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http://www.groundloss.com/theory/
Content Analyses in program Ground Loss Analysis of subsidence trough Volume loss Recommended values of parameters for volume loss analysis Classical theory Analysis for layered subsoil Shape of subsidence trough Coefficient of calculation of inflection point Subsidence trough with several excavations Analysis of subsidence trough at a depth Calculation of other variables Analysis of failure of buildings Tensile cracks Gradient damage Relative deflection Failure of a section of building
Volume loss
The volume loss method is a semi-empirical method based partially on theoretical grounds. The method introduces, although indirectly, the basic parameters of excavation into the analysis (these include mechanical parameters of a medium, technological effects of excavation, excavation lining etc) using 2 comprehensive parameters (coefficient k for determination of inflection point and a percentage of volume loss VL). These parameters uniquely define the shape of subsidence trough and are determined empirically from years of experience.
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The maximum settlement Smax , and location of inflection point Linf are provided by the following expressions:
where: A - excavation area Z - depth of center point of excavation k - coefficient to calculate inflection point (material constant) VL - percentage of volume loss The roof deformation ua follows from:
normaly consolidated clay 0,5 overconsolidated clay clay slate quartzite 0,6-0,7 0,6-0,8 0,8-0,9
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Several relationships were also derived to determine the value of lost volume VL based on stability ratio N defined by Broms and Bennermarkem:
where: v - verall stress along excavation axis t - excavation lining resistance (if lining is installed) Sn - undrained stiffness of clay For N < 2 the soil/rock in the vicinity of excavation is assumed elastic and stable. For N
< 2,4 local plastic zones begin to develop in the vicinity of excavation, for N < 4,6 a large plastic zone develops around excavation and for N = 6 the loss of stability of tunnel face occurs. Figure shows the dependence of stability ration and lost volume VL.
Classical theory
Convergence analysis of an excavation and calculation of the maximum settlement in a homogeneous body are the same for all classical theories. The subsidence trough analyses then differ depending on the assumed theory (Peck, Fazekas, Limanov). When calculating settlement the program first determines the radial loading of a circular excavation as:
where: z - geostatic stress in center of excavation Kr - coefficient of pressure at rest of cohesive soil The roof ua and the bottom ub deformations of excavation follow from:
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E - modulus of elasticity of rock/soil in vicinity of excavation - Poisson's number of rock/soil in vicinity of excavation
The maximum terrain settlement and the length of subsidence trough are determined as follows:
where: Z - depth of center point of excavation r - excavation radius E - modulus of elasticity of rock/soil in vicinity of excavation - Poisson's number of rock/soil in vicinity of excavation When the tunnel roof displacement is prescribed the maximum settlement is provided by the following expression:
where: Z - depth of center point of excavation r - excavation radius ua - tunnel roof displacement - Poisson's number of rock/soil in vicinity of excavation
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The next computation differs depending on the selected analysis theory: Solution after Limanov Limanov described the horizontal displacement above excavation with the help of lost area F:
F L
where: L - length of subsidence trough F - volume loss of soil per 1 m run determined from:
where: Lint - length of subsidence trough along interfaces above excavation Sint - settlement of respective interface Solution after Fazekas Fazekas described the horizontal displacement above excavation using the following expression:
where: L - length of subsidence trough Lint - length of subsidence trough along interfaces above excavation Sint - settlement of respective interface Solution after Peck Peck described the horizontal displacement above excavation using the following expression:
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where: Lint - length of subsidence trough along interfaces above excavation Sint - settlement of respective interface Linf - distance of inflection point of subsidence trough from excavation axis at terrain surface
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The coefficient for calculation of inflection point is inputted in the frame "Project".
where: L - length of subsidence trough at terrain surface r - excavation radius Z - depth of center point
z - analysis depth
The values l and S are then used to determine the shape of subsidence trough in overburden above an excavation.
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where: x - distance of point x from axis of excavation s(x) - settlement at point x Z - depth of center point of excavation The horizontal displacements are determined in a differential way along the x axis and in the transverse direction they can be expressed using the following equation:
where: x - distance of point x from axis of excavation s(x) - settlement at point x Z - depth of center point of excavation
Tensile cracks
One of the causes responsible for the damage of buildings is the horizontal tensile strain. The program highlights individual parts of a building with a color pattern that corresponds to a given class of damage. The maximum value of tensile strain is provided in the text output. The program offers predefined zones of damage for masonry buildings. These values can be modified in the frame "Settings". Considerable experience with a number of tunnels excavated below build-up areas allowed for elaborating the relationship between the shape of subsidence trough and damage of buildings to such precision that based on this it is now possible to estimate an extent of compensations for possible damage caused by excavation with accuracy acceptable for both preparation of contractual documents and for contractors preparing proposals for excavation of tunnels. Recommended values for masonry buildings from one to six floors are given in the following table.
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Medium damage, functional Cracks in walls, problems with windows and doors Large damage Wide open cracks in bearing walls and beams
Gradient damage
One of the causes leading to the damage of buildings is the slope subsidence trough. The program highlights individual parts of a building with a color pattern that corresponds to a given class of damage. The maximum value of tensile strain is provided in the text output. The program offers predefined zones of damage for masonry buildings. These values can be modified in the frame "Settings". Considerable experience with a number of tunnels excavated below build-up areas allowed for elaborating the relationship between the shape of subsidence trough and damage of buildings to such precision that based on this it is now possible to estimate an extent of compensations for possible damage caused by excavation with accuracy acceptable for both preparation of contractual documents and for contractors preparing proposals for excavation of tunnels. Recommended values for masonry buildings from one to six floors are given in the following table.
Gradient
Gradient Damage Description Microcracks Cracks in plaster Small cracks in walls
1:1200 - 800 Microcracks 1:800 - 500 1:500 - 300 1:300 - 150 1:150 - 0
Little damage - superficial Little damage
Medium damage, functional Cracks in walls, problems with windows and doors Large damage Wide open cracks in bearing walls and beams
Relative deflection
Definition of the term relative deflection is evident from the figure. The program searches regions on buildings with the maximum relative deflection both upwards and downwards. Clearly, from the damage of building point of view the most critical is the relative deflection upwards leading to "tensile opening" of building.
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Relative deflection
Verification of the maximum relative deflection is left to the user the following tables list the ultimate values recommended by literature.
Type of structure Ultimate relative deflection /l Type of damage Burland and Wroth Meyerhof Polshin a Tokar Cracks in walls Unreinforced bearing walls Cracks in bearing structures For L/H = 1 - 0.0004 For L/H = 5 - 0.0008 For L/H = 1 - 0.0002 For L/H = 5 - 0.0004 0.0004 0.0004 SN 73 1001 0.0015
Type of structure
Ultimate relative deflection /l Type of damage Burland and Wroth Meyerhof Polshin a Tokar Cracks in walls For L/H = 1 - 0.0004 For L/H = 5 - 0.0008 For L/H = 1 - 0.0002 For L/H = 5 - 0.0004 0.0004 0.0004 SN 73 1001 0.0015
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