Math Reviewer

Exclusively for My Review Coach online LET review. Not for redistribution. 2011 My Review Coach of Philippines.
Fundamentals of Mathematics
2
Arithmetic
Sum = addend + addend (or terms)
Difference = minuend subtrahend
Product = multiplicand multiplier (or factors)
Quotient = dividend divisor
Take note!
undefined is
a
0
3
Arithmetic
Addition
Same sign: add the numbers, copy the sign
Opposite signs: subtract the numbers, copy sign of
larger number
Subtraction
Change the operation into addition, then change
the sign of the subtrahend
Multiplication/division
Count the number of negative signs; when even =
positive; when odd = negative
4
Properties of arithmetic
Commutative (+,) a + b = b + a
Associative (+,)
Distributive ( over + and over +)
Identity element (0 for + and 1 for )
Inverse elements
Additive inverses have the sum 0
Multiplicative inverses have the product 1
Multiplicative property of zero
5
Properties of equality
Reflexive
Symmetric
Transitive
Substitution
a a =
a b b a = = then ;
c a c b b a = = = then , and
. by replaced is if
value same the retains involving
expression any then , If
b a
a
b a =
6
Order of operations: PEMDAS
Parenthesis or grouping
symbols
Exponents
Multiplication and
division (whichever
comes first)
Addition and
subtraction (whichever
comes first)
http://www.mahalo.com/pemdas/
Laws of exponents
A power is an
expression involving
repeated
multiplication.
base: b; power or
exponent: mor n
Take note!
n n n
n
m
m
m
m m m
n m
n
m
mn n m
n m n m
a a
a
a
a
b
a
b
a
b a ab
b b
b
b
b b
b b b
1
since ;
1
) (
1 hence ;
) (
0
0
= =
=
|
\
|
=
= =
=
=
+
a a
a
=
=
1
0
1
8
Scientific notation
Write numbers as the product of a number less than
10 and a power of 10.
The sign of the exponent is positive when the
original figure is less than 1 and negative when more
than 1.
3
2
10 6 . 5 0056 . 0
10 45 . 2 245
=
=
9
Prime, Composite or Denominate?
Prime
Numbers whose only factors are 1 and itself
Composite
Numbers with factors other than itself and 1
Denominate
Numbers with a unit of measurement
10
GCF and LCM
Greatest common
factor
Useful in reducing
fractions to lowest or
simplest terms
Least common multiple
Useful in operations
involving dissimilar
fractions
11
Fractions
Improper fractions to mixed numbers
Mixed numbers to improper fractions
b
remainder
b a quotient
b
a
) ( =
b
a c b
b
a
c
+
=
) * (
12
Fractions
Equivalent fractions
Have the same value
Result from the multiplication and division of the
numerators and denominators of a fraction by the
same number
Reducing to simple fractions
Determine the GCF of the numerator and
denominator; divide them by the GCF
13
Ratio and proportion
Ratios may be written as fractions or by using
colons
Proportions are the equality between two
ratios
3 : 2
3
2
as same the is
6 : 4 :: 3 : 2
6
4
3
2
as same the is =
Sharing/dividing in a ratio
When sharing/dividing any amount/quantity
(e.g., n) in a ratio (e.g., a : b : c):
Add
Divide
Multiply
parts of number c b a = + +
part per share
parts of number
n
=
c or b or c or b or
a of share a part per share = *
15
Rules for ratio and proportion
. then , If
.
then , If
. then , If
c
d
a
b
d
c
b
a
d
b
c
a
d
c
b
a
bc ad
d
c
b
a
= =
= =
= =
16
Variation
Direct:
Variable y varies at the same rate as variable x
Inverse:
As variable x increases, y decreases and vice-versa
Joint
More than one variable is involved in a direct
variation
kx y =
x
k
y =
Algebra
18
Mathematical sentences
is was will be has: =
plus sum more than greater than
farther than years from now increased by
exceeds by: +
decreased by minus less than diminished
by younger than years ago subtracted
from:
divided by quotient per:
19
Factoring polynomials
Factor out the common monomial factor
Difference of two squares
Perfect square trinomial
FOIL method and quadratic polynomials
2 2 2
) ( 2 b a b ab a + = +
) )( (
2 2
b a b a b a + =
c bx ax form standard
bd bc ad ac d c b a
+ +
+ + + = + +
2
:
) ( ) )( (
20
Notes in solving word problems
Consecutive numbers:
Consecutive
even/odd numbers:
Mixture (e.g., of coins, vehicles, chemicals):
total amt = number of coins * denomination
number of feet/wheels = animals/vehicle * #
of feet/wheels of each
2 1 + + x , x , x
4 2 + + x , x , x
21
Motion:
Work:
Age: add when it says # of years from now
and subtract when it says # of years ago
time
distance
speed =
complete to person the takes it days/hours of number
day/hour) 1 (in person one by done job a of part
1
=
Interest
Compound interest
or future value
Continuous compound interest
Prt I =
nt
n
r
P A ) 1 ( + =
rt
Pe A =
t
r PV FV ) 1 ( + =
23
Percent change
Discount
Commission
original
original new
change %

=
price original rate Discount =
earnings total rate Commission =
discount price original price Discounted =
24
Functions
A function is a set of ordered pairs such that
for each first component, there is at most one
value of the second component
Three things that specify a function:
Domain
Range
A rule which assigns to each member of the
domain exactly one member of the range
25
Functions
Domain
set of all first components in each element of the
set
Range
set of all the second components in each element
of the set
When y is a function of x, the set of values of x
is the domain of the function and the set of
values of y is the range of the function.
Geometry
27
Lines
Parallel lines do not meet.
Intersecting lines meet at one point. The sum
of any 2 adjacent angles formed is 180.
Perpendicular lines meet at one point, at 90.
28
Kinds of Angles
Acute: less than 90
Right: 90
Obtuse: more than 90, but less than 180
Straight: 180
Reflex: more than 180 degrees, less than 360
29
Angle relationships
Supplementary angles
Sum of measures is 180
Complementary angles
Sum of measures is 90
30
Pythagorean theorem
Applies to right triangles
Legs: a and b
Hypotenuse: c
2 2 2
b a c + =
31
Polygons
Polygons are flat, closed figures consisting of
line segments.
Exterior angles of a polygon add up to 360.
The sum of the interior angles of a polygon,
with the number of sides n:
The sum of the exterior angles of a simple,
closed polygon is 360.
) 2 ( 180 n
32
Measurements
Perimeter: sum of the length of all sides
Area: size covered by a surface
s P
square
4 =
c b a P
triangle
+ + = w l P
rectangle
2 2 + =
r nce Circumfere 2 =
2
s A
square
= lw A
rectangle
=
bh A
triangle
2
1
=
2
r A
circle
=
33
Measurements
Volume: the space occupied or contained by a
substance or shape
3
s V
cube
=
lwh or abc V
prism r rectangula
=
3
3
4
r V
sphere
=
bh V
pyramid
3
1
= h r V
cone
2
3
1
=
Statistics, Probability and
Number Series
35
Measures of central tendency
Mean
Add the numbers and divide the sum by the
number of values (which were added).
Median
The middle number when numbers are written in
order. (When the number of values is even, the
median is the mean of the two middle values.)
Mode
The number which occurs most often
36
Counting techniques
If two or more actions are performed in a
particular order, such that the first action
produces a results, the second action
produces b results, the third action produces c
results, and so on, then:
results possible of number total ... * c * b * a =
37
Counting techniques: Permutation
Objects are arranged
in a definite order:
n different things
taken r at a time
n things taken n at a
time in which q are
alike, r are alike and
so on
n distinct objects are
arranges along a
fixed circle
)! (
!
r n
n
P
r n
=
!...) ! (
!
r q
n
P
r n
=
)! 1 ( = n P
n
38
Counting techniques: Combination
Objects are not arranged in a particular order
n different things taken r at a time
! )! (
!
r r n
n
C
r n
=
39
Probability
outcomes possible of number total the
happen can outcome an ways of number
outcome an of y Probabilit =
40
Arithmetic sequences and series
2
) 1 ( +
=
n n
S
n
Arithmetic sequence/progression: a sequence
of numbers where successive members of the
sequence have a constant difference (d).
Formula for n-th term
Formula for sum of first n values of a
sequence
d n a a
n
) 1 (
1
+ =
41
Geometric sequences and series
Geometric sequence/progression: a sequence
of numbers where successive members of the
sequence are produced by multiplying them
by a constant multiplier (r, or common ratio)
Formula for n-th term
Formula for sum of first n values of a
sequence
1
1
*

=
n
n
r a a
r
r a
S
n
n
=
1
) 1 (
1
42
References and further reading
British Broadcasting Corporation. (2012). GCSE Bitesize: Maths. Retrieved 27
December 2012, fromhttp://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/ gcsebitesize/
maths/
Fisico, M., L. Sia, J. Ho, Z. Maralit, J. Tan, . . . J. Rosello, R. Franco. (1998). 21
st
Century Mathematics Series. Quezon City: Phoenix Publishing House, Inc.
Pierce, Rod. (2012). Math Is Fun. Retrieved 28 December 2012, from
http://www.mathsisfun.com/index.htm
Stapel, E. (2012). The Purplemath Forums. Retrieved 27 December 2012, from
http://www.purplemath.com/ index.htm

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Exclusively for My Review Coach online LET review. Not for redistribution. 2011 My Review Coach of Philippines.

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