Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
BACKGROUND BEACH
First, the purpose and character of the materials copied must remain in a
non-profit environment. If the end purpose of the copies are for
commercial use, then consent by the author or publisher must be
obtained. If not, you are in violation of the 1976 Copyright Act. For most
teachers in a public school, this criteria of "fair use" is a given.
Second is the nature of the work. Has the selected piece been created for
criticism, news reporting, teaching, scholarship or research purposes? If
affirmative, the use of the work under "fair use" is permitted.
MULTIMEDIA WHARF
After the 1976 Copyright Act, the digital age required an update to the
acquainted text. In 1996, twenty years later, multi or hyper media fair use
guidelines were created. Multimedia works include the integration of text,
graphics, audio, video or other computer-based creations into teacher or
student presentations or projects. Still referring to an educational, non-
profit setting, these 21st century guidelines are the means by which
educators and students may use copyrighted multimedia materials
without seeking permission or payment from the author.
Students and faculty may both incorporate others' works into their
computer-based creations or performances for academic purposes such
as assignments, projects or curriculum materials.
A book chapter
Short story
Short essay
Short poem
Chart, graph, diagram, drawing, cartoon, picture from magazine,
newspaper or book
Lastly, there are course-packs - for which Kinko's paid over $2 million in
damages for copyright violations. These instructor-selected groups of
readings for students in a particular class may or may not breech the fair
usage of "multiple copies" issue. The guidelines on the subject are as
follows:
I will work with the librarian to have particular written materials available
for students to make their one single copy for classroom use. Of course,
the copyright violation text should be visibly posted above the copy
machine to remind students to respect the intellectual property of others.
Currently the House version of the 1976 Copyright Act is still in effect
today. There are guidelines in making copies for students in class, but
these “guidelines’ are not the law. The importance of using these
guidelines will direct the teacher in abiding by the proper use of copying
for her students and help make decisions with what information she will
use in the class curriculum. Some ways a teacher can work under the
copyright laws would be making a single photocopy of a chapter of a
book, an article from a magazine, journal or newspaper, a short story,
short essay, or a short poem. Another way is to make a copy of a picture,
chart or graph from any necessary materials.
These are the "fair use" guidelines for making multiple copies for the
classroom.
* For a longer work of prose, the limit is 1,000 words, or 10% of the work,
whichever is less.
* For a longer poem, an excerpt of no more than 250 words may be used.
Copying must be done at the initiative of the teacher, and when the
teacher feels inspired and does not have time to make the contact to
request copyright permission. With this guideline, permission is granted
for only one copy per student. They will not be charged by the publisher,
only a possible cost recovery from the teacher or school. The teacher
cannot use the copied materials more than one term and can only be
used for the one course in which the original copy was made.
There are curriculum materials called "consumable works" and they can
not be copied. Some of these are workbooks, and standardized tests. You
may not put copies into collective works, also known as anthologies. This
violates the right of the copyright holder to make "derivative works."
When the teacher feels inspired to share copy written work, she will abide
by the guidelines to not copy more than necessary. For example she will
not reproduce an assigned poem that is longer than 250 words and will
not reuse it for future classes. When using copy written clip art for
newsletters, the limit will be one from each source.
* 35 mm slides
* Filmstrips: which can be accompanied by audio-cassette presentation
* 16 mm movies
There are certain restrictions that teachers must follow in regards to the
AV copyright guidelines. The AV curriculum must meet the instructional
objective, and the AV work must be a lawfully made copy. Showing an AV
work in class, such as a movie like Disney is potentially an infringement.
Many lawsuits have occurred because of teacher’s defiance or ignorance
about the AV copyright laws. These are exclusive rights of the copyright
holder, and they come with serious consequences and enforced by
copyright holders. Under certain circumstances, a teacher may copy brief
portions for instructional purposes.
* The latest technology includes DVD and blue–ray discs to the list
In November 2002 President Bush signed into law the TEACH Act which
made it possible under certain conditions to perform and display audio-
visual (AV) works without permission to students-at-a-distance. This
allowed non-profit institutions to have this privilege and offered only to
registered students. Under the provision, teachers had to agree to use a
reasonable portion, use for a brief period of time, and limit to use of AV
works. It is up to the instructor to define the length of time necessary for
online instruction.
The TEACH Act made important changes to the 1976 Copyright Act, a law
that did "not let educators use copyrighted content in online classrooms,
where teachers and students meet on a virtual campus instead of an
actual one." (Conyers, House Report 107-687).
The lawmakers of the TEACH Act looked at certain criteria for learning at-
a-distance and realized that students and teachers would not be online at
the same time. Because the copyrighted material is available for the
length of the students registered class session, this enforced the teacher
to regulate a system that denied access to information once the class was
over. This has helped in preventing unauthorized copying and
distribution of copyrighted works, but there are still loopholes that make
the system imperfect.
Under these guidelines, the use of Internet media such as YouTube will
be discouraged for teaching tools and assignments. The teacher will
cannot use media to her personal discretion but will add different aspects
of digital media to enable the students in their education.