The Mo Ibrahim Foundation 2012 Index of African Governance Summary Report

2012 Ibrahim Index of African Governance Summary
2012 Ibrahim Index of African Governance: Summary published October 2012 copyright 2012 Mo Ibrahim Foundation The Mo Ibrahim Foundation is committed to making data on governance quality in Africa freely available and accessible to all citizens of the continent and interested stakeholders. We welcome and encourage any accurate reproduction, translation and dissemination of this material. The material must be attributed to the Mo Ibrahim Foundation, but not in any way that suggests that the Foundation endorses you or your use of the material. We also welcome any feedback and comments on the IIAG. To request additional copies of this or other publications, to provide feedback or to discuss use of the IIAG please email media@moibrahimfoundation.org Printed and bound in Swindon, England Designed and typeset by Text Matters (www.textmatters.com)
Foreword2
About the Ibrahim Index of African Governance (IIAG)3 Structure of the IIAG4 Methodology6 IIAG: From Raw Data to Final Scores7 Overall Country Results8 Key Findings10 Regions13 Central Africa13 East Africa14 North Africa15 Southern Africa16 West Africa17 Category Results18 Safety & Rule of Law18 Participation & Human Rights22 Sustainable Economic Opportunity26 Human Development30
Data Providers34 Indicators35 Appendix 1: Executive Elections in Africa39 Appendix 2: IIAG Timeline (20072012)40 Project Team41 Acknowledgements41 About the Mo Ibrahim Foundation42 Map of Africa44
Pull-out page: 2012 Ibrahim Index of African Governance CountryRankingsandScores
Foreword
2 2012 Ibrahim Index of African Governance: Summary
We are pleased to present the 2012 Index of African Governance (IIAG). This is the sixth year in which we have measured governance outcomes in Africa, looking at both country and regional performances across four major categories Safety & Rule of Law, Participation & Human Rights, Sustainable Economic Opportunity and Human Development and 88 component indicators. Once again, the data point to some important findings that can assist leaders and citizens in their decision-making processes. The 2012 IIAG confirms that governance progress has been achieved since 2000. There have been positive trends in 11 out of the 14 sub-categories, including all sub-categories within the Sustainable Economic Opportunity and Human Development categories. The other categories, Safety & Rule of Law and Participation & Human Rights have registered declines. However improvements were seen in the sub-categories National Security and Gender. Interestingly, at the indicator level, the most progress appears in Cross-Border Tensions, Core International Human Rights Conventions, Legislation on Violence against Women, Ratio of External Debt Service to Exports, Digital Connectivity and Anti-Retroviral Treatment Provision. The largest declines have been registered in Workers Rights, Safety of the Person and Transfers of Power. It is encouraging to note that the Millennium Development Goals have undoubtedly contributed to the improvement of the Human Development category. The post-MDG framework now has the potential to make similar improvements across the full package of expected goods and services that citizens have the right to expect. From 2000 to 2011, seven countries have demonstrated a significant improvement in their overall governance score: Liberia, Angola, Sierra Leone, Rwanda, Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo and Zambia. One country, Madagascar, has significantly declined. Over the last six years, Tanzania has climbed up the IIAGs rankings, making it into the top ten for the first time. Angola, Liberia and Togo have left the IIAGs group of the ten worst performers. They have been replaced by Eritrea, Guinea Bissau and Nigeria. However, while governance continues to improve in many countries, some of Africas regional powerhouses Egypt, Kenya, Nigeria and South Africa have shown unfavourable governance performance since 2006. All four
countries have declined in both Safety & Rule of Law and Participation & Human Rights, with particularly noticeable declines in the Participation sub-category. Nigeria, West Africas powerhouse, has for the first time this year fallen into the bottom ten governance performers on the continent. This imbalance in performance between the four categories of the IIAG with Sustainable Economic Development and Human Development scoring better than Safety & Rule of Law and Participation & Human Rights was highlighted in the 2010 and 2011 editions of the IIAG, when Egypt, Libya and Tunisia stood out as cases in point. This characteristic remains an important concern. Over the last six years almost half of the 52 African countries register increased imbalance between the four categories. Five of the six most imbalanced countries belong to North Africa: Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco and Tunisia. Not only does North Africa remain the most imbalanced region in Africa, it has also experienced the greatest regional governance deterioration since 2006. The Foundation continues to advocate addressing the paucity of African data and the need for statistical autonomy within African countries. This is a leadership and governance issue. Good governance is about harnessing a countrys resources to achieve the results any citizen living in the 21st century has a right to expect. One of Africas biggest challenges going forward is to master its own robust statistical system. Political sovereignty begins with data autonomy. Two countries, the recently reconfigured nations of Sudan and South Sudan, do not feature in the current IIAG. The data from both are still being collected and analysed and are not comprehensive enough to be included at this stage. The 2012 IIAG, therefore, only measures the other fifty-two countries in Africa. As I have pointed out in earlier editions, the IIAG is a collaborative effort that involves the hard work of the Foundation Research team, members of the Advisory Council, researchers in the two organisations that have become an integral part of this effort - Afrobarometer and Global Integrity Trust - and the 23 organisations that contribute data to our analysis. I am grateful to all of them for their invaluable contributions and the excellent quality of their work.
Mo Ibrahim Founder and Chair of the MoIbrahimFoundation
Good governance is about harnessing a countrys resources to achieve the results any citizen living in the 21st century has a right to expect.
About the Ibrahim Index of African Governance (IIAG)

The IIAG provides an annual assessment of governance performance in Africa. Funded and led by an African institution, and consisting of 88 indicators drawn from 23 independent international data providers, the IIAG is the most comprehensive collection of data on African governance.
2012 IIAG country rankings
Rank 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th 20th 21st 22nd 23rd 24th 25th 26th 27th 28th 29th 30th 31st 32nd 33rd 34th 35th 36th 37th 38th 39th 40th 41st 42nd 43rd 44th 45th 46th 47th 48th 49th 50th 51st 52nd Mauritius Cape Verde Botswana Seychelles South Africa Namibia Ghana Tunisia Lesotho Tanzania So Tom & Prncipe Zambia Benin Egypt Morocco Senegal Malawi Burkina Faso Uganda Mali Mozambique Gabon Rwanda Algeria Kenya Swaziland Gambia Niger Djibouti Sierra Leone Comoros Mauritania Ethiopia Liberia Madagascar Cameroon Burundi Libya Togo Angola Congo Guinea Nigeria Equatorial Guinea Guinea-Bissau Cte d'Ivoire Zimbabwe Central African Republic Eritrea Chad Congo, Democratic Rep. Somalia Score (out of 100) 83 78 77 73 71 70 66 63 61 59 58 58 58 58 57 56 56 55 55 55 55 54 53 53 53 52 52 50 49 48 48 48 47 47 46 45 45 44 44 44 43 43 42 41 40 39 34 34 33 33 33 7
The IIAG provides:

a
framework for citizens, public authorities and partners to assess the effective delivery of public goods and services an instrument for all stakeholders to robustly assess policy outcomes the means to ensure optimal allocation of resources a tool with which to govern strong examples of responsible management a model for success based on a balanced, equitable and inclusive approach to governance
Partnerships
Paucity of data in Africa remains a core concern for the Foundation. To bolster existing data, the Foundation funds two major African initiatives. These will provide new sources of data for the IIAG, which will enable more robust assessment of progress in Africa, while also creating a vital resource for all stakeholders. The Foundation is working with Afrobarometer to expand its citizen surveys to cover over two thirds of African countries. The Foundation is working with the Global Integrity Trust to maintain a network of experts in every African country to provide assessments of key social, economic and political indicators.
The 2012 IIAG

The 2012 IIAG includes additional indicators assessing: Revenue Collection; Literacy; Antiretroviral Treatment Provision for Pregnant Women.
Data
The IIAG is currently compiled using various international and African sources. Many crucial indicators of governance, such as poverty, could not be included as the data are not sufficiently comprehensive. The future provision of robust data, including poverty statistics, from African sources is a core priority for the Foundation.
Structure of the IIAG

2012 Ibrahim Index ofA
Categories
Safety & Rule of Law
Participation & Human Rights
Subcategories
Rule of Law
Accountability
Personal Safety
National Security
Participation
Rights
Gender
Indicators
Judicial Process Judicial Independence Sanctions Transfersof Power Property Rights*
Accountability, Transparency and Corruption in the Public Sector * Accountability, Transparency and Corruption in Rural Areas Corruption and Bureaucracy Accountability ofPublic Officials Corruption in Government and Public Officials Prosecution of Abuseof Office
Domestic Political Persecution* Social Unrest Safety of the Person Violent Crime Human Trafficking
Cross-Border Tensions
Government Involvement in Armed Conflict
Free and Fair Executive Elections Free and Fair Elections Political Participation ElectoralSelfDetermination Effective Power to Govern
Core International HumanRights Conventions Human Rights Political Rights Workers Rights Freedom of Expression* Freedom of Association and Assembly* Civil Liberties*
Gender Equality* Gender Balance in Primary and Secondary Education Womens Participation in the Labour Force Equal Representation in Rural Areas Women in Parliament Womens Rights* Legislation on Violence against Women
Domestic Armed Conflict Political Refugees Internally Displaced People
African Governance (IIAG)
Sustainable Economic Opportunity
Human Development
Categories
Public Management
Business Environment
Infrastructure
Rural Sector
Welfare
Education
Health
Subcategories
Indicators
Statistical Capacity Public Administration* Inflation Diversification Reserves Budget Management* Ratio of Total Revenue to Total Expenditure Ratio of Budget Deficit or Surplus to GDP Fiscal Policy* Ratio of External Debt Service to Exports Reliability of Financial Institutions Revenue Collection*
Competitive Environment* Investment Climate Investment Climate for Rural Businesses Rural Financial Services Development Bureaucracy and Red Tape
Access to Electricity Road and Rail Networks* Air Transport Facilities Telephone and IT Infrastructure* Digital Connectivity*
Public Resources for Rural Development Land andWater for LowIncome Rural Populations* Agricultural Research and Extension Services Agricultural Input and Produce Markets Policy andLegal Frame work for Rural Organisations Dialogue between Government and Rural Organisations
Welfare Regime Social Protection and Labour * Social Exclusion Welfare Services (Health and Education)* Equity of Public Resource Use* Access to Water * Access to Sanitation* Environmental Policy Environmental Sustainability*
Education Provision and Quality Ratio of Pupils to Teachers in Primary School Primary School Completion Progression to Secondary School Tertiary Enrolment Literacy
Maternal Mortality Child Mortality Immunisation (Measles and DPT)* Antiretroviral Treatment Provision* Disease (Malaria andTB)*
*clustered indicator
Methodology
The Ibrahim Index of African Governance (IIAG) is a composite index, constructed by combining underlying indicators in a standardised way to provide a statistical measure of governance performance in African countries. As a progressive and consultative project, the IIAG continuously adapts, accommodating the input and critiques of stakeholders, and making use of suitable data as they become available. Governance, as defined by the Board of the Mo Ibrahim Foundation, is considered from the viewpoint of the citizen. The definition is intentionally broad so as to capture all of the political, social and economic goods and services that a citizen has the right to expect from his or her state, and that any state has the responsibility to deliver to its citizens. It can be summarised by four over-arching dimensions: Safety & Rule of Law, Participation & Human Rights, Sustainable Economic Opportunity, and Human Development. As governance is not measurable directly, it is necessary to determine the most suitable proxy indicators that appropriately reflect this definition of governance. Beyond the requirement for a particular indicator to be compatible with the Foundations definition of governance, there are other criteria that the indicator must meet. An included indicator should cover at least two thirds of the countries on the continent (35 or more) and should provide at least two years worth of data between 2000 and 2011. The latest available data should not be more than three years old and new data releases should be regular (at least every three years). Even when indicators meet these criteria, often their data sources do not provide data for all countries, in all years. Missing raw data values in the IIAG are estimated using country mean substitution or extrapolation, where appropriate.
of the indicator (maximum value in the raw data set minus the minimum value in the data set). The new values are multiplied by 100 in order to put them on a new scale of 0100, where 100 is always the best possible score. A simple statistical method of data aggregation is applied to combine the normalised data into a composite index. Each normalised indicator is assigned to the sub-category in which it best sits conceptually. Sub-category scores are calculated by averaging the scores of the underlying indicators. Category scores are calculated by averaging the 14 sub-category scores, and finally, the overall IIAG scores are obtained by averaging the scores of the four categories. Neither the categories nor sub-categories are explicitly weighted. Whilst the overall score for the IIAG enables users to make broad comparisons, interesting analysis can be done at the category and sub-category levels. The inherently unobservable nature of governance means that the IIAG is a proxy measurement. The main sources of uncertainty in the computation of the IIAG arise from missing data and measurement errors. The Foundation publishes standard errors and confidence intervals alongside the overall IIAG and category scores to reflect this uncertainty. Given that measurement imprecision exists in any governance index, users of the IIAG are encouraged to avoid the over-interpretation of small score differences. The entire IIAG data set is updated each year, in accordance with best practices. The addition of new indicators annually provides calibrations and refinements to the IIAG. Retrospective revisions compelled by data reassessments at source mean that data used in the 2012 IIAG may be different in some instances from those used in the 2011 IIAG. A countrys rank in the 2012 IIAG is reflective of the Foundations assessment based on the best available information at the time of construction. Comparisons between years should therefore be performed entirely on the 2012 IIAG data set.
Some of the raw data used in the computation of the IIAG contain observations that lie an abnormal distance from other values of the indicator. In the 2012 IIAG the following For a more detailed methodology paper please visit: nine indicators required statistical treatment to reduce the www.moibrahimfoundation.org effects of such outliers on final scores: Inflation; Refugees; Internally Displaced People; Reserves; Ratio of Budget Deficit or Surplus to GDP; Ratio of External Debt Service to Exports; Ratio of Total Revenue to Total Expenditure; Internet The data set used to calculate the 2012 IIAG comprises data from 2000 Subscribers; and Tertiary Enrolment.
to 2011.
As data included in the 2012 IIAG come from 23 separate A score decline or improvement is described as significant through institutions, and are on different scales at source, these the use of standard statistical methodology at a 90% confidence level. Some analysts may find it instructive to examine movements above or raw data must be standardised in order to be meaningfully below this threshold. combined. The data for each indicator are transformed by Comparisons between sub-categories should only be made on the basis the method of Min-Max normalisation, which performs of rank. These comparisons are relative (not absolute) for each country. a linear transformation on the data whilst preserving the All figures have been rounded to the nearest whole number for this relationships among the original data values. Min-Max report. Countries may appear to have the same score but do not when normalisation subtracts the minimum value of an indicators decimal places are taken into account. Countries have been ranked and raw data set from each countrys value for that indicator trends have been described based on the full scores, not the rounded in a particular year. That value is then divided by the range numbers that appear here.
Methodology
IIAG: From Raw Data to Final Scores
Human Development
4 categories 3 sub-categories 2 indicators 1 data

IIAG
1 The data gathered come in
different units and scales. Before they can be used in the IIAG, they are transformed onto a scale on which they can be meaningfully compared and averaged.*
2 Once the 88 indicators have
been transformed to a common scale, each one is grouped with similar indicators to form 14 sub-categories. The sub-category score is the simple average of all the indicator scores.
3 Sub-categories are then
grouped into one of four categories; the category score is the average of subcategoryscores.
4 The category scores are then
averaged to produce the final IIAG score.
* Clustered indicators: 26 indicators were formed by clustering a number of
underlying variables which each measure the same dimension and come from different sources, or measure similar concepts and come from the same source. A cluster is formed by averaging the underlying variables (post normalisation).
Overall Country Results

countries
Number of Countries with Improved Scores 20062011
36
39 re i 4 o .3 Iv e 34 ep d R te bw ican C mba l Afr Zi ntra 3 Ce rea 3 Erit 33 . 33 Chad em. Rep D , o g Com Somalia 7 Mauritius 83 Cape V erde 78 Bots w Sey ana 77 So chelle Na uth A s 73 m ibi frica 71 a7 0
Bi
overall
Almost 70% of African countries have improved in overall governance quality. This masks large differences in performances between countries and acrosscategories.
47 ia 7 6 op hi a 4 r4 Et beri asca 5 Li dag n4 Ma eroo Cam di 45 n Buru 4 Libya 4 Togo 44 Angola 44 Congo 43 Guin ea 4 N 3 i g Eq eria 4 2 Gu uato r i n ea ial G countries
ssa u
40
uin e
66 a 3 an ia 6 h 1 s G ni o6 u 70+ h t T 3039 59 58 so 9 Le anzania & Prncipe 6 T om 60 So T 58 Zambia Overall Benin 58 Egypt 58 IIAG Scores Morocc o 57 4049 Sene g a 5059 B Malaw l 56 i5 u Ug rkina 6 an F da aso 55 55
a4
55 5 ue i 5 biq al M ozam 54 M bon 3 Ga anda 5 3 Rw 5 a i r Alge 3 Kenya 5 Swaziland 52 Gambia 52 Niger 5 0 Djibo Sie uti 49 Co rra Leo ne M mo a ur ros 4 48 ita 8 n ia 48
countries
17
25
countries
39
countries
46
Human Development
Themajorityofcountries have improved in both Sustainable Economic Opportunity and Human Development, but this progress is not mirrored in Safety & Rule of Law and Participation & Human Rights.
2012 overall country results
RANK 2011 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th 20th 21st 23rd 24th 25th 26th 27th 28th 29th 30th 31st 33rd 34th 35th 36th 37th 38th 39th 40th 41st 43rd 44th 45th 46th 47th 48th 49th 50th 51st Mauritius Cape Verde Botswana Seychelles South Africa Namibia Ghana Tunisia Lesotho Tanzania So Tom & Prncipe Zambia Benin Egypt Morocco Senegal Malawi Burkina Faso Uganda Mali Mozambique Rwanda Algeria Kenya Swaziland Gambia Niger Djibouti Sierra Leone Comoros Ethiopia Liberia Madagascar Cameroon Burundi Libya Togo Angola Congo Nigeria Equatorial Guinea Guinea-Bissau Cte d'Ivoire Zimbabwe Central African Republic Eritrea Chad Congo, Democratic Rep.
ANNUAL SCORES 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 78 74 76 74 72 70 64 65 61 58 57 56 59 58 57 59 53 53 54 53 55 48 51 54 54 50 53 43 49 39 48 50 46 35 59 44 44 53 38 35 40 39 42 37 41 35 33 28 39 31 31 9 79 77 76 72 71 70 64 65 62 58 58 57 60 60 57 58 53 52 55 53 53 48 51 56 54 50 52 43 49 44 43 53 45 39 60 46 46 52 39 36 40 38 42 39 41 36 32 30 38 30 32 10 83 80 76 72 70 69 64 62 63 58 58 57 57 60 56 56 53 53 54 53 53 49 52 54 54 51 53 45 46 45 47 43 46 40 57 46 44 53 42 39 41 35 42 40 42 35 30 34 37 27 32 7 83 77 76 74 70 69 66 61 61 58 57 56 59 61 57 57 56 55 53 53 55 49 52 54 51 51 51 44 48 45 47 46 46 43 50 46 47 52 44 41 41 34 42 39 37 36 32 32 34 29 32 8 83 78 77 75 71 69 66 60 61 59 57 57 59 60 57 57 57 56 55 54 54 53 53 54 54 52 51 45 49 48 48 47 46 46 47 45 45 50 45 43 43 40 43 39 40 36 33 32 34 32 32 8 83 78 77 73 71 70 66 63 61 59 58 58 58 58 57 56 56 55 55 55 55 54 53 53 53 52 52 50 49 48 48 48 47 47 46 45 45 44 44 44 43 43 42 41 40 39 34 34 33 33 33 7
Overview
Continental average: 51 Highest country score: Mauritius (83) Lowest country score: Somalia (7) Highest regional average: SouthernAfrica(59) Lowest regional average: Central Africa (40)
1 Mauritius 2 Cape Verde 3 Botswana 4 Seychelles 5 South Africa 6 Namibia 7 Ghana 8 Tunisia 9 Lesotho 10 Tanzania
Top Ten
Significant Changes
Signicant improvement Signicant decline
-15 0
22nd Gabon
Liberia Angola Sierra Leone Madagascar

+15
32nd Mauritania
42nd Guinea
52nd Somalia
Key Findings
Continental Trends
The 2012 edition of the Ibrahim Index of African Governance (IIAG) shows overall positive trends in governance on the continent. Over the past 12 years, at the continental level, there have been improvements in 11 out the 14 subcategories of the IIAG.
Overall continental score in IIAG 20002011 +4 Safety & Rule of Law -1 Rule of Law -3 Accountability +1 Personal Safety -8 National Security +5 Participation & Human Rights +2 Participation +4 Rights -3 Gender +6 Sustainable Economic Opportunity +5 Public Management +5 Business Environment +3 Infrastructure +5 Rural Sector +8 Human Development +11 Welfare +4 Education +9 Health +18
Overall score
RANK 2011 14th 25th 43rd 5th Egypt Kenya Nigeria South Africa 2011 Score 58 53 42 71 Change since 2006 0 -1 0 -1

RANK 2011 20th 32nd 44th 7th Egypt Kenya Nigeria South Africa 2011 Score 57 49 41 72 Change since 2006 -2 -3 -3 -2

RANK 2011 3rd 28th 37th 8th Egypt Kenya Nigeria South Africa 2011 Score 68 48 41 62 Change since 2006 +10 -1 +2 -1
However, while governance continues to improve in many countries, some of Africas regional powerhouses Egypt, Kenya, Nigeria and South Africa have shown unfavourable governance performance since 2006. Over the past six years, all four countries have declined in two of the four main IIAG categories Safety & Rule of Law and Participation & Human Rights. Each of these four countries deteriorated the most in the Participation sub-category, which assesses the extent to which citizens have the freedom to participate in the political process. South Africa and Kenya have registered declines in Sustainable Economic Opportunity. Nigeria, West Africas powerhouse, has for the first time this year fallen into the bottom ten governance performers on the continent. Since 2006, fewer than half (22) of the 52 countries measured by this years IIAG have achieved both an overall improvement in governance level and an increasingly balanced performance across all four categories of the IIAG.

RANK 2011 46th 22nd 37th 3rd Egypt Kenya Nigeria South Africa 2011 Score 31 51 39 73 Change since 2006 -4 -8 -3 -2
Human Development
RANK 2011 9th 17th 39rd 7th Egypt Kenya Nigeria South Africa 2011 Score 74 63 48 77 Change since 2006 -3 +7 +4 +1
Increased score and increased balance Increased score and increased imbalance Deteriorated score and increased balance Deteriorated score and increased imbalance
key findings
Best and Worst Performers

Over the last six years there have been noteworthy dynamics within the best and worst performing groups on the continent. Tanzania has climbed up the IIAGs rankings, making it into the top ten for the first time.
RANK 2006 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 13th Tanzania 58 Mauritius Botswana Cape Verde Seychelles South Africa Namibia Tunisia Ghana Lesotho Senegal Score 78 76 74 74 72 70 65 64 61 59 RANK 2011 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 16th Senegal 56 Mauritius Cape Verde Botswana Seychelles South Africa Namibia Ghana Tunisia Lesotho Tanzania Score 83 78 77 73 71 70 66 63 61 59
11
Three countries, Angola, Liberia and Togo, no longer feature in the IIAGs list of the ten worst performers. They have been replaced by Eritrea, Guinea Bissau and Nigeria.
RANK 2006 37th 38th 42nd 43rd 44th 45th 46th 47th 48th 49th 50th 51st 52nd Eritrea Togo E. Guinea Cte dIvoire Angola Liberia Zimbabwe Chad Congo, D. Rep C. African Rep. Somalia 39 38 37 36 35 35 33 31 31 29 9 Nigeria Guinea-Bissau 42 41 Score RANK 2011 34th 39th 40th 43rd 44th 45th 46th 47th 48th 49th 50th 51st 52nd Nigeria E. Guinea Guinea-Bissau Cte dIvoire Zimbabwe C. African Rep. Eritrea Chad Congo, D. Rep. Somalia 42 41 40 36 34 34 33 33 33 7 Togo Angola 44 44 Liberia Score 47
2012 Ibrahim Index of African Governance: Summary
Regional Trends
At the regional level, over the last six years three of the five regions West Africa, Central Africa and Southern Africa have slightly improved their overall governance level. North Africa and East Africa have registered slight declines, more markedly in North Africa. Overall Governance Performance
60 Southern Africa North Africa West Africa African average East Africa Central Africa
Interesting is the rise of West Africa which, between 2006 and 2011, overtook North Africa in Safety & Rule of Law, due to North Africas sharp decline in this category, and also overtook East Africa in Sustainable Economic Opportunity.
50
40
30 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

70 60 50 40 30 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 SA WA NA EA CA

70 60 50 40 30 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 NA SA WA EA CA
key findings
Spotlight on East Africa

60
Spotlight on North Africa Five out of the six most imbalanced countries belong to North Africa (Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco and Tunisia). North Africa is the most imbalanced of the five African regions.
50
Human Development 40
2012 Overall Safety & Rule of Law Participation & Human Rights Sustainable Economic Opportunity Human Development
00 01
02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10
11
North Africa African average
The Data Sovereignty Issue

The Mo Ibrahim Foundation continues to advocate addressing the paucity of African data and the need for statistical autonomy within African countries. This is a leadership and governance issue. One of Africas biggest challenges going forward is to master its own robust statistical system. Political sovereignty begins with data autonomy. The IIAG includes one indicator which captures the statistical capacity of each African country. In the 2012 IIAG only five countries score higher than 75/100 (Egypt, South Africa, Malawi, Tunisia and Mauritius). Statistical Capacity
Indicator Name Indicator Definition Statistical Capacity Capacity of statistical systems according to three assessment areas: methodology; data sources; and periodicity and timeliness (institutional framework is not included). Sustainable Economic Opportunity Public Management World Bank (WB) Bulletin Board on Statistical Capacity (BBSC) Expert Assessment (EA) 2004 2011 2011 None
Egypt South Africa Malawi Tunisia Mauritius Mozambique Niger Nigeria Tanzania Ethiopia Morocco Uganda Rwanda Madagascar Cte d'Ivoire Lesotho Senegal Burkina Faso Cape Verde Cameroon Swaziland Algeria Gambia Mali Ghana Zambia Guinea Kenya Mauritania Central African Republic So Tom & Prncipe Botswana Chad Burundi Namibia Seychelles Togo Benin Sierra Leone Congo Guinea-Bissau Zimbabwe Comoros Angola Djibouti Congo, Democratic Rep. Gabon Liberia Libya Eritrea Equatorial Guinea Somalia
The Statistical Capacity Indicator

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Category Sub-category Data Provider(s) Data Source(s) Data Type IIAG Data Years Covered by Publication Latest Available Data Year Used Countries with No Data
Central Africa
Central
Africa is ranked bottom for overall governance, all four categories and 11 out of 14 sub-categories. Central Africa scores below the continental average in all categories and sub-categories. Central Africa is ranked 4th out of five regions for National Security. All Central African countries apart from Gabon are ranked in the bottom half of the IIAG for overall governance.
37 31
33
34 29
Chad
30 33 46 55
34
38
34
45
47
32
Central African Republic
45 56
Cameroon
25 45 65 58 48
41
37
Equatorial Guinea
54
44
43
41
40 38 28
32
49
Gabon
Congo
33
33
Congo, Democratic Republic
Safety & Rule of Law Participation & Human Rights Sustainable Economic Opportunity Human Development
East Africa
49
32
33

East
29
22
Eritrea
55
54
49
49
38 5 12 2
45 53
Djibouti
36
47
53
10
Ethiopia
Somalia
58
57
55
51
55 63 49
64
49
Uganda
43
53
48
51
53
57
Kenya
Rwanda
45 48
45
40
46
56
62
91
75
59
54
73
62 64
64
Burundi
Tanzania
Seychelles
Africa is ranked 4th out of five regions in overall governance and in Safety & Rule of Law and Sustainable Economic Opportunity. For the remaining two categories East Africa is ranked 3rd out of five. East Africa scores below the continental average in all the categories and 12 out of 14 subcategories of the IIAG. Gender and Rural Sector are the only sub-categories in which East Africa ranks above the
continental average. In these sub-categories East Africa is ranked 2nd out of five regions. East Africa is ranked bottom in two sub-categories: National Security and Public Management. Seychelles is the best performing country overall and in all four categories. Somalia is ranked bottom in the region and the continent overall, in all four categories, and in 11 out of 14 sub-categories.
60 29
54
48
49
Comoros
North Africa
82 60 54
63
69
69 34
46
57
Tunisia
65
Morocco
75 46
53
85 39
29
44
42
74
57
52
23
58
31
68
Algeria
48 46
Libya
Egypt
48
45
50
Mauritania
North
Africa ranks 2nd in overall governance and 1st in Sustainable Economic Opportunity and Human Development. In these two categories and all of their underlying sub-categories, North Africas score is higher than the continental average. In Participation & Human Rights, North Africa is ranked the second lowest with a score that is well below the continental average. North Africa is the worst performing region in the Participation sub-category, and the second lowest in the Rights sub-category. In Safety & Rule of Law North Africas performance is relatively weak, ranking 3rd out of the five regions. North Africa is demonstrative of extremely imbalanced performance, with strong average regional performance in Sustainable Economic Opportunity and Human Development, contrasted with weak average regional performance in Safety & Rule of Law and Participation & Human Rights.
Southern Africa
Southern
Africa is the top performing region in the 2012 IIAG. Southern Africa performs strongly in all four categories of the IIAG, ranking in 1st place in Safety & Rule of Law and Participation & Human Rights and 2nd place in the other two categories, Sustainable Economic Opportunity and Human Development. In all four categories, Southern Africa scores above the continental average. Southern Africa scores above the continental average in 13 out of 14 sub-categories, and ranks in 1st place in half of the sub-categories of the IIAG.
Rural
Sector is the only sub-category in which Southern Africas score falls below the continental average. Southern Africa displays a relatively balanced and equitable governance performance with strong average regional performance in all categories and almost all underlying sub-categories. The best performing country in Southern Africa is Mauritius, placing either 1st or 2nd in all four categories. Mauritius also ranks in the top ten in all of the subcategories of the IIAG.
43 48
44
43
42 64
52
62
56
49
Angola
60 63 47
60
58
51
59
Malawi
55
52
58
Zambia
52 25 80 70 78 89 29
Mozambique
34
32
70
77
68
Zimbabwe
50
43
71
61
70
46
48
42
Namibia
Botswana
64
Madagascar
66
52
49
30
77
71
59
69
71
61
55
Swaziland
62
73
60
South Africa
Lesotho
85
88
83
80
78
Mauritius
West Africa
63 48
55
49
60 56 42
Mali
56 56
50
44
55
56
53
60
Niger
62
51
Senegal
59 41 42 43 46
52
52
55
59
57
Gambia
40
34
40
43 42
43
36
Burkina Faso
49 69 36 72 53 65
Guinea-Bissau
57 39
Guinea
47
66
58
52
41 61 48
48
41
55 50 49
39
41
54 32
69
42
41
38
Ghana
48
Benin
56
Nigeria
Sierra Leone
47
34
Cte dIvoire
53
44
33
40
Liberia
Togo
81
82
66
65
78
58
38
68
82
65
Cape Verde
So Tom & Prncipe

West
West
Africa is ranked 3rd in overall governance and Sustainable Economic Opportunity. West Africa performs better in Safety & Rule of Law and Participation & Human Rights, ranking 2nd and scoring above the continental average. West Africas poorest performance is in Human Development in which it is ranked 4th out of five regions.
Africa scores below the continental average in almost half of the IIAG sub-categories. However, West Africa is the strongest performing region in Participation and Rights. Cape Verde is ranked 1st in the region in overall governance and all four categories. Cape Verde is also ranked in the top ten in the continent in all sub-categories.
category results

Having a firmly embedded judicial system that is just, effective, accessible to all, administered by competent and impartial judges who work independently of political influences and in a corruptionfree environment and make decisions according to merit, is a major prerequisite for ensuring Safety & Rule of Law. In assessing the entrenchment of the rule of law within a state, it is important to take into consideration not only the performance of judicial systems but also matters of accountability, personal safety and national security. The exercise should take into account the actions of public officials as well as the prevention, control and elimination of corruption in the country. Transparency and public accountability are of critical importance in determining governance outcomes. Experience has demonstrated that a legal system can easily be subverted if its enforcers are not accountable to those they serve and if they are prone to influence through financial and other considerations. To ensure maximum progress in the efforts to promote good governance in Africa, the imperatives of rule of law and individual safety must be pursued in equal measure.
Salim Ahmed Salim Former Secretary-General, Organisation of African Unity and former Prime Minister of Tanzania; Member of the Board and Chair of the Prize Committee of the Mo Ibrahim Foundation
In this Category
Rule of Law Judicial Process Judicial Independence Sanctions Transfersof Power Property Rights* Accountability Accountability, Transparency and Corruption in the Public Sector* Accountability, Transparency and Corruption in Rural Areas Corruption and Bureaucracy Accountability ofPublic Officials Corruption in Government and PublicOfficials Prosecution of Abuseof Office Personal Safety Domestic Political Persecution* Social Unrest Safety of the Person Violent Crime Human Trafficking National Security Cross-Border Tensions Government Involvement in ArmedConflict Domestic Armed Conflict Political Refugees Internally Displaced People
* clustered indicator (see Indicators p.35)
2 .3 d ep te a 32 m. R . 30 C itre , De Rep Er ngo ican r f Co tral A Cen abwe 29 Zimb 9 Libya 2 Somalia 5 Botswana 89 Mauriti us 88 Cape Nam Verde 8 2 ibia Se Gh yche 78 an lles a7 75 2
36
3039
70+
4049 5059
71 5 ca e6 fri A cip 9 n h 6 Pr ut o So soth m & Le o To S in 65 Ben bia 64 Zam nd 64 Swazila bique 63 zam Mo 6069 Mali 63 Malawi 62 Tanz Mo ania 62 r Bu occo Ga rkina 60 bo F n 5 aso 59 8
48 ia an 6 rit au a 4 46 45 M lgeri oon inea A mer l Gu Ca atoria Equ ndi 45 Buru 45 Ethiopia Congo 45 Angola 43 Guinea 43 Mad Gu agascar 43 Ni ineaCh geria Bissau 42 ad 4 37 1
o Iv
ire
0 2 9
7 7 e5 t 5 on yp Le 7 Eg rra 5 Sie anda Ug er 56 Nig gal 56 Sene Togo 56 Comoros 54 Tun isia 54 Djibouti 54 Gam Lib bia 51 Rw eria 50 K an e ny da 4 9 a4 9
Safety & Rule of Law results
RANK 2011 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th 20th 21st 23rd 24th 25th 26th 27th 28th 29th 30th 31st 33rd 34th 35th 36th 37th 38th 39th 40th 41st 43rd 44th 45th 46th 47th 48th 49th 50th 51st Botswana Mauritius Cape Verde Namibia Seychelles Ghana South Africa Lesotho So Tom & Prncipe Benin Zambia Swaziland Mozambique Mali Malawi Tanzania Morocco Burkina Faso Gabon Egypt Sierra Leone Niger Senegal Togo Comoros Tunisia Djibouti Gambia Liberia Rwanda Mauritania Algeria Cameroon Equatorial Guinea Burundi Ethiopia Congo Angola Guinea Guinea-Bissau Nigeria Chad Cte d'Ivoire Eritrea Congo, Democratic Rep Central African Republic Zimbabwe Libya
ANNUAL SCORES 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 87 84 91 78 76 73 73 69 68 71 65 63 66 62 66 64 63 68 55 59 41 53 53 62 51 56 64 58 59 33 52 52 60 50 49 43 45 47 39 40 48 67 44 43 40 31 45 29 30 32 51 12 88 85 90 79 76 73 71 69 70 72 65 64 65 62 65 62 62 63 57 63 47 55 48 63 53 44 63 60 55 41 54 53 56 50 49 46 50 47 41 37 41 70 47 44 35 31 45 26 29 30 51 4 88 89 91 80 75 72 71 69 70 70 65 64 63 62 65 63 61 60 56 64 52 55 51 62 56 51 60 59 56 46 56 51 37 53 50 45 46 47 41 43 36 63 47 48 30 34 40 29 39 26 52 4 86 89 83 78 78 73 69 69 66 68 62 62 62 60 65 61 61 62 55 65 49 53 53 59 55 52 62 58 46 48 51 47 44 51 48 44 48 45 43 41 37 52 43 46 34 33 35 28 28 31 50 5 88 89 87 78 79 71 69 69 65 65 61 62 61 62 64 60 62 59 59 62 58 57 50 59 57 54 57 56 46 48 49 49 48 51 45 45 44 43 43 41 46 44 41 46 37 29 34 29 27 28 41 5 89 88 82 78 75 72 71 69 65 65 64 64 63 63 62 62 60 59 58 57 57 57 56 56 56 54 54 54 51 50 49 49 48 46 46 45 45 45 45 43 43 43 42 41 37 36 32 32 30 29 29 5
Overview
Continental average: 53 Highest country score: Botswana (89) Lowest country score: Somalia (5) Highest regional average: SouthernAfrica(64) Lowest regional average: Central Africa (42)
1 Botswana 2 Mauritius 3 Cape Verde 4 Namibia 5 Seychelles 6 Ghana 7 South Africa 8 Lesotho 9 So Tom & Prncipe 10 Benin
Top Ten
Significant Changes
-25 0
22nd Uganda
Liberia Sierra Leone Libya Madagascar

+25
32nd Kenya
42nd Madagascar
52nd Somalia
SUB-CATEGORy results
Rule of Law
20 Continental average:
48
29 2 7 e ia er abw ire 21 b Li mb Ivo 6 i d Z te ar 1 C dagasc a M 8 Libya 4 Eritrea Somalia 0 Botswana 97 Mauriti us 94 Sout Cap h Africa 88 Gh e Ve Na ana rde 88 85 m ibi a8 4
Accountability
Continental average:
25 24 ad 25 au Ch ongo -Biss C inea 9 18 Gu ola 1 inea Ang torial Gu a u q E we 16 Zimbab 3 alia Som Botswana 88 Cape V erde 82 Mau Nam ritius 79 So ibia Se uth A 73 yc he frica lle 71 s6 8
7 38 .3 ia ep op ia 37 can R hi i Et mb Afr Ga ntral n 36 Ce eroo Cam uti 34 Djibo 34 Guinea Angola 33
36 36 go ros To omo a 35 34 C geri ire Ni e dIvo Ct bia 33 Gam 32 Gabon Eritrea 31 Burundi 31 Camero Libya on 29 26 Gu Co inea 2 Ce ngo, 6 nt De r a l A m. R ep fri .2 ca 6 n Re p. 26
Equatorial Guinea 33 Guinea -Bissau Cong 33 Co o 31 Co moro Ch mgo s 31 ad De m 2 .R 9 ep .3 0
Highest country score:
Botswana (97)
Lowest country score:
6 67 s 6 le er ig chel 4 N y 6 70+ Se lawi 4 029 Ma otho 6 Les bia 64 Zam nd 63 6069 Swazila Benin 61 Rule of Law Mali 61 3039 Egypt 6 Ugan 0 Mo da 59 5059 Sen zambi Ta ega que 5 4049 nz l 8 an 58 ia 55
Somalia (0)
Highest regional average:
SouthernAfrica(63)
Lowest regional average:
Central Africa (36)
5 54 4 pe n 5 nci bo co & Pr Ga roc Mo o Tom aso 53 S kina F Bur a 52 Keny eone 50 Sierra L Togo 49 Bur und i 47 Tunisia 46 Alge Nig ria 43 M eria 4 3 Rw aurit a a nd nia 4 a4 3 2
t 64 so Le hana a 61 70+ G and d 56 Rw lan 029 6069 Swazi 55 ia Tunis 3 Egypt 5 5059 Mali 52 Accountability Madagascar 52 Morocc o 51 Nige 3039 Alg r 49 Lib eria 4 9 4049 S eria o T 48 om & Pr nc ipe 48
ho
43
Botswana (88)
64
Somalia (3)
SouthernAfrica(54)
Central Africa (26)
47 ia an 46 nz ia Ta mb i 46 Za law 45 Ma n i Ben da 44 Ugan 3 bique 4 Mozam Senegal 43 Burinka Faso 43 Djibouti 4 3 Sierr Eth a Leone 42 M iopia 4 0 K aur e ny itani a3 a3 8 6
Personal Safety
26 re 4 2 I d car te gas a C ad 1 M ya 2 e 20 16 Lib babw Rep. Zim o, Dem. g Con 11 Nigeria Somalia 3 Mauritius 80 Botswa na 74 So T Ma om & Prnc l Co i 68 ipe 6 9 Se mor os yc 6 he lle 5 s6 5
44
Mauritius (80)
0 e6 rd e V 0 0 6 pe e6 Ca abon biqu G zam 029 6069 Mo in 58 Ben ania 58 Tanz 56 Djibouti Personal Morocco 55 Safety 5059 Namibia 55 3039 Lesotho 53 Sene Gam gal 51 Gh bia To ana 50 4049 go 5 50 0
National Security
54 p. Re . m ea , De itr Er ongo a 54 4 C and e5 Rw babw Zim pia 54 Rep. 27 Ethio African Central Somalia 13 Zambia 100 Mauriti us 100 Bots Cap wana 10 0 Na e Ve Se mib rde 10 ia 1 0 yc he 00 lle s1 00
57
9 a3 ne ui lG ria to 38 ua Eq trea i 36 Eri rund n 35 Bu eroo Cam ea 35 Guin 5 Egypt 3 Guinea-Bissau 34 Kenya 34 Algeria 33 S o u t Tun h Africa 33 Ce isia 3 0 Ch ntra ad l Af ric 2 a 8 n Re p. 2 9 i vo 78 8 ea in a 7 Gu gand 74 U nya 3 Ke eria 7 Nig ritania 72 Mau l 72 Senega Mali 71 Burundi 65 Chad 6 5 Cte Nig dIvoire 64 Al er 64 Lib geria 6 ya 58 1
Somalia (3)
SouthernAfrica(48)
Central Africa (35)
49 o as 48 a F ne in o rk Le Bu erra a 48 Si mbi 6 Za iopia 4 Eth r 46 Nige 46 Uganda Liberia 45 Malawi 45 Swazila nd 44 Ango la 4 M 0 a Rw uritan ia 4 Co and 0 ng a 4 o3 0 9
78
Zambia (100)
059 National Security
6069 7079
8089
5 95 a9 o th fric o A s Le uth i 95 So law Ma in 95 Ben iland 92 Swaz 0 90+ bique 9 Mozam Tanzania 90 Burkina Faso 90 So Tom & Pr Equa ncipe 9 0 Gha torial Gu inea Sie na 90 90 r To ra L go e 88 one 8 9
Somalia (13)
SouthernAfrica(90)
East Africa (68)
85 n 5 bo a 8 5 Ga nisi os 8 Tu mor n 85 Co eroo Cam bia 84 Gam 83 Congo Egypt 82 Djibouti 82 Angola 81 Mad M agascar o 80 Gu rocco 80 Lib inea e ria -Biss au 79 79
category results

In preparing an index illustrating outcomes in the areas of Participation & Human Rights, it is clear that participation is much easier to assess and measure. Of course, participation encompasses and overlaps with areas of human rights, such as the right to vote, the right to a fair election, and freedom to express views on political issues and to hold government accountable for commitments made under national and international law. When we look back at the development of the international human rights system over the past 60 years there is a significant gap in implementation which poses a problem in developing an index to measure outcomes in a comparable way in all countries in Africa. Despite the present gap, and the weakness in data, I believe the IIAG is making a significant contribution. It is exerting a healthy pressure on the UN and others to develop more practical ways to compare the human rights record of African countries. By offering the best measurements and relevant data the Index can find at present, it is creating a demand which civil society in each country should champion for better performance measurements. What an innovative way to enhance protection and promotion of human rights in African countries!
Mary Robinson Former President of Ireland and former UN High Commissioner for Human Rights; Member of the Board and Prize Committee of the Mo Ibrahim Foundation
In this Category
Participation Free and Fair Executive Elections Free and Fair Elections Political Participation ElectoralSelf-Determination Effective Power to Govern Rights Core International HumanRightsConventions Human Rights Political Rights Workers Rights Freedom of Expression* Freedom of Association and Assembly* Civil Liberties* Gender Gender Equality * Gender Balance in Primary and Secondary Education Womens Participation in the LabourForce Equal Representation in Rural Areas Women in Parliament Womens Rights* Legislation on Violence against Women
* clustered indicator (see Indicators p.35)
1 0 t3 d3 yp zilan 5 g E a ea 2 9 uin Sw ad 2 G l a Ch atori Equ 23 Libya 22 Eritrea Somalia 10 Cape Verde 82 Mauriti us 78 Sout Bot h Africa 73 Na swan Gh mib a 71 an ia 7 a6 0 9
3039
P & m s 64 o e o T ell S ych ia 62 70+ e n a S nz Ta in 61 Ben tho 60 6069 Leso 60 Mali Participation Malawi 60 & Human Senegal 60 Zambia Rights 59 Moz 5059 Burk ambique 5 8 Ni ina Ug ger 5 Faso 5 4049 7 5 an da 55
c rn
ip
e6
40 40 ssau o i ng a-B Co ine 0 Gu go 4 9 To eria 3 Alg ria 38 Nige 38 Djibouti Ethiopia 36 Central African Rep. 34 Morocc o 34 Cong o , D C e m a Rep C meroo 33 n3 Z te d 2 i m b Ivo a bw ire 3 2 e3 2
0 2
5 e5 on Le 3 ra er a 5 Si eri 1 Lib nya 5 ia 50 Ke uritan Ma oros 49 Com 49 Gabon Guinea 49 Tunisia 46 Burund i 46 Rwa M nda 43 a An daga Ga gola scar 4 2 4 m bia 2 41
Participation & Human Rights results
RANK 2011 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th 20th 21st 23rd 24th 25th 26th 27th 28th 29th 30th 31st 33rd 34th 35th 36th 37th 38th 39th 40th 41st 43rd 44th 45th 46th 47th 48th 49th 50th 51st Cape Verde Mauritius South Africa Botswana Namibia Ghana So Tom & Prncipe Seychelles Tanzania Benin Lesotho Mali Malawi Senegal Zambia Mozambique Burkina Faso Niger Uganda Sierra Leone Liberia Mauritania Comoros Gabon Guinea Tunisia Burundi Rwanda Madagascar Angola Congo Guinea-Bissau Togo Algeria Nigeria Djibouti Ethiopia Central African Republic Morocco Cameroon Cte d'Ivoire Zimbabwe Egypt Swaziland Chad Equatorial Guinea Libya Eritrea
ANNUAL SCORES 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 73 78 76 72 75 70 62 72 63 66 65 59 56 69 59 63 54 50 53 48 43 58 45 53 44 33 41 54 43 64 30 49 38 53 29 37 41 35 38 32 41 31 36 28 30 35 31 24 20 17 25 11 77 80 73 72 72 71 62 65 64 66 68 57 57 64 57 59 56 50 55 55 49 56 61 44 43 35 40 54 42 63 35 48 37 52 31 42 40 32 33 36 36 35 38 30 31 38 29 26 22 19 24 10 80 79 73 68 67 67 62 64 57 62 68 57 51 60 55 57 56 47 51 52 48 55 41 52 37 31 37 48 40 58 39 48 40 51 38 35 37 30 33 39 36 31 33 25 28 34 26 22 20 19 23 11 78 78 73 71 68 69 62 66 60 64 63 56 59 58 55 60 55 40 51 52 54 49 46 50 38 27 33 54 41 45 40 44 39 35 41 37 34 31 35 38 34 34 34 26 29 36 27 23 22 21 22 10 78 77 73 71 68 69 63 67 62 65 61 58 61 59 57 58 59 45 54 55 54 51 48 48 46 43 34 46 41 41 43 44 40 40 39 38 37 37 35 33 34 35 32 29 29 33 30 27 22 19 22 11 82 78 73 71 70 69 65 64 62 61 60 60 60 60 59 58 57 55 55 55 53 51 50 49 49 49 46 46 43 42 42 41 40 40 40 39 38 38 36 34 34 33 32 32 32 31 30 29 25 23 22 10
Overview
Continental average: 48 Highest country score: Cape Verde (82) Lowest country score: Somalia (10) Highest regional average: SouthernAfrica(56) Lowest regional average: Central Africa (35)
1 Cape Verde 2 Mauritius 3 South Africa 4 Botswana 5 Namibia 6 Ghana 7 So Tom & Prncipe 8 Seychelles 9 Tanzania 10 Benin
Top Ten
Significant Changes
-25 0
22nd Kenya
Guinea Madagascar
+25
32nd Gambia
42nd Congo, Democratic Rep
52nd Somalia
sub-category results
Participation
15 da 12 n a co 2 Rw oroc and 1 M azil Sw pt 12 Egy alia 7 Som Libya 5 Eritrea 3 Cape Verde 96 Botswa na 8 5 M au So ritius 84 So Tom Gh uth A & Pr nci an f pe 8 a 7 rica 7 0 3 2
45
Rights
3 .2 ep R . m De , o 23 ng ti Co jibou 0 D ya 2 e 19 8 Lib babw inea Zim torial Gu a u q E 7 Somalia Eritrea 7 Cape Verde 83 Mauriti us 80 Gha n Ma a 76 Na li 71 So mib ia ut h A 69 fri ca 69
37 6 la go ia 3 An mb 33 30 Ga ngo ire Co e dIvo Ct ria 29 Alge 29 Nigeria Central African Rep. 28 Ethiopia 25 Chad 2 3 Cam eroo Z n 21 i m M babw e2 E ad a 1 g q u at asca or r1 ial 7
37 7 go a 3 . 35 To ngol 35 Rep A nisia frican Tu tral A Cen t 33 Egyp 3 Chad 3 Cte dIvoire 33 Burundi 31 Gambia 29 Swa z Rw iland 28 Ca anda Et mer 28 oo h i o pia n 28 25
Gu in
ea
15
Cape Verde (96)

72 71 e oros 9 b i L om ia 6 C mib 70+ Na in 69 Ben r 67 029 Nige Mali 66 Zambia 66 Participation 6069 Sey chelles 65 Tanzan ia 62 Mala Sen wi 61 3039 Sie egal 5059 Bur rra Le 60 kin o 4049 a F ne 6 0 as o6 0 ria
Eritrea (3)
WestAfrica(58)
North Africa (25)
59 o th 55 so a 51 Le gand ania U urit 0 a5 Ma e n Gui a 49 Keny 9 bique 4 Mozam Djibouti 47 Ga bon 46 Burund i 45 G u in Tu ea-Bissa n u 41 To isia 4 0 Co go 3 8 n g o, De m 68
.R ep .3 8
44
Cape Verde (83)

Pr nc ip 5 e6
70+
029 Rights
3039 4049
n m & ni 9 Be o To ana 5 9 S tsw o5 a F o 6069 B kina s 58 Bur a Leone Sierr 6 Niger 5 Senegal 56 5059 Zambia 55 Lesotho 54 Seyc Ma helles 54 Ta lawi 5 Ga nzan 4 bo ia 5 3 n5 1
Eritrea (7)
West Africa (54)

Central Africa (31)
0 e5 qu bi am 9 4 oz M nya 48 Ke eria 8 Lib eria 4 Nig ea 46 Guin o 44 Morocc Comoros 44 Madagascar 43 Maurita Cong nia 42 Ug o 41 Gu anda Al inea 41 g e ria Bissa u3 38 8
Gender
54
39 p. Re 9 . 3 em ia er , D Lib ongo a 38 33 C geri ire Ni e d Ivo Ct oros 32 Com 1 Chad 3 Somalia 16 Rwanda 87 South A frica 76 Seyc Mo helles 74 z Na amb Ta mib ique 7 i nz 4 an a 72 ia 72
Rwanda (87)
8 t4 yp 48 Eg nin 47 7 Be ngo n4 Co eroo Cam cco 46 Moro eone 45 Sierra L Togo 44 Djibouti 44 Mali 43 Libya Nig 43 Gu er 42 Ce inea n B t i r a l A ssau 41 fri ca
nR ep
.4
1 s7 0 iu t i a7 r au an M tsw a 69 Bo and 3039 8 70+ Ug otho 6 6 Les agascar 6 Mad 6 6 e rd Cape Ve 65 i law Ma 6069 Gender Tunisia 64 Senega 4049 l 63 Buru Gha ndi 62 Et na 6 Ga hiopi 0 5059 a m bia 59 58
Somalia (16)
SouthernAfrica(65)
Central Africa (43)
58 ia an 6 rit 5 au ia M mb 56 5 Za trea e5 Eri babw Zim a 53 Keny 53 Angola Burkina Faso 52 Equatorial Guinea 51 So Tom & Pr Guin ncipe 5 1 Alg ea 49 Sw eria 4 Ga azila 9 b on nd 4 9 49
category results

Sustainable Economic Opportunity is one of the four pillars under which governance is measured in the Ibrahim Index. Freedom to participate in the creation of economic wealth is a key right for all citizens and governments have an overwhelming duty to develop an enabling framework. This pillar seeks to measure, first, governments abilities to manage the macro economy along sound lines to ensure broad economic development. It also seeks to measure the regulatory framework, which allows, inter alia, the wealth-creating private sector to grow within the constraints and interest of society as a whole. A third set of variables covers the availability of basic infrastructure, which in some cases is provided by the State, whilst in others by the private sector, within a system determined by governments. The final group of indicators cover aspects of agricultural production and rural development. These are of particular significance, given the large rural populations of most countries, the importance of subsistence goods together with concerns associated with land and water availability, which may become even more acute. It is encouraging to note that on average the majority of countries of Africa have consistently improved their scores in this pillar.
Lord Cairns Former Chief Executive Officer, SG Warburg and Former Chairman, Actis Capital LLP; Member of the Board of the Mo Ibrahim Foundation
In this Category
Public Management Statistical Capacity Public Admin istration* Inflation Diversification Reserves Budget Manage ment* Ratio of Total Revenue to TotalExpenditure Ratio of Budget Deficit or Surplus toGDP Fiscal Policy* Ratio of External Debt Service toExports Reliability of Financial Institutions Revenue Collection* Business Environment Competitive Environment* Investment Climate Investment Climate for Rural Businesses Rural Financial Services Development Bureaucracy and Red Tape Infrastructure Access to Electricity Road and Rail Networks* Air Transport Facilities Telephone and IT Infrastructure* Digital Connectivity * RuralSector Public Resources for Rural Development Land and Water for Low-Income Rural Populations* Agricultural Research and ExtensionServices Agricultural Input and Produce Markets Policy andLegal Frame work for RuralOrganisations Dialogue between Government and Rural Organisations
* clustered indicator (see Indicators p.36) newly-included indicator for 2012
ea in 33 u G go 29 To trea 29 28 Eri oros Rep. Com o, Dem. g n o C we 25 Zimbab Somalia 2 Mauritius 80 Tunisia Egyp 69 Cap t 68 Bo e Ve Mo tswa rde 68 n ro cc a 68 o6 5
au
34
4 s6 2 lle ca 6 e h ri f c A y Se uth ia 61 029 59 So mib aso a 6069 N kina F r u B 57 nda Rwa 3039 55 o th so e L Sustainable na 54 Gha Economic Tanzan Opportunity 5059 Ethio ia 54 pia 53 Sene Gam gal 53 bia M 4049 Be ozam 52 nin biq 52 ue 5 2
43 la 1 go 42 e4 An bya Leon Li rra 41 Sie o g Con ria 41 Nige 1 voire 4 Cte dI Burundi 40
So Tom & Prncip e 38 Centra l Africa n Rep. 3 Equa 8 Gu torial Gu inea Ch inea 3 37 6 L ad i b eri 34 a3 4
ss Bi
52 ria a 51 ge Al and 51 Ug mbia 9 Za lawi 4 Ma uti 49 Djibo Mali 49 Madagascar 49 Swaziland 49 Kenya 4 8 Cam M eroon 4 a 7 Ni uritan ia 4 G ger 5 a bo 44 n4 4
Sustainable Economic Opportunity results
RANK 2011 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th 20th 21st 23rd 24th 25th 26th 27th 28th 29th 30th 31st 33rd 34th 35th 36th 37th 38th 39th 40th 41st 43rd 44th 45th 46th 47th 48th 49th 50th 51st Mauritius Tunisia Egypt Cape Verde Botswana Morocco Seychelles South Africa Namibia Burkina Faso Rwanda Lesotho Ghana Tanzania Ethiopia Senegal Gambia Mozambique Benin Algeria Uganda Malawi Djibouti Mali Madagascar Swaziland Kenya Cameroon Mauritania Niger Angola Libya Sierra Leone Congo Nigeria Cte d'Ivoire Burundi So Tom & Prncipe Central African Republic Guinea Chad Liberia Guinea-Bissau Togo Eritrea Comoros Congo, Democratic Republic Zimbabwe
ANNUAL SCORES 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 67 66 59 57 68 60 60 62 58 51 53 57 52 52 55 52 48 49 49 56 55 47 42 46 49 52 44 49 43 49 37 34 34 60 31 39 39 41 34 39 24 32 33 34 22 30 29 36 30 27 21 2 68 67 62 62 68 63 60 63 59 49 51 55 48 53 55 51 48 49 50 56 56 49 44 46 47 55 44 50 47 49 42 33 34 57 38 37 40 40 35 40 27 36 35 33 24 27 31 34 30 29 20 2 78 68 64 69 68 63 60 60 59 51 52 55 51 57 56 50 47 48 48 56 52 48 48 42 48 55 52 49 50 49 45 39 35 59 39 40 39 38 38 41 27 37 34 31 25 31 31 34 28 32 22 2 79 67 70 67 68 65 62 62 61 57 54 55 55 57 54 55 51 52 52 53 51 49 48 47 51 53 50 45 48 47 44 41 39 55 42 38 42 39 42 38 30 33 33 31 26 33 34 29 27 26 22 3 80 67 71 67 68 65 64 64 62 59 56 55 54 57 54 53 52 51 53 52 52 50 50 48 47 50 49 51 48 48 45 42 42 56 41 41 41 39 40 36 37 35 29 34 34 34 36 29 28 28 25 3 80 69 68 68 68 65 64 62 61 59 57 55 54 54 53 53 52 52 52 52 51 51 49 49 49 49 49 48 47 45 44 44 43 42 41 41 41 41 40 38 38 37 36 34 34 34 33 29 29 28 25 2
Overview
Continental average: 47 Highest country score: Mauritius (80) Lowest country score: Somalia (2) Highest regional average: NorthAfrica(57) Lowest regional average: Central Africa (38)
1 Mauritius 2 Tunisia 3 Egypt 4 Cape Verde 5 Botswana 6 Morocco 7 Seychelles 8 South Africa 9 Namibia 10 Burkina Faso
Top Ten
Significant Changes
-20 0
22nd Zambia
Central African Rep. Mauritius Liberia Libya

+20
32nd Gabon
42nd Equatorial Guinea
52nd Somalia
Public Management
45 p. Re . 5 4 em ad , D 44 Ch ongo bwe C ba 43 e 41 Zim oros rncip Com om & P So T 33 Eritrea Somalia 2 South Africa 76 Botswa na 72 Tunis Ma ia 70 M uritiu Co oroc s 68 ng co 6 o6 8 4
55
29 al go ori 22 To uat 7 ep. Eq ya 2 em. R Lib go, D Con abwe 11 Zimb 10 Eritrea Somalia 0 Mauritius 98 Egypt 8 0 Bots Rw wana 76 Ca anda So pe V 72 e ut h A rde 7 2 fri ca 71
28
a ine Gu
54 er 53 3 ig N bya and 5 Li azil 3 a5 Sw d n Uga ia 51 1 Liber Bissau 5 Guinea Burundi 51 Togo 51 Centra l Africa n Rep. 5 C t e 0 dIvo S i ir e e 49 Gu rra Le Eq inea one 4 9 u at 47 or ial
44 46 pe n nci 5 Pr bo a 4 Ga ngol m & 4 A o To ia 4 p. 43 S uritan n Re Ma ral Africa Cent 0 voire 4 Cte dI Cameroon 39 Chad 37 Guinea 36 Com Lib oros 34 Gu eria 3 Co inea 4 n go -Biss au 30 32
Gu in
ea
46
South Africa (76)

64 63 3 e g o6 70+ da Al an a Fas 1 Rw rkin ique 6 Bu zamb 4049 61 Mo 6069 Namibia 1 6 l Senega Public Mali 60 Ghana 60 Management Kenya 6 0 Gab o Ma n 59 Ca lawi 5 Ca pe V 8 5059 e m ero rde 5 8 on 58 ria
Somalia (2)
NorthAfrica(61)
East Africa (48)
58 ia an 57 nz ia Ta mb 7 Za ypt 5 7 Eg otho 5 Les 57 Benin 56 Nigeria Angola 56 Ma dag asc ar 56 Gambia 55 Ethio Sey pia 55 M chell Dj aurit es 55 an ib o ut ia 55 i5 4
50
Mauritius (98)
70 co c o 67 or M hana ia 65 G mib 70+ 029 s 65 Na chelle y e S ia 62 Tunis Faso 62 urkina 3039 6069 B Business Lesotho 61 Senegal 61 Environment Ethiopia 60 Zam 4049 Mo bia 59 M zamb Sw ali 59 ique 5 5059 9 az ila nd 59
Somalia (0)
SouthernAfrica(59)
Central Africa (35)
7 r5 ca as ag ad 57 M ger 7 Ni nin 5 56 Be zania Tan uti 56 Djibo 55 Uganda Gambia 55 Ken ya 54 Malawi 51 Buru Alg ndi 50 Sie eria 5 0 N rra i ge Leo ria ne 47 47
Infrastructure
5 a 1 15 ny ndi e K ru a 11 Bu geri Ni er 6 Nig oros 4 Com 4 Somalia Congo, Dem. Rep. 1 Seychelles 82 Mauriti 60 us 71 6 unisia 9 BT 64 ots Na wan Eg mib a 62 yp ia 6 t5 1 9
32
Seychelles (82)
029
8 e5 rd 2 e V 5 pe co Ca oroc o 51 M soth 47 i out 9 Le 5 Djib 45 50 Libya 1 Africa 4 4049 South nd 40 Swazila Infrastructure Burkina Faso 37 Gambia 37 Alge Ct ria 37 3039 Zim e dIvoi re 3 Ma bab 7 law we 36 i3 5
Rural Sector*
35 os or 34 34 m a au Co beri -Biss a Li ine Gu o 32 Tog abwe 8 Zimb o data Libya n Somalia no data Cape Verde 84 Mauriti us 81 Tunis Egy ia 78 p Bu t 77 Rw rkina an F da aso 7 4 72
24 ipe nc 4 Pr l2 ga & ne m Se o To 23 S trea Eri o 22 Tog da 21 n Rwa nia 21 Maurita Guinea 19 Liberia 18 Guinea -Bissau Cent 18 Ch ral Afric an R M ad 17 ep 1 8 Sie ali 17 rra L e on e1 6 4 .4 ep 5 i 4 m. R e nd ru , D 4 Bu ongo and 4 C azil 4 Sw nea 4 Gui o 43 cipe 43 Cong & Prn So Tom Central African Rep. 41 Equatorial Guinea 41 Djibouti 39 Ango Ch la 39 G ad 38 a C bon 38 te d I vo ire 36
Congo, Democratic Rep. (1)

NorthAfrica(46)
Central Africa (23)
34 3 la go a 3 i An mb ia 33 Za zan 3 Tan opia 3 i Eth eroon 31 ea 31 Cam rial Guin Equato Gabon 31 Uganda 31 Mozam bique 3 Gha 0 n Ma a 29 Be daga Co nin 2 scar 29 ng 8 o2 8
54
Cape Verde (84)

70+
3039 Rural Sector
4049 5059
0 a7 8 ni 6 a nz co Ta oroc l 67 M nega Se in 66 Ben pia 66 Ethio 65 Uganda 6069 Kenya 64 Gambia 62 Botswa na 62 Gha n Ma a 61 u M ritan Ni ali 61 ia 61 ge r5 9
Zimbabwe (8)
NorthAfrica(68)
Central Africa (44) * No data are available for Somalia or Libya
59 8 n e5 oo er biqu 58 m a Ca ozam Afric M uth 58 So ibia Nam ria 56 Alge scar 55 Madaga Zambia 54 Malawi 54 Sierra L eone 5 3 Seyc Les helles 53 Ni otho Er geria 51 itr ea 50 50
category results
Human Development
Human Development places citizens at the core of human well-being and enshrines the principle that every life has equal value. Yet in the context of growing new global apartheid we see a world in which the minority of global rich are divided from the overwhelming majority who suffer the hardships of poverty, hunger, joblessness and social inequality. There is ample empirical evidence that only socially inclusive, transparent and accountable governance is the key to sustainable economic growth. Yet governance remains a challenge in many parts of Africa mired by resource wars driven by predatory elites both on our continent and globally. Africa is rich with resources underground but our people remain poor. Sub-Saharan Africa has one of the highest prevalence of hunger in the world. Many of our countries will struggle to achieve the Millennium Development Goals. Food and nutrition security are the flipside of the coin of human development. Life expectancy at birth, access to clean water and sanitation, quality education and health are fundamental human rights. Social protection welfare nets protect vulnerable and marginalised communities must underpin the societies we want to build. If African countries are to realise their long-term potential, social, economic and political governance has to be the core performance indicators. The Human Development indicators require civil society, governments, business, scientists and policy makers to unite around a programme of action that measures our performance and has consequences for non-delivery.
Jay Naidoo Chairman of the Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition (GAIN); Member of the Board of the Mo Ibrahim Foundation
In this Category
Welfare Welfare Regime Social Protection and Labour * Social Exclusion Welfare Services (Health and Education)* Equity of Public Resource Use* Access to Water * Access to Sanitation* Environmental Policy Environmental Sustainability * Education Education Provision and Quality Ratio of Pupils to Teachers in PrimarySchool Primary School Completion Progression to Secondary School Tertiary Enrolment Literacy Health Maternal Mortality Child Mortality Immunisation (Measles and DPT)* Antiretroviral Treatment Provision* Disease (Malaria and TB)*
* clustered indicator (see Indicators p.38) newly-included indicator for 2012
42 2 9 4 er ig nea one 3 . 38 N ui e L Rep a G rr m e e p. 33 Si go, D n Re Con ral Africa Cent 1 Chad 3 Somalia 12 Seychelles 91 Mauriti us 85 Libya Tun 85 Ca isia 8 Bo pe V 2 tsw erd an e 81 a8 0
77 ca fri A 5 h ut a 7 3039 So lgeri 74 A ypt 70 70+ Eg mibia Na a 69 Ghan o 69 Morocc Human So Tom & Prncipe 66 4049 Development Swaziland 66 6069 Gabon 6 5 Rwa n Ken da 64 Ga ya 6 Co mbi 3 5059 m a 62 or os 60
49 9 ea itr a 4 Er beri 8 Li go 4 8 To unid 4 Bur 48 Mali 48 Congo Nigeria 48 Angola 48 Mozam bique 4 Cte 7 dIv M o ir a e 47 Bu uritan ia 4 Gu rkin 6 a i n ea Faso 46
Bis s
au
43
0 a6 9 bi 5 o m Za soth a 58 Le and 56 Ug nia a z Tan gal 56 ea 56 Sene rial Guin Equato Djibouti 55 Cameroon 55 Benin 5 3 Ethip Ma oia 53 Zi lawi 5 Ma mbab 2 we da g 52 as ca r5 0
human development results
RANK 2011 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th 20th 21st 23rd 24th 25th 26th 27th 28th 29th 30th 31st 33rd 34th 35th 36th 37th 38th 39th 40th 41st 43rd 44th 45th 46th 47th 48th 49th 50th 51st Seychelles Mauritius Libya Tunisia Cape Verde Botswana South Africa Algeria Egypt Namibia Ghana Morocco So Tom & Prncipe Swaziland Gabon Rwanda Kenya Gambia Comoros Zambia Lesotho Tanzania Senegal Equatorial Guinea Djibouti Cameroon Benin Ethiopia Malawi Zimbabwe Eritrea Liberia Togo Burundi Mali Congo Nigeria Angola Mozambique Mauritania Burkina Faso Guinea-Bissau Niger Guinea Sierra Leone Congo, Democratic Rep Central African Republic Chad
ANNUAL SCORES 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 88 85 82 88 75 79 76 75 77 67 62 65 57 63 60 57 56 56 52 54 54 54 54 54 53 57 48 49 45 46 48 52 49 41 42 42 42 43 44 35 41 41 45 40 37 31 41 37 35 28 26 10 88 85 83 89 78 78 77 77 79 69 64 65 59 64 60 56 56 56 53 56 56 56 53 56 54 57 49 50 46 47 47 53 49 43 42 44 44 44 44 39 41 42 46 42 38 34 41 38 38 29 27 23 89 86 83 81 79 79 78 73 79 68 67 66 59 64 62 59 61 62 54 59 58 57 56 53 56 54 51 50 48 50 45 52 51 43 44 44 45 45 45 39 44 44 46 43 39 37 38 35 37 30 25 11 89 86 83 82 80 80 76 74 74 69 67 68 60 65 63 64 62 61 59 60 58 58 57 56 55 56 52 52 49 51 44 52 52 45 46 46 46 45 47 42 46 45 45 45 39 40 41 37 38 31 30 12 91 85 84 81 82 80 77 74 74 70 69 68 64 66 64 64 63 62 59 60 59 59 57 55 56 56 54 53 52 55 50 52 51 48 48 48 47 47 48 48 47 46 46 46 43 41 42 38 38 33 30 13 91 85 85 82 81 80 77 75 74 70 69 69 66 66 65 64 63 62 60 60 59 58 56 56 56 55 55 53 53 52 52 50 49 49 48 48 48 48 48 48 47 47 46 46 43 42 42 39 38 33 31 12
Overview
Continental average: 57 Highest country score: Seychelles (91) Lowest country score: Somalia (12) Highest regional average: NorthAfrica(72) Lowest regional average: Central Africa (46)
1 Seychelles 2 Mauritius 3 Libya 4 Tunisia 5 Cape Verde 6 Botswana 7 South Africa 8 Algeria 9 Egypt 10 Namibia
Top Ten
Significant Changes
There were no significant changes in this category between 2006 and 2011.
22nd Uganda
32nd Madagascar
42nd Cte d'Ivoire
52nd Somalia
Welfare
34 2 we p. 3 b Re ba 3 n m 3 ica Zi go l Afr To ntra 30 Ce d 31 Rep. Cha o, Dem. g n o C 25 Eritrea Somalia 5 Mauritius 83 Tunisia Cape 80 Sou Verde 7 9 Se th A Bo yche frica 7 6 tsw lles 7 an a7 4 2
51
Education
0 e4 qu bi am i 35 oz M alaw 5 M ger 3 Ni d 31 29 Cha ina Faso Rep. 25 Burk ic fr A an Central Somalia 0 Seychelles 99 Libya 9 3 Mau Tun ritius 84 So isia 8 Ca uth A 4 pe f Ve rica 8 rd e8 0 0
45 ia op 45 e 45 hi ia Et ger biqu 45 Ni zam issau Mo nea-B Gui la 44 Ango 44 Congo Equatorial Guinea 41 Liberia 41 Sierra L e o n e 40 Mad Nig agascar 40 G er 39 u C inea te 38 d I v oir e3 5
3 44 .4 ep ea .R itr 43 Er nin , Dem Be ngo 42 Co outi 42 Djib dIvoire Cte eone 41 Sierra L Mauritania 41 Guinea 40 Congo 40 Guin Bu ea-Bissa u 40 A rundi n Ma gola 40 li 4 40 0
Mauritius (83)
66 e 66 g Al hana a 65 70+ G and Rw pt 64 3039 Egy 6069 Libya 64 3 6 Gambia Namibia 62 Welfare Morocco 61 Uganda 60 Djibo u 4049 5059 GSeneg ti 59 al a S bon 59 o T 57 om & Pr nc ipe 54 ria
Somalia (5)
NorthAfrica(64)
Central Africa (41)
4 3 a5 n5 ny roo Ke me 53 Ca lawi d 52 Ma zilan Swa 51 Mali 50 Zambia Benin 50 Tan zan ia 49 Lesotho 49 Buru Co ndi 48 Bu moro Ma rkina s 48 ur Fas i t a nia o 47 46
54
Seychelles (99)
4049
78 7 ria na 7 e a g Al tsw 77 Bo ypt g 75 71 E on 70+ inea Gab torial Gu Equa 70 Ghana So Tom & Prncipe 67 Education 6069 Swaziland 65 Namib ia 65 Moro Ken cco 65 y 5059 L Como a 59 es ot ros 5 ho 8 58
Somalia (0)
30
NorthAfrica(73)
Central Africa (48)
7 a5 bi 5 m a5 53 Za eri we Lib bab n 52 Zim eroo Cam bia 52 Gam 51 Ethiopia Madagascar 50 Ug and a 50 R w a n da 49 Togo 49 N i g Se eria 4 Ta nega 8 n l z an 47 ia 46
Health
66
5 1 8 u4 .4 ep a 4 issa e n a-B ican R i 1 Gu uine l Afr p. 4 . Re G ntra em e D , C go 37 Con a Leone Sierr 2 Chad 3 Somalia 30 Seychelles 100 Libya 9 8 Bots Ma wana 91 u Ca ritiu Na pe V s 88 m erd ibi e a 8 85 3
Seychelles (100)
5059
Health
6069
1 1 a8 isi co 8 n c u o T or 81 M ypt 80 Eg aziland Sw ria 79 Alge 78 Eritrea 70+ Rwanda 78 So Tom & Prncip e 77 Kenya 7 7 Sout Tan h Africa 74 Co zania 74 Gh mor an os 7 a7 3 3
Somalia (30)
61 o as 1 a F car 6 in s a rk g Bu ada 60 9 M ngo n5 Co eroo Cam la 58 Ango i 57 Burund Mozambique 56 Equatorial Guinea 55 Mali 53 Nige Ma r 53 Ni uritan Lib geria ia 52 eri 5 a5 1 0
30 3
40 4
NorthAfrica(79)
Central Africa (50)
2 a7 2 bi m o7 Ga soth a 71 Le mbi 9 Za awi 6 l Ma abwe 69 Zimb 6 Benin 6 Djibouti 64 Uganda 64 Togo 6 4 Cte Sen dIvoire 64 Ga egal Et bon 62 h iop 62 ia 61
Data Providers
34 2012 Ibrahim Index of African Governance: Summary African Development Bank (AfDB) Website: www.afdb.org Data sources: Country Performance Assessment (CPA) (tinyurl.com/IIAG2012-AfDB-CPA); African Economic Outlook (AEO) (tinyurl.com/IIAG2012-AEO) Bertelsmann Foundation (BF) Website: www.bertelsmann-stiftung.de Data source: Bertelsmann Transformation Index (BTI) (tinyurl.com/IIAG2012-BTI) Centre for Democratic Development Ghana (CDD Ghana) Website: www.cddghana.org Data source: Sanctions in Africa 20002011 (tinyurl.com/IIAG2012-CDD) The Cingranelli-Richards (CIRI) Human Rights Data Project (CIRI) Website: http://ciri.binghamton.edu Data source: Cingranelli-Richards (CIRI) Human Rights Dataset (tinyurl.com/IIAG2012-CIRI) Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU) Website: www.eiu.com Data sources: Democracy Index (tinyurl.com/IIAG2012-EIU); CountryData (tinyurl.com/IIAG2012-EIU); Commissioned Expert Assessments (tinyurl.com/IIAG2012-EIU-MIF) Freedom House (FH) Website: www.freedomhouse.org Data sources: Freedom in the World Survey (tinyurl.com/IIAG2012-FH-FWS); Freedom of the Press Index (tinyurl.com/IIAG2012-FH-FPI) The Heritage Foundation and The Wall Street Journal (HERWSJ) Website: www.heritage.org/Index Data source: Index of Economic Freedom (tinyurl.com/IIAG2012-HER-WSJ) Institut de Recherche Empirique en Economie Politique (IREEP) Website: www.ireep.org Data source: African Electoral Index: 20002011 (tinyurl.com/IIAG2012-IREEP) Inter-Agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation (IGME) Website: www.childmortality.org Data source: Child Mortality Estimates Info (CME) (tinyurl.com/IIAG2012-CME) Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre (IDMC) Website: www.internal-displacement.org Data source: Internal Displacement: Global Overview of Trends and Developments (tinyurl.com/IIAG2012-IDMC) International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, The World Bank (WB) Website: www.worldbank.org Data sources: IDA Resource Allocation Index (tinyurl.com/IIAG2012-WB-IDA); Bulletin Board on Statistical Capacity (BBSC) (tinyurl.com/IIAG2012- WBBBSC); World Development Indicators (WDI) (tinyurl.com/ IIAG2012-WB-WDI); Worldwide Governance Indicators (WGI) (tinyurl.com/IIAG2012-WB-WGI) International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) Website: www.ifad.org Data source: Performance-based Allocation System (PBAS): Rural Sector Performance Assessments (RSPA) (tinyurl.com/IIAG2012-IFAD) International Monetary Fund (IMF) Website: www.imf.org Data sources: International Financial Statistics (IFS) (tinyurl.com/IIAG2012-IMF-IFS); Article IV Consultation Staff Reports (tinyurl.com/IIAG2012-IMF) International Telecommunication Union (ITU) Website: www.itu.int Data source: World Telecommunications/ICT Indicators Database (tinyurl.com/IIAG2012-ITU) Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) Website: www.unaids.org Data source: Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic (tinyurl.com/IIAG2012-UNAIDS) Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) Website: www.ohchr.org Data sources: Multilateral Treaties Deposited with the Secretary General (MTDSG) database (tinyurl.com/IIAG2012-OHCHR-MTDSG); Treaty Body database (tinyurl.com/IIAG2012-OHCHR-TBD) Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) Website: www.unhcr.org Data source: UNHCR Statistical Online Population Database (tinyurl.com/IIAG2012-UNHCR) Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Website: www.oecd.org Data sources: Gender, Institutions and Development Database (GID-DB) (tinyurl.com/IIAG2012-OECD); African Economic Outlook (AEO) (tinyurl.com/IIAG2012-AEO) Political Terror Scale (PTS) Website: www.politicalterrorscale.org Data source: Political Terror Scale (PTS) (tinyurl.com/IIAG2012-PTS) United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) Website: www.unesco.org Data source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS) (tinyurl.com/IIAG2012-UNESCO) Uppsala University, Department of Peace and Conflict Research Uppsala Conflict Data Programme Website: www.pcr.uu.se/research/ucdp Data source: UCDP UCDP/PRIO Armed Conflict Dataset (tinyurl.com/IIAG2012-UCDP) US Department of State Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons (USDS) Website: www.state.gov/g/tip Data source: Trafficking in Persons Report (TPR) (tinyurl.com/IIAG2012-USDS) World Health Organization (WHO) Website: www.who.int Data sources: WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) for Water Supply and Sanitation (tinyurl.com/IIAG2012-JMP); Global Health Observatory (GHO) (tinyurl.com/IIAG2012-WHO)
Indicators
The IIAG is compiled using indicators based on either ExpertAssessment (EA) or Official Data (OD). Data Providers are shown as acronyms (see p.34) after the name of each indicator and variable.
* A clustered indicator is composed of a number of underlying variables

which each measure the same dimension and come from different sources, or measure similar dimensions and come from the same source.
Safety & Rule of Law Rule of Law

Judicial Process (EIU) Extent to which the judicial process or courts are subject to interference or distortion by interest groups(EA) Judicial Independence (BF) Extent to which the courts can interpret and review norms and pursue their own reasoning, free from the influence of rulers or powerful groups and individuals(EA) Sanctions (CDD Ghana) Imposition of sanctions by the United Nations and/or the African Union on a state and/ or governmental and/or nongovernmental actors(EA/OD) Transfers of Power (EIU) Clarity, establishment and acceptance of constitutional mechanisms for the orderly transfer of power from one administration to the next(EA) Property Rights* ZZ Property Rights (AfDB,WB)* Extent to which private economic activity is facilitated by an effective legal system and rule-based governance structure in which property and contract rights are reliably respected and enforced(EA) ZZ Property Rights (BF) Extent to which government ensures well-defined rights of private property and regulates the acquisition of property(EA) ZZ Property Rights Protection (EIU) Degree to which property rights are respected and enforced(EA) ZZ Property Freedom (HER-WSJ) Ability of individuals to accumulate private property, secured by clear laws that are fully enforced by the state. The independence of the judiciary, including the extent of corruption, and the ability to enforce contracts are also assessed(EA)
Accountability
Accountability, Transparency and Corruption in the Public Sector (AfDB,WB)* Accountability of the executive for use of funds and results of actions by the electorate, legislature and judiciary and extent to which public employees within the executive are accountable for use of resources, administrative decisions and results(EA) Accountability, Transparency and Corruption in Rural Areas (IFAD) Local level accountability of the executive and legislature, including public employees and elected officials, to lowincome rural populations for use of funds and results of actions(EA) Corruption and Bureaucracy (WB) Intrusiveness of bureaucracy, amount of red tape likely to be encountered and likelihood of experiencing corruption among officials and other groups(EA) Accountability of Public Officials (EIU) Existence of safeguards or sanctions ensuring accountability and performance from public officials (both elected and appointed)(EA) Corruption in Government and Public Officials (EIU) Level of vested cronyism among, and corruption of, public officials (both elected and appointed)(EA) Prosecution of Abuse of Office (BF) Legal or political penalties for officeholders who abuse their positions(EA)
ZZ Political Terror (PTS)
State terror, defined as violations of physical or personal integrity rights carried out by a state or its agents. These include statesanctioned killings, torture, disappearances, and political imprisonment(EA)
Participation & Human Rights Participation

Free and Fair Executive Elections (IREEP) Freedom and fairness of executive elections across the campaign period and all aspects of the election process, including extent of opposition participation, adherence to electoral procedures, citizens access to information, levels of violence, acceptance of results and turnover of power(EA) Free and Fair Elections (BF) Freedom and fairness of elections(EA) Political Participation (EIU) Availability of relevant information for citizens and their freedom to participate in the political process(EA) Electoral Self-Determination (CIRI) Extent to which citizens enjoy freedom of political choice, and the legal right and effective capacity to change laws and governing bodies through free and fair elections(EA) Effective Power to Govern (BF) Extent to which democratically elected rulers have effective power to govern or to which there are veto powers and political enclaves(EA)
Social Unrest (EIU) Prevalence of violent social unrest(EA) Safety of the Person (EIU) Level of criminality(EA) Violent Crime (EIU) Prevalence of violent crime, both organised and common(EA) Human Trafficking (USDS) Government action to combat forced labour and involuntary commercial sex(EA)
National Security
Cross-Border Tensions (EIU) Potential threats to economic and political stability due to tensions with neighbouring states(EA) Government Involvement in Armed Conflict (UCDP) Direct or indirect involvement of the government in an armed conflict which results in at least 25 annual battle-related deaths(EA) Domestic Armed Conflict (EIU) Level of internal conflict and/ or civil war, or the likelihood of conflict developing in the near future(EA) Political Refugees (UNHCR) People fleeing the country due to fear of persecution(EA) Internally Displaced People (IDMC) People displaced within the country due to violence, conflict, human rights violations, or natural or human-made disasters(EA)
Rights
Core International Human Rights Conventions (OHCHR) Whether a country has ratified the nine core international human rights conventions and, additionally, whether it has submitted the first of a number of regular reports to treaty bodies that monitor implementation(EA/OD) Human Rights (EIU) Likelihood of a state being accused of serious human rights violations(EA)
Personal Safety
Domestic Political Persecution* ZZ Physical Integrity Rights (CIRI) Prevalence of torture, extrajudicial killings, political imprisonment and disappearance(EA)
indicators
EA = Expert Assessment OD = Official Data *clustered indicator
Political Rights (FH) Freedom to participate in the political process including the right to vote freely for distinct alternatives in legitimate elections, compete for public office, join political parties and organisations, and elect accountable representatives(EA) Workers Rights (CIRI) Extent to which workers enjoy internationally recognised rights at work, including freedom of association, the right to bargain collectively, a minimum age of employment and acceptable conditions with regards to minimum wages, hours of work, and occupational safety and health(EA) Freedom of Expression* ZZ Freedom of Expression (BF) Extent to which citizens, organisations and mass media can express opinions freely(EA) ZZ Freedom of Speech and Press (CIRI) Extent to which freedoms of speech and press are affected by government censorship, including ownership of media outlets(EA) ZZ Press Freedom (FH) Print, broadcast and internet freedom(EA) Freedom of Association and Assembly* ZZ Freedom of Association and Assembly (BF) Extent to which independent political and/or civic groups can associate and assemble freely(EA) ZZ Freedom of Assembly and Association (CIRI) Extent to which the internationally recognised right of citizens to associate freely with other persons in political parties, trade unions, cultural organisations or other special interest groups exists in practice(EA) ZZ Freedom of Association (EIU) Extent to which freedom of association and the right to collective bargaining is respected(EA)
Civil Liberties* ZZ Protection of Civil Liberties (BF) Extent to which civil rights are guaranteed and protected and citizens can seek redress for violations of these liberties(EA) ZZ Civil Liberties (EIU) Extent of various citizens freedoms including equality under the law, freedom from torture and freedom of expression(EA) ZZ Civil Liberties (FH) Extent of civil liberties: freedom of expression and belief; associational and organisational rights; rule of law; and personal autonomy without interference from the state(EA)
ZZ Womens Political Rights
Extent to which women enjoy internationally recognised rights to participate freely in the political process(EA)
Sustainable Economic Opportunity Public Management

Statistical Capacity (WB) Capacity of statistical systems in terms of methodology, data sources, periodicity and timeliness(EA) Public Administration (AfDB,WB)* Extent to which civilian central government (including teachers, health workers and police) is structured to design and implement government policy and effectively deliver services(EA) Inflation (IMF) Average change in consumer price index in local currency over the previous year(OD) Diversification (AfDB-OECD) Extent to which exports are diversified(OD) Reserves (EIU) Total international reserves in relation to imports of goods and non-factor services(OD) Budget Management (AfDB,WB)* Extent to which the budget is comprehensive and credible, linked to policy priorities, with effective financial management systems and timely and accurate fiscal reporting(EA) Ratio of Total Revenue to Total Expenditure (EIU) Total budget revenue as a proportion of total budget expenditure(OD) Ratio of Budget Deficit or Surplus to GDP (EIU) Central government receipts minus central government outlays in relation to gross domestic product(OD) Fiscal Policy (AfDB,WB)* Short and medium-term sustainability of fiscal policy (taking into account monetary and exchange rate policy and sustainability of public debt) and its impact on growth(EA) Ratio of External Debt Service to Exports (EIU) Total external debt service due in relation to exports of goods, non-factor services, income and workers remittances(OD)
Legislation on Violence against Women (OECD) Existence of laws against domestic violence, sexual assault or rape, and sexual harassment(EA)
Gender
Gender Equality (AfDB,WB)* Whether a country has enacted, and enforces, laws and policies that promote equal access for men and women to human capital development opportunities, and productive and economic resources; and give men and women equal status and protection under the law(EA) Gender Balance in Primary and Secondary Education (WB) Ratio of girls to boys enrolled at primary and secondary levels in public and private schools(OD) Womens Participation in the Labour Force (WB) Female population, 15 and older, that is economically active(OD) Equal Representation in Rural Areas (IFAD) Extent to which laws, policies, institutions and practices promote equal representation of men and women in local decision-making(EA) Women in Parliament (WB) Parliamentary seats, in a single or lower chamber, held by women(OD) Womens Rights (CIRI)* ZZ Womens Economic Rights Extent to which women enjoy internationally recognised rights at work(EA)
indicators
Reliability of Financial Institutions (EIU/IMF) Total stock of currency held within banks as a proportion of the money supply in the economy(OD) Revenue Collection (AfDB,WB)* Government revenue mobilisation from all sources, taking into account both tax structure on paper and actual tax collection (EA)
Bureaucracy and Red Tape (EIU) Bureaucratic delay and complexity in obtaining the appropriate documentation or authorisation to engage in business activities(EA)
Rural Sector
Public Resources for Rural Development (IFAD) Government policies, strategies and investment programmes for the agricultural and rural development sector, and the efficiency, consistency and transparency with which resources are allocated, managed and accounted for(EA) Land and Water for LowIncome Rural Populations (IFAD)* ZZ Access to Land Extent to which the legal, institutional and market frameworks provide the basis for low-income rural populations to have secure access to land both individually held and common property resources and the extent to which they are able to benefit from these(EA) ZZ Access to Water for Agriculture Extent to which the policy and institutional framework provides for rural populations to have equitable user rights over water resources for agriculture and to effectively manage those resources(EA) Agricultural Research and Extension Services (IFAD) Accessibility of agricultural research and the extension system to low-income farmers, including women, and its responsiveness to their needs and priorities(EA) Agricultural Input and Produce Markets (IFAD) Extent to which the policy and institutional framework supports the development of commercially based agricultural markets that are rooted in the private sector and are efficient, equitable and accessible to small farmers(EA) Policy and Legal Framework for Rural Organisations (IFAD) Extent to which an enabling policy and legal environment is present for low-income rural populations to organise into autonomous groups and associations or engage in other forms of collective action(EA)
Infrastructure
Access to Electricity (EIU) Risk that power shortages could disrupt business activities(EA) Road and Rail Networks (EIU)* ZZ Road Network Risk that the road network will be inadequate for business needs in terms of obsolescence, maintenance, and sufficient supply to meet demand(EA) ZZ Rail Network Risk that the rail network will be inadequate for business needs(EA) Air Transport Facilities (EIU) Risk that the air transport will be inadequate for business needs in terms of obsolescence, maintenance, and sufficient supply to meet demand(EA) Telephone and IT Infrastructure (EIU)* ZZ Telephone Network Risk that the telephone network will not be adequate for business needs in terms of obsolescence, maintenance and sufficient supply to meet demand(EA) ZZ IT Infrastructure Risk that information technology infrastructure will be inadequate for business needs(EA) Digital Connectivity (ITU)* ZZ Mobile Phone Subscribers Subscriptions to public mobile telephone services including the number of prepaid SIM cards active during the past three months(OD) ZZ Household computers Households with a computer (desktop or laptop only)(OD) ZZ Internet Subscribers Total active (over the past three months) internet subscriptions with fixed (wired) internet access, which includes dial up and fixed broadband subscriptions(OD)
Dialogue between Government and Rural Organisations (IFAD) Extent to which rural populations are able to enter into dialogue with, and lobby, government and express their concerns and priorities, and extent of government responsiveness to lowincome rural populations and consideration of their views in policy-making for the sector(EA)
Competitive Environment* ZZ Competitive Environment (AfDB,WB)* Extent to which the legal, regulatory, and policy environment helps or hinders private businesses in investing, creating jobs and becoming more productive(EA) ZZ Competition (BF) Extent to which the fundamentals of marketbased competition have developed and safeguards exist to prevent economic monopolies and cartels(EA) ZZ Unfair Competitive Practices (EIU) Quality of the competitive framework in place including the likelihood that domestic or foreign corporations are subject to discriminatory prices, taxes and tariffs(EA) Investment Climate (HER-WSJ) Economic freedom, based on constraints on the flow of investment capital(EA) Investment Climate for Rural Businesses (IFAD) Extent to which the policy, legal and regulatory framework supports the emergence and development of private rural businesses(EA) Rural Financial Services Development (IFAD) Extent to which the policy and institutional framework supports the development of a commercially based rural financial market that is rooted in the private sector and is efficient, equitable and accessible to low-income rural populations(EA)
indicators
Human Development Welfare

Welfare Regime (BF) Extent to which there is equality of opportunity and there are social safety nets which compensate for poverty and other risks, such as old age, illness, unemployment or disability(EA) Social Protection and Labour (AfDB,WB)* Government policies in the area of social protection and labour market regulation, which reduce the risk of becoming poor, assist those who are poor to better manage further risks, and ensure a minimum level of welfare to all people(EA) Social Exclusion (BF) Extent to which significant parts of the population are fundamentally excluded from society due to poverty and inequality combined (income gaps, gender, education, religion, ethnicity)(EA) Welfare Services (Health and Education) (AfDB,WB)* National policies and public and private sector service delivery that affect access to and quality of: health and nutrition services, including population and reproductive health; education, early childhood development, training and literacy programmes; and prevention and treatment of HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria(EA) Equity of Public Resource Use (AfDB,WB)* Extent to which the pattern of public expenditures and revenue collection affects the poor and is consistent with national poverty reduction priorities(EA) Access to Water (WHO-UNICEF)* ZZ Access to Piped Water Population served with piped water into their dwelling, yard or plot(OD)
ZZ Access to Improved Water
Population that is served with a drinking water source that, by nature of its construction, adequately protects the source from outside contamination particularly with faecal matter(OD)
Progression to Secondary School (WB) New entrants to the first grade of secondary school in a given year, in relation to students enrolled in the final grade of primary school in the previous year(OD) Tertiary Enrolment (WB) Total enrolment, regardless of age, in relation to the population of the age group for tertiary education(OD) Literacy (UNESCO) Population aged 15 or over who can both read and write a short simple statement on their everyday life. Generally numeracy, the ability to make simple mathematical calculations, is also included (OD)
Access to Sanitation (WHO)* ZZ Access to Improved Sanitation Population served with a sanitation facility that hygienically separates human excreta from human contact and which includes specified mechanisms for disposal and storage of that waste(OD) ZZ Open Defecation Sanitation Population forced to dispose of human faeces in outdoor spaces or alongside solid waste(OD) Environmental Policy (BF) Extent to which environmental concerns are effectively taken into account in both macro and microeconomic policymaking(EA) Environmental Sustainability (AfDB,WB)* Extent to which environmental policies foster the protection and sustainable use of natural resources and the management of pollution(EA)
Antiretroviral Treatment Provision (UNAIDS)* ZZ Antiretroviral Treatment Provision Adults and children with advanced HIV infection receiving antiretroviral therapy(OD) ZZ Antiretroviral Treatment Provision for Pregnant Women HIV-positive pregnant women who receive antiretrovirals to reduce the risk of mother-to-child transmission (OD) Disease (Malaria andTB) (WHO)* ZZ Malaria Deaths due to malaria per 100,000 population per year(OD) ZZ Tuberculosis Deaths due to TB, including HIV-related TB deaths per 100,000 population per year(OD)
Health
Maternal Mortality (WHO) Female deaths from any cause related to or aggravated by pregnancy or its management (excluding accidental or incidental causes)(OD) Child Mortality (IGME) Probability of a child born in a specified year dying before reaching the age of five if subject to current age-specific mortality rates(OD) Immunisation (Measles and DPT) (WB)* ZZ Immunisation against Measles Children aged 1223 months who have received appropriate vaccinations against measles before 12 months or anytime before the survey(OD) ZZ Immunisation against DPT Children aged 1223 months who have received appropriate vaccinations against diphtheria, pertussis and tetanus before 12 months or anytime before the survey(OD)
Education
Education Provision and Quality (BF) Extent to which there are solid institutions for basic, secondary, and tertiary education as well as for research and development(EA) Ratio of Pupils to Teachers in Primary School (WB) Pupils enrolled in primary school in relation to primary school teachers(OD) Primary School Completion (WB) Students completing the last year of primary school(OD)
Appendix 1: Executive Elections in Africa

A number of African countries will be holding executive elections in 2013. For these countries, the following data show performances in each category of the IIAG and the trends over time for overall governance quality.
2012 IIAG scores for countries with planned executive elections

OVERALL RANK COUNTRY NEXT ELECTION OVERALL IIAG SCORE SAFETY & RULE OF LAW PARTICIPATION & HUMAN RIGHTS SUSTAINABLE ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITY HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
25th 35th 20th 1st 47th
Kenya Madagascar Mali Mauritius Zimbabwe
March 2013 MayJuly 2013 TBC TBC TBC
53 46 55 83 34
49 43 63 88 29
51 42 60 78 32
48 49 49 80 25
63 50 48 85 52
Overall Governance Quality Scores (20002011)

85
83 Mauritius
80
Mauritius 76
75
70
65
60
Madagascar 58
55
Kenya 53
55 Mali 53 Kenya
50
Mali 50
45
46 Madagascar
40
Zimbabwe 36 34 Zimbabwe
35
30
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Appendix 2: IIAG Timeline (20072012)

Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University
2007
15 5
58
Inaugural edition No sub-category data provided
Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University
2008
14 5
51
+ 0 indicators - 7 indicators
Transfer of IIAG compilation from Kennedy School of Government to a Foundation research team with support from an Advisory Council and Technical Committee including representatives from CODESRIA, CDD Ghana, IREEP Benin and the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA). The roles of the Technical Committee and Advisory Council were expanded substantially in 2009.
2009
106 84 13 4
Amalgamation of Safety and Security and Rule of Law categories New sub-categories: Gender and Environment and Rural Sector Combination of Poverty and Health sub-categories Increased emphasis on civil liberties Introduction of underlying variables and sub-category data
Continued expansion of Technical Committee Exploration and initial work on projects with Afrobarometer to expand citizen surveys across Africa and with Global Integrity to create expert assessments using experts based on the continent. A technical workshop in partnership with the London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE). Agreements with Afrobarometer and Global Integrity to implement citizen survey and expert assessment projects. Academic workshop, hosted in partnership with CODESRIA, in Dakar to discuss the measurement and conceptualisation of governance, and the use of the IIAG for teaching, research and policy-making.
2010
100 88 13 4
+ 11 indicators
(assessing / governance; water and sanitation provision; statistical capacity; gender) - 8 indicators
2011
121 86 14 4
Creation of new sub-category through separation of indicators measuring health and welfare + 10 indicators (assessing physical and telecommunications infrastructure; gender; health; welfare service provision; and economic management) - 3 indicators
Afrobarometer and Global Integrity projects in the eld.
2012
123 88 14 4
+ 2 indicators
(revenue collection; literacy)
categories
sub-categories
indicators
variables
Project Team
Advisory Council and TechnicalCommittee
Karin Dr
Alexander Institute of Democracy in Africa (Idasa), South Africa Cairns* Board Member, Mo Ibrahim Foundation Delapalme* Board Member, Mo Ibrahim Foundation
Georges Nzongola-Ntalaja University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
Mo Ibrahim Foundation Research Team

Nathalie
Dr
Lord
Funmi Olonisakin* Kings College London, UK; African Leadership Centre,Kenya Oyegun World Bank Group, USA Irene Pogoson University of Ibadan, Nigeria Ebrima Sall* Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa (CODESRIA), Senegal
Delapalme Director of Research and Policy McGrath Director of the IIAG Nelson Programme Officer Karl Hkan Nordgren Senior Analyst Fofanah Analyst Iniesta Carreras Analyst Ahmed Analyst
Elizabeth Christina Dr
Julie Dr Dr
Nathalie
Keli Dr
Gadzekpo Databank, Ghana E Gyimah-Boadi* Afrobarometer, and Ghana Center for Democratic Development (CDD Ghana), Ghana Ali Hadi* American University in Cairo (AUC), Egypt
Omar Cirus
Dr
Dr
Akilagpa Sawyerr * Council of State; Government Negotiating Team on Review and ReNegotiation of Mining Agreements; Volta River Authority,Ghana Piero Stanig* Hertie School of Governance, Germany
Salmana Kenza Dr
Ziar Analyst Daniel Kaufmann Special Advisor to the IIAG
Dr
Dr
Abdalla Hamdok* United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA), Ethiopia Ibrahim* Board Member, Mo Ibrahim Foundation
Dr
Hadeel
Leonard Wantchekon* Institute for Empirical Research in Political Economy (IREEP), Benin; Princeton University, USA
Dr
Dr
Daniel Kaufmann* Revenue Watch Institute
Daniel Zovatto International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, Costa Rica
* Technical Committee Member
Acknowledgements
The IIAG would not exist without the advice and expertise of many individuals and institutions over the past six years. As a progressive and consultative project, the IIAG continues to evolve, accommodating the input, feedback and critiques of numerous stakeholders. This engagement is an essential element in the development of the IIAG and I would like to express particular thanks to those who have collaborated in, and supported, the 2012 IIAG. First of all, warm thanks must go to my fellow Board Members of the Mo Ibrahim Foundation: the Chairman, Dr Mo Ibrahim; Lord Cairns; Hadeel Ibrahim; Abdoulie Janneh; Sir Ketumile Masire; Jay Naidoo; Dr Mary Robinson; Dr Salim Ahmed Salim for their invaluable guidance and wisdom during the IIAG process. The IIAG has also benefited from collaboration with Dr Daniel Kaufmann, now President of the Revenue Watch Institute. His engaged input contributes to making the Index a rigorous and robust reference tool. Special thanks also go to the IIAG Technical Committee and Advisory Council members for sharing their time and expertise. Their various comments contributed greatly to the IIAGs overall wealth. As a composite index, the IIAG utilises data from 23 data providers, a full list of which is available in this report. I wish to thank each of the organisations that supplied the underlying data for the 2012 IIAG. Without their work, the Ibrahim Index would not exist. Last but not least, I give special thanks to the IIAG Research Team: Elizabeth McGrath, Director of the IIAG, and her team: Christina Nelson, Karl Hkan Nordgren, Cirus Iniesta Carreras, Omar Fofanah, Salmana Ahmed, and Kenza Ziar for their constant hard work and personal dedication. Nathalie Delapalme Director of Research and Policy
About the Mo Ibrahim Foundation

The Mo Ibrahim Foundation invests in governance and leadership to catalyse Africas transformation. By providing tools and advocating for progressive leadership and responsible management, the Foundation works to bring about meaningful change in Africa. Africa has made considerable progress in recent years. New challenges arise, however, as the continent grapples with the question of translating material wealth into improved quality of life for citizens. The contradictions of growth without sufficient employment or economic gains without matching rights for citizens produce imbalances that can only be resolved through more effective government visionary leadership and responsible governance. Overall improvements will occur when governments define an inclusive vision that builds on available human and natural resources, use data to assess results and determine the choices they make, and pursue implementation with vigour and determination. Leadership is centred on setting priorities or making choices and taking risks. Progressive leadership: defines a clear and coherent vision that is inclusive, inspirational and innovative requires courageous and forward-looking decision-making delivers results. The Foundation focuses on highlighting examples of successful leadership and on providing opportunities and access for potential leaders to enhance leadership in Africa. Governance is centred on the implementation of policies and the management of risk. Responsible management ensures optimal allocation of limited resources inclusivity of all sectors of society balanced pursuit of successful development effective implementation and delivery of programmes The Foundation focuses on promoting a data-driven and results orientated approach to policy-making and on bringing together diverse stakeholders to improve the quality of governance in Africa.
Board of Directors
The Foundation is governed by a Board of Directors comprised of:
Mo Ibrahim
(Founder and Chair), Founder, Celtel International

Lord Cairns
Former Chairman, Actis Capital LLP; former Chief Executive Officer, SGWarburg
Nathalie Delapalme
Director of Research and Policy, Mo Ibrahim Foundation; former Advisor on Africa and Development issues to various French Foreign Ministers
Hadeel Ibrahim
Director of Strategy and External Relations, MoIbrahimFoundation

Abdoulie Janneh
Former Under Secretary-General of the United Nations and Executive Secretary of the UN Economic Commission for Africa.
Sir Ketumile Masire
Co-Chairperson of the Global Coalition for Africa; formerPresident of Botswana

Jay Naidoo
Chair of the Board and Partnership Council, Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition and Founding General Secretary, Congress of South African Trade Unions
Mary Robinson
Former President of Ireland; former UN High Commissioner for Human Rights

Salim Ahmed Salim
Former Secretary-General, Organisation of African Unity; former Prime Minister of Tanzania
These aims are achieved through the Foundations core programme areas:
The Ibrahim Index of African Governance (IIAG) Established in 2007, the IIAG is the most comprehensive collection of quantitative data that provides an annual assessment of governance in every African country. Compiled in partnership with experts from a number of African institutions, the IIAG provides a framework for citizens, public authorities and partners to assess the effective delivery of public goods and services. The IIAG provides a tool for current and future leadership and for all stakeholders to robustly assess policy outcomes. The Ibrahim Prize for Achievement in African Leadership Established in 2007, the Ibrahim Prize celebrates excellence in African leadership. It is awarded to a former Executive Head of State or Government by an independent Prize Committee composed of eminent figures, including two Nobel Laureates. Previous Laureates, awarded for transformation of their countries and citizens lives during their tenure, are President Joaquim Chissano of Mozambique (2007), President Festus Mogae of Botswana (2008), President Pedro Pires of Cape Verde (2011) and President Nelson Mandela (Honorary). The Laureates provide role models for the continent. The Ibrahim Prize enables them to use their skills and experience at the continental level once they have left national office. The Prize Committee may choose not to award the Prize, as was the case in 2009 and 2010.
Established
The Ibrahim Forum in 2009, the Ibrahim Forum is an annual high-level discussion forum on major African issues, facilitated by the Mo Ibrahim Foundation. The Forum brings together a diverse range of stakeholders and identifies priorities for action. Existing data and research on Forum issues are compiled by the Foundation as the basis for informed and constructive debate, and as a means to identify the gaps and advocate for improved information. Discussion is focused on the achievement of meaningful results on a particular issue and is made up of bold and thoughtprovoking commentary on current challenges. The Ibrahim Leadership Fellowships Programme in 2010, the Ibrahim Leadership Fellowships form a selective programme designed to identify and prepare outstanding African leaders by providing them with mentoring opportunities in key multilateral institutions. Ibrahim Leadership Fellows are hosted at the African Development Bank, the UN Economic Commission for Africa and the World Trade Organization. The Fellowships develop the skills of successful young Africans and provide opportunities for candidates from a range of sectors to gain firsthand experience of multilateral institutions. The Ibrahim Scholarship Programmes in 2007, and evolving to accommodate shifting African dynamics, the Ibrahim Scholarships are a range of programmes to support aspiring African leaders at a number of distinguished academic institutions. The scholarships are designed to develop the talent of outstanding young Africans in selected disciplines.
Established
Established
44
Morocco
Tunisia
Algeria Western Sahara
Libya Egypt
Cape Verde Mauritania Mali Senegal Gambia Guinea-Bissau Guinea Cte dIvoire Liberia Togo Benin Burkina Faso Nigeria Sierra Leone Ethiopia Ghana Cameroon Democratic Republic of the Congo Rwanda Congo So Tom & Prncipe Burundi Tanzania Comoros Uganda Central African Republic South Sudan Niger Chad Sudan Eritrea
Djibouti Somalia
Equatorial Guinea Gabon
Kenya
Seychelles
Angola Zambia Malawi Mauritius
Zimbabwe Namibia Botswana Mozambique Madagascar Swaziland Lesotho South Africa
The regional groupings are those used by the African Development Bank (www.afdb.org): Central Africa: Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Congo, EquatorialGuinea,Gabon. East Africa: Burundi, Comoros, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, Seychelles, Somalia, Tanzania, Uganda. North Africa: Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Tunisia. Southern Africa: Angola, Botswana, Lesotho, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland, Zambia,Zimbabwe. West Africa: Benin, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Cte dIvoire, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, So Tom and Prncipe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo.
published October 2012 2012 Ibrahim Index of African Governance: Summary copyright 2012 Mo Ibrahim Foundation

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Pull-out page: 2012 Ibrahim Index of African Governance CountryRankingsandScores

Mo Ibrahim Founder and Chair of the MoIbrahimFoundation

About the Ibrahim Index of African Governance (IIAG)

3 2012 Ibrahim Index of African Governance: Summary

The IIAG provides:

The 2012 IIAG

Structure of the IIAG

2012 Ibrahim Index ofA

Safety & Rule of Law

Participation & Human Rights

Judicial Process Judicial Independence Sanctions Transfersof Power Property Rights*

Domestic Armed Conflict Political Refugees Internally Displaced People

African Governance (IIAG)

5 2012 Ibrahim Index of African Governance: Summary

Sustainable Economic Opportunity

IIAG: From Raw Data to Final Scores

7 2012 Ibrahim Index of African Governance: Summary

Safety & Rule of Law

4 categories 3 sub-categories 2 indicators 1 data

1 The data gathered come in

2 Once the 88 indicators have

3 Sub-categories are then

4 The category scores are then

averaged to produce the final IIAG score.

* Clustered indicators: 26 indicators were formed by clustering a number of

Overall Country Results

Number of Countries with Improved Scores 20062011

Safety & Rule of Law

Participation & Human Rights

Sustainable Economic Opportunity

2012 overall country results

9 2012 Ibrahim Index of African Governance: Summary

Liberia Angola Sierra Leone Madagascar

Safety & Rule of Law

Sustainable Economic Opportunity

Participation & Human Rights

Best and Worst Performers

2012 Ibrahim Index of African Governance: Summary

30 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Safety & Rule of Law

Sustainable Economic Opportunity

12 2012 Ibrahim Index of African Governance: Summary

Spotlight on East Africa

Safety & Rule of Law

Participation & Human Rights

Sustainable Economic Opportunity

North Africa African average

The Data Sovereignty Issue

The Statistical Capacity Indicator

13 2012 Ibrahim Index of African Governance: Summary

Central African Republic

Congo, Democratic Republic

14 2012 Ibrahim Index of African Governance: Summary

15 2012 Ibrahim Index of African Governance: Summary

So Tom & Prncipe

18 2012 Ibrahim Index of African Governance: Summary

Safety & Rule of Law

Safety & Rule of Law

Safety & Rule of Law results

19 2012 Ibrahim Index of African Governance: Summary

Liberia Sierra Leone Libya Madagascar

7 38 .3 ia ep op ia 37 can R hi i Et mb Afr Ga ntral n 36 Ce eroo Cam uti 34 Djibo 34 Guinea Angola 33

Equatorial Guinea 33 Guinea -Bissau Cong 33 Co o 31 Co moro Ch mgo s 31 ad De m 2 .R 9 ep .3 0