OConnor

Intonation Its significant: Utterances1 are different in respect of intonation may differ from each other in meaning.
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- Its systematic: there is a limited number of pitch patters in any one language, and we use them to produce definite meaningful effects. - Its characteristic: the pitch patters of English are not the same in form as those of other languages. Word Groups: a grammatical close-nit group of words which is conterminous 2 with and unified by an intonation tune; its often separated from a preceding or following word group by a pause of some kind. Sometimes the number of word groups we choose to use may be important for the meaning. Or we can use a single to separate word groups which have a very close grammatical connection, and the double bar at the end of utterances which are not closely connected to what follows. The roles of intonation 1. The division of longer utterances into grammatical relevant word groups. 2. The use of different tunes, patterns of pitch form grammatical purposes. 3. Expressing the speakers attitude, at the moment of speaking to the situation in which hes placed. 4. Gives extra information. 5. In speech the grammatical division is marked by intonation. Accent: words pointed out in an utterance. It always requires the occurrence of a strong stress on the appropriate syllable of the accented word; and when this word contains the nucleus of the word group, accent is also shown by a change in pitch or by a sustention of pitch. Words are accented when they are important to the meaning in a particular situation and not accented when they are not especially important. Every accented word must carry a stress. ~ Any stressed syllable associated with a nuclear tone shows accent. ~ Any stressed syllable in any head shows accent. ~ Any stressed syllable between the two nuclear tones in a compound fall plus Rise tune (always low) shows accent.
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Something that someone says (afirmacin) Contained with the same limits.

Stress: something which is said with a greater general effort than the second syllable which is unstressed. Stress alone doesnt necessarily imply accent. Movement of pitch: All the nuclear tones have it except [ ] (medium level), which has a sustention of pitch. This sustention of pitch combined with the stress makes us recognise them as accented. For the heads, it is their general pitch shape combined with stress which indicates accent. Tune: The complete pitch treatment of a word group. They may be long or short. The seven tunes:
* * * *

Low fall: when the voice falls during the word from a medium to a very low pitch. High fall: when the voice falls during the word from a high to a very low pitch High Rise: the voice rises during the word form a medium to a high pitch. Low Rise: the voice rises during the word form a low to a medium pitch.

* Mid-Level: The voice maintains a level pitch between high and low, neither rising nor falling.
* *

Rise fall: when the voice first rises from a fairly low to a high pitch and then Fall Rise: when the voice first falls from a high to a low pitch and then rises to a

quickly falls to a very low position. medium pitch. Nucleus: Its the stressed syllable of the last accented world. Its where the change of pitch begins. The nucleus is always present in every complete tune. Nucleus tones: they are the rising, falling or level tune endings which take place on the nucleus or start from it. The last accented word is made to stand out by a combination of stress and the pitch features of the nuclear tones. Tail: theyre all the syllables following the nucleus. There can be no accented word in the tail, though there may be stressed words in it. The head: begins with the stressed syllable of the first accented word and ends with the syllable preceding the nucleus. - The low head: occurs only before the Low Rise nuclear tone, all the syllables are said on the same low pitch as the beginning of the low rise. Its symbolised by placing the mark [,] before the first stressed syllable of the head. - The high head: in this all the syllables are said on the same rather high pitch. Its symbolised by placing the mark [] before it. The high head occurs before all nuclear tones except the Fall-Rise tone.

- The falling head: the first syllable of the falling head is rather high in pitch and any following syllables gradually carry the pitch lower. It occurs only before the Fall-Rise nuclear tone and the last syllable of the head is always lower then the beginning of the Fall-Rise. If there is only one syllable in the head, that syllable is high and level. The symbol of the falling head is [ ]. - The rising head: Its the first syllable is low in pitch and any following syllables gradually carry the pitch higher. Occurs only before the high fall nuclear tone. The symbol is [ ] placed before the stressed syllable of the first accented word in the head. The pre-head: Consist of any syllable before the stressed syllable on the first accented word, whether the latter syllable is the nucleus or the beginning of the head. - Low pre-head: All the syllables in the low pre-head are said on the same rather low pitch. Before the Low fall, the high fall, the rise-fall, the high rise, the fall rise and the mid level tones it must be lower than the starting pitch of the nucleus; and before the high head and the falling head it must be lower than the initial pitch of the head. Before the low rise, the low head and the rising head, the low pre-head is on the same pitch level as the start of the rise or the head. Before the high, falling and rising head it may contain stressed syllables, but these are not accented. - The high pre-head: All the syllables are said on the same relatively high pitch. Its also very much less common than the low pre-head. Its never very long, rarely containing more than two or three syllables. The high pre-head before a high fall is said on the same pitch as the beginning of the fall. Stressed syllables may occur in high pre-heads before the low, falling and rising heads. Simple tunes: All the tunes which contains only one nuclear tone. Compound tunes: All the tunes which contains two nuclear tones. Tone Group: a group of tune which all have one or more pitch features in common and all convey the same attitude on the part of the speaker. A tone group is unified and distinguished from all other tone groups botch by the attitude it conveys and by the pitch features of its tunes.

*The Low Drop:

(Low pre-head) + (High Head) + Low fall + (Tail)

*The High Drop:

(Low pre-head) + (High Head) + High Fall + (Tail)

*The Take-Off:

(Low pre-head) + (Low Head) + Low Rise + (Tail)

*The Low Bounce:

(Low pre-head) + (High Head) + Low Rise + (Tail)

*The Switchback:
(Low pre-head) + (Falling Head) + Fall-Rise + (Tail)

*The Long Jump:

(Low pre-head) + Rising Head + High Fall + (Tail)

*The High Bounce:

(Low pre-head) + (High Head) + High Rise + (Tail)

*The Jack-knife:
(Low pre-head) + (High Head) + Rise-Fall + (Tail)

*The High Dive:

(Low pre-head) + (High Head) + High Fall + (low Accents) + Low Rise (Tail)

*The Terrace:
(Low pre-head) + (High Head) + Mid Level + (Tail)

Brazil
Intonation is traditionally equated, with variations in the perceived pitch of the voice. Not all the variations have the same communicative significance. A system of intonation should include a set of systematically opposed pitch patterns. - Intonation is the melody or music of a language. - Intonation is the meaningful variations in the pitch of the voice. Tone Unit: is the stretch of language that carried the systematically opposed features of intonation. Consist in three parts: 1. The tonic segment: is limited by prominence. The tonic segment may be only a tone like in the word yes. 2. The proclitic segment: the pre-head. 3. The enclitic segment: the tail.