Program : Sciences Course Name: Course Objectives

M.Phil

Education/

MS-Library

Information

Applied Statistics in Education & Library Sciences

This course aims at introducing the students to business mathematics and build up a sound foundation for studying the higher mathematical subject of quantitative techniques and operational research. The course will be a valuable guide to business students who will be supposed to apply the modern mathematical techniques to solve a number of basic decision-making problems which they will encounter in their daily business transactions. Throughout the course the basic mathematical principles are explained, illustrated and applied in solving different financial and other related business problems with suitable examples.

Module No 1.
INTRODUCTION Meaning of Statistics Characteristics of Statistics Descriptive and inferential statistics Populations and samples PRESENTATION OF DATA Introduction Classification Aims of classification Basic principles of classification Tabulation Types of Tables Main parts of a table and construction Importance of statistics Observations and variables Variables Discrete and continuous variables Errors of measurement Frequency Distribution Class-Limits Class-boundaries Class-Mark Class width or interval Constructing a grouped Frequency Distribution Significant digits Rounding off a number Collection of Data Collection of primary data Collection of secondary data Editing of Data Cumulative frequency distribution Graphical Representation Frequency polygon Frequency Curve Cumulative Frequency polygon or Ogive Ogive for Discrete curves

MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY OR AVERAGES Introduction Criteria of a satisfactory Average Types of Averages The Arithmetic mean Mean from Grouped data Change of origin and scale The Geometric mean The harmonic mean The median Quantiles The mode Empirical relation between mean median and mode

TIME SERIES ANALYSIS Introduction Components of a time series Secular trend Seasonal variations Cyclical fluctuations Irregular or random variations Time series decomposition Analysis the secular trend The method of freshand curve The method of semi-averages The method of moving Averages The method of least-squares

Module No 2. Sampling Distribution

Sampling Distribution of the mean Central Limit Theorem Sampling Distribution of Difference between Means. Sampling Distribution of a Sample Proportion Estimation by Confidence Interval Confidence Interval Estimate of a Population Mean Interpretation of a Confidence interval Confidence Interval for Difference of Mean Confidence Interval for Population Proportion Hypotheses Sampling Distribution of Difference between Proportions. Estimates and Estimators Point Estimation Criteria for Good point Estimators Pooled Estimators from two or more Samples Confidence Interval for the Difference between Proportions One-Sided confidence Interval Sample size for Estimating Population Mean Sample size for Estimating Population Proportion Exercises.

Null and Alternative Hypotheses Simple and Composite Hypotheses Test-Statistic Acceptance and Rejection Regions Type I and Type II Errors The Power of a Test The significance One-Tailed and Two-tailed Tests Sample size when a and B are specified Formulation of Hypotheses General Procedure for Testing Hypotheses Tests Based on Normal Distribution Testing Hypothesis about Mean of a Normal Population when is Known

Testing Hypothesis about Mean of a Non-Normal Population when sample size is large Testing Hypotheses about difference between Two population Means Testing Hypotheses about a population Proportion when sample size is large Testing Hypothesis about Difference between Two proportion Testing Hypotheses about standard Deviation Large Samples Relationship between Confidence Interval and tests of Hypotheses.

The Students t-distribution Properties of Students tdistribution The t-tables Distribution of Difference of Sample Means: Small Samples and 1=2 Assumptions in Using tdistribution Confidence interval Estimates o Means From Small Sample. Small Sample Tests of Means Testing Hypothesis about Mean of a Normal population when is unknown and n<30 Testing hypotheses about difference of means of two normal populations when 1 2 but unknown Testing Hypotheses about difference of Means of two normal populations when 1 = 2 and unknown Testing hypotheses about two means with paired Observations

STATISTICAL INFERENCE IN REGRESSION AND CORRELATION Interval Estimation in Simple linear regression the Confidence interval Estimate of Population regression Coefficient

Confidence interval Estimate of a, the intercept of regression line. Confidence interval Estimate of mean value for a given value of X. Prediction interval of an individual y value for a given value of X. Hypothesis testing in the regression model Testing hypothesis about B, the population regression coefficient Testing Hypothesis about a, the intercept of population regression Testing hypothesis about mean value Testing hypothesis about population variance

Testing hypothesis about Equality of regression coefficient of two regression lines Testing hypothesis about the linearity of regression Confidence interval Estimate for population correlation coefficient Hypothesis testing about correlation coefficient Testing the hypothesis that p=p0 (0) Testing hypothesis about equality of two correlations Testing hypothesis about p=0 Testing hypothesis about the equality of several correlations

Recommended Books 1. 2. 3. MATHEMATICS FOR BUSINESS AND ECONOMICS --- Robert H. Nicholson. BUSINESS MATHEMATICS Mirza & Mirza 3rd Edition (1995): Farooq Kitab Ghar Karachi. STATISTICAL THEORY PART-I -- Sher Mohammad Chaudhry,