Web Technology

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Unit 1
Structure: 1.1 Introduction Objectives 1.2 Concept of Internet History of Internet 1.3 Protocols of Internet 1.4 World Wide Web 1.5 URL 1.6 Web Server 1.7 Web Browser 1.8 Summary 1.9 Glossary 1.10 Terminal Questions 1.11 Answers

Web Basics

1.1 Introduction
Today Internet is everywhere, it is growing rapidly worldwide. Using Internet we can connect our self to anywhere. The World Wide Web is a big part of the Internet; to understand the World Wide Web (WWW), one first has to understand its home the Internet: it is a shared global computing network. The World Wide Web (WWW) is the universe of network-accessible information, and an example of human knowledge. The web has been built on a body of software, and a set of protocols and conventions, which makes it easy for anyone, through the use of hypertext and multimedia techniques, to roam, browse, and contribute to it. Although information on the Web was intended to be useful and accessible, the website is made for a multiplatform environment, with little support for the display, but todays Web requires a better position control. In this unit we will help you to know about some updated web browser and server also. We will discuss about URL, it contains protocol identifier and resource name. The Internet is the global network of computers that can communicate through Internet Protocol. Like a language, Internet Protocol is a set of rules that direct how two machines can be connected. Internet

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protocol is the common language of the Internet, and it facilitates the use of everything from computers to televisions, cell phones and satellites. Objectives: After studying this unit, you will be able to: understand world wide web explain Internet describe the concept of web browser and web server list out various protocols of Internet define URL

1.2 Concept of Internet

The Internet is the global "Network of Networks," linking thousands of computer networks together. Because the Internet is a global network of computers each computer connected to the Internet must have a unique address. Internet addresses are in the form xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx where xxx must be a number from 0 - 255. This address is known as an IP (Internet Protocol) address. Below figure 1.1 shows the Internet address.

Figure 1.1: Internet Address

The above figure shows two computers connected to the Internet; your computer with IP address 1.2.3.4 and another computer with IP address 5.6.7.8. The Internet is represented as an abstract object in-between. Every computer that is connected to the Internet is part of a network, even the one in your home. For example, you may use a modem and dial a local number to connect to an Internet Service Provider (ISP). At work, you may be part of a local area network (LAN), but you most likely still connect to the Internet using an ISP that your company has contracted with. When you connect to your ISP, you become part of their network. The ISP may then
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connect to a larger network and become part of their network. So we can say that the Internet is simply a network of networks. Figure 1.2 shows how computer network work.

Figure 1.2: Computer Network Hierarchies

Most large communications companies have their own dedicated backbones connecting various regions. In each region, the company has a Point of Presence (POP). The POP is a place for local users to access the company's network, often through a local phone number or dedicated line. The amazing thing here is that there is no overall controlling network. Instead, there are several high-level networks connecting to each other through Network Access Points (NAP). it is an Interconnection of computers and computer networks using TCP/IP communication protocol. 1.2.1 History of Internet The Internet was the result of some visionary thinking by people in the early 1960s, which saw great potential value in allowing computers to share information on research and development in scientific and military fields. J.C.R. Licklider of MIT, first proposed a global network of computers in
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1962, and moved over to the Defence Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) in late 1962 to head the work to develop it. Roberts moved over to DARPA in 1966 and developed his plan for ARPANET. The first networking protocol used on the ARPANET was the Network Control Program. In 1983, it was replaced with the TCP/IP protocol invented by Robert Kahn, Vinton Cerf, and others, which quickly became the most widely used network protocol in the world. In 1990, the ARPANET was retired and transferred to the NSFNET. The NSFNET was soon connected to the CSNET, which linked Universities around North America, and then to the EUnet, which connected research facilities in Europe. Thanks in part to the NSF's enlightened management, and fuelled by the popularity of the web, the use of the Internet exploded after 1990, causing the US Government to transfer management to independent organizations starting in 1995. Self Assessment Questions 1. The ____________ is the global "Network of Networks," linking thousands of computer networks together. 2. In _____, the ARPANET was retired and transferred to the NSFNET. 3. ISP stands for _______________.

1.3 Protocols of Internet

The internet is based on a large number of protocols and conventions. Internet protocols are popular open-system protocol suites. They are used to communicate across interconnected networks. Each such protocol is explained in the technical publication called a request for comment (RFC). An RFC is usually a detailed technical explanation of how something is supposed to work, not an invitation for people to send in comments. Each RFC is given a number and is made available to anyone who wants to read it. TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) and IP (Internet Protocol) are well known communication protocols. The Internet protocols not only houses TCP and IP, but also applications like Email, Telnet, and file transfer. Above diagram shows the set of protocols of TCP/IP along with the corresponding OSI model. it shows all 7 layers of the networking and related protocols for the same. According to this diagram TCP and UDP protocols belongs to the transportation protocol. IP and ICMP are related to the
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network layer. Lets discuss some well-known protocol like TCP, UDP and IP in detail. TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) The TCP corresponds to the transport layer of OSI reference model, The TCP is known as a connection-oriented protocol, which means that a connection is established and maintained until such time as the message or messages to be exchanged by the application programs at each end have been exchanged. TCP makes sure data gets to the destination without errors. It is also responsible for disassembling and assembling the data. it divides large messages into smaller packets of at the most 15KB size. Each of this packet is called a segment. TCP numbers these segments and hand it over to IP layer. TCP is used along with the Internet Protocol (IP) to send data in the form of message units between computers over the Internet. While IP takes care of handling the actual delivery of the data, TCP takes care of keeping track of the individual units of data (called packets) that a message is divided into for efficient routing through the Internet. IP (Internet Protocol) IP is the protocol that controls how data moves around on the network. After TCP divides the message into segment, IP labels them with source and destination. These packets are now called IP datagrams. IP is the primary protocol in the Internet Layer of the Internet protocol suite and has the task of delivering datagrams from the source host to the destination host solely based on their addresses. IP also takes care of sending the datagrams by determining the route. These datagrams may hop several networks before reaching the destination. Below diagram 1.3 shows TCP/IP Communications.

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FTP, Telnet, SMTP SNMP

Application Program hands off message to TCP

Application Program receives the message

TCP/UDP

TCP disassembles messages into segments and hands off to IP

TCP disassembles messages and supplies to the application program

Routing protocols, IP, ICMP

IP wraps with labels and sends the datagrams to the destination

IP verifies the labels and hands off to TCP

Data grams

Data grams

Source Computer

Physical Connection

Physical Connection Destination Computer

Figure 1.3: TCP/IP Communications

In the above diagram 1.3, at the destination the IP verifies the labels and passes them to the TCP. The TCP checks if all the segments have been received. If any of the segments are missing it informs this to the source TCP and requests the segment to be sent again. It is called retry. After verification, the TCP assembles the message from these data segments and supplies to the destination program. UDP (User Datagram Protocol) UDP is connection-less transport layer protocol. The UDP port identifies various applications running on a device. UDP adds no reliability, flow control or error recovery. Each datagram is independent of others, and they may be lost by the networks or arrive out of order. A receiving system remains unaware of the sending of a datagram unless it arrives. UDP is
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used in situations where reliability is not required and it is helpful in multimedia and multicasting applications. HTTP The Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is a networking protocol for distributed, collaborative, hypermedia information systems. HTTP is the foundation of data communication for the World Wide Web. FTP (File Transfer Protocol) FTP is probably the most used resource on the Internet. It is a protocol which allows users on computer to transfer files to another computer or we can say to exchange files over the Internet. FTP works in the same way as HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) for transferring Web pages from a server to a user's browser and SMTP for transferring electronic mail across the Internet in that, like these technologies, FTP uses the Internet's TCP/IP protocols to enable data transfer. When you take a file from a remote machine down to your own machine, it is called a download. When the opposite happens and you place a file on a remote machine, it is called an upload. FTP is most commonly used to download a file from a server using the Internet or to upload a file to a server. SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) SMTP is used for sending E-mail messages between servers. Most e-mail systems that send mail over the internet use SMTP to send messages from one server to another, the messages can then be retrieved with an e-mail client. In addition, SMTP is generally used to send messages from a mail client to mail server. Self Assessment Questions 4. A ________ can be defined as an application software or program designed to enable users to access, retrieve and view documents and other resources on the Internet. 5. ____________ is a protocol which allows users on computer to transfer files to another computer or we can say to exchange files over the Internet. 6. __________ is connection-less transport layer protocol.

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1.4 World Wide Web

The World Wide Web and the Internet offer new horizons to reach modern global audience. The World Wide Web is a structure of interlinked hypertext documents accessed via the Internet. With a web browser, one can view web pages that may contain text, images, videos, and other multimedia and navigate between them via hyperlinks. It is a collection of internet resources, hyperlinked text, audio, and video files, and remote sites that can be accessed and searched by browsers based on standards such as HTTP and TCP/IP. Also called the web, it was created in 1989 by the UK physicist Tim Berners-Lee while working at the European Particle Physics Laboratory (called CERN after its French initials Conseil Europeen de Reserches Nucleaires) in Switzerland, as an easier way to access information scattered across the internet. Web Sites or web page Information on the Web is displayed in pages. the page is the basic unit of the web. Web pages are written in the HTML (HyperText Markup Language) language and sent to web browsers by a web server using the HTTP protocol. Pages also include hypertext links which allow users to jump to other related information. Hypertext is usually underlined and in a different color and can include individual words, sentences, or even graphics. A Web site is a collection of related Web pages with a common Web address. Web links Hypertext links are the threads that interconnect the web. Hypertext was first popularized by Ted Nelson, used by Douglas Engelbart, and implemented by Tim Berners-Lee. A link is also called a uniform resource locator (URL), and is a portion of text or graphic that transfers you to an associated web address when you click on it. The standard web link is underlined and in blue, although the underlining can be turned off and the default colour changed in most browser settings. Browsers sometimes give graphics with links a blue border. Web Addresses Web sites and the pages they contain each have a unique worldwide address. The address for Sikkim Manipal is www.smudde.edu.in. For most sites, this is all you need to specify and it defaults to the main page for the

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site. In some cases, you may also need or want to specify the path and file name such as www.smudde.edu.in/slmstructure. Note the extension .edu after smudde. There are six of extensions that help to divide the computers on the Internet into understandable groups or domains. These six domains include: .com = commercial, .gov = government, .edu = education, .org = organizations, .net = networks, .mil = military. There are also extensions for sites outside of the U.S. including: .jp = Japan, .uk = United Kingdom, .fr = France, and so on. HTML (Hypertext Mark-up Language) HTML is the simple and powerful language used to describe web pages, and is still used as the main interface language to the web. HTML is not a programming language, it is a mark-up language. A mark-up language is a set of mark-up tags. HTML uses mark-up tags to describe web pages. As web server and web browser are the parts of WWW. In section 1.5 and 1.6 we will discuss about web server and web browser respectively. Self 7. 8. 9. Assessment Questions Information on the Web is displayed in _________. HTML stand for ___________. The _______ is a structure of interlinked hypertext documents accessed via the Internet.

1.5 URL
Whenever we want to access any web site we need URL. URL stands for uniform resource locator. Meaning of URL Uniform Resource Locator, is a string of characters used to represent and identify a page of information on the World Wide Web that is used by a web browser such as Netscape or Internet Explorer to find HTTP, FTP, telnet, gopher and other resources on the Internet. A Uniform Resource Locator (URL) is a compact representation of the location and access method for a resource located on the Internet. Each URL consists of a scheme (HTTP, HTTPS, FTP, or Gopher) and a schemespecific string. This string can also include a combination of a directory path, search string, or name of the resource.

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A URL gives the address of a specific Web site or file on the Internet. There are no spaces or certain other characters in URL and it uses forward slashes to denote different directories. Some examples of URLs are http://www.manipal.com/, http://web.smudde.edu/, and ftp://info.manipal.com/. As you can see, not all URLs begin with "http". The first part of the address lets you know what protocol to use. If you were told to visit the URL "ftp://ftp.manipal.com/books.txt", you would be using the File Transfer Protocol (FTP) to download the file "books.txt" from a remote computer. If the URL was "http://10.0.0.1/file.html", you would be using Hypertext Transfer Protocol to read the document "file.html" on the Web. Here is a list of the different resource prefixes: http a hypertext directory or document (such as a Web page) ftp a directory of files or an actual file available to download gopher a gopher document or menu telnet a Unix-based computer system that you can log into news a newsgroup WAIS a database or document on a Wide Area Information Search database file a file located on your hard drive or some other local drive The second part of a URL (after the "://") contains the address of the computer being located as well as the path to the file. For example, in "http://www.manipal.com/Content/Reports/index.html," "www.manipal.com" is the address or domain name of the host computer and "/Content/Reports/index.html" is the path to the file. When an address ends with a slash and not something like ".html" or ".php," the Web server typically defaults to a file in the current directory named "index.html," "index.htm," or "index.php." So, if you type in "http://www.apple.com/" and "http://www.apple.com/index.html," you should get the same page.

1.6 Web Server

A Web server is a program that, using the client/server model and the World Wide Web's Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), serves the files that form Web pages to Web users whose computers contain HTTP clients that forward their requests. Web servers often come as part of a larger package of Internet- and intranet-related programs for serving e-mail, downloading
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requests for File Transfer Protocol (FTP) files, and building and publishing Web pages. Figure 1.4 shows the layered structure of web server.

Figure 1.4: Web Server

Web server architecture relies basically on the following principle: An operating system that manages hardware resources (the computer) and offers services to high level applications. A web server application and a database server application that use operating system services and offers services to high level applications. A web application that use web server and database server to generate dynamically web site contents. Here is a detailed and updated list of the most important and popular web servers: 1. Apache web server - the HTTP web server Free and the most popular web server in the world developed by the Apache Software Foundation. Apache web server is an open source software and can be installed and made to work on almost all operating systems including Linux, Unix, Windows, FreeBSD, Mac OS X and more. About 60% of the web server machines run the Apache web server. 2. Apache Tomcat The Apache Tomcat has been developed to support servlets and JSP scripts. Though it can serve as a standalone server, Tomcat is generally used along with the popular Apache HTTP web server or any other web server. Apache Tomcat is free and open source and can run on different operating systems like Linux, Unix, Windows, Mac OS X, Free BSD.
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3. Microsoft's Internet Information Services (IIS) Windows Server Internet Information Services (IIS) windows web server has been developed by the software giant, Microsoft. It offers higher levels of performance and security than Apache web server and Apache tomcat. It also comes with a good support from the company and is the second most popular server on the web. 4. Jigsaw web server Jigsaw (W3C's Server) comes from the World Wide Web Consortium. It is open source and free and can run on various platforms like Linux, Unix, Windows, Mac OS X Free BSD etc. Jigsaw has been written in Java and can run CGI scripts and PHP programs. 5. Oracle Web Tier It includes two web server options with reverse proxy and caching solutions that lead to quick serving of web pages and easy handling of even the most demanding http traffic. The iPlanet Web Server, for example, is a highperformance server with enhanced security and multithreaded architecture that scales well on modern 64-bit multiprocessors. 6. X5 (Xitami) web server The cross-platform X5 from iMatrix Corporation is the latest generation web server using the company's own multithreading technology (Base2) that makes it scalable to multi cores. As per the iMatrix, X5 can handle thousands of connections without difficulty and thus is useful for long polling in which connections from clients remain open for extended durations. Self Assessment Questions 10. URL stands for __________. 11. ___________ is an open source software and can be installed and made to work on almost all operating systems including Linux, Unix, Windows, FreeBSD, Mac OS X and more. 12. Internet Information Services (IIS) windows web server has been developed by the software giant, Microsoft. (True/False)

1.7 Web Browser

A web browser can be defined as an application software or program designed to enable users to access, retrieve and view documents and other resources on the Internet. A browser is an application which provides a
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window to the Web. All browsers are designed to display the pages of information located at Web sites around the world. The most popular browsers on the market today include Microsoft's Internet Explorer and Netscape Navigator. Diagram 1.5 shows a brief overview of the most commonly used features of a browser:

Figure 1.5: Features of a web browser

In the above figure 1.5 we have discussed various features of web server we can move our page forward or back We can go back to your home. Retrieve the page again Search for a text string in the document. Browser can tell you where you are and allows We can use scroll bar for moving page List of web browsers: Here is a list of the most commonly used Web Browsers. 1. Internet Explorer: Windows Internet Explorer (formerly Microsoft Internet Explorer, commonly abbreviated IE or MSIE) is a series of graphical web browsers developed by Microsoft and included as part of the Microsoft Windows line of operating systems, starting in 1995.
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Internet Explorer has been the most widely used web browser since 1999, attaining a peak of about 95% usage share during 2002 and 2003 with Internet Explorer 5 and Internet Explorer 6. 2. Google chrome: Google Chrome is a web browser developed by Google that uses the WebKit layout engine. It was first released as a beta version for Microsoft Windows on September 2, 2008, and the public stable release was on December 11, 2008. The name is derived from the graphical user interface frame, or "chrome", of web browsers. Chrome uses the WebKit engine and is similar to the default web browser on the Android mobile phone platform. Chrome was assembled from 25 different code libraries from Google and third parties such as Mozilla's Netscape Portable Runtime, Network Security Services, NPAPI, as well as SQ Lite and a number of other open-source projects. 3. Mozilla Firefox: Mozilla Firefox is a free and open source web browser descended from the Mozilla Application Suite and managed by Mozilla Corporation. According to Wikipedia and simple Linux GNU/Linux, as of March 2011, Firefox is the second most widely used browser, particularly in Germany and Poland, where it is the most popular browser with 60% usage and 47% respectively. Mozilla has now officially released version 5 of its browser in over 70 languages. The new Firefox version adds support for CSS (cascading style sheets) animations to enable developers to build more intuitive Web applications and websites. The HTTP idle connection logic has been tuned, as has canvas, JavaScript, memory, and networking performance. Other improvements include standards support for HTML5, XHR, Math ML, SMIL, and canvas, as well as spell checking for some locales. To display web pages, Firefox uses the Gecko layout engine, which implements most current web standards in addition to several features that are intended to anticipate likely additions to the standards. There are some features of Mozilla Firefox: tabbed browsing spell checking incremental find live bookmarking a download manager
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private browsing location-aware browsing based exclusively on a Google service and an integrated search system that uses Google by default in most localizations. 4. Opera web browser: Opera is a Web browser that provides some advantages over other browsers from Mozilla or Microsoft. Much smaller in size, Opera is known for being fast and stable. Opera is available for a number of operating systems, including BeOS, Symbian OS, Linux, Mac OS, OS/2, Solaris, and Windows. It offers the same capabilities of the more popular browsers including integrated searches and instant messaging, support for JavaScript, cascading style sheets and e-mail. It is possible to control all main functions of the browser using only the keyboard, and the default keyboard shortcuts can be modified. Opera also supports the use of access keys to allow a computer user to immediately jump to a specific part of a web page via the keyboard. Opera was also one of the first browsers to support mouse gestures, allowing patterns of mouse movement to trigger browser actions, such as "back" or "refresh". Fast, safe, functional, fun searching, and mouse gestures make Opera great browser.

1.8 Summary
In this unit we discussed the concept of internet. The "Internet" is not only your web email. The words "Internet" and "Web" are often used interchangeably. You can say that, the Internet would be everything that goes between computers, and the Web would be websites. Internet is helpful for us to make information available in a quick and easy manner, publicly accessible and within easy reach. People communicate, share data and work through the Internet all day, every day, without realizing that it is completely decentralized. The Internet supports to remove the borders on nations, and assisting in the process of globalization. We have explained various internet protocols like TCP/IP, SMTP, FTP, and UDP. We need protocols every time, when two different computers or programs need to agree on how they will communicate information between them and we need protocol when we want to download a file otherwise the computers will be unable to agree on which file should be downloaded. All the protocols are used for different functions. IP is the core of the TCP/IP protocol suite. IP provides the fundamental mechanism using which data is delivered
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between devices which may or may not be in the same network. We have discussed about some updated web servers and web browsers also.

1.9 Glossary
Term telnet Description Telnet is a user command and an underlying TCP/IP protocol for accessing remote computers. Through Telnet, an administrator or another user can access someone else's computer remotely. The Gopher protocol /ofr/ is a TCP/IP application layer protocol designed for distributing, searching, and retrieving documents over the Internet. A Gopher server presents its contents as a hierarchically structured list of files. A download manager is a computer program dedicated to the task of downloading (and sometimes uploading) possibly unrelated stand-alone files from the Internet for storage. Netscape Plugin Application Programming Interface (NPAPI) is a cross-platform plugin architecture used by many web browsers. SQLite is an ACID-compliant embedded relational database management system contained in a relatively small C programming library. Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) is an "Internet-standard protocol for managing devices on IP networks. Devices that typically support SNMP include routers, switches, servers, workstations, printers, modem racks, and more The Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) is one of the core protocols of the Internet Protocol Suite. It is chiefly used by the operating systems of networked computers to send error messages indicating, for example, that a requested service is not available or that a host or router could not be reached. ICMP can also be used to relay query messages. Network file system (NFS) is a network file system protocol originally developed by Sun Microsystems in 1984, allowing a user on a client computer to access files over a network in a manner similar to how local storage is accessed

gopher

download manager NPAPI

SQLite

SNMP

ICMP

NFS

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Gecko layout engine XDR

Gecko is a free and open source layout engine used in many applications developed by Mozilla Foundation and the Mozilla Corporation (notably Firefox web browser), as well as in many other open source software projects External Data Representation (XDR) is a standard data serialization format, for uses such as computer network protocols. It allows data to be transferred between different kinds of computer systems. The National Science Foundation Network (NSFNET) was a program of coordinated, evolving projects sponsored by the National Science Foundation. Gecko is a free and open source layout engine used in many applications developed by Mozilla Foundation and the Mozilla Corporation

NSFNET

Gecko layout engine

1.10 Terminal Questions

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Explain Internet hierarchy through suitable example? List out some updated web servers? What is the difference between TCP and UDP? Define TCP and IP communication through suitable diagram? Describe SMTP? List out some important features of Mozilla Firefox?

1.11 Answers
Self Assessment Questions 1. Internet 2. 1990 3. Internet Service Provider 4. Pages 5. Hypertext Mark-up Language 6. World Wide Web 7. Uniform Resource Locator 8. Apache web server 9. True 10. Web browser 11. FTP 12. UDP
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Terminal Questions 1. The Internet is the global "Network of Networks," linking thousands of computer networks together. Every computer that is connected to the Internet is part of a network, even the one in your home. For more details refer section 1.2. 2. Apache web server - the HTTP web server Apache tomcat, oracle web server, X5 web server. For more details refer section 1.5. 3. The TCP corresponds to the transport layer of OSI reference model, The TCP is known as a connection-oriented protocol and UDP is known as a connection less protocol. For more details refer sub section 1.7.1. 4. Figure 1.6 TCP/IP Communications. For more details refer sub section 1.7.2. 5. SMTP is used for sending E-mail messages between servers. Most e-mail systems that send mail over the internet use SMTP to send messages from one server to another, the messages can then be retrieved with an e-mail client. For more details refer sub section 1.7.6. 6. There are some features of Mozilla Firefox: tabbed browsing, spell checking, incremental find, live bookmarking, and a download manager. For more details refer section 1.6. References: 1. C.Xavier (2005), Web Technology Design, 1st ed, New age International publication. 2. Jeffrey C. Jackson, Pearson (2008), Web Technology: A computer science perspective, 2nd ed PHI publication. 3. N.P. Gopalan and J. Akilandeswari (2008), Web Technology: A Developers Perspective, 2nd ed, PHI publication. E-References: http://ces.iisc.ernet.in/hpg/envis/doc98html/infoint514.html retrieved on 26-07-2011. http://www.theshulers.com/whitepapers/internet_whitepaper/index.html retrieved on 25-07-2011. http://www.freesoft.org/CIE/Topics/5.htm retrieved on 26-07-2011.

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