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STABILITY-1 of 36
( fc' cylinder )
Modular ratio n =Ec / Es = 8.51 Use n = 9 Live Loading: (1) Design Truck : AASHTO HS20 - 44 live load+ 25% increment (2) Design Tandem 2 Bearing Capacity(s)= 5.0 kg/cm Allowable Bearing Capacity (1.25*s)=
2 6.25 kg/cm
1.2. REFERENCES: -ERA BRIDGE DESIGN MANUAL 2002 -AASHTO STANDARD SPECIFICATION FOR HIGHWAY BRIDGES,1998 EDITION. 1.3.DESIGN METHOD: LRFD
2) LOADING
2.1. Dead Loads
2.1.1. From Superstructure CLN
exterior girder
interior girder
LEFT GIRDER SUPSTR. 20 mtr. span Exterior Interior X-sectional (kN/m) Diaphramsmiddle(No.) 31.85 2 30.98 2
RIGHT BOX GIRDER SUPSTR. 40 mtr. span Exterior Interior 37.22 0 34.94 0
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H C E
D B J
A 1.00 G 0.9
B 7.00 H 0.60
C 0.80 J 3.50
D 0.80 L 7.40
E 11.62 W 1.00
F 1.10
Pier Cap w1(kN/m)=(A*L*F+2*0.20*0.40*F)*24/L= 17.07 Bracing w2(kN/m)=C*H*24= 11.52 Pier Column P(kN)=P/4*W *E*24= 219.01
2
Summary of Dead Loads 331.35 756.06 c a 327.33 712.24 a 17.07 327.33 712.24 331.35 (Left Supstr.) 756.06 (Right Supstr.) a c
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P/4
14ft (4.267m)
P
14 - 30ft (4.267- 9.144m)
P
6ft (1.80m)
TRANSVERSE ARRANGEMENT
P
1.20m
P
1.80m
TRANSVERSE ARRANGEMENT
x Rp2 Rp1
x= 0.5
STABILITY-4 of 36
Rp1= Rp2=
1.895
P 2.099 0.423 P P
2.092 0.523
P P
In designing sidewalks, slabs and supporting members, a wheel load located on the sidewalk shall be 1 foot from the face of the rail Distribution Factor for Shear (Sec. 13.4: Table 13-7 & 13-8) Exterior Girder: Case-1: One Design lane loaded The lever rule is applied assuming that the slab is simply supported over the longitudinal beams (Table 13-8)
P
1.8
TRWW=
SW=
RE d1 a - d1 d2
RI
The distribution coefficient to the exterior girder for shear REX1 (shear) = 1/a*P*(a+d1+d2) = 1.232 P
0.47 m
Case-2: Two or more design lanes loaded The distribution of live load per lane for shear in exterior girder is determined according to the formulas given in Table 13-8.
STABILITY-5 of 36
REX2 (shear)
= (0.60+de/3000)
de=c-bw/2=
0.925 m
This factor is for one lane load which is equivalent to two lines of wheels, and thus multiplied by 2 REX2 (shear) = (0.60+de/3000) = 1.817 P There fore, REX (shear) in exterior girder is maximum of the above two values, REX1 or REX2 REX (shear) = 1.817 P Interior Girder: Case-1: One Design lane loaded The distribution of live load per lane for shear in interior girder is determined according to the formulas given in Table 13-7. RINT 1 (shear) = 0.36 + S/7600 0.649 = where 1100<=S<=4900 For two lines of wheels the distribution factor for shear in interior girder is: 6000<=L<=73000 RINT 1 (shear) =(2P)(0.36+ S/7600) = 1.299 P S= 2.2 m Case-2: Two or more design lanes are loaded The distribution of live load per lane for shear in interior girder 2 RINT 2 (shear) = 0.20+(S/3600)-(S/10700) = 0.769 For two lines of wheels RINT 2 (shear) =
1.538 P
S= 2.2 m There fore, RINT (shear), in interior girder is maximum of the above two values, RINT 1 or RINT 2 RINT (shear) = 1.538 P
B) Transverse Arrangement CLN P 2ft 6ft y DL(m)= DR(m)= 1.75 2.5 a RE RI y= 1.220 m P
a RA RA= RB 1.232 P
RB= 1.299 P a) For maximum Axial load case (from longitudinal arrangement case 1) RA=RP*RA= RB=RP*RB= 2.585 2.726 P P = = 230.08 242.62 kN kN
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b) For maximum Moment case (from longitudinal arrangement case 2) RA=RP*RA= RB=RP*RB= 2.577 2.717 P P = = 229.35 241.84 kN kN
Case-II: Two or more design lanes are loaded RA= 1.817 P RB= 1.538 P RC= 1.538 P R D=
a) For maximum Axial load case (from longitudinal arrangement case 1) RA=RP*RA= 3.813 P = 339.33 kN RB=RP*RB= 3.227 P = 287.21 kN 3.227 P = 287.21 RD=RP*RD= 3.813 P = 339.33 b) For maximum Moment case (from longitudinal arrangement case 2) RA=RP*RA= 3.800 P = 338.24 RB=RP*RB= 3.217 P = 286.29 RC=RP*RC= RD=RP*RD= 3.217 3.800 P P = = RC=RP*RC= kN kN kN kN
286.29 kN 338.24 kN
In designing sidewalks, slabs and supporting members, a wheel load located on the sidewalk shall be 1 foot from the face of the rail
Distribution Factor for Shear Exterior Girder: Case-1: One Design lane loaded
The lever rule is applied assuming that the slab is simply supported over the longitudinal beams (Table 13-8)
STABILITY-7 of 36
1.8
a'= a= d1=
RE d1 a' - d1 d2
RI
d2=
The distribution coefficient to the exterior girder for shear REX1 (shear) = 1/a*m*P*(a+d1+d2)1.797 = P m= 1.2
Case-2: Two or more design lanes loaded The distribution of live load per lane for shear in exterior girder is determined according to the formulas given in Table 13-8. REX2 (shear) REX2 (shear) REX (shear) Interior Girder: Case-1: One Design lane loaded The distribution of live load per lane for shear in interior girder is determined according to the formulas given in Table 13-7. RINT 1 (shear) = (S/2900)0.6(d/L)0.1 = 0.636 where 1800<=S<=4900 6000<=L<=73000 890<=d<=2800 Nc>=3 S= 2.21 m = (0.64+de/3800)*Rin shear 0.683=per lane = (0.64+de/3800)*Rin shear 1.366 P = = de=c-bw/2= 1.02 m
This factor is for one lane load which is equivalent to two lines of wheels, and thus multiplied by 2 There fore, REX (shear) in exterior girder is maximum of the above two values, REX1 or REX2 1.797 P
Case-2: Two or more design lanes are loaded The distribution of live load per lane for shear in interior girder RINT 2 (shear) = (S/2200)0.9(d/L)0.1 = 0.752 For two lines of wheels RINT 2 (shear) = 1.504 P where 1800<=S<=4900 6000<=L<=73000 890<=d<=2800 Nc>=3 S= RINT (shear) = 1.504 P (Sec.13.4: Table 13-3 and 13-4) 2.21 m There fore, RINT (shear), in interior girder is maximum of the above two values, RINT 1 or RINT 2
Distribution Factor for moment Exterior Girder Case-1: One Design lane loaded
The lever rule is applied assuming that the slab is simply supported between the longitudinal beams (Table 13-4) REXT1 (moment) = 1.797 P
STABILITY-8 of 36
Interior Girder where 2100 <= S<= 4000 RINT1(moment) =(1.75+S/1100]*(300/L]0.35*[1/Nc]0.45 18000 <= L<= 73000 Case-1: One Design lane loaded Nc>= 3 The distribution factor of live load per lane for moment in interior girder: RINT1(moment) = (1.75+S/1100]*(300/L]0.35*[1/Nc] 0.412
0.45
L= S=
(S/430)(1/L)
0.25
0.562
18000 <= above L<= 73000 The distribution factor for wheel load (i.e. two lines of wheels) is 2 times the maximum of the two values Nc>= 3 RINT (moment) = 1.124 P B) Transverse Arrangement CLN P 2ft 6ft y DL(m)= DR(m)= 1.75 2.5 a RE RI y= 1.220 m P
a RA RA= RB 1.797 P
RB= 0.636 P a) For maximum Axial load case (from longitudinal arrangement case 1) RA=RP*RA= RB=RP*RB= 3.772 1.335 P P = = 335.71 118.79 kN kN
b) For maximum Moment case (from longitudinal arrangement case 2) RA=RP*RA= RB=RP*RB= 3.760 2.792 P P = = 334.63 248.51 kN kN
STABILITY-9 of 36
RA=
1.797
RB=
1.124
RC=
1.124
R D=
a) For maximum Axial load case (from longitudinal arrangement case 1) RA=RP*RA= 3.772 P = 335.71 kN RB=RP*RB= 2.359 P = 209.95 kN RC=RP*RC= 2.359 P = 209.95 kN RD=RP*RD= 3.772 P = 335.71 kN b) For maximum Moment case (from longitudinal arrangement case 2) RA=RP*RA= 3.760 P = 334.63 kN RB=RP*RB= 2.351 P = 209.27 kN RC=RP*RC= 2.351 P = 209.27 kN RD=RP*RD= 3.760 P = 334.63 kN
b)Design Tandem A) Longitudinal Arrangement case 1: Maximum Axial Load on pier P 1.2 P
x= 0.5
Moment about CLN of pier: MCL= case 2: Maximum Bending Moment P P 1.2
0.385 kN
1.970
0.493 P Moment about CLN of pier: MCL= 43.84 kN B) Transverse Arrangement (Distribution factors are same as Truck Load) Case-I: One Design lane loaded (T-Girder) a) For maximum Axial load case (from longitudinal arrangement case 1)
STABILITY-10 of 36
RA=RP*RA= RB=RP*RB=
134.33 kN 140.77 kN
b) For maximum Moment case (from longitudinal arrangement case 2) RA=RP*RA= 133.49 kN RB=RP*RB= 140.77 kN Case-II: Two or more design lanes are loaded (T-Girder) a) For maximum Axial load case (from longitudinal arrangement case 1) RA=RP*RA= 198.11 kN RB=RP*RB= 167.68 kN RC=RP*RC= RD=RP*RD= 167.68 kN 198.11 kN
b) For maximum Moment case (from longitudinal arrangement case 2) RA=RP*RA= 196.87 kN RB=RP*RB= 166.64 kN RC=RP*RD= RD=RP*RD= 166.64 kN 196.87 kN
2.84 m
2 0.586 kN/m
2.3.2. Wind Load on Live Load - WL a) Transverse Direction: WL=100lb/ft= 1.49 kN/m Length of exposed surface= 30.8 m FWLT= 45.892 kN (6ft above the deck surface) (about pier cap bottom) = 4.58 m b) Longitudinal Direction: WL=40lb/ft = 0.596 kN/m Length of exposed surface= 30.8 m FWLL= 18.357 kN (6ft above the deck surface) (about pier cap bottom) = 4.58 m
STABILITY-11 of 36
2.3.3. Wind Load on substructure a) Transverse Direction: W=40lb/ft2= per linear meter = 1.955 kN/m
2 1.955 kN/m
b) Longitudinal Direction: W=40lb/ft Pier cap = 1.955 Bracing = 1.564 Columns = 1.955 2.3.4. Forces of Stream Current,WA
kN/m kN/m kN/m v = 5.6 ft/sec , k=2/3 = 1.02 1.02 kN/m kN/m2
2
Taken 5% of the live load in all lanes (lane load w=9.3kN/m plus the concentrated load P=81.72kN for moment) LF= 46.30 kN (6ft above the deck surface) (about pier cap bottom) = 4.58 m
2.3.6 Seismic Force Effects,EQ Earthquake zones: EBCS Zone -4 Site Coefficient: Type I = 1 Acceleration coefficient(A): = 0.1 The horizontal seismic force is the product of the site coefficient, the acceleration coefficient and the permanent loads
Horizontal earthquake force FH = site coeff.*A* Wp = 107.62 KN This force is transferred to the substructure at joints The proportion of this load at the two levels is as in the following: At bracing level =40% of FH= At pier cap level =60% of FH= 43.05 KN 64.57 KN
3) STABILITY ANALYSIS
Assume a combined footing with dimensions(m): Width W = 3.5 Length L = 7 3.1. CHECK FOR STRENGTH I =DL+(LL+I)+BR+WA Case-I: One Design lane loaded i) Dead Load Superstructure Depth D = 0.8
STABILITY-12 of 36
Left = Right = Substructure Pier cap, Bracing & Columns = Footing = Total = ii) Live Load (T-Girder) P (kN) Case I: Case II: a) RA+RB= 472.71 b) RA+RB= 471.19
a)RA+B+C+D= 1253.08
MTRANS.(kN/m) about CL 3/2aavg*RA+1/2aavg*RB = 1028.50 " 1025.19 3/2aavg*(RA-RD)+1/2aavg*(RBRC) = 0.00 " 0.00
MLONGT. (kN/m) MCL = " 2*MCL = " 75.23 93.09 150.46 186.18
b)RA+B+C+D= 1249.05
A) Stability against OVERTURNING: 8922.97 kN/m MDRIV.= MLL+MBR+MWA= 941.58 kN/m S.F.= 9.48 > 2.0 OK! B) Stability against BEARING PRESSURE: Case I: Case II: case (a) case (b) case (a) case (b) Ptot(kN)= 5802.86 5913.30 6583.23 6579.21 MT(kN/m)= 1241.32 1380.77 0.00 0.00 ML(kN/m)= eT=MT/Ptot= eL=ML/Ptot= smax (kN/m ) =(Ptot/A)* (1+6*eT/L+6*eL/W)=
2
MREST.=
>
1.5
OK!
STABILITY-13 of 36
Case-II: Two or more design lanes are loaded 3.2. CHECK FOR STRENGTH II =DL+WS+WA
c) Wind Load on Structures W superstructure FTW= kN 199.42 FLW= substructure FTW= FLW= Total FTW= FLW= 244.85 kN 113.42 kN 47.89 kN
MTW= MLW=
45.43 65.53
kN kN
MTW= MLW=
MTW= MLW=
d) Wind Load on Live Load WL FTWL= FLWL= 45.89 kN 18.36 kN MTWL= MLWL= 780.12 kN/m 312.05 "
A) Stability against OVERTURNING: MREST.= 8922.97 kNm/m MDRIV.= MLL+MWS+MWA= S.F.= 7.09
kNm/m OK!
Ptot=PDL=
5330.16
STABILITY-14 of 36
MT=MTDL+MTWS+MTWA= ML=MLDL+MLWS+MLWA= eT=MT/Ptot= eL=ML/Ptot= smax= C) Stability against SLIDING: FTDRIV=FTWS+FTWA= FLDRIV=FLWS= FDRIV=(FTDRIV +FLDRIV )=
2 2
>
1.5
OK!
Case-I: One Design lane loaded a) Dead Load DL PDL= MTDL= MLDL= b) Live Load LL PLLI Case I: Case II: 472.71 583.14 1253.08 1249.05 MTLL 1241.32 1380.77 0.00 0.00 MLLL 75.23 93.09 150.46 186.18 5330.16 kN 0 kN/m 404.81 kN/m
c) Wind Load on Structures WS superstructure FTW= kN 45.43 FLW= substructure FTW= FLW= Total FTW= FLW= 244.85 kN 113.42 kN 47.89 kN
MTW= MLW=
45.43 65.53
kN kN
MTW= MLW=
MTW= MLW=
d) Wind Load on Live Load, WL FTWL= FLWL= 45.89 kN 18.36 kN MTWL= MLWL= 780.12 kN/m 312.05 "
STABILITY-15 of 36
A) Stability against OVERTURNING: MREST.= 8922.97 kNm/m MDRIV.= MLL+MWS+MWA= S.F.= 2.97
kNm/m OK!
B) Stability against BEARING PRESSURE: (b)case I: 5913.30 6288.09 2065.10 1.063 0.349 605.85 (b)case II: 6583.23 4907.32 1846.14 0.745 0.280 569.56 OK! OK! OK!
Ptot=PDL+PLLI= MT=MTDL+MTLL+MTBR+MTWL+MTWS+MTWA= ML=MLDL+MLLL+MLBR+MLWL+MLWS+MLWA= eT=MT/Ptot= eL=ML/Ptot= smax= C) Stability against SLIDING: FTDRIV=FTBR+FTWL+FTWS+FTWA= FLDRIV=FLWS+FLWL= FDRIV=(FTDRIV +FLDRIV )=
2 2
> sall
>
1.5
OK!
Case-II: Two or more design lanes are loaded A) Stability against OVERTURNING: MREST.= 8922.97 kNm/m MDRIV.= MBR+MWA= S.F.= 2.97
kNm/m OK!
STABILITY-16 of 36
>
1.5
OK!
Case-I: One Design lane loaded a) Dead Load DL PDL= MTDL= MLDL= b) Live Load LL PLLI Case I: Case II: 472.71 583.14 1253.08 1249.05 MTLL 1241.32 1380.77 0.00 0.00 MLLL 75.23 93.09 150.46 186.18 5330.16 kN 0 kN/m 404.81 kN/m
d)Seismic Force Effects,EQ At bracing level = At pier cap level = At bracing level = At pier cap level = FTF= FTF= FLF= FLF= 43.05 64.57 43.05 64.57 kN kN kN kN MTF= MTF= MLF= MLF= 250.09 kNm/m 750.28 kNm/m 250.09 kNm/m 750.28 kNm/m
A) Stability against OVERTURNING: MREST.= 8922.97 kNm/m MDRIV.= MLL+MEQ+MWA= S.F.= 3.74
kNm/m OK!
Ptot=PDL+PLLI=
STABILITY-17 of 36
MT=MTDL+MTLL+MTEQ+MTWA= ML=MLDL+MLLL+MLEQ+MLWA= eT=MT/Ptot= eL=ML/Ptot= smax= C) Stability against SLIDING: FTDRIV=FTEQ+FTWA= FLDRIV=FLEQ+FLWA= FDRIV=(FTDRIV +FLDRIV )=
2 2
> sall
>
1.5
OK!
Case-II: Two or more design lanes are loaded A) Stability against OVERTURNING: MREST.= 8922.97 kNm/m MDRIV.= MLL+MEQ+MWA= S.F.= 8.88
kNm/m OK!
C) Stability against SLIDING: FTDRIV=FTEQ+FTWA= FLDRIV=FLEQ+FLWA= FDRIV=(FTDRIV2+FLDRIV2)= FRESIST=SVtan f=SV*0.7= S.F.=FREST./FDRIV.= 110.49 107.62 154.24 4608.26 29.88
>
1.5
OK!
STABILITY-18 of 36
STABILITY-19 of 36
STABILITY-20 of 36
76 1.9
36 1.8
STABILITY-21 of 36
STABILITY-22 of 36
STABILITY-23 of 36
1.817 P
STABILITY-24 of 36
STABILITY-25 of 36
STABILITY-26 of 36
1.797 P
Case-I: One Design lane loaded (Box Girder) a) For maximum Axial load case (from longitudinal arrangement case 1)
STABILITY-27 of 36
RA=RP*RA= RB=RP*RB=
195.99 kN 68.92 kN
b) For maximum Moment case (from longitudinal arrangement case 2) RA=RP*RA= 194.77 kN RB=RP*RB= 194.77 kN Case-II: Two or more design lanes are loaded(Box Girder) a) For maximum Axial load case (from longitudinal arrangement case 1) RA=RP*RA= 195.99 kN RB=RP*RB= 122.57 kN RC=RP*RC= RD=RP*RD= 122.57 kN 195.99 kN
b) For maximum Moment case (from longitudinal arrangement case 2) RA=RP*RA= 194.77 kN RB=RP*RB= 121.81 kN RC=RP*RD= RD=RP*RD= 121.81 kN 194.77 kN
STABILITY-28 of 36
STABILITY-29 of 36
MLONGT. (kN/m) MCL = " 2*MCL = " 75.23 93.09 150.46 186.18
b)RA+B+C+D= 1087.80
LOADING SUMMARY-30of 36
SUMMARY OF LOADS
DL(Lt.Sup.) DL(Rt.Sup.) LL(HL-93) 0.4 331.35 756.06 FLLRt a 327.33 712.24 FLLCt 327.33 712.24 FLLCt a= 2.2 26.40 FEQT MTRANS 2.35 2.35 6.3095 11.52 FEQT 43.05 FEQL 43.05 FWl= 1.96 1.56 1.96 FWt= 1.96 FWAt= 1.02 FWt= FWAt= 1.96 1.02 5.81 (bracing) (pier cap) 64.57 MLONGT FEQL 64.57 331.35 MDL L 756.06 FLLLt 404.80625 KNM FWLt= 45.89 FWt= 199.42 FWLl= 18.36 FWl= 47.89 2.84 FLF= 46.30 4.58
1.4
4.6
1.4
FRt(kN) HS20-44/ case I: a) Design Tandem b) case II: a) b) 335.71 334.63 339.33 338.24 195.99 194.77 198.11 196.87
FCt (kN) 248.51 248.51 287.21 286.29 140.77 194.77 167.68 166.64
FLt (kN) 0.00 0.00 339.33 338.24 0.00 0.00 198.11 196.87
MLONGT. (kN/m) 75.23 93.09 150.46 186.18 0.38 43.84 0.77 87.68
CONTENTS STABILITY OF THE WHOLE STRUCTURE LOADING SUMMARY ANALYSIS RESULT BEAM & COLUMN SECTION DESIGN RESULT FOOTING DESIGN
AWASH-TENDAHO RC PIER
FOOTING DESIGN-32 of 36
FOOTING DESIGN
Loading Case Summary Right leg Left Leg Fz(kN) Mx(kNm) My(kNm) Fz(kN) Mx(kNm) My(kNm) Comb I 2909.597 -31.84 326.71 3462.465 -53.19 326.71 II 2544.063 -739.51 -706.005 3827.999 -762.18 -706.005 2 2 kg/cm = kN/m Allowable Bearing Capacity = 5 750 Design Constants Concrete :- Grade C-30 concrete ( section 9.3) f'c= 24.00 Mpa fc=(0.4*f'c) = (0.4*f'c) = 9.6 Reinforcement steel: Grade 420 steel: For rebars diam. 20mm and above fy = 420 MPa fs = 165 MPa Es = 200,000 MPa Grade 300 steel: For rebars less than diam. 20 fy = 300 MPa fs = 140 MPa Es = 200,000 MPa
FyR
x 4.6 z
FyL
f(m)=
1.00 x
D= 0.8
AWASH-TENDAHO RC PIER
FOOTING DESIGN-33 of 36
ex(m)= ey(m)=
0.186
design shear stress v < vcp=0.166f'c' f'c= vcp= Vact=Pcol-Psoil= 3000 psi 2 0.81 N/mm 2781.97 kN where 24.00 813.23 Mpa kN/m2
3289.61 0.74 m
davil d
2. Wide Beam Shear a. In the Short Direction s1=P/A(1 + 6*ey/W)= s2=P/A(1 - 6*ey/W)= trial d= s3= Vact= 0.74 330.22 m s1 s3 s2 359.06 161.10 kN/m2 " d
1230.37 kN
bc -ratio of long side to short side of concentrated load= 2.0 0.166(1+2/bc)= vcb=0.166(1+2/bc)f'c0.332f'c= Vres=vcb*B*d= 8425.069 kN 0.332 1.63 < N/mm2 0.332 1626.46 kN/m2 Vres Vact OK! take 0.332
AWASH-TENDAHO RC PIER
FOOTING DESIGN-34 of 36
FyL= MxL=
3827.999 -762.18
q2
q3 q4 q1=s1*W=P/A(1 + 6*ex/B)*W= q2=s2*W=P/A(1 - 6*ex/B)*W= 1088.19 kN/m 732.40 " 2193.23 915.47 q3= q1 793.39 kN/m q4= 1027.199
1.2
2.19
2.41
1.2
SFD
-2508.92 corresponding triangle leg = 2.41 trial d = 0.74 Vres Vact davil d m OK! OK!
3. Flexure a. In the Short Direction Using F = 20 mm and Clear cover = 50 mm davil=D-F/2-CLR CR= 0.74 m
AWASH-TENDAHO RC PIER
FOOTING DESIGN-35 of 36
1.74
FyL= 3827.999
MyL= -706.005
1.25
qmax 747.92
q1= 994.91
qmin 1439.51
Design moment, Mu = 905.92 KNm/m As = Mu / ( fy (d - a/2 ) ) where a = As*fy / ( 0.85 * fc' b ) Assume a = 45 mm As = Mu / ( fy (d - a/2 3,340 )) = mm2 a = As*fy / ( 0.85 * fc' b 45 ) =mm
1480 20
mm /m mm @
S= 212
212.27
mm
42.64 400
cm mm
AWASH-TENDAHO RC PIER
FOOTING DESIGN-36 of 36
Reinforcement Design moment, Mu = 2508.92 KNm/m As = Mu / ( fy (d - a/2 ) ) where a = As*fy / ( 0.85 * fc' b ) Assume a = 63 mm As = Mu / ( fy (d -13,079 a/2 ) ) = mm2 a = As*fy / ( 0.85 * fc' b 63 ) =mm
mm