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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I take this golden opportunity to express my sincere thanks to Mr. Jagdeep Dhillon / Mr. Satyam. It gives me immense pleasure to express my gratitude towards all the esteemed engineers of Tata Teleservices Limited (TTSL), Mohali for their cooperation, constructive criticism, valuable guidance and constant encouragement. I am greatly indebted to Mr. Mandeep, Mr. Neeraj and Mr. Nitin for their invaluable suggestions and guidance. I am highly grateful to them for providing the required help whenever required. I am grateful to them for providing me with the well furnished labs, well working systems. Besides that there is also a complete collection of all latest RF Tools Both for planning and optimization. I am thankful to (HOD) for their help and cooperation. I express my deep
sense of gratitude towards my loving parents for their inspiring encouragement, great patience and unbound affection. It was a really good experience working in the TTSL and learning from such good and knowledgeable people. I hope it would be really helped to me in the near future.
INDEX
S. NO. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. CONTENTS Cover Page Acknowledgement Certificate from the Project Guide Index Vision Company Profile Introduction To Cellular Growth Network Overview CDMA HANDOFF CDMA Advantage Technical Department Hierarchy My Department RF Planning & Optimization Optimization PROJECT PAGE NO. 1 2 3 4 5 6-13 14-19 20-23 24-37 38-40 40-43 43 43-49 49-51 51-
VISION
Tata Indicom envisions a digital revolution that will sweep the country and bring about a New Way of Life. A digital way of life for a New India. With mobile devices, net ways and broadband systems linked to powerful digital networks, Tata Indicom will usher fundamental changes in the social and economic landscape of India. Tata Indicom will help men and women connect and communicate with each other It will enable citizens to reach out to their work place, home and interests, while on the move. It will enable people to work, shop, educate and entertain themselves round the clock, both in the virtual world and in the physical world Above all, Tata Indicom will pave the way to make India a global leader in the knowledge age.
COMPANY PROFILE
Our purpose in Tata is to improve the Quality of Life in India. We do this through leadership in sectors of National Economic Significance to which we bring a unique set of capabilities. This requires us to grow aggressively in focused areas of business. Our heritage of returning to society what we earn evokes trust among consumers, employees, shareholders and the community. This heritage will be continuously enriched by formalizing the high standards of behavior expected from employees and companies. The Tata name is a unique asset representing leadership with trust. Leveraging this asset to enhance group synergy and become globally competitive is the route to sustained growth and long term success The Tata Group operates business in seven key industry sectors. The chart below illustrates how, in percentage terms, Tata companies in each of these sectors contribute to the overall makeup of the group
The biggest deal ever done in the history of business is done by TATA that had bought the COROUS company with 12.1 billion
value added services like voice portal, roaming, post-paid Internet services, 3-way conferencing, CUG, Wi-Fi Internet services and data services. The company has exciting plans to launch prepaid FWP and public phone booths, new handsets, Push-To-Talk services (first across the world to partner with Qualcomm for BREW Chat), expand Wi-Fi across public hotspots, new voice & data services such as Java & BREW games, picture messaging, polyphonic ring tones, interactive applications like news, cricket, astrology, etc. Tata Teleservices has a strong workforce of 5500. The company is in the process of recruiting personnel for its 11 new circles and will create more than 20,000 jobs by March 2005, which will include 10,000 indirect jobs through outsourcing of its manpower needs Today, the company serves 16 lakh customers in over 50 towns. With an ambitious rollout plan both within existing circles and across new circles, Tata Teleservices will offer world-class technology and user-friendly services to over 1000 cities in 19 circles by March 2005 The company plans to offer a wide range of value added services on its CDMA network: 1. High-speed data connectivity 2. Content-based SMS services (astrology, news updates, etc) 3. Ring tones 4. Fundoo Dialing (voice portal) 5. Voice mail services 6. Call management services (call forward, call wait, call hold and call conferencing) 7. Web-based internet services A range of enterprise solutions (sales force automation, road warrior / VPN, etc)
The term cellular usually refers to wireless service that uses the 850 MHz block of frequencies. The term mobile refers to any wireless telephone. The terms mobile user and cellular user are synonymous. The cellular telephone industry has enjoyed phenomenal growth since its inception in 1983. In just one more example of the impossibility of projecting the adoption of new technologies, a widely accepted 1985 prediction held that the total number of cellular subscribers might reach as many as 900,000 by the year 2000. In fact, by the end of 1994 there were well over 20 million subscribers in the United States alone, and approximately 50 million worldwide. Recent annual subscriber growth rates have been as high as 40%, and it is believed that this growth rate could continue through the rest of the 1990s. International wireless communications markets are expanding at an even greater rate. In order to meet increasing demand for service, new digital cellular telephone systems have been introduced during the first half of the 1990s. As today's cellular operators move to adopt these new technologies in their systems, they demand:
Increased capacity within their existing spectrum allocation and easy deployment of any technology it takes to get them that capacity increase.
Higher capacities and lower system design costs (plus lower infrastructure costs) which will lead to a lower cost per subscriber. A lower cost per subscriber, combined with new subscriber features, which will help the operators to increase their market penetration. An increased market penetration, which will lead to an increase in number of subscribers and a system which offers support for that increased capacity. High quality calls must be maintained during the change to or migration to any new digital technology. Wireless service providers must squeeze more and more capacity from the
frequency spectrum that is allocated by national communications regulators. The basic analog technology is Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA). The standard for the first practical FDMA system in this country was the Advanced Mobile Phone Service (AMPS). With FDMA technology, additional capacity is gained by splitting cells and the use of various techniques to manage frequency interference. In many cases, the analog air-interface technology has reached its limit. When the limit is reached, service providers cannot add more cells for system capacity without sacrificing call quality. Wireless service providers that use analog air-interface technologies are not alone in the need to address capacity concerns. Additional spectrum capacity is made available for new Personal Communications Services (PCS) in the 2 GHz radio spectrum. PCS requires advanced digital technology to integrate Intelligent Network Services with wireless systems. In both cellular and PCS markets, data applications are becoming increasingly important, which further strain system capacity. New services must implement the most efficient technology available so that they may gain the maximum return on their investment and not be limited by capacity.
TDMA systems commonly start with a slice of spectrum, referred to as one "carrier". Each carrier is then divided into time slots. Only one subscriber at a time is assigned to each time slot, or channel. No other conversations can access this channel until the subscriber's call is finished, or until that original call is handed off to a different channel by the system.
The principle components of a CDMA network are: The Mobile: This is the part of the network that the subscriber will see. The radio access network: this is the part of the network which provides the radio interconnection from the mobile to the land based switching equipment. The network management center: this enables the network provider to configure and maintain the network from a central location. The switch: this consists of the mobile switching center (MSC).this is the part which provides for interconnection between the CDMA network and public switched telephone network (PSTN). Packet data network: this supports evolution towards an IP-based , peer-topeer network, providing circuit and packet data components.
MOBILE STATION
The mobile is the hardware used by the subscriber to access the cellular network. The subscriber is identified by a mobile identification number (MIN).The number is unique for the particular device and permanently stored in it. It is comprised of a country code a network code and a subscriber number.(404001725032451)
RESOURCE MANAGEMENT: The MM manages resource allocation and de allocation on a per call basis. Transcoder resources BTS resources
CDMA
INTRODUCTION The core idea that makes CDMA possible was first explained by Claude Shannon, a Bell Labs research mathematician Shannon's work relates amount of information carried, channel bandwidth, signal- to- noise- ratio, and detection error probability. It shows the theoretical upper limit attainable. CDMA is a unique method of wireless communication. There are unique aspects of this type of communication that impact repeaters. Understanding the basics of CDMA will help with repeater planning, installation, and optimization
Wireless communication systems use E&M waves to transmit signals through the air. When subscribers share the same frequency they will create interference. The amount of interference depends on what technique is used to reduce the interference
The resource: frequency The problem: interference The solutions: multiple access techniques
Each user signal must be kept uniquely distinguishable from other users signals, to allow private communications on demand Users can be separated through many ways: Physically: on separate wires By arbitrarily defined channels established in frequency, time, or any other variable imaginable CDMA(Code Division Multiplexing)
Fig 2.11 IS-95 uses a multiple access spectrum spreading technique called Direct Sequence (DS) CDMA. Each user is assigned a binary, Direct Sequence code during a call. The DS code is a signal generated by linear modulation with wideband Pseudorandom Noise (PN) sequences.
As a result, DS CDMA uses much wider signals than those used in other technologies. There is no time division, and all users use the entire carrier, all of the time. Multiple accesses mean that multiple, simultaneous users can be supported. In other words, a large number of users share a common pool of radio channels and any user can gain access to any channel. A multiple access method is a definition of how the radio spectrum is divided into channels and how channels are allocated to the many users of the system CDMA is a Spread Spectrum technique. Multiple users share the same frequency used in all the cells Operates in the presence of interference. Takes advantage of Multipath
Generating a CDMA signal.There are five steps in generating a CDMA signal: 1) Analog to digital conversion 2) Vocoding 3) Encoding and interleaving 4) Channelizing the signals 5) Conversion of the digital signal to a Radio Frequency (RF) signal 1) Analog to digital conversion The first step of CDMA signal generation is analog to digital conversion, sometimes called A/D conversion. CDMA uses a technique called Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) to accomplish A/D conversion. 2) Voice Compression The second step of CDMA signal generation is voice compression. CDMA uses a device called a vocoder to accomplish voice compression. The term "vocoder" is a contraction of the words "voice" and "code." Vocoders are located at the BSC and in the phone. How compression works :
People pause between syllables and words when they talk. CDMA takes advantage of these pauses in speech activity by using a variable rate vocoder. 3) Encoding and interleaving Encoders and interleavers are built into the BTS and the phones. The purpose of the encoding and interleaving is to build redundancy into the signal so that information lost in transmission can be recovered. 4) Channelizing The encoded voice data is further encoded to separate it from other encoded voice data. The encoded symbols are then spread over the entire bandwidth of the CDMA channel. This process is called channelization.The receiver knows the code and uses it to recover the voice data. 5) Digital to analog conversion: After the CDMA signal is transmitted, the receiver must reverse the signal generation process to recover the voice, as follows: 1. Conversion of RF signal to digital signal 2. Dispreading the signal 3. Deinterleaving and decoding 4. Voice decompression 5. Digital to analog conversion
In both cases synchronization of transmitter and receiver is required. Both forms can be regarded as using a pseudo-random carrier, but they create that carrier in different ways. Direct sequence spread spectrum CDMA uses a form of direct sequence. Direct sequence is, in essence, multiplication of a more conventional communication waveform by a pseudo-noise (PN) 1 binary sequence in the transmitter.A second multiplication by a replica of the same 1 sequence in the receiver recovers the original signal. Two kinds of codes CDMA uses two important types of codes to channelize users. Walsh codes channelize users on the forward link (BTS to mobile). Pseudorandom Noise (PN) codes channelize users on the reverse link (mobile to BTS). 1 Walsh codes Walsh codes provide a means to uniquely identify each user on the forward link. Walsh codes have a unique mathematical property--they are "orthogonal." In other words, Walsh codes are unique enough that the voice data can only be recovered by a receiver applying the same Walsh code. All other signals are discarded as background noise. 2 .PN codes Pseudorandom Noise (PN) codes uniquely identify users on the reverse link. A PN code is one that appears to be random, but isn't. The PN codes used in CDMA yield about 4.4
HANDOFF
Handoff basically describes the process of transferring a call. Handoffs are necessary to continue the call as the phone travels. Handoff describes the process of transferring a call from one cell to another. Handoffs are necessary to decrease the call drop rate. If there is not handoff then calls will be dropped. Types of CDMA Handoff 1.) Soft Handoffs
Soft handoffs occur when the mobile is involved in a call. CDMA uses the mobile to assist the network in the handoff. The term soft handoff is used to describe the makebefore-break process which takes place during the handoff. Soft handoffs occur between cells, sectors in a cell, or combination of cells and sectors. Advantages of Soft Handoff Reduces interference.
2.) Hard Handoffs Hard handoffs occur when the mobile is involved in a call. During a hard handoff a CDMA phone is not able to assist the network in the handoff. The term hard handoff is used to describe the break-before-make process that occurs during the handoff. Hard handoffs occur between CDMA to Analog systems. Advantages of Hard Handoff Continue the call beyond the current network. Provide expanded service.
3.) Softer Handoff It involves 2 sectors from the same BTS. The BTS will decode and combines the voice signal received from each sector and forward the combined voice frame to the selector at the BSC. 4.) Soft-Softer Handoff A soft-softer handoff is a combination of multiple cells and multiple sectors in one cell
CDMA ADVANTAGE
Forward and reverse link power control helps a CDMA network dynamically expand the coverage area. The coding and interleaving techniques used in CDMA provide the ability to cover a larger area for the same amount of available power used in other systems. Under line of sight conditions CDMA has a 1.7 to 3 times more coverage than TDMA. 1.) Coverage
2.) Capacity Providing adequate coverage is a basic requirement of a wireless system.Coverage of a BTS or network is impacted by the capacity requirements of the system, terrain of the area, and power of the base station and mobiles. 3.) Power Control Dynamic power control reduces errors by keeping the power at an optimal level.
4.) Clarity
Soft Hand-off The soft hand off in CDMA reduces the interference and power requirements for maintaining the link. Multiple received signals can be combined to reduce the possibility of errors resulting from interference and fading 5.) Wideband Signal CDMAs wideband signals do not suffer from the same effects in an FDMA or TDMA.
INTRODUCTION TO RF PLANNING
The overall Objective of the planning process is to design a cost-effective design of a good cellular network .A good plan should address the following issues Provision of required Capacity Optimum usage of the available carriers Minimum number of sites Provision for easy and smooth expansion of the network in future Provision of adequate coverage of the given area, for a minimum specified level of interference
In general the planning process starts with the inputs from the customer. The customer inputs include customer requirements, business plans, system characteristics and any other constraints After the planned system is implemented, the assumptions made during the planning process need to be validated and corrected whenever necessary through an OPTIMIZATION process PLANNING PROCESS We can summarize the whole planning process under four broad headings Capacity Planning Coverage Planning Parameter Planning Optimization
Quality The CDMA design accounts for quality by using FER (Frame Erasure Rate). Standard recommended design procedures require the FER target criteria to be 1% and the FER outage criteria to be 3%. If these criteria are relaxed, then a lower Eb/No is required.
Coverage Trade-offs 1.) Site Configuration (omni, three-sector, six-sector): Typically, the antenna gains available for directional antennas are greater than omni directional antennas. 2.) Antenna Trade-offs The horizontal/vertical patterns of the selected antenna will impact capacity and coverage. The impact to the capacity and coverage is a function of the amount of RF energy overlap from the antenna patterns of two different antennas (for instance, sector 1 and sector 2). Too much overlap may increase the amount of noise and thereby decrease capacity. Too little overlap may open up coverage holes Downtilting the antennas to concentrate energy closer to the site can be used to limit the extent of coverage of the antenna. The downtilting will also limit the extent of the RF energy that may be seen at other sites and thus aid in improving capacity. Higher gain antennas may be used to increase sector coverage (increase of the maximum allowable path loss). The larger the gain of the antenna, the greater the chance of increasing the noise seen at other sites. A larger front-to-back ratio and faster roll-off (attributes of the horizontal antenna pattern) will both aid in reducing the area where the RF energy is directed. In this case, capacity will be improved; however the tradeoff will be reduced coverage. 3.) Vocoder Rate: The 13 kb vocoder provides for a high quality call but at the expense of capacity and coverage. The standard 8 kb vocoder will provide for better capacity and coverage over
the 13 kb vocoder but at the sacrifice of sound quality. The 8 kb EVRC vocoder has capacity and coverage equivalent to the standard 8 kb but has better sound quality. 4.) Loading of the CDMA Carrier: Lightly loaded (few users) sites will produce less interference/noise to the system than a system with sites that are heavily loaded. The highly loaded sites will produce more noise to the system, which increases the noise floor required for a call, thus reducing the path loss of the site. 5.) Site Configuration (omni, three-sector, and six-sector): The more sectors available at a site, the more capacity that can be supported at the site. OPTIMIZATION Introduction The network optimization process focuses on getting the network ready for commercial launch. Typically, this testing is done under an unloaded condition. Primary objectives of network optimization are to identify and eliminate any hardware and database implementation errors and arrive at a set of optimal operating parameters and equipment settings (e.g. antenna tilts, azimuths) to provide an acceptable level of performance. That acceptable level of performance can be specified and measured in terms of a combination of any of the following: Coverage area: measured in terms of Mobile Receive Power, adequate Ec/Io, and/or Mobile Transmit Power Voice quality criteria: measured in terms of Frame Erasure Rate (FER) on the forward and/or reverse links, and/or Target call completion and call drop rates
The following criteria must be met prior to the system optimization. 1. All BTSs must have an ATP signed off, integrated in the system and are functional. 2. Adequate spectrum has been cleared throughout the entire testing area so that external interference is below the noise level 3. All databases have been verified 4. Simulation results are available
5. An acceptable level of performance is defined 6. A controlled subscriber environment should be maintained (i.e. there can be no unknown CDMA users during the testing). RF Network Optimization 1.) Description The purpose of RF network optimization is to ensure each cluster is integrated into the overall network and prepare the CDMA system for commercial service. When this activity is completed, the network should pass the final coverage test and designed performance criteria. These are the performance targets that should be achieved by the network optimization team. Problems can generally be classified into four main categories as follows: System Design RF coverage, multiple pilot problems, parameter settings Infrastructure database errors, hardware and software problems Subscriber Unit phone problems Equipment or Processing problems with data collection or post-processing tools This document will focus on optimizing the system design. Infrastructure, subscriber unit and equipment processing problems are out of the scope of this document. 2.) Entrance Criteria 1. An updated Problem Resolution Matrix contains a prioritized list of all the problem areas identified in the initial (or most recent) coverage drive and latest simulation activities. 2. Plots RF performance such as Ec/Io, FER and mobile transmit power
: :
DESCRIPTION: This software namely Network Performance Analysis Tool is regarding the call transactions in various states like Punjab, Haryana, and Himachal. There is a code given to each area in different states according to the sites. The code is recognized by the term BTS, or SITE. Each BTS has S-C (Sector Carrier).There are three types of reports to manage the call transactions , namely RPT,TRF,XCAT.These reports are updated daily according to the calls and are stored according to the date from internet to notepad. First part of my project was to convert these reports from notepad to Excel using MACROS. And the macro is made flexible so that it runs for every report and for any date. After the report is converted into Excel it should be saved also according to the date. Here finishes the first and the difficult part of the project.
Now the second part starts, these excel sheets acts as database for my project. I have taken Visual basic as the front end because it is user friendly. In Visual Basic 1) First input taken from the user is DATE, for which date the user wants to view the parameters? 2) Second input by the user is the PARAMETERS for which he wants to view the values. 3) The third input is to enter the BTS and S-C value.
2. To remove the corruption at various levels. 3. To get maximum accuracy. 4. To input all data efficiently and accurately. 5. Facility to update data from time to time. 6. To prepare detailed informative records.
System Information
Application Area: Application area of the project is an organisation named TATA Teleservices Ltd.In the beginning they used manual system for keeping all the records of reports,and the reports were not converted into excel in the proper format.After analysing the slow process of manual system,it was decided to update this system with the computerised system. System/subsystem : This project deals with the three types of reports namely RPT,TRF,XCAT.The Reports are taken from internet daily and saves according to the dates in notepad. Engineers of RF department in Tata have to fetch various parameters from these reports.This system generates the output on daily,weekly and monthly basis.It generates reports about number of inquiries in particular time period.First the reports are converted from notepad to excel using macros.System generates the output both in excel sheet in the report format and also in the form of graph. End users: End users for the project are engineers who are dealing with different queries in RPT,XCAT,TRF reports.They are going to use the developes software. The capability of a network depends upon how it is performing. By monitoring it means to keep an eye on the network elements. The various network elements are like total attempts, total established calls, CDR, CSSR, the erlang used, loading and many more. To monitor the performance of the network six reports are made. These reports are: 1.) MM Utilization Report 2.) MM Processor Occupancy 3.) MM Loading 4.) Daily Report
DRIVE TEST
It is one of the basic test to know all the above parameters as discussed above on large scale. In this we collect the data. While doing the drive we can see the parameters. There are various parameters that we can see during the drive but some of the important are shown here
HUB
Receiver
GPS
any engineer to analyze each & every parameter. Mainly some of the parameters which one undergoes are 1. FER 2. Mobile receive Power 3. Mobile Transmit Power 4. Ec/Io 5. Indoor Coverage 6. Outdoor Coverage 7. Primary PN 8. Best EcIo for Primary PN 9. NBR list warning 10. Call Stats 11. Serving cell parameters 12. Queries Etc. All these parameters are enough for analyzing the performance. For example for finding the Voice Quality Factor (VQF) we needs only Forward FER (Frame Erasure Rate).
Some introduction to the CDMA prior to the training in this field is very essential to make the understandings easy at initial phase. GAINS FROM TRAINING
With the completion of this training I am now aware of the technical setup of the CDMA Network. This work included the setup as well as the maintenance of the working hardware. I have worked almost as an employee engineer to the extent of my technical capabilities. Doing all these I have acquired a lot of knowledge about the working of my department (RF Optimization & Performance Monitoring) I got an overview of the actual working of CDMA network I learned inter department coordination and the qualities such as team work. Training helped me increasing my working skills & stamina and also showed me the atmosphere which we have to join after completion of the degree program. Finally the main advantage of this training was that I have now opened doors for my easy entry to the giant mobile telecom industry.
APPENDIX ABBREVIATIONS
BTS CDMA GBT GSM GPS LOS FDMA FWP FWT MCN MS NOC OFC OSS PMP SDCA TDMA Base Transceiver Station Code Division Multiple Access Ground Based Tower Global System for Mobile Communication Global Positioning System Line of Site Frequency Division Multiple Access Fixed Wireless Phone Fixed Wireless Terminal Media Convergence Node Mobile Station National Network Operation Center Optical Fiber Cable Operation Support System Point to Multi Point Short Distance Coverage Area Time Division Multiple Access