• Objectives:

1. To know the behavior of the resistors, coils, & capacitors in

the AC circuits.
2. To measure the reactance in indirect method for the
capacitors, & inductors.
3. To be familiar with the concept of the reactance of the coil &
the capacitor.
4. To measure the phase angle in the coil & the capacitors.

• Equipment:

1. Bread board.
2. Computer software PSpice.
3. Oscilloscope.
4. Function generator.
5. Wires.
6. Digital multimeter.
7. Resistors, capacitors, inductors.

• Contents:

1. The resistor in an AC circuit.

2. The coil in an AC circuit.
3. The capacitor in an AC circuit.

• Theory:

 The behavior of the resistor which converts electrical energy

into heat is independent of the direction of current flow and
independent of the frequency. So we see that the AC
impedance of a resistor is the same as its DC resistance.

 The reactance of the capacitor which store electrical energy

is dependent on the frequency, so we see that the impedance
of the capacitor is
Хc = 1 /2π fC.
Where:
ХL: The reactance of the capacitor, in ohms.
f: The frequency, in Hz.
C: The capacitance, in farads.

1
 The reactance of the inductor is dependent on the frequency,
so we see that the impedance of the inductor is
ХL = 2π f L.
Where:
ХL: The reactance of the inductor, in ohms.
f: The frequency, in Hz.
L: The inductance of the inductor, in henries.

2
 • Calculation & data analysis:

• The resistor in an AC circuit.

We connect the circuit shown in figure 10.1 & we set the generator to
generate a sinusoidal wave with effective value measured by the DMM
equals 5v & various frequencies & fill the table 10.1

Measured quantity
Frequency (Hz)

VA-C VB-C VA-B IR1 IR2 IR3

measure measure calculate calculate calculate calculated
d (v) d (v) d (v) d (mA) d (mA) (mA)

200 4.98 1.62 3.36 3.36 1.62 1.62

400 4.95 1.60 3.35 3.35 1.60 1.60
600 4.97 1.57 3.36 3.36 1.57 1.57
800 4.93 1.67 3.30 3.30 1.67 1.67
1000 4.98 1.64 3.34 3.34 1.64 1.64
Table 10.1

VA-B = VA-C - VB-C IR1 = VA-B/R1

VA-B = 4.98 – 1.62 = 3.36 v.
VA-B = 4.95 – 1.60 = 3.35 v.
VA-B = 4.97 – 1.57 = 3.36 v.
VA-B = 4.93 – 1.67 = 3.30 v.
VA-B = 4.98 – 1.64 = 3.34 v.
IR1 = 3.36/1000 = 3.36 mA.
IR1 = 3.35/1000 = 3.35 mA.
IR1 = 3.36/1000 = 3.36 mA.
IR1 = 3.30/1000 = 3.30 mA.
IR1 = 3.34/1000 = 3.34 mA.

IR2 = IR3 = VB-C/R

IR2 = 1.62/1000 = 1.62 mA.
IR2 = 1.60/1000 = 1.60 mA.
IR2 = 1.57/1000 = 1.57 mA.
IR2 = 1.67/1000 = 1.67 mA.
IR2 = 1.64/1000 = 1.64 mA.

3
 • The coil in an AC circuit.

We connect the circuit shown in figure 10.2 & we set the generator to
generate a sinusoidal wave with peak value measured by the oscilloscope
equals 3v & various frequencies & fill the table 10.2
Measured quantity
Reactance
Frequency Measured Calculated Calculated
according to
(kHz) voltage across current reactance
Measurement
Resistor (mV) (mA) (Ω)
s (Ω)
1.6 1050 10.5 102 100.5
3.2 735 7.35 188 201
4.8 530 5.3 300 301.6
6.4 410 4.1 417 402
8 330 3.3 542 502.6
9.6 310 3.1 584 603
11.2 260 2.6 716 703.7
12.8 230 2.3 822 804
14.4 200 2 960 904.8
16 180 1.8 1078 1005
Table 10.2
Φ = 90o = sin-1(b/a) = sin -1 1 = 90o at f = 16 KHz
ХL = 2π f L
ХL = 2π *1600*0.01 = 100 Ω.
ХL = 2π *3200*0.01 = 201 Ω.
ХL = 2π *4800*0.01 = 301 Ω.
ХL = 2π *6400*0.01 = 402 Ω.
ХL = 2π *8000*0.01 = 502 Ω.
ХL = 2π *9.600*0.01 = 603 Ω.
ХL = 2π *11200*0.01 = 703 Ω.
ХL = 2π *12800*0.01 = 804 Ω.
ХL = 2π *14400*0.01 = 905 Ω.
ХL = 2π *16000*0.01 = 1005 Ω.

I = VR/R ХL = (V-VR)/I
I = 1050/100 = 10.5 mA. ХL = (2.12-1.05)/(10.5*10^-3) = 102 Ω.
I = 735/100 = 7.35 mA. ХL = (2.12-0.735)/(7.35*10^-3) = 188 Ω.
I = 530/100 = 5.3 mA. ХL = (2.12-0.530)/(5.3*10^-3) = 300 Ω.
I = 410/100 = 4.1 mA. ХL = (2.12-0.410)/(4.1*10^-3) = 417 Ω.
I = 330/100 = 3.3 mA. ХL = (2.12-0.330)/(3.3*10^-3) = 542Ω.
I = 310/100 = 3.1 mA. ХL = (2.12-0.310)/(3.1*10^-3) = 584 Ω.
I = 260/100 = 2.6 mA. ХL = (2.12-0.260)/(2.6*10^-3) = 716 Ω.
I = 230/100 = 2.3 mA. ХL = (2.12-0.230)/(2.3*10^-3) = 822 Ω.
I = 200/100 = 2.0 mA. ХL = (2.12-0.200)/(2.0*10^-3) = 960 Ω.
I = 180/100 = 1.8 mA. ХL = (2.12-0.180)/(1.8*10^-3) = 1078 Ω.
4
 • The capacitor in an AC circuit.

We connect the circuit shown in figure 10.3 & we set the generator to
generate a sinusoidal wave with peak value measured by the oscilloscope
equals 3v & various frequencies & fill the table 10.3
Measured quantity
Reactance
Frequency Measured Calculated Calculated
according to
(Hz) voltage across current reactance
Measurement
Resistor (mV) (mA) (kΩ)
s (kΩ)
1600 185 1.850 1.05 1
800 105 1.050 1.90 2
530 70 0.700 2.93 3
400 52.2 0.522 3.96 4
320 40 0.400 5.20 5
265 35.5 0.355 5.87 6
225 31 0.310 6.75 7
200 25 0.250 8.38 8
180 23.5 0.235 8.92 8.8
160 22 0.220 9.50 10
Table 10.3
Φ = 90o = sin-1(b/a) = sin -1 1 = 90o at f = 160Hz
Хc = 1 /2π fC
Хc = 1 /(2π *1600*0.1*10^-6) = 1 kΩ
Хc = 1 /(2π *800*0.1*10^-6) = 2 kΩ
Хc = 1 /(2π *530*0.1*10^-6) = 3 kΩ
Хc = 1 /(2π *400*0.1*10^-6) = 4 kΩ
Хc = 1 /(2π *320*0.1*10^-6) = 5 kΩ
Хc = 1 /(2π *265*0.1*10^-6) = 6 kΩ
Хc = 1 /(2π *225*0.1*10^-6) = 7 kΩ
Хc = 1 /(2π *200*0.1*10^-6) = 8 kΩ
Хc = 1 /(2π *180*0.1*10^-6) = 8.8 kΩ
Хc = 1 /(2π *160*0.1*10^-6) = 10 kΩ

I = VR/R Хc = (V-VR)/I
I = 185/100 = 1.85 mA. Хc = (2.12-0.185)/(1.85*10^-3) = 102 Ω.
I = 105/100 = 1.05 mA. Хc = (2.12-0.105)/(1.05*10^-3) = 188 Ω.
I = 70/100 = 0.70 mA. Хc = (2.12-0.070)/(0.70*10^-3) = 300 Ω.
I = 52.2/100 = 0.522 mA. Хc = (2.12-0.0522)/(0.52*10^-3) = 417 Ω.
I = 40/100 = 0.40 mA. Хc = (2.12-0.040)/(0.40*10^-3) = 542Ω.
I = 35.5/100 = 0.355 mA. Хc = (2.12-0.0355)/(0.35*10^-3) = 584 Ω.
I = 31/100 = 0.31 mA. Хc = (2.12-0.031)/(0.31*10^-3) = 716 Ω.
I = 25/100 = 0.25 mA. Хc = (2.12-0.025)/(0.25*10^-3) = 822 Ω.
I = 23.5/100 = 0.235 mA. Хc = (2.12-0.0235)/(0.23*10^-3) = 960 Ω.
I = 22/100 = 0.22 mA. Хc = (2.12-0.022)/(0.22*10^-3) = 1078 Ω.
5
• Conclusions:

1. we see that the reactance of the capacitor goes to infinity in

DC circuit & it can represented by open circuit, & by short
circuit at infinite frequency.
2. we see that the reactance of the coil goes to zero in DC
circuit & it can represented by short circuit, & by open
circuit at infinite frequency
3. We see that the behavior of the resistor, which converts
electrical energy into heat, is independent of the direction of
current flow and independent of the frequency. So we see
that the AC impedance of a resistor is the same as its DC
resistance.
4. we see that the dissipated power to the capacitor & inductor
is zero because the load phase is 90o & cos 90 is zero.

6
• circuit connection:

7
 reactance Vs frequency for the coil

1200
1000
XL (Ω) 800
600
400
200
0
0 5 10 15 20
f KHz

reactance Vs frequency for the

capacitor
10
8
Xc (KΩ)

6
4
2
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000
f Hz