23

Endocrine Control of Growth and Metabolism

About this Chapter
0* 1* 2* 3* 4* Adrenal glucocorticoids Thyroid hormones Growth hormone Tissue and bone growth Calcium balance

Review of Endocrine Principles

5* 6* 7* 8* 9* 10* Hypothalamic-pituitary control system Feedback patterns Hormone receptors Cellular responses Magnitude of target cell response Endocrine pathologies

Adrenal Glucocorticoids
Structure and function of the adrenal gland

Adrenal Glucocorticoids Adrenal Glucocorticoids

Adrenal Glucocorticoids
Synthesis pathways for steroid hormones

Cortisol
The HPA pathway for the control of cortisol secretion

Circadian Rhythm of Cortisol Secretion Cortisol Cortisol

11* 12* 13* 14* 15* 16* Promotes gluconeogenesis Causes breakdown of skeletal muscle proteins Enhances lipolysis Suppresses the immune system Causes negative calcium balance Influences brain function

Cortisol: Therapeutic Drug

17* 18* 19* Suppresses the immune system Inhibits the inflammatory response Used to treat
Bee stings, poison ivy, and pollen allergies Prevents rejection of transplanted organs

20* 21*

Hypercortisolism Hypercortisolism
22* Adrenal tumor that autonomously secretes cortisol

23*

Pituitary tumor that autonomously secretes ACTH

Cushings disease

24*

25*

Iatrogenic hypercortisolism

Hypocortisolism
26* 27* Less common than Cushings syndrome Addisons disease
Hyposecretion of all adrenal steroid hormones Autoimmune destruction of adrenal cortex

28* 29*

CRH Family
30* CRH
Inflammation and immune response Decreases food intake Signals that mark onset of labor Linked to anxiety, depression, and other mood disorders

31* 32* 33* 34*

35*

Urocortin: brain neuropeptide

ACTH and Melanocortins

36* ACTH
Synthesized from POMC POMC products include -endorphin Processed in tissue outside the pituitary Additional processing creates -MSH

37* 38* 39* 40*

41*

Melanocortins
Family name for the MSH hormones and ACTH

42*

POMC
Post-translation processing of POMC can create a variety of active peptides

Thyroid: Structure Thyroid: Structure Thyroid

Thyroid hormones are made from iodine and tyrosine

Thyroid
Thyroid hormones synthesis takes place in the colloid of the thyroid follicle

Thyroid Thyroid Thyroid Thyroid Thyroid Thyroid Thyroid

Formation of the thyroid hormones T3 and T4

Thyroid Hyperthyroidism
43* Increases oxygen consumption and metabolic heat production

44* 45* 46*

Increase protein catabolism and may cause muscle weakness Hyperexcitable reflexes and psychological disturbances Influence -adrenergic receptors in the heart

Hypothyroidism
47* 48* Slow metabolic rate and oxygen consumption Decreases protein synthesis

49* Slowed reflexes, slow speech and thought processes, and feelings of fatigue
50* Cretinism in infants

51*

Bradycardia

Pathway of Thyroid Hormone Control Thyroid

A man with goiter due to excessive TSH stimulation

Thyroid
Goiter can occur in both hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism

Thyroid Thyroid
Exophthalmus, caused by hypertrophy of tissues in the eye socket, is a sign of hyperthyroidism

Normal Growth
52* 53* 54* Growth hormone and other hormones An adequate diet Absence of stress

55*

Genetics

Pathway of Growth Hormone Control Growth Hormone Growth Hormone

56* 57* 58* Severe GH deficiency leads to dwarfism Oversecretion of GH in children leads to giantism Oversecretion of GH in adults leads to acromegaly

Three Individuals with Acromegaly Tissue and Bone Growth

59* Tissue growth requires hormones and paracrines
GH and IGFs required for protein and cell division Thyroid hormone plays permissive role Insulin supports tissue growth

60* 61* 62*

63*

Bone growth requires adequate dietary calcium

Hydroxyapatite

64*

Bone Growth
Compact and trabecular bone

Bone growth
Linear growth of long bones takes place at the epiphyseal plates

Bone growth Bone growth

Bone growth Bone growth Bone growth Calcium Balance Calcium

65* 66* 67* 68* Important signal molecule Part of intercellular cement that holds cells together at tight junction Cofactor in the coagulation cascade Affects the excitability of neurons

Calcium Balance in the Body Calcium Balance in the Body Calcium Balance in the Body Calcium Balance in the Body Calcium Balance in the Body Calcium Balance in the Body
Total body calcium = intake output

Calcium Balance
Osteoclasts are responsible for bone resorption

Calcium Balance
69* Parathyroid hormone
Mobilizes calcium from bone

70*

71* 72*

Enhances renal reabsorption Indirectly increases intestinal absorption

73* 74*

Calcitriol Calcitonin

Calcium Balance: Parathyroid Glands Calcium Balance Calcium Balance Endocrine Control of Calcium Balance Calcium Balance Calcium Balance
75* 76* 77* Calcium and phosphate homeostasis are linked Phosphate is key ingredient of hydroxyapatite Phosphate has other roles
Energy transfer and storage Activation and deactivation of enzymes, transports, and ion channels Part of DNA and RNA backbone

78* 79* 80*

Osteoporosis
Normal bone (left) and bone loss in osteoporosis (right)

Summary
81* Adrenal glucocorticoids
Adrenal cortex and glucocorticoids

82*

83* 84* 85*

Cortisol, CRH, and ACTH Hypercortisolism and Addisons disease CRH and melanocortins

Summary
86* Thyroid hormones
Thyroglobulin T4 and T3 TSH and TRH

87* 88* 89*

90*

Growth hormone
IGFs GHRH and somatostatin

91* 92*

Summary
93* Tissue and bone growth
Hydroxyapatite Osteoblasts Epiphyseal plates Chondrocytes

94* 95* 96* 97*

98*

Calcium balance
PTH Calcitriol

99* 100*