I. The Country & the People (..cont) A.

Early Settlers How the Philippines was peopled is not very clear. Land Bridges Theory During the Ice Age, waters around what is now the Philippines fell about 156ft below its level. Because of this, large areas of land came to the surface & became a sort of land bridges to the mainland of Asia. it was said that during this period that the first settlers came to the Philippines. 1962 a skull of man was discovered in the Tabon caves, Palawan. From this, it was learned that man had been in the Philippines at least 2,000 yrs.

First settlers live in caves, had very little clothing & ate raw food.

MIGRATIONS 1. 25,000-30,000 yrs ago the ancestors of the PYGMY PEOPLE came to the Philippines by using the land bridges. They were the ancestors of the present Aetas. Another Aeta migration occurred a little later, they came by the way of Sulu & Mindanao. They used blow guns & bow & arrow & practice kaingin. Their clothing consisted of bark trees & their houses were made of leaves & branches of trees. More than 7, 000 yrs ago the ice of the world melted resulting in the raising of the sea level. The land bridges were submerged & the Philippines became separated fr the mainland Asia. 2. Indonesian A came fr SE Asia by boat; they belong to the Early Stone Age. They used stool tools, & grass-roofed houses were made of wood. They were tall & slender, light-skinned & their faces were sharp & thin. 3. Indonesian B came fr Indo-China & South China by using boats. They built their houses with pyramidal roofs They practiced dry agriculture & produce yams, rice, & gabi They were stocky, dark w/ thick lips & large noses Descendants are Kalinga, Apayaos, Igorots, Ilongots, Bagobos, Manobos, Tiruray, & Tagbanuas 4. 500-800 B.C. They use copper & bronzed implements. They probably irrigated their rice lands & built the first rice terraces in the Philippines. 5. Malays 300 or 200 B.C.; came to Luzon by way of Palawan & Mindoro were said to known irrigation, smelting & manufacture of weapon, tools, utensils & ornaments made of iron & metal

2nd wave of Malay - more advanced than the previous Malay They had a sylabbary or alphabet w/c must have come fr India. Ancestors of the present Christian Filipinos 3rd wave of Malays 14th century - Muslim Malays who probably came fr Old Malaysia They laid the foundation of Islam in Sulu & Mindanao.

These migrations should be considered hypothetical & not actual happenings. The facts are not enough to warrant a definite conclusion. B. The coming of Islam

Introduced in Old Malaysia (Indonesia, Malay Peninsula, Borneo, Philippines) by Arab traders. It is said that an Arab scholar by the name of Mukdum or Mudum introduced & propagated Islam in the Malay Peninsula in the 14 th century then being successful, proceeded to Sulu & propagated Islam there.

1390 Raja Baginda, one of the rulers of a state in Sumatra went to Sulu & preached Islam to the natives. His religious activities were continued by Abu Bakr who married Bagindas daughter Paramisuli. Abu organized his pwers as sultan & organized a govt similar to the sultanate of Arabia. Serif Kabungsuan arrived fr Johore, & converted may natives to Islam The 1st sultan of Mindanao. So rapid was the spread of Islam that when the Spaniards first arrived in Luzon in 1570, they found Manila to be a Muslim kingdom. C. Relations w/ Foreign Countries Long before the coming of the Spaniards, the Philippines had commercial & trade relations w/ her neighbors, a. Borneo because of Sulus rich pearl beds, traders fr Banjarmasin established trading centers in Sulu. As a result men of Banjar settled in Sulu. The Buranuns, as the Sulu people were called, became suspicious of the Banjar, but the latter showed good faith by having their queen marry the Buranun leader. Good relations resulted fr this marriage & become the basis of Sulus prosperity. In time, Sulu became the trade emporium of the South Cambodia, China, Java & Sumatra. b. China began in 19th century; Arab traders were very active in bringing Chinese goods to the Philippines It was during the Sung dynasty of China that Chinese goods began to flow continuously to the Phil. c. Champa & Cambodia (French Indo-China) middle of the 14 th century; traded their porcelain wares w/ the Phil. wares d. Annam, Siam (Thailand) & Tonkin China tried to regain the trade they had earlier lost to the Muslims During the Ming Dynasty, Chinese trade greatly improved.

II. Pre-Spanish Life & Culture (Our Early Ancestors) A. The Barangays

Spaniards were surprised to see that Filipinos having a civilization of their own The name Barangay originated fr balangay , a Malay word meaning sailboat. Evidently, our seafaring ancestor named their villages after their sailboats. A self-sustaining community ruled by a datu. Generally consisted of 30-100 families. Some barangays were quite large.

B. Houses and Dwellings Houses were made of wood and bamboo, roofed by nipa palm leaves and were called bahay kubo (nipa hut) Each house had a bamboo ladder that could be drawn up at night or when the family was out. Under the house were kept the rice, firewood & animals Batalan where big water jars were kept for bathing & washing purposes Some ancestors live in tree houses for better protection against enemy Kalingas Badjaos of the Sulu sea - still live in boat houses C. Food and Drinks Rice staple food of the Early Filipinos e.g. Bagobos &

 They cooked their foods in earthen pots or bamboo tubes Ate w/ their fingers using the banana plants as plates & coconut shells as drinking cups Made fire to cook their food by rubbing 2 pcs of dry wood w/c when heated produced flame. Tuba most popular wine taken fr coconut sports Accdg to Dr. Antonio de Morga, one of the early historians of the country, it was a wine of the clarity of water but strong & dry. Other wines: basi Ilocano wine brewed fr sugar cane pangasi Visayan wine made fr rice lambanog wine taken fr coconut palm tapuy Igorot wine made fr rice D. Mode of Dressing

MEN

Long before Spaniards came, early Filipinos were dressed

Kangan collarless, short-sleeved jacket that reached slightly below the waist. It was dyed
blue or black; red is for the chief Bahag a strip of cloth wrapped around the waist & in bet the legs. Putong a piece of cloth wound around the head They had no shoes They had jewels, such as gold necklaces, gold armlets called kalombigas & gold anklets.

WOMEN

Baro a wide sleeved jacket Patadyong a piece of cotton cloth which they wrapped around their waists & let fall to their
feet Their jewels consisted of gold necklaces, gold bracelets, large gold earrings & gold rings They tied their long, black hair in a graceful knot at the back of their heads. Went barefoot

Both men & women inserted gold between their teeth as an ornament
E. Tattoos

Early Filipinos tattooed their bodies w/ various designs representing animals, birds, flowers & geometric figures

2 purposes: 1. to enhance their bodily beauty 2. to show their war record; the more men a warrior had killed in battle, the more tattooed he was F. Natural Courtesy & Politeness When two persons of equal rank met on the road, they removed their putong as a sign of courtesy When a person addressed his superior, he took off his putong, put it over his left shoulder like a towel & bowed low. He addressed his superior w/the word po w/c is equivalent to sir & spoke in polite language. The women were shown courtesy everywhere. When a man & woman walk together, the man was always behind a woman. It was considered impolite for a man to walk ahead of his woman companion.

Whenever the entire family went out, the mother & daughters walk ahead, while the father & son
followed behind. G. Cleanliness and Neatness

 Filipinos bathed daily. Their favorite hour for bathing in the river was at sunset when they had finished their daily toil. They washed their hair regularly w/ gogo & water They washed their mouths& cleaned their teeth upon waking up in the morning. They filed their teeth to make them even. They chewed buyo w/c made their teeth colored but strong. They kept their homes clean. Accdg to Jesuit historian Fr. Francisco Colin : They keep a vessel full of water at the door of every house & every person whether belonging to the house or not, upon entering takes water fr this vessel & washes his feet esp during rainy seasons H. Family Life Family basis of society in ancient Phil. Family ties then, as they are today, were close & strong Parents took good care of the children Father head of the family. His word was law to the children Mother the housekeeper She enjoyed the privilege of naming the children. The names she chooses for them were usually based on certain circumstances. Maganda to a girl which showed traces of beauty Malakas to a boy who showed signs of physical strength I. Society & Social Classes Pre-Spanish society was divided into 3 classes: 1. Nobles called maharlikas, constituted the Barangay aristocracy; highest social class Composed of the affluent slave-owning families, including the datu, his family & relatives & the rich people Members of this class enjoyed political & social privileges w/c were denied to the freemen & the slaves 2. Freemen called timawas, the middle class. They were free-born persons & emancipated slaves. Formed the majority among the inhabitans of every brgy. 3. Slaves called alipin; the lowest social class Causes of slavery a. birth b. captivity in war c. purchase d. failure to pay debts e. penalty for crimes committed

In the Phil, nobles can become slaves, a freeman can rise to nobility, & a slave could become freeman

J. Emancipation of Slaves

In pre-Spanish times, a Filipino slave could emancipate himself & become a freeman.

Various ways of emancipation: 1. Marriage a slave woman who married a freeman or noble automatically becomes free 2. Purchase a slave man could become free by paying his master a certain sum of gold 3. Voluntary action of the master a slave-owner might emancipate his slave for saving his life in the war or for having served his family faithfully for many years. K. Kinds of Slaves 1. Aliping namamahay lived in their own houses.

They owned their property They could marry without their masters consent

 They could not be sold

2. Aliping saguiguilid - owned no property

They lived in their masters house They could not marry without his consent They could be sold anytime

L. Womans position in Early Society

Women occupied a high position in ancient Phil. Tribal laws & customs recognized them as equal. They could own & inherit property If they were daughters of datus who had no sons they could inherit the chieftaincy Famous women: Sibabae the legendary first woman in the world Lubluban legendary lawgiver of the Visayans Lalahon Visayan goddess of fire & volcanoes Kalangitan sultana of the Pasig & Lakan Dulas mother

M. Amusements The early Filipinos were not always busy fighting or working, they also had leisure time. They held banquets to celebrate a good harvest, a wedding, a religious sacrifice & a victory in war. These banquets were celebrated with much eating, drinking, singing & dancing They had games such as carabao races, wrestling, fencing, boat races & stone throwing contests. N. Music

Filipinos had various musical instruments & numerous dances & songs for diff occasions. d. Tultogan Visayan bamboo drum e. Silbay Ilocano reed flute f. Suracan Subanun cymbal d. kinnoton Ilocano ants dance e. panjalay Muslim wedding dance f. tadek Tinggian love dance e. dal-lot Ilocano ballad song f. kuilay-kuilay Tinggian wine song g. tudob Agusan harvest song

Musical Instruments a. Kudyapi Tagalog guitar b. Kalaleng nose flute c. Kulintang Muslim xylophone Folk Dances a. kumintang Tagalog love dance b. mahinhin Tagalog courtship dance c. dandansoy Visayan tuba dance Songs a. tagumpay Tagalog song of victory b. dallu Negritos religious songs c. ayeg-klu Igorot serenade song d. bactal Tagbanua death song O. Marriage Customs

It was customary among the ancient Filipinos to marry within their rank, that is for a nobleman to marry a noblewoman, a freeman to marry a freeman, & a slaveman to marry a slaveman. However, there was no strict prohibition against intermarriages. Before marriage, the groom gave a dowry to the family of the bride called bigaykaya. It consisted of gold, land, slaves or anything else of value. Aside from this dowry, the groom had to do work in the house of the girl for a certain period. Early Filipinos practiced divorce. Grounds for divorce: a. Adultery on the part of the wife b. Desertion on the part of the husband c. Loss of affection d. Cruelty e. Insanity f. Childlessness

P. Barangay Government

Each brgy was ruled by a chieftain or king called DATU The rulers of bigger brgy kingdoms assumed the title of RAHA, HARI or LAKAN The datu exercised great powers. In time of peace, he was the chief executive, legislator & judge of brgy. In time of war, he was the commander of the brgy warriors. He obtained position by inheritance. In case the datu dies w/o legitimate son or daughter, the people of the brgy choose their new datu. The brgy govt contained the seeds of democracy. The datu, despite his great powers, was not an absolute ruler. In matters of importance, the datu had to consult the brgy elders & obtain their approval.

Baranganic Relations

Relations existed bet brgy. There was a trade bet them Sometimes, alliances were concluded bet brgys for mutual protection against a common enemy. Alliances was sealed through a process called SANDUGUAN OR BLOOD COMPACT. Contract parties then became blood brothers.

Laws

Both oral and written laws

Oral were their customs which had been handed down orally fr generation to generation accdg to legend, the lawgiver in Pre-spanish Phil was a woman named Lubluban, the great granddaughter of the first man & first woman in the world Written were promulgated by datus w/ the help of the elders & announced to the people by a brgy crier known as umalohokan. Bec of the destruction of ancient Filipino writings by Spanish colonizers & by the ravages of time, we do not have an authentic example of early Filipino laws. Code of Kalantiaw set of ancient laws said to have been promulgated by Datu Kalantiaw of Aklan Catalogue of punishment: Plunging the hand into boiling water 3x, cutting the fingers, laceration w/ thorns, exposure to ants, swimming for 3 hours, drowning, weighed w/ stones, beating to death, or being burned, boiled, stoned, crushed with weights, cut to pieces, or thrown to crocodiles.

Disputes are settled by a court of justice composed of the chieftain as judge & the elders of the brgy as members of the jury