Definition of ceramics from the Greek word keramikos burnt stuff; desirable properties are normally achieved through

gh a high-temperature heat treatment process called firing or sintering

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Traditional Ceramics

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Definition of ceramics
solid compounds that are formed by the application of heat, and sometimes heat and pressure, comprising: a. at least one nonmetal or a nonmetallic elemental solid (NMES) and b. One or more of a metal/s, nonmetal or NMES/s Ex. SiO2 (silica), TiO2, SiC, BaTiO3, YBa2Cu3O7, Ti3SiC2 *Oxides, nitrides, borides, carbides and silicides of all metals and NMES are ceramics. Silicates are also, by definition, ceramics.
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Engineering/Engineered Ceramics

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General properties of ceramics: 1. generally stiff and strong (comparable to metals) 2. very hard 3. extremely brittle and susceptible to fracture 4. insulative to heat and electricity 5. more resistant to high temperatures and harsh environments (compared to metals and polymers) 6. may be transparent, translucent or opaque
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Room-temperature elastic modulus comparison

Room-temperature tensile strength comparison

Room-temperature electrical conductivity comparison

Optical property

Disk specimens of aluminum oxide (Al2O3)

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Crystalline vs. amorphous solids

Crystalline solid solids that exhibit long-range order Amorphous, glassy or noncrystalline solid solids which lack periodicity

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Basic terminologies
Single crystal solids in which the periodic arrangement of atoms is perfect and extends throughout the entirety of the specimen without interruption Polycrystalline solid composed of a collection of many single crystals, termed grains, separated from one another by areas of disorder known as grain boundaries Microstructure describes the shape and size of the grains, together with the presence of porosity, second phases, etc., and their distribution
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Bonding in ceramics
atomic bonding ranges from purely ionic to totally covalent (degree depends on the electronegativities, X of the atoms) % ionic character = { 1 exp (0.25)( X A X B )2 } 100

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Ceramic crystal structures for predominantly ionic materials, crystal structure is composed of metallic cations and nonmetallic anions characteristics of the component ions which influence the crystal structure:
a. magnitude of the electrical charge (crystal must be electrically neutral) b. relative sizes of cations, rC and anions, rA

stable ceramic structures: anions surrounding a cation are in contact with that cation
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Ceramic crystal structures

for a specific coordination number, there is a critical rC/rA ratio for which cation-anion contact is established

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Most common coordination numbers for ceramics are 4, 6 or 8.

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Sample problem Show that the minimum cation-to-anion radius ratio for the coordination number 3 is 0.155

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AX-Type crystal structures

equal number of cations and anions Rock salt structure - cation and anion CN is 6 - thought of as two interpenetrating FCC lattices - ex. NaCl, MgO, MnS, LiF, and FeO

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AX-Type crystal structures

Cesium Chloride structure - cation and anion CN is 8 - anions: cube corners; cation: cube center - ex. CsCl

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AX-Type crystal structures

Zinc blende structure - cation and anion CN is 4 (all ions are tetrahedrally coordinated) - bonding is often highly covalent - ex. ZnS, ZnTe, SiC

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AmXp -Type crystal structures

when cation and anion charges are not the same AmXp, where m and/or p 1 CN = 8 ex. CaF2, UO2, PuO2, and ThO2

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AmBnXp -Type crystal structures for compounds with two types of cations ex. BaTiO3 (perovskite structure)

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Close-packed anion structure

Ceramic crystal structures depend on: stacking of the close-packed anion layers manner in which the interstitial sites are filled with cations
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Sample problem On the basis of ionic radii, what crystal structure would you predict for FeO?

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Theoretical density computations

n' ( AC + AA ) = VC N A
n number of formula units within the unit cell

AC summation of the atomic weights of all cations in

the forumula unit

AA sum of the atomic weights of all anions in the

formula unit VC unit cell volume NA Avogadros number, 6.023 x 1023 formula units/mol
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Sample problem On the basis of crystal structure, compute the theoretical density for sodium chloride.

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