University of Sulaimani College of Science Dept.

of Geology

Well logging practical 4th Year Geology Lab No.-6-

Subject 6: Porosity Logs Lecture: Devan O. Hussein Objective: Interval transit time is related to formation porosity. Bulk density
related to formation porosity.

The Scientific contents: Porosity logs

Three main types of logging systems are used for porosity determination they are: 1-Sonic logs 2-Density logs. 3-Neutron logs. Porosity determination from an acoustic log is based upon the measurement of the travel time of an acoustic wave in the formation. When the travel time for the formation of interest is known porosity can be calculated, a variation in acoustic travel time (t) is measured in (sec/ft). The neutron log measures porosity () directly using, limestone as the reference. On the density log, gas appears as an apparent increase in porosity (decrease in bulk density b). The effects of changes in fluid saturation are predictable on the density log due to the relationship between porosity, formation density and fluid densities. 1-Sonic Log The sonic log is porosity log that measure the interval transit time (t, delta t, or DT) of a compression sound wave traveling through the formation along the axis of the bore hole. The interval transit time is dependent upon both lithology, and porosity. Therefore, a formations matrix interval transit time known to drive sonic porosity by the following equations: s=tlog-tma/ tf-tma (Wyllie et al. 1958). s=5/8* tlog-tma/tlog (Raymer et al. 1980) Where: s: Sonic-derived porosity

tma: Interval transit time in the matrix. tlog: Interval transit time in the formation. tf: Interval transit time in the fluid in the formation. Interval transit time in Dolomite matrix is 43.5 sec/ft, Limestone 47.5 sec/ft, Sandstone 55.51 sec/ft, anhydrite 50 sec/ft interval transit time in fluid 189 sec/ft fresh mud, and 185 sec/ft salt mud Porosities of carbonates with vuggy or fracture porosity are calculated by the Wyllie formula, porosity values are too low, this happens because the sonic logs only records matrix porosity rather than vuggy or fractures secondary porosity. The percentage of the vuggy or fracture secondary porosity can be calculated by sub-tracting sonic porosity from total porosity, total porosity values are obtained from one of the nuclear logs, (i e, density, neutron or preferably the combination of density and neutron). The percentage of secondary porosity called SPI or Secondary Porosity Index can be useful mapping parameter in carbonate exploration. In gas bearing formations: *0.7 In oil bearing Formation: *0.9 2-Density Log Density is measured in gram per cubic centimeter, g/cm3 or kg /m3. Two separate density values are used by the density log, the bulk density (b, RHOB) and the matrix density (ma). The bulk density is the density of the entiers formation (solid and fluid parts) as measured by logging tool. To determine density porosity either by chart or by calculation, the matrix density and type of the fluid in the formation must be known. The formula for calculation density porosity is : D= ma-b/ma-fl Where: D: Density derived porosity. ma: Matrix density. b: Formation bulk density (The log reading). fl: Fluid density. Matrix density, Dolomite 2.87g/cc, limestone 2.7g/cc, Sandstone 2.64 g/cc, anhydrite 2.97 g/cc and density of the fluid 1.0g/cc fresh mud, and 1.1g/cc salt mud. Ex (1): 1-from the log curves, read t the depth of (11626, 11656) 2-Calculate the Sonic porosity according to the chart and from equation. (the formation is dolomite rock, V dolomite=26000ft/sec) Ex(2)

1-Define the log curves 2-Determine the value of b at the depth (11626 and 11656) 3-Calculate the density porosity by equation and on the chart. f=1.1, ma=2.87