Tomography

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Basic principle of tomography: superposition free tomographic cross sections S1 and S2 compared with the projected image P Tomography refers to imaging by sections or sectioning, through the use of any kind of penetrating wave. A device used in tomography is called a tomograph, while the image produced is a tomogram. Tomography as the computed tomographic (CT) scanner was invented by Sir Godfrey Hounsfield, and thereby made an exceptional contribution to medicine. The method is used in radiology, archaeology, biology, geophysics, oceanography, materials science, astrophysics, quantum Information, and other sciences. In most cases it is based on the mathematical procedure called tomographic reconstruction.

Contents
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1 Etymology 2 Description 3 Modern tomography 4 Synchrotron X-ray tomographic microscopy 5 Types of tomography 6 See also 7 References 8 External links

Etymology [edit]

The word tomography is derived from the Greek tom ("cut") or tomos ("part" or "section") and graphein ("to write").

Description [edit]
In conventional medical X-ray tomography, clinical staff make a sectional image through a body by moving an X-ray source and the film in opposite directions during the exposure. Consequently, structures in the focal plane appear sharper, while structures in other planes appear blurred.[1] By modifying the direction and extent of the movement, operators can select different focal planes which contain the structures of interest. Before the advent of more modern computer-assisted techniques, this technique, developed in the 1930s by the radiologist Alessandro Vallebona, proved useful in reducing the problem of superimposition of structures in projectional (shadow) radiography. In a 1953 article in the medical journal Chest, B. Pollak of the Fort William Sanatorium described the use of planography, another term for tomography.[2]

Modern tomography [edit]

More modern variations of tomography involve gathering projection data from multiple directions and feeding the data into a tomographic reconstruction software algorithm processed by a computer.[3] Different types of signal acquisition can be used in similar calculation algorithms in order to create a tomographic image. Tomograms are derived using several different physical phenomena listed in the following table:[citation needed] Physical phenomenon Type of tomogram X-rays CT gamma rays SPECT radio-frequency waves MRI electron-positron annihilation PET electrons Electron tomography or 3D TEM ions atom probe magnetic particles magnetic particle imaging Some recent advances rely on using simultaneously integrated physical phenomena, e.g. Xrays for both CT and angiography, combined CT/MRI and combined CT/PET. The term volume imaging might describe these technologies more accurately than the term tomography. However, in the majority of cases in clinical routine, staff request output from these procedures as 2-D slice images. As more and more clinical decisions come to depend on more advanced volume visualization techniques, the terms tomography/tomogram may go out of fashion.[citation needed] Many different reconstruction algorithms exist. Most algorithms fall into one of two categories: filtered back projection (FBP) and iterative reconstruction (IR). These procedures give inexact results: they represent a compromise between accuracy and computation time

required. FBP demands fewer computational resources, while IR generally produces fewer artifacts (errors in the reconstruction) at a higher computing cost.[3] Although MRI and ultrasound make cross sectional images they don't acquire data from different directions. In MRI spatial information is obtained by using magnetic fields. In ultrasound, spatial information is obtained simply by focusing and aiming a pulsed ultrasound beam.

Synchrotron X-ray tomographic microscopy [edit]

Recently a new technique called synchrotron X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM) allows for detailed three dimensional scanning of fossils.[citation needed]

Types of tomography [edit]

Name Atom probe tomography Computed Tomography Imaging Spectrometer[4] Confocal microscopy (Laser scanning confocal microscopy) Cryo-electron tomography Electrical capacitance tomography Electrical resistivity tomography Electrical impedance tomography Electron tomography Functional magnetic resonance imaging Magnetic induction tomography Magnetic resonance imaging or nuclear magnetic resonance tomography Neutron tomography Ocean acoustic tomography Optical coherence tomography Optical diffusion tomography Optical projection tomography Photoacoustic imaging in biomedicine Positron emission tomography Positron emission tomography computed tomography Source of data Atom probe Visible light spectral imaging Laser scanning confocal microscopy Cryo-electron microscopy Electrical capacitance Electrical resistivity Electrical impedance Electron attenuation/scatter Magnetic resonance Magnetic induction Nuclear magnetic moment Neutron Sonar Interferometry Absorption of light Optical microscope Photoacoustic spectroscopy Positron emission Positron emission & Xray Abbreviation APT CTIS LSCM Cryo-ET ECT ERT EIT ET fMRI MIT MRI or MRT 1992 Year of introduction

1984

OCT ODT OPT PAT PET PET-CT

Quantum tomography Single photon emission computed tomography Seismic tomography Thermoacoustic imaging Ultrasound-modulated optical tomography Ultrasound transmission tomography X-ray tomography Zeeman-Doppler imaging

Quantum state Gamma ray Seismic waves Photoacoustic spectroscopy Ultrasound Ultrasound X-ray Zeeman effect CT, CATScan 1971 SPECT

TAT UOT

Discrete tomography and Geometric tomography, on the other hand, are research areas[citation needed] that deal with the reconstruction of objects that are discrete (such as crystals) or homogeneous. They are concerned with reconstruction methods, and as such they are not restricted to any of the particular (experimental) tomography methods listed above.

See also [edit]

Chemical imaging Discrete tomography Geometric tomography Geophysical imaging Industrial CT scanning Medical imaging MRI compared with CT Network tomography Nonogram, a type of puzzle based on a discrete model of tomography Radon transform Tomographic reconstruction

References [edit]
1. ^ Tomography at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) 2. ^ Pollak, B. (December 1953). "Experiences with Planography". Chest (American College of Chest Physicians) 24 (6): 663669. doi:10.1378/chest.24.6.663. ISSN 0012-3692. Retrieved July 10, 2011. 3. ^ a b Herman, G. T., Fundamentals of computerized tomography: Image reconstruction from projection, 2nd edition, Springer, 2009 4. ^ Ralf Habel, Michael Kudenov, Michael Wimmer: Practical Spectral Photography

External links [edit]

This article's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia's policies or guidelines. Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into footnote references. (August 2010)

International Journal of Imaging and Robotics International Journal of Tomography & Statistics (IJTS) Microtomography/Synchrotron tomography [hide]

v t e

Medical testing : Medical imaging Radiology (ICD-9-CM V3 8788, ICD10-PCS B, CPT 7001079999)
Medical: Pneumoencephalography Dental radiography Sialography Myelography CXR (Bronchography) AXR / KUB DXA/DXR Upper gastrointestinal series/Small bowel followthrough/Lower gastrointestinal series 2D Cholangiography/Cholecystography Mammography Pyelogram Cystography Arthrogram Hysterosalpingography Skeletal X-ray/ medical radiography/ Industrial radiography survey Angiography (Angiocardiography, Aortography) Venography Lymphogram Industrial: Radiographic testing Medical: CT pulmonary angiogram Cardiac CT Abdominal and pelvic CT (Virtual colonoscopy) CT angiography CT head pQCT Spiral 3D / XCT computed tomography High resolution CT Whole body imaging (Full-body CT scan) Electron beam tomography

Industrial: Industrial CT Scanning Other Fluoroscopy MRI of brain and brain stem MR neurography Cardiac MRI/Cardiac MRI perfusion MR angiography MR MRI cholangiopancreatography Breast MRI Functional MRI Diffusion MRI Echocardiography / Doppler echocardiography (TTE TEE) Intravascular Gynecologic Obstetric Echoencephalography Transcranial doppler Abdominal ultrasonography Transrectal Breast ultrasound Transscrotal Ultrasound ultrasound Carotid ultrasonography Contrast-enhanced 3D ultrasound Endoscopic ultrasound Emergency ultrasound (FAST Pre-hospital ultrasound) Duplex Cholescintigraphy Scintimammography Ventilation/perfusion scan Radionuclide ventriculography Radionuclide angiography Radioisotope renography 2D / scintigraphy Sestamibi parathyroid scintigraphy Radioactive iodine uptake test Bone Radionuclide scintigraphy Immunoscintigraphy full body: Octreotide scan Gallium 67 scan Indium 111 WBC scan SPECT (gamma ray): Myocardial perfusion 3D / ECT imaging PET (positron): Brain PET, Cardiac PET,

PET mammography, PET-CT Optical tomography (Optical coherence tomography) Confocal microscopy Endomicroscopy Thermography Breast thermography

Optical laser

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