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CHEMISTRY
CHM2
Unit 2
Foundation Physical and Inorganic Chemistry
Thursday 10 June 2004 Morning Session
In addition to this paper you will require:
a calculator.
Mark
Number
Mark
1
2
Instructions
Use blue or black ink or ball-point pen.
Fill in the boxes at the top of this page.
Answer all questions in Section A and Section B in the spaces provided.
All working must be shown.
Do all rough work in this book. Cross through any work you do not
want marked.
The Periodic Table/Data Sheet is provided on pages 3 and 4. Detach this
perforated sheet at the start of the examination.
Information
The maximum mark for this paper is 60.
Mark allocations are shown in brackets.
This paper carries 30 per cent of the total marks for AS. For Advanced
Level this paper carries 15 per cent of the total marks.
You are expected to use a calculator where appropriate.
The following data may be required.
Gas constant R = 8.31 J K1 mol1
Your answers to the question in Section B should be written in
continuous prose, where appropriate. You will be assessed on your ability
to use an appropriate form and style of writing, to organise relevant
information clearly and coherently, and to use specialist vocabulary,
where appropriate.
3
4
5
Total
(Column 1)
Total
(Column 2)
TOTAL
Examiners Initials
Advice
You are advised to spend about 45 minutes on Section A and about
15 minutes on Section B.
APW/0204/CHM2
CHM2
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2
SECTION A
Answer all questions in the spaces provided.
(a)
Bond
Mean bond enthalpy/kJ mol
HO
OO
O=O
463
146
496
The bonding in hydrogen peroxide, H2O2, can be represented by HOOH. Use these
data to calculate the enthalpy change for the following reaction.
1
(b)
(c)
The enthalpy changes for the formation of atomic hydrogen and atomic carbon from
their respective elements in their standard states are as follows.
1
2H2(g)
H(g)
C(s) C(g)
(i)
H = +218 kJ mol1
H = +715 kJ mol1
By reference to its structure, suggest why a large amount of heat energy is required
to produce free carbon atoms from solid carbon.
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APW/0204/CHM2
APW/0204/CHM2
Lanthanides
89
Actinium
Ac
227
57
Lanthanum
La
138.9
39
Yttrium
88.9
21
Scandium
Sc
45.0
90 103 Actinides
* 58 71
88
Radium
Francium
87
Ra
226.0
223.0
Fr
56
55
Ba
Barium
132.9
Cs
38
137.3
37
Caesium
Sr
Strontium
Rb
85.5
Rubidium
20
87.6
19
Ca
Calcium
39.1
Potassium
12
40.1
11
Mg
Magnesium
Na
Sodium
24.3
23.0
Beryllium
Lithium
Be
9.0
II
72
Hafnium
Hf
178.5
40
Zirconium
Zr
91.2
22
Titanium
Ti
47.9
24
25
Tc
98.9
26
Ru
101.1
Iron
Fe
55.8
43
Nd
144.2
75
Rhenium
Re
186.2
44
Pm
144.9
76
Osmium
Os
190.2
Sm
150.4
77
Iridium
Ir
192.2
45
Rhodium
Rh
102.9
27
Cobalt
Co
58.9
Pa
Protactinium
Th
Thorium
91
231.0
232.0
92
Uranium
238.0
60
93
Neptunium
Np
237.0
61
94
Plutonium
Pu
239.1
62
Pr
140.9
74
Tungsten
183.9
42
Mo
95.9
59
90
Mn
54.9
Li
Lithium
6.9
Chromium Manganese
Cr
52.0
58
Cerium
Ce
140.1
73
Tantalum
Ta
180.9
41
Niobium
Nb
92.9
23
Vanadium
50.9
atomic number
Key
95
Americium
Am
243.1
63
Europium
Eu
152.0
78
Platinum
Pt
195.1
46
Palladium
Pd
106.4
28
Nickel
Ni
58.7
47
96
Curium
Cm
247.1
64
Gadolinium
Gd
157.3
79
Gold
Au
197.0
Silver
Ag
107.9
29
Copper
Cu
63.5
30
Cf
252.1
66
Dysprosium
Dy
162.5
81
Thallium
Tl
204.4
49
Indium
In
114.8
31
Gallium
Ga
13
69.7
50
Es
(252)
67
Holmium
Ho
164.9
82
Lead
Pb
207.2
Tin
Sn
118.7
32
Germanium
Ge
14
72.6
Silicon
Si
28.1
Carbon
12.0
IV
97
98
99
Bk
247.1
65
Terbium
Tb
158.9
80
Mercury
Hg
200.6
48
Cadmium
Cd
112.4
Zinc
Zn
65.4
Aluminium
Al
27.0
Boron
10.8
III
100
Fermium
Fm
(257)
68
Erbium
Er
167.3
83
Bismuth
Bi
209.0
51
Antimony
Sb
121.8
33
Arsenic
As
15
74.9
Phosphorus
31.0
Nitrogen
14.0
The atomic numbers and approximate relative atomic masses shown in the table are for use in the examination unless stated
otherwise in an individual question.
Li
1
6.9
Hydrogen
1.0
101
Mendelevium
Md
(258)
69
Thulium
Tm
168.9
84
Polonium
Po
210.0
52
Tellurium
Te
127.6
34
Selenium
Se
16
79.0
Sulphur
32.1
Oxygen
16.0
VI
102
Nobelium
No
(259)
70
Ytterbium
Yb
173.0
85
Astatine
At
210.0
53
Iodine
126.9
35
Bromine
Br
17
79.9
Chlorine
Cl
35.5
Fluorine
19.0
VII
He
10
103
Lawrencium
Lr
(260)
71
Lutetium
Lu
175.0
86
Radon
Rn
222.0
54
Xenon
Xe
131.3
36
Krypton
Kr
18
83.8
Argon
Ar
39.9
Neon
Ne
2
20.2
Helium
4.0
Table 1
Proton n.m.r chemical shift data
Type of proton
/ppm
RCH3
0.71.2
R2CH2
1.21.4
R3CH
1.41.6
RCOCH3
2.12.6
ROCH3
3.13.9
RCOOCH3
3.74.1
ROH
0.55.0
Table 2
Infra-red absorption data
APW/0204/CHM2
Bond
Wavenumber/cm1
CH
28503300
CC
7501100
16201680
16801750
CO
10001300
OH (alcohols)
32303550
OH (acids)
25003000
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(ii)
Parts (b) and (c) give enthalpy data for the formation of CH4(g), H(g) and C(g).
Use these data and Hesss Law to calculate the value of the enthalpy change for
the following reaction.
CH4(g) C(g) + 4H(g)
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(iii)
Use your answer from part (c)(ii) to calculate a value for the mean bond enthalpy
of a CH bond in methane.
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(5 marks)
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Number of
molecules
Energy
Ea
(3 marks)
(b)
(c)
At any time, most of the molecules of G have energy less than the activation energy.
Suggest why, at a constant temperature, most of G eventually decomposes.
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(2 marks)
(d)
State the effect, if any, of adding a catalyst on the time required for G to decompose,
compared with a similar sample without a catalyst. Explain in general terms how the
catalyst has this effect.
Time for decomposition .............................................................................................................
Explanation .................................................................................................................................
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(3 marks)
10
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Methanol can be formed on an industrial scale from carbon dioxide and hydrogen by a
reversible reaction as shown below.
CO2(g) + 3H2(g)
CH3OH(g) + H2O(g)
The reaction can be carried out in the presence of a chromium-based catalyst at a temperature
of 700 K and a pressure of 30 MPa. Under these conditions, equilibrium is reached when 2%
of the carbon dioxide has been converted.
(a)
How does the rate of the forward reaction compare with that of the backward reaction
when 2% of the carbon dioxide has been converted?
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(1 mark)
(b)
(i)
If the pressure was reduced but the temperature was kept the same, deduce what
would happen to the equilibrium yield of methanol. Explain your answer.
Yield ...................................................................................................................................
Explanation .......................................................................................................................
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(ii)
(c)
If the chromium-based catalyst was replaced with a more efficient catalyst but other
conditions were kept the same, deduce what would happen to the equilibrium yield of
methanol. Explain your answer.
Yield .............................................................................................................................................
Explanation .................................................................................................................................
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(2 marks)
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(d)
In the presence of a very efficient copper-based catalyst, this industrial process can be
operated at a lower temperature of 500 K and a pressure of 30 MPa. Under these
conditions, at equilibrium, more of the carbon dioxide is converted into methanol.
Use this information to deduce the sign of the enthalpy change for the reaction. Explain
your deduction.
Sign of enthalpy change .............................................................................................................
Explanation .................................................................................................................................
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(3 marks)
(e)
In the processes above, the equilibrium yield of methanol is low. Suggest what is done
with the unreacted carbon dioxide and hydrogen.
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(1 mark)
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10
(b)
In aqueous solution, bromine oxidises sulphur dioxide, SO2, to sulphate ions, SO24
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
Deduce a half-equation for the oxidation of SO2 in aqueous solution forming SO24
and H+ ions.
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(iv)
Use these two half-equations to construct an overall equation for the reaction
between aqueous bromine and sulphur dioxide.
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(5 marks)
(c)
Write an equation for the reaction of chlorine with water. Below each of the
chlorine-containing products in your equation, write the oxidation state of chlorine in
that product.
.......................................................................................................................................................
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(3 marks)
(d)
Give a reason why chlorine is not formed when solid potassium chloride reacts with
concentrated sulphuric acid.
.......................................................................................................................................................
(1 mark)
(e)
Write an equation for the reaction between solid potassium chloride and concentrated
sulphuric acid.
.......................................................................................................................................................
(1 mark)
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(f)
Solid potassium bromide undergoes a redox reaction with concentrated sulphuric acid.
(i)
(ii)
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12
SECTION B
Answer the question below in the space provided on pages 12 to 16 of this booklet.
(a)
Explain, with the aid of equations, how the silicon-containing impurity in iron ore is
removed in the Blast Furnace.
Identify the major impurity in the molten iron from the Blast Furnace and explain with
the aid of an equation how this element is removed from iron on an industrial scale.
(8 marks)
(b)
Describe how aluminium is manufactured from purified bauxite. Illustrate your answer
by writing equations.
State the major economic benefit arising from the recycling of aluminium. What is the
major problem associated with this recycling process?
(7 marks)
END OF QUESTIONS
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Copyright 2004 AQA and its licensors. All rights reserved.
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