vitamin

Vitamin A (Chemical names Retinol) Vitamin D (Chemical names cholicalcifero l (animals) and ergocalcifero l)

Active form

Function

Deficiency disease
Xerophthalmia (dry eyes), conjunctivitis, and night blindness, Day blindness - Rickets. - Ostomalacia in adults. - osteoporosis

precursor
-carotene and retinol ester

hypervitamin osis
An over dose of it may cause toxicity problems. Symptoms of toxicity include headache, nausea, vomiting, drowsiness

Sources
Fish liver oil, leafy vegetables

Retinol, Retinal

Visual function -Required for the absorption and utilization of calcium and phosphorous. - Growth and development of bones and teeth. Fat soluble antioxidant. Protect cell membranes, lipids vitamin A and carotenes from oxidative damage. -Blood clotting. -Required by the liver for the formation of prothrombin - formation of new bones and in prevention of osteoporosis. Water soluble antioxidant. - serve as a coenzyme in oxidative decarboxylation of Q- keto acids, - transketolase reaction. - carbohydrate metabolism - including skeletal and cardiac muscles , liver kidney and brain

1,25 dihydroxy cholicalceferol (1,25 DHCC)

Ergosterol in plants & 7dehydrocholesterol in animals.

Hypercalcemia, calcification of kidneys

sun light, Live, egg yolk, milk Vegetable oils, fish oil, grains, leafy green vegetables. germ oil. Vegetables, intestinal bacterial flora

Vitamin E (Chemical name tocopherol) Vitamin K (Chemical name Phylloquino ne) Vitamin C (Chemical name Ascorbic acid) Vitamin B1 (Chemical name Thiamin)

Unoxidised tocopherol

Hemolysis, muscular weakness. Hypoprothrombinae mia fat malabsorption, Neonates<gastroint estinal tract is sterile at birth and milk; Scury disease

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Dehydro ascorbic acid

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Abundant in citrus fruits.

Thiamin pyrophosphat e (TPP)

Beriberi , chronic alcoholics , neurological problems , wet beriberi , dry beriberi

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Rice , Meat , Beans , Peas , Grain ,

Vitamin B2 (Chemical name Riboflavin)

FMN and FAD

-Hydrogen carrier, -Essential for the metabolism of carbohydrates , fat and proteins. - production of energy.

Ariboflavinosis , Sore skin , Chelosis.

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-Dairy products -organ meats (liver, heart) -dark green vegetables.

vitamin

Active form

Function
-Transamination and deamination. -Required for the metabolism of protein. -Important at the time of extensive protein metabolism such as in pregnancy,lactation,anemia. - specific for the metabolism of tryptophan.

Deficiency disease

precurs or

hypervitami nosis

Sources
seeds grains liver egg leafy green vegetables animal products (meat, liver, eggs ,milk) - Some niacin is
produced in the body from tryptophan. - Yeast, liver, legumes, milk, meat and tryptophan containing foods

Vitamin B6 (Chemical name Pyridoxine) Vitamin B12 (Chemical name Cyanocobala min)

Pyridoxal phosphate.

pellagra

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Methyl B12 and 5-deoxyadenocyl cobalamin.

Shifting of hydrogen

-Megaloblastic anemia, -destruction of intrinsic factor

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Niacin or Niacinamide

NAD/ NADP

-Hydrogen carrier. -metabolism of carbohydrates, fatty acids , amino acids - production of energy

Pellagra

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Pantothenic acid

Coenzyme A

transfer of acetyl or acyl groups

Its deficiency is rare

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animal tissues, whole grains, cereals and legumes.

Biotin

Carboxybiocytin

Carboxylation reactions.

-It is rare. -Consumption of raw egg can cause deficiency of biotin - cot death (SIDS)

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- It is synthesized by intestinal bacterial flora. - egg yolk, animal tissues, tomatoes, yeast

Folic acid

Tetrahydrofolate (THFA)

-transfer and utilization of single carbon - essential for the biosynthesis of purine and pyrimidine.

-megaloblastic anemia - breathlessness

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green leafy vegetables, and grains and nuts. Liver and kidney