COMPUTERS AND STRUCTURES, INC.

, BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA SEPTEMBER 2002

STEEL FRAME DESIGN BS 5950-2000

Technical Note Calculation of Factored Forces and Moments

This Technical Note explains how the program calculates factored forces when the user selects the BS 5950-2000 code. The factored member loads that are calculated for each load combination are Ft or Fc, M33, M22, Fv2, and Fv3 corresponding to factored values of the tensile or compressive axial load, the major moment, the minor moment, the major direction shear load, and the minor direction shear load, respectively. These factored loads are calculated at each of the previously defined stations. The factored moments in columns with compression are magnified for both Non-Sway and Sway frames. The factored moments in columns with tensile force are NOT magnified at all. The following description applies only to the columns with compression for any load combination. The magnification of moments about major and minor axes of bending follows the procedure described in this section. In the following description, either the major or the minor axis of bending is implied. Both moments about the major (3-3) and minor (2-2) axes of bending are magnified to get the biaxial design moments at a point for a load combination involving compression in the column. The factored moment obtained from analysis is separated into two components: the sway (Ms) and non-sway (Mns) moments. The sway moments are predominantly caused by lateral loads and are related to the cause of sidesway. The non-sway moments are predominately caused by gravity load. The sway and non-sway moments are multiplied by appropriate factors to get the magnified moments. For any load combination, the magnified moments at any station of a column can be obtained as: M = kns (Mns + kampMs). (BS 2.4.2.7, 2.4.2.8, 5.6.3, 5.6.4)

Reference

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Steel Frame Design BS 5950-2000

Calculation of Factored Forces and Moments

The previous equation applies equally for moments about the major (33) and minor (22) axes of bending, so the axes are not specified as subscripts. In the equation, the variables are defined as follows: M is the factor magnified moments to be used for design of the compression member. (Non-Sway moment) is the moment resulting from loads that cause no appreciable side-sway. In this program, the moments caused by gravity loads are taken as non-sway moments. (Sway moment) is the moment resulting from loads that cause appreciable side-sway. In this program, the moments caused by lateral loads are taken as sway moments. (Non-Sway factor) is the moment magnification factor for overall moment. The kns factor is taken as 1 in the program by default. However, this factor can be overwritten for each element in the Overwrites form.

Mns

Ms

kns

kamp (Sway factor) is the moment magnification factor for moments causing side-sway. The kamp factors are related to the relative story deflection (BS 2.4.2.7, 5.4.6.b). The kamp factor is taken as 1 in the program by default. However, this factor can be overwritten for each element in the Overwrites form. The introduction of the four factors, kamp and kns for both major and minor directions of bending, provides the designer with the flexibility of amplifying or not amplifying the moments. The default values of the kamp and kns factors can be used for Non-Sway frames (BS 2.4.2.6) and also for Sway frames, provided the "Effective Length Method" procedure is used (BS 2.4.2.7.a, 5.6.4.a). In those cases, appropriate values of the effective length factors should be determined (BS 2.4.2.6, 2.4.2.7.a, 5.6.3, 5.6.4.a, Annex E). On the other hand, if the "Amplified Sway Method" is used for design of Sway frames (BS 2.4.2.7.b, 2.4.2.8, 5.6.4.b), appropriate values for kamp should be computed by the user and should be used in the overwrites. In the latter case, the effective length factor can be taken conservatively as 1 (BS 5.6.4.b, Annex E). The use of kamp and kns as a means to amplify moment to include the "second order effect" is an approximate procedure. A better estimation of the second order effects can be obtained using P-delta analysis in the program.

Reference

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Steel Frame Design BS 5950-2000

Calculation of Factored Forces and Moments

The program assumes that it performs a P-delta analysis, and therefore, moment magnification factors kamp and kns are taken as unity. For the P-delta analysis, the load should correspond to a load combination of 1.2 dead load and 1.2 live load (White and Hajjar 1991).

Reference
White, D.W. and J.F. Hajjar. 1991. Application of Second-Order Elastic Analysis in LRFD: Research to Practice. Engineering Journal. American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc. Vol. 28. No. 4.

Reference

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