original input multispectral image. The result oI applying the second index is shown in Iigure 3.
Figure 3. Result oI applying second index on the Iusion results
From the Iigure 3, it could be concluded that by applying second index, the Iused image by Brovey method has the least diIIerence with the original Landsat ETM image.
3.3 Third Index In this index, the normalized absolute diIIerence between gray scale values oI the Iused image and original image is considered as an index Ior comparing the results.
(3)
f i F , is the value oI pixel (i,j) Irom the Iused image and f i MS , is the corresponding pixel Irom the input multispectral image. The result oI applying the second index is shown in Iigure 4. From the Iigure 4, it could be concluded that by applying second index, the Iused image by IHS method has the least diIIerence with the original Landsat ETM image.
Figure 4. Result oI applying third index on the Iusion results
4. CONCLUSIONS In this paper, we examined three diIIerent Iusion methods and also the resultant Iused images are evaluated geometrically with reIerence maps and radiometric quality by three diIIerent indexes. According to the achieved results Irom the tables and Iigures, it can be conclude that considering the geometric aspect IHS shows a higher spatial accuracy. Also Irom the radiometric aspect, it can be deduced that mainly IHS has better results. For Iuture works, we are interested in using diIIerent image sources wit better Iusion algorithms like wavelet based methods. Also using other indexes might result in better accuracy control.
5. REFERENCE Abedini, M., 2000. Satellite image Iusion using Brovey. MSc thesis, Goematics engineering Iaculty, K.N.Toosi Univerisity oI Technology, Tehran, Iran. Chavez, P.S.Jr. Kwarteng, A.Y. 1989. Extracting spectral con- trast in Landsat Thematic Mapper image data using selective principal componenet analysis. Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote. Sensing, Vol. 55, No. 3, pp. 339-348. Chavez, P.S. 1986. Digital merging oI Landsat TM and digi- tized NHAP data Ior 1:24,000-Scale image mapping. Photo- grammetric Engineering & Remote. Sensing. Vol. 52, No. 10, PP. 1637-1646. Earth Resource Mapping Pty Ltd, 1990. The Brovev transform explained. EMU Forum. Vol. 2, No. 11, available in www.Ermapper.com/Iorum,new/emuI2-11 htm#aiticle5. Gonzalez, R.C. and Wintz, P. 1987. Digital image processing. 2nd Ed., Addison Wesley. Gonzalez, R.C. and Woods, R.E. 1992. Digital image process- ing. 3rd Ed., Addison Wesley. Harrison, B.A. and Jupp, D.L.B. 1990. Introduction to image processing. MicroBRIAN Resource Manual Part. CSRIO Pub- lications. Homayouni, S., 1999. Evaluation oI satellite image Iusion Ior classiIication improvement purpose Ior IsIahan city, Iran. MSC. thesis ,Tarbiat Modares Univerisity, Tehran, Iran. Karimi Ashtiani, M., 1999. Fusion oI Spot and Landsat TM im- ages using wavelet transIorm over Tehran city. MSc. Thesis ,Tarbiat Modares Univerisity, Tehran, Iran. Lillesand, T.M. and KieIer, R.W. 1979. Remote sensing and image interpretation. 2nd Ed., John Wiley & Sons. Pohl, C. and Van Genderen, J.L. 1998. Multisensor image Iu- sion in remote sensing: Concepts, methods and application. In- ternational Journal of Remote Sensing, Vol. 19, No. 5, pp. 823- 854. Richards, J.A. 1993. Remote sensing digital image processing. An introduction. 2 nd Ed., Springer-Verlag. Ruiz-Armenta, J.R. and Prol-Ledesma, R.M. 1998. Techniques Ior enhancing the spectral response oI hydrothermal alteration minerals in Thematic Mapper image oI central Mexico. Interna- tional Journal of Remote Sensing, Vol. 19, No. 10, pp. 1981- 2000. Schetselaar, E.M. 1998. Fusion by the IHS transIorm: Should we use cylindrical or spherical coordinates. International Jour- nal of Remote Sensing, Vol. 19, No. 4, pp. 759-765.
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