ASSERTION and REASONING A. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A. B.

Both A and R are true but R is NOT the correct explanation of A. C. A is true but R is false. D. A is false but R is true. 1. A: The social situation comprises all influences on behaviour that are external to the individual. R: A situational factor might be the presence of other people, real or imagined that influences behavior. Ans: a 2. A: The self is concerned with maintaining positive self-feelings, thoughts, and evaluations. R: The self demands that we preserve what we have, especially that which makes us feel good about ourselves. Ans: b 3. A: A change in one component of an attitude structure might very well lead to changes in the others. R: an attitude structure is dynamic, with each component influencing the others Ans:a 4. A: The phenomenon of a message having more impact on attitude change after a long delay than when it is first heard is known as the sleeper effect. R: There is no enough time that the counting cue and the message become associated, and people remember which source said what during sleeping effect Ans: c 5. A: Behavior motivated by the desire to relieve a victims suffering is called altruism. Other times we help because we hope to gain something from it for ourselves R: The distinction between altruism and helping behavior lies in the motivation for performing the behavior, not the outcome. Ans: a 6. A: Contact with friends and acquaintances provide us with emotional support, attention, and the opportunity to evaluate our opinions and behavior through the process of social comparison. R: Most theorists agree that intimacy is an essential component of many different interpersonal relationships.

Ans: b 7. A: Females report more guilt over using aggression than do males and are more concerned about the harm their aggression may inflict on others. R: There is also evidence that there is a gender difference in brain neurochemistry related to aggression. Ans: a 8. A: we rely on cues from other bystanders more and more as the ambiguity Of the situation increases. R: In highly ambiguous emergency situations, we might expect the presence of others who are passive to suppress helping. Ans: a 9. A: The older people changed their attitudes following a positive or negative experience as much as, if not more than, the younger people. R: This finding supports for the impressionable-years model, and argues against the lifelong-openness model, which emphasizes that people can form new attitudes throughout their life. Ans: c 10. A: In Classical conditioning, the individuals behavior is strengthened or weakened by means of reward or punishment. R: Classical conditioning occurs by repeatedly pairing the stimulus with a stimulus that does have the power to evoke the response. Ans: d MATCH THE FOLLOWING 1. A. black-sheep effect Highly rated in-group member. B. bystander effect Less likely occurrence of helping behavior. C. physical proximity effect Affects interpersonal attraction in couple. D. primacy effect Information plays a powerful role. Codes: A a. 1 b. 2 c. 4 d. 3 B 2 1 2 1 C 3 3 3 2 D 4 4 1 4

E. F. G. H. Ans: a 2.

A. Abraham Tesser B. Festinger

Cognitive Dissonance Theory Self-evaluation maintenance theory

C. Baron D. Steele Codes: A a. 1 b. 2 c. 4 d. 3 Ans: b 3. A. B. C. D. B 2 1 2 1 C 3 3 3 2

Distraction-conflict theory Self-affirmation theory D 4 4 1 4

social-interactional modelYale communication modelaction-based model Threat to self-esteem model

generates dissonance motivation stresses the nature of communicator result of poor parenting reactions of victims to receiving help.

Which of the following is/are correctly matched a. 1 only b. 1 and 3 c. 2 only d. 2 and 4 Ans: d 4. Principle Attribution A. Consensus Person lends coin for telephone call B. Consistency Usually cheerful person acts sad dejected C. Distinctiveness A child is rude only when playing with a certain friend. Codes: A a. 1 b. 2 c. 1 d. 3 Ans: a 5. FUNCTION A. Object appraisal B. Social adjustment C. Ego-defence D. Value expression Codes: A B DEFINITION Help identify with people whom we like & dissociate from people whom we dislike. Summarize the positive and negative attributes of objects in our environment. Protect the self from internal conflict Express self-concept and personal values. C D B 2 1 3 1 C 3 3 2 2

a. b. c. d. Ans:b 6.

1 2 4 3

2 1 2 1

3 3 3 2

4 4 1 4

A. scapegoat theory

the blocking of an attempt to achieve Some goal creates anger, which can generate aggression B. just-world phenomenon provides someone to blame C. frustration-aggression principle people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get Codes: A a. 1 b. 2 c. 1 d. 3 Ans: b 7. LEVELS A. Preconventional Morality The right thing to do is whatever Pleases others, especially those in authority. B. Conventional Morality The right thing to do is whatever people have agreed is the best thing for society. C. Principled Morality Decisions are based on their immediate Consequences. Codes: A B C a. 1 2 3 b. 2 1 3 c. 1 3 2 d. 3 1 2 Ans: d B 2 1 3 1 C 3 3 2 2

SEQUENCE 1. To be an accurate eyewitness a person must pass the following stages arrange the following in order 1. Acquisition 2. Retrieval 3. Storage Codes a. 1 2 3

b. c. d. Ans: c

2 1 3

1 3 1

3 2 2

2. Arrange the following experiments chronologically based on their occurrence in the history of psychology 1. Asch conformity experiments 2. Leon Festinger's cognitive dissonance experiment 3. Albert Bandura's Bobo doll experiment 4. Milgram experiment, a. 1 2 3 4 b. 2 1 3 4 c. 1 2 4 3 d. 3 1 2 4 Ans: c 3. The model for understanding skill acquisition was proposed by Fitts et al., that learning was possible through the completion of various stages. 1. Cognitive phase 2. Associative phase 3. Autonomous phase Codes a. 1 2 3 b. 2 1 3 c. 1 3 2 d. 3 1 2 Ans: a 4. The following stages are repeated over and over until the learner builds or remodels the neural network to guide an activity appropriately and accurately without conscious thought. Find the correct order 1. Attempt 2. Implicitly decide the change the next attempt to achieve success 3. Fail 4. Implicitly analyze the result a. 1 2 3 4 b. 2 1 3 4 c. 1 2 4 3 d. 1 3 4 2 Ans: d 5. Which of the following codes is correct regarding Kohlbergs theory of moral development ? 1. Obedience and punishment orientation 2. Interpersonal accord and conformity

3. Self-interest orientation 4. Social contract orientation a. 1 2 3 4 b. 2 1 3 4 c. 1 2 4 3 d. 1 3 4 2 Ans: c 6. Consider the following conventional and post-conventional stages of Gilligans ethics of care 1. Adhere to social contract when it is valid 2. Personal moral system based on abstract principles 3. Live up to others' expectations 4. Follow rules to maintain social order Find the Correct sequence of the codes a. 1 2 3 4 b. 2 1 3 4 c. 1 2 4 3 d. 3 4 1 2 Ans: d 7. Joan Tronto states there are four ethical elements of care in Care-focused feminism, which of the following sequence best describes the order of occurrence in female thought 1. Responsibility 2. Responsiveness 3. Competence 4. Attentiveness a. 4 1 3 2 b. 2 1 3 4 c. 1 2 4 3 d. 3 4 1 2 Ans: a 8. Several factors influence the desire to reduce inconsistency of an action or decision that conflict with an important aspect of the self. The following are the various stages from dissonance induction to dissonance reduction. 1. Initiation 2. Reduction 3. Amplification 4. Motivation a. 4 1 3 2 b. 2 1 3 4 c. 1 3 4 2 d. 3 4 1 2 Ans: c

PAIRS 1. 1. cognitive response model - self talk 2. Dual process model - attitude change through deep or superficial Processing 3. Consistency principle - people will change their attitudes, beliefs 4. Inoculation procedure - increasing individuals resistance to a strong argument by first giving them weak, easily defeated versions Which of the following is correctly matched? a. 1, 2 and 3 only b. 2,3 and 4 only c. 1,2 and 4 only d. All the above Ans: d 2. Consider the following categories of social influence 1. Social influence - A change in overt behavior caused by real or imagined pressure from others. 2. Conformity - Behavior change designed to match the actions of others. 3. Compliance- Behavior change that occurs as a result of a direct request

Which of the following is/are not correct? a. b. c. d. Ans: b 3. Cialdini, Kallgren, and Reno have given norms, that are social code of conduct that let people know which behaviors will lead to social acceptance, consider the following based on them. 1. Descriptive Norms a. Norms that define what commonly done in a situation. is 1 and 2 2 and 3 1 and 3 None of the above

2. Injunctive Norms

b. Norms that describe what is commonly approved or disapproved in a situation. c. The norm that requires that we repay others with the form of behavior they have given us.

3. Norm of reciprocity

Which of the following is/are correct? a. b. c. d. Ans:d PASSAGE An extreme form of group polarization, known as groupthink, occurs when the members of a group suppress their doubts about a groups decision for fear of making a bad impression or disrupting group harmony (Janis, 1972, 1985). The main elements leading to groupthink are overconfidence by the leadership, underestimation of the problems, and pressure to conform. Sometimes, dissenters conform on their own, and sometimes, the leadership actively urges them to conform. A dramatic example of groupthink led to the Bay of Pigs fiasco of 1962. President John F. Kennedy and his advisers were considering a plan to support a small-scale invasion of Cuba at the Bay of Pigs. They assumed that a small group of Cuban exiles could overwhelm the Cuban army and trigger a spontaneous rebellion of the Cuban people against their government. Most of the advisers who doubted this assumption kept quiet. The one who did express doubts was told that he should loyally support the president. Within a few hours after the invasion began, all the invaders were killed or captured. The decision makers then wondered how they could have made such a stupid decision. Groupthink often occurs in business decisions, especially in highly prosperous and successful companies. The leaders become overconfident, and their critics become hesitant to speak up. Groupthink is not easy to avoid. We generally admire government or business leaders who are decisive and confident. Groupthink occurs when they become too decisive and confident, failing to consider all the risks. One strategy is for a leader to consult with advisers individually so they are not influenced by what they hear other advisers saying. 1. Which of the following attributes to the groupthink? 1. Overconfidence by the leadership 2. Underestimation of the problems 3. Pressure to conform from Leaders Codes a. 1 and 2 only b. 2 and 3 only c. 1 and 3 only d. All the above Ans: d 1 and 2 2 and 3 1 and 3 All of the above

2. Consider the following about the Bay of Pigs fiasco of 1962 and which of the following is incorrect? a. Kennedys group of advisers were like-minded regarding the invasion. b. Kennedy was a forceful and charismatic leader who made his intentions to invade Cuba known to the group c. group members are closed-minded they are not willing to listen to alternative suggestions and ideas d. The advisiers who felt the decision is wrong didnt tell the government. Ans: d 3. Which of the following leads to wrong decisions of a group 1. A leader , who consults with advisers 2. Critics hesitant to speak 3. Failing to consider the risks a. 1 only b. 2 and 3 only c. 1 and 3 only d. All the above Ans: b 4. Consider the following statements, how groupthink may be avoided by taking Several precautions 1. Criticism by group members should be encouraged. 2. relevant input should be sought from appropriate people who are not members of the group a. 1 only b. 2 only c. Both 1 and 2 d. Neither 1 or 2 Ans: c 5. A: Groupthink occurs when members of a cohesive group fail to express their opposition to a decision. R: The critics fear of making a bad impression or harming the cohesive spirit of the group. a. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A. b. Both A and R are true but R is NOT the correct explanation of A. c. A is true but R is false. d. A is false but R is true. Ans: a