Xlytinhieutuongtu

TRNG AI HOC S PHAM KY THUAT TP.
HCM
KHOA IE N T
BO MON VIEN THONG

TAI LIEU GIANG DAY

X LY TN HIEU TNG T
ANALOG SIGNAL PROCESSING

TAC GIA : Th.S Nguyen Vie t Hung
Th.S Le Thanh Tan

TP.HCM 2007

MU C LUC

CHNG I: MO T SO KHAI NIEM CA N BAN ........................................................ 1
CHNG II: TN HIEU XA C NH .......................................................................... 4
CHNG III: PHAN TCH ANH LAPLACE CU A TN HIE U............................ 29
CHNG V: PHAN TCH PHO TN HIEU ............................................................ 40
CHNG V: TN HIEU IEU CHE ........................................................................ 66
Phu luc
Tai lieu tham khao
Truong DH SPKT TP. HCM http://www.hcmute.edu.vn
Thu vien DH SPKT TP. HCM - http://www.thuvienspkt.edu.vn
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1
CHNG 1: MOT SO KHAI NIEM CAN BAN

1. TN HIEU VA TIN TC:
Tn hieu la s bieu hien vat l cua tin t c ma no mang nguon tin en ni nhan tin .
ay ta ch quan tam en tn hieu ien, la dong ien hay ien ap. Tuy nhien l thuyet
trnh bay ay cung se ung cho cac tn hieu khac, khong phan biet ban chat vat l cua
chung.
Nhiem vu chnh cua l thuyet tn hieu (LTTH) la i tm cac bieu dien toan hoc cho tn
hieu, tc la cac mo hnh toan hoc cua tn hieu. ong thi LTTH se a ra cac phng
phap phan tch tn hieu. Mo hnh toan hoc cua tn hieu la cac ham thc hay phc cua
mot hay nhieu bien. V du s(t), s(x,y), hay s(x,y,t). Tn hieu au tien la cac ham cua
thi gian, no bieu th mot ai ien nh tn hieu am thanh hoac tn hieu hnh. Tn hieu
th hai la ham hai bien toa o khong gian (x,y), o la tn hieu tnh. Tn hieu sau cung la
tn hieu truyen hnh. ay ta ch xet cac tn hieu la ham thi gian.
Tin tc can truyen i t nguon tin co ban chat vat l rat khac nhau nh: tieng noi, am
nhac, hnh anh, so lieu o lng v.v... L thuyet thong tin (LTTT) la l thuyet ngau
nhien cua tin tc, co ngha la no xet en tnh chat bat ng cua tin tc oi vi ngi
nhan tin.
Ve ban chat, thong tin co tnh ngau nhien, co ngha la no khong c biet trc va
mang tin tc. Tn hieu mang tin tc do o la tin hieu ngau nhien, mo hnh toan hoc cua
no la cac qua trnh ngau nhien thc hay phc.
X l tn hieu la van e k thuat, no ap dung kien thc cua LTTH, LTTT, k thuat ien
t, vat l ng dung e tao ra hay bieu dien tn hieu mang tin tc. No c ng dung
trong cac lnh vc truyen va khai thac tin tc nh k thuat thong tin, nhan dang, x l
anh, quan sat cac qua trnh cong nghiep...

2. PHAN LOAI TN HIEU:
2.1. Tn hieu vat l va mo hnh l thuyet:
Mot tn hieu la bieu dien cua mot qua trnh vat l, do o no phai la mot tn hieu vat l
thc hien c. Tn hie u nh vay phai thoa ma n cac yeu cau sau ay:
Co nang lng hu han.
Co bien o hu han.
Co pho hu han va tien ti khong khi tan so tien ti
Viec phan loai tn hieu da tren cac c s sau:
Phan loai theo qua trnh bien thien cua tn hieu, cac tn chat cua no co the oan trc
hay khong.
Phan loai theo nang lng: co the phan biet thanh tn hieu nang lng hu han va tn
hieu cong suat trung bnh hu han (nang lng vo han).
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2
Phan loai da vao hnh thai cua tn hieu, t o co the phan loai theo tnh chat lien tuc
hay ri rac cua tn hieu.
Phan loai tn hieu da vao pho cua no .
Phan loai da theo th nguyen, la tn hieu mot bien hay nhieu bien.
2.2. Tn hieu xac nh va tn ngau nhien:
C s phan loai au tien la da tre n qua trnh bien oi cua tn hieu la mot ham cua thi
gian (xem hnh 1.1), co the xac nh c hay khong.
Theo cach nay ngi ta phan thanh tn hieu xac nh va tn hieu ngau nhien. Tn hieu
xac nh la tn hieu ma qua trnh bien thien cua no c bieu dien bang mot ham thi
gian a hoan toan xac nh. Con tn hieu ngau nhien th s bien thien cua no khong the
biet trc (co tnh may rui), muo n bieu die n no phai tien hanh quan sat thong ke.

Hnh 1.1
Ve mat l thuyet viec xet tn hieu xac nh de dang hn, no hoan toan xac nh
do co mo hnh toan hoc a biet trc. ong thi no cung bieu th nh ng tn hieu ma ta
co the quan sat c o la nhng tn hieu thng gap trong phong th nghiem, tn hieu
kiem tra hay tn hieu nang lng. Mot tn hieu co hnh dang xac nh, nhng v tr tren
thang thi gian cha c biet trc th o cung la tn hieu ngau nhien.
2.3. Tn hieu nang lng- Tn hieu co ng suat:
C s phan loai th hai la da vao nang lng cua tn hieu, nh a biet co hai loai la
tn hieu nang lng hu han va tn hieu cong suat trung bnh hu han.
Tn hieu nang lng hu han gom nhng tn hieu qua o xac nh va ngau nhien. Con
tn hieu cong suat bao gom hau nh tat ca: tn hieu tuan hoan, tuan hoan quasi va tn
hieu ngau nhie n xac lap.
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3
Mot vai tn hieu co the co khong phu thuoc vao hai loai tn hieu ke tren, v du tn hieu
x(t) = exp(at) vi a > 0 va t(-, ), hay tn hieu xung Dirac (t) va day tuan hoan cua
no.
2.4. Tn hieu lien tuc va ri rac:
Mot tn hieu co the bieu dien di cac dang khac nhau tuy theo bien o cua no co gia
tr lien tuc hay ri rac theo bien thi gian lien tuc hay ri rac. Co the phan biet thanh
bon loai sau:
Tn hieu co bien o va thi gian lien tuc c goi la tn hieu tng t (analog).
Tn hieu co bien o ri rac, thi gian lien tuc la tn hieu lng t.
Tn hieu co bien o lien tuc thi gian ri rac la tn hieu ri rac.
Tn hieu co bien o va thi gian eu ri rac c goi la tn hieu so (digital).

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4
CHNG 2: TN HIEU XAC NH

1. MO HNH XAC NH CUA TN HIE U VA T LY:
Trong cac lnh vc ma tn hieu c coi la cai tai nang lng nh trong ly thuyet
mach va ly thuyet ve cac he thong ien t, th tn hieu se c mo ta bang mo hnh xac
nh. Con trong cac he thong thong tin, ni ma ngi ta quan tam en van e truye n tin
tc, hay trong cac he tho ng o lng, ni ma ta quan tam en ket qua cua cac ai lng
can o,th tn hieu c mo ta bang mo hnh ngau nhien. Trong chng trnh nay ta se
xet en tn hieu xac nh, co the thay rang viec xet tn hieu xac nh se de dang hn so
vi tn hieu ngau nhien ca ve khai niem lan mo hnh tn hoc. Ta se a ra mot so tho ng
tin ac trng cho tn hieu xac nh va phng phap phan tch chung, o cu ng la c s e
phan tch tn hieu ngau nhien. Cac loai tn hieu xac nh c dung e mo ta cac tnh
chat cua cac he thong truyen tin rat tien li, va co the thay rang hau nh trong tat ca
cac he thong thong tin rat tien li, va co the thay rang hau nh trong tat ca he thong
thong tin, ben canh cac tn hieu ngau nhien luon luon co tn hieu xac nh nh la cac
song mang, tn hieu ong bo, tn hie u xung nhp ...
Chung ta se ky hie u cac tn hieu xac nh bang cac ch cai nh x,y... Khi can co
the them cac chu so, gia tr cua no la x(t), y(t)...
Nh a noi chng mot, tn hieu xac nh co mo hnh toan hoc la cac ham
thc hoac phc theo thi gian, hoac cung co the la cac phan bo. Tuy nhien can nh
rang, kho ng phai tat ca cac ham hay phan bo eu la mo hnh co y ngha oi vi tn hieu
vat ly. Trong tat ca cac loai tn hieu ngi ta thng phan biet thanh hai loai tn hieu
mo ta cac tn hieu vat ly thc te, o la: Tn hieu co nang lng hu han va tn hieu co
cong suat trung bnh hu han. Viec phan loai nh vay la da tre n cac thong so ac
trng cua tn hieu xac nh ma ta se xet chung sau ay.
2. CAC THO NG SO AC TRNG CUA TN HIE U XAC NH:
2.1. Tch phan tn hie u:
Cho tn hie u x la tn hieu xac nh, ton tai tring khoang - <1< , tch phan tn hieu
c xac nh ngha nh sau:
| | x = ( )dt t x
}

(2.1)
Tch phan tn hieu thong thng bieu dien dien tch gii han di o th cua tn hieu, no
co the khong xac nh hoac vo han oi vi mot tn hieu nao o. Do o nh ngha (2.1)
ch co y ngha vi nhng tn hie u ma gia tr tch phan cua no hu han.
ay ta a k hieu [.] tng ng vi
}

dt . .
Cac tn hieu co gia tr khac khong trong khoang thi gian hu han c goi la tn hieu
co thi han hu han hay tn hieu xung. Tn hieu xung chnh la mo hnh thc te cua cac
tn hieu vat l, bi v chung thng c quan sat trong mot khoang thi gian hu han.

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5
2.2. Tr trung bnh cua tn hie u:
Vi tn hieu xung ta co the a ra khai niem ve gia tr trung bnh trong khoang thi gian
c nh ngha nh sau:
x =
t t
t
t
dt t x
1 2
2
1
) (
}
(2.2)
nh ngha nay cu ng co the se co y ngha oi vi cac tn hieu co thi han vo han, khi
o gia tr trung bnh cua chung se c xac nh bi gii han

}

=
T
T
T
dt t x
T
x ) (
2
1
lim (2.3)
Cac tn hieu co thi han vo han ( ) , , trong LTTH thng gap la tn hieu tuan hoan
vi chu k T, th gia tr trung bnh cua no se la :

}
+
=
T
t
t
dt t x
T
x
0
0
) (
1
(2.4)
trong o
t0
la mot iem bat k tren thang thi gian.dt
Chung ta dung k hieu . tng ng vi:

}
t
t
dt
t t
2
1
.
1
1 2
;
}

T
T
T
dt
T
.
2
1
lim va dt
t
t
T
T
}
+
0
0
.
1

la e ch gia tr trung bnh cua cac tn hieu xung, tn hie u co thi han vo han va tn hieu
tuan hoan.

2.3. Nang lng cua tn hieu:
Nang lng cha trong cac tn hieu x(t) c k hieu la
Ex
va c nh ngha nh sau:
| | dt t
x x x
) (
2 2
} E

= = (2.5)

2.4. Cong suat trung bnh cua tn hie u:
Cac tn hieu xung cung co the c ac trng bi cong suat trung bnh trong khoang
thi gian c nh ngha nh sau:
| | dt t
T
T
T
T
x x x t t
) (
2
1
lim ,
2 2
2 1 } P

= = (2.6)
Neu tn hieu x la cac xung dong ien hay ien ap, th
Px
co y ngha vat l la cong suat
trung bnh cua tn hieu x nhan c tren mot n v ien tr trong khoang thi gian
| |
t t 2 1
, .
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Vi cac tn hieu co thi han vo han, co ng suat trung bnh c xac nh bi gii han
nh sau:

dt t
T
T
T
T
x x x
) (
2
1
lim
2 2
} P

= = (2.7)
Vi tn hieu chu k T th:
dt t
t
t
T
T
x x x
) (
1
0
0
2 2
} P
+
= = (2.8)
trong o
t0
la iem bat k tren thang thi gian.
Theo l thuyet mach th ai lng
Px
chnh la tr bnh phng cua tr hieu dung.
Da vao cac thong so nang lng cua tn hieu ma ngi ta phan chia chung thanh hai
loai quan trong la:
-Tn hieu co nang lng hu han, hay tn hieu nang lng neu < <
Ex
0 .
-Tn hieu co thi han vo han c goi la tn hieu co cong suat trung bnh hu han hay
tn hieu cong suat neu < <
Px
0 .
3. Tn hieu xac nh thc:
3.1. Tn hieu nang lng co thi han hu han:
3.1.1. Xung vuong goc ) (t [ ( H.2.1)

Hnh 2.1 [x] = 1 ;
Ex
= 1
Nh k hieu [ ta co the bieu dien cac xung vuong goc nam v tr bat k tren thang
thi gian, co o rong va o cao bat k nh tren hnh 2.2.

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Hnh 2.2
x(t)= a
|
.
|
\
|

[
b
c t

| | ab x = ; =
Ex
a
2
b
Khi nhan mot tn hieu bat k vi ham
|
.
|
\
|

[
b
c t
ta co the gi lai mot phan cua tn hieu
o va bo i nhng phan khac theo y muo n.
3.1.2. Xung tam giac ) (t A (H.2.3)

[x]=1 ;
Ex
= 2/3

Hnh 2.3

3.1.3. Xung Cosin (H.2.4)
x(t) = X cos
|
|
.
|
\
|
[
0
0
.
e t
e
t
t
x[t] =
0
2
e
X
;
0
2
2e
tX
E
x
=

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Hnh 2.4

3.1.4. Xung ham mu (H.2.5)
x(t) = X
|
.
|
\
|
[
T
T t
e
t
2
o
; 0 > o
[x] = ( )
T
e
X
o
o

1
( )
T
x
e
X
E
o
o
2
2
1
2

=

Hnh 2.5
3.2. Tn hieu nang lng co thi han vo han (H.2.6):
3.2.1. Ham mu suy giam:

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Hnh 2.6

3.2.2. Tn hieu Sa (H.2.7):

0
2
e
t
0
e
t
0
4
e
t
0
3
e
t
0
2
e
t
0
3
e
t
0
e
t
0
4
e
t
0
5
e
t
0
5
e
t

Hnh 2.7
Tn hieu Sa ong vai tro trong viec ri rac tn hieu. V vay ngi ta k hieu no bang ch
Sa t ch Sampling ( tieng Anh la lay mau).

3.2.3. Tn hieu (H.2.8):
0
2
e
t
0
e
t
0
4
e
t
0
3
e
t
0
2
e
t
0
3
e
t
0
e
t
0
4
e
t

Hnh 2.8
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3.3. Tn hieu kho ng tuan hoan co cong suat trung bnh hu han:
3.3.1. Bc nhay n v 1(t) (H.2.9):

Hnh 2.9 Hnh 2.10
Bc nhay co gia tr bat k, tai mot iem bat k ta co the viet:
x(t)= X1(t-T) (H.2.10)
Nh co k hieu 1(t) ta co the de dang bieu dien cac tn hieu co nhng oan gay (H.2.11)

Hnh 2.11
)] ( 1 ) ( ) ( 1 [ ) ( T t T t t t
T
X
t x = (a)
)] ( 1 ) ( 1 [ ) ( T t t t
T
X
t x = (b)
3.3.2. Ham mu tang dan (H.2.12)
); ( 1 ) 1 ( ) ( t e t x
t o
= 0 > o
;
2
1
= x
2
1
=
x
P
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Hnh 2.12 Hnh 2.13

3.4. Tn hieu tuan hoan:
3.4.1. Tn hieu sin:

, sin ) (
0
t X t x e = ) , ( t
; 0 = x
2
2
X
P
x
=

Hnh 2.14

3.4.2. Day xung vuong goc lng cc:

; 0 = x

2
X P
x
=
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Hnh 2.15
3.4.3. Day xung vuong goc n cc:
; X
T
x
t
=

2
X
T
P
x
t
=

Hnh 2.16
3.5. Tn hieu phan bo:
Phan bo c goi la cac ham gia hay cac ham tong quat. No thng c du ng trong ba
trng h p sau:
- Phan bo dung nh mot mo hnh toan hoc cho mot loai tn hieu nao o.
- Phan bo c du ng e mo ta cac phep toan tac ong len tn hieu v du phep
ri rac tn hieu hay lap tuan hoan tn hieu.
- Phan bo c dung e mieu ta pho cua tn hieu, trong tr ng hp tn hieu kho ng
co pho Forurier tho ng thng, v du nh bc nhay n v, tn hieu tuan hoan va nhieu
tn hieu co nang lng khong xac nh.
Khai niem phan bo c irac a ra au tien dung trong vat l lng t, o la ham o .
Sau nay co n goi la Delta irac hay phan bo irac ngay nay c dung trong nhieu lnh
vc khac nhau. No kho ng co y ngha toan hoc chnh xac, nhng tien li cho viec phan
tch tn hieu trong nhng trng hp va neu tren.

3.5.1. Phan bo ) (t o :
irac nh ngha ham o nh sau:
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ai lng ) (t o ay khong phai la ham thong thng bi v tai t = 0 no khong nhan
gia tr bang so. T ay ve sau ta se goi ai lng ) (t o la phan bo ) (t o hay Delta irac.
Trong l thuyet ve phan bo , ) (t o c bieu die n gii han cua day { } ) , ( t o t cua cac ham
) , ( t o t thoa man cac ieu kien:

Day ham thoa man cac ieu kien (2.11) va (2.12) c goi la day ham gan ung hay la
day nh ngha cua phan bo ) (t o .
Co rat nhieu day ham nh ngha ham ) (t o , sau ay ta ch neu mot so v du, o la day
ham Gausse co dang:

|
|
.
|
\
|
=
2
2
exp
1
) , (
t
t
t
t o
t
t (2.13)

Hnh 2.17
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Cac ham nay vi cac tham so t khac nhau c bieu dien tren hnh 2.17. Khi t tien
ti khong, cac ham Gausse co hep lai, co ngha la no tap trung xung quanh iem t = 0;
con khi t tien ti vo cung th gia tr cua no tien ti khong. gii han day nay tien ti
ai lng co gia tr bang khong khi t 0 = va bang vo cung khi t = 0. Dien tch gii han
di o th cua moi ham eu bang mot. Gii han cua day ham Gausse (2.13) do o la
phan bo ) (t o , co the viet di dang:
) ( exp
1
lim
2
2
0
t
t
t
o
t
t
t
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
(2.14)
Bieu dien o th cua phan bo ) (t o theo qui c la mot va ch hep co mui ten tai iem t =
0. o cao cua vach bang dien tch di o th cua phan bo, do o bang mot (H.2.18
a,b).

Hnh 2.18
Phan bo ) (t o la mo hnh toan hoc cua tn hie u xung co thi han vo cung nho va co
bien o vo cung ln. Tn hie u nh vay khong phai la tn hieu vat l thc hie n c.
Mac du vay no la mot mo hnh tru tng rat tien li cho cac tn hieu vat l, nh la cac
xung hep. Cac phan t cua day ham nh ngha phan bo ) (t o co nang lng hu han,
nhng chnh phan bo ) (t o la co nang lng vo han. Phan bo ) (t o se c coi nh la tn
hieu co cong suat trung bnh hu han.
Mot vai tnh chat vat l cua phan bo:
Tnh chat 1: Nhan vi hang so:

} }

= = ; ) ( ) ( a dt t a dt t a o o R a e (2.15)
Day ham nh ngha phan bo ) (t ao la day ) , ( t o t a , khi 0 = a ta se co t nh
ngha 0. ) (t o = 0 vi moi t.

Tnh chat 2: Quan he vi cac bc nhay n v:
) ( 1 ) (
' '
t dt t = =
}
o (2.16)
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X ly tn hieu tng t
15
) (
) ( 1
t
dt
t d
o = (2.17)

Tnh chat 3: Neu x(t) la tn hieu bat k th:
) ( ) 0 ( ) ( ) ( t x t t x o o = (2.18)
) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
0 0 0
t t t x t t t x = o o (2.19)
Tnh chat nay c goi la tnh chat loc cua ) (t o .

Tnh chat 4: Neu x(t) la tn hieu bat k th:

}

= ) 0 ( ) ( ) ( x t t x o (2.20)
) ( ) ( ) (
0 0
t x dt t t t x =
}

o (2.21)

Tnh chat 5: Thay oi thang (t le)
) (
0
0
t t
t
t
o o =
|
|
.
|
\
|
(2.22)
Tnh chat 6: Tnh chat chan.
) (t o = ). ( t o (2.23)

Tnh chat 7: Tch chap cua phan bo ) (t o vi ham bat k
) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( * ) (
' ' ' ' ' '
t x dt t t t x dt t t t x t t x = = =
} }

o o o (2.24)
Phan bo ) (t o c goi la phan t ong nhat cua phep tnh chap, tng t nh so 1 la
phan t ong nhat cua phe p tnh nhan so thc. Tnh chat nay c goi la tnh chat lap
cua phan bo ) (t o . Tng t ta co:
) ( ) ( * ) (
0 0
t t x t t t x = o (2.25)

3.5.2. Phan bo lc:
Phan bo lc c k hieu la ) (t va c nh ngha nh sau:

=
=
n
n t t ) ( ) ( o (2.29)
o th cua phan bo lc cho tren hnh 2.19 a. T nh ngha phan bo lc co the thay
no la day tuan hoan cua cac Delta irac, co o cao n v va cach nhau mot khoang
n v. Ten goi cua phan bo lc la hoan toan trc quan xua t phat t o th cua no.
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16

Hnh 2.19: Phan bo lc
Mot trong nhng day nh ngha cua phan bo lc la (H.2.20)

=
(

n
t
n t
t
2
2
2 2
) (
exp ) exp(
1 t
tt
t
(2.30)
Phan bo lc la trng hp ac biet, no khong thuoc vao loai tn hieu nao a ke trc
ay. Theo nh ngha no la tn hieu tuan hoan nhng lai co cong suat trung bnh kho ng
hu han. No c du ng e mieu ta tn hieu b ri rac hoac cac phep tnh tac ong len
tn hieu ri rac, ngoai ra no con dung e bieu dien phep tnh lap tuan hoan va pho cua
tn hieu tuan hoan.
Mot vai tnh chat cua phan bo lc:
Tnh chat 1: Tnh chat ri rac:
) ( ). ( t t x =

=

n
n t n x ) ( ) ( o (2.31)
trong o x(t) la tn hieu bat k.

Tnh chat 2: Tnh chat lap hoan toan:
= ) ( * ) ( t t x

=

n
n t x ) ( (2.32)
tn hieu x(t) la tn hieu xung co thi han nho hn hoac bang n v.

Tnh chat 3: Tnh chat chan:
) ( ) ( t t = (2.33)
Tnh chat 4: Phan bo lc la tn hieu tuan hoan:
) ( ) ( t n t = + n = 0, 1 ... (2.34)
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17

Tnh chat 5: Thay oi thang o (t le):

|
.
|
\
|
t
t
= ) ( t o t n t
n

=
(2.35)
T tnh chat nay thay rang day Delta irac cach nhau mot khoang bang nhau (chu k) T
> 0 va co o cao nh nhau, co the viet di dang:

T
1
=
=
|
.
|
\
|
n
nT t
t
) ( o
t
(2.36)
Day nay co o th tren hnh 2.19b. Tnh chat ri rac va lap tuan hoan cua day (2.36)
nh sau:
Tnh chat 1:
x(t)
T
1
(2.37)
trong o x(t) la tn hieu bat k.

Tnh chat 2:

T
t x
1
* ) (

=
=
|
.
|
\
|
n
nT t x
T
) (
1
(2.38)
trong o x(t) la tn hieu xung co thi han T s .

4. PHAN TCH TNG QUAN TN HIEU:
4.1. He so tng quan:
Tn hieu co the c bieu dien nh mot vect trong mot kho ng gian metric thch hp
c goi la kho ng gian tn hieu. e so sanh hai tn hieu ngi ta thng xac nh
khoang cach d( ) ,
2 1
x x gia chung, o la mc o khac nhahu gia hai tn hieu, no se
bang kho ng neu hai tn hieu hoan toan giong nhau. Khoang cach clic cua hai tn
hieu ) (
1
t x va ) (
2
t x , xet trong khoang thi gian T c xac nh theo co ng thc:

2 1
2
2 1 2 1
) ( ) ( ) , (
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
}
T
dt t x t x K x x d
Co the thay rang, nang lng cua tn hie u trong kho ng gian L
2
(0,T) co khai niem tng
t nh bnh phng khoang cach trong khong gian R
n
. Do o ) , (
2 1
2
x x d c hieu la
nang lng cua tn hieu, c xac nh nh sau:

| || |dt t x t x t x t x x x d E
y
) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) , (
*
2
*
1 2 1 2 1
2
= =
}

dt t x dt t x t x dt t x
2
2
*
2 1
2
1
) ( ) ( ) ( Re ) (
} } }

+ =
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18
Nang lng cua tn hieu
y
E phu thuoc vao tch vo hng gia ) (
1
t x va ) (
2
t x , co y ngha
la khoang cach gia hai tn hieu se cc ai neu tch vo hng cua no bang kho ng
( ) (
1
t x va ) (
2
t x trc giao), va cc tieu (bang khong) neu ) (
1
t x = ) (
2
t x .
Ngi ta nh ngha he so tng quan gia hai tn hieu
2 1
, x x la t so sau:

) , (
) , (
) (
) ( ) (
1 1
2 1
2
1
2 1
12
x x
x x
dt t x
dt t x t x
= =
}
}

o (2.39)
Va he so tng quan gia hai tn hieu ) (
2
t x va ) (
1
t x :

( )
2 2
1 2
2
2
*
1 2
21
,
) , (
) (
) ( ) (
x x
x x
dt t x
dt t x t x
= =
}
}

o (2.40)
Tat nhien cac tch vo hng tren c xac nh trong khong gian ). , 0 (
2
T L
Neu 0
21 12
= = o o th cac tn hieu
2 1
, x x la trc giao va ta co nang lng tong cua hai
tn hieu bang to ng nang lng cua tng tn hieu. Cac he so
12
o va
21
o trong tr ng hp
chung kho ng bang nhau (
12
o =
21
o ).
Ngoai ra he so tng quan chuan hoa gia hai tn hieu
2 1
, x x con c nh ngha:

( )
) , )( , (
) , ( ,
.
2 2 1 1
1 2 2 1
21 12
x x x x
x x x x
= = o o o (2.41)
Co the thay rang o la mot so thc co gia tr trong khoang ). 1 0 ( s s o
4.2. Ham tng quan:

Hnh 2.21: S phu thuoc cua he so tng quan
12
o vao s dch chuye n cua tn hieu
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19
He so tng quan gia hai tn hieu biei th v tr cua hai tn hie u trong khong gian tng
ng. Tuy nhien, khi mot trong hai tn hieu dch chuyen tren thang thi gian th tch vo
hng cua chung se thay oi theo s dch chuyen o.
Neu ta k hieu o dch chuyen tre n thang thi gian la t , th tch vo hng gia hai tn
hieu
2 1
, x x se la ham cua t . e tien li cho viec so sanh tn hieu trong khong gian cua
no ngi ta a ra khai niem ve ham tng quan.
4.2.1. Tn hieu nang lng hu ha n:
Ham tng quan trong khong gian ) , 0 (
2
T L cua tn hieu nang lng c k hieu la ,
no c xac nh bi tch vo hng cua hai tn hieu khi mot trong chung dch chuyen
tren thang thi gian.
dt t x t x
}

= ) ( ) ( ) (
*
2 1 12
t t (2.42)
dt t x t x
}

= ) ( ) ( ) (
*
1 2 21
t t (2.43)
Cac ham ) ( ), (
21 12
t t con c goi la ham tng quan cheo. Co the thay gia tr cua
chung la dien tch gii han di o th tch cua hai tn hieu.
Ngoai ra, con co khai niem ve ham t tng quan cua tn hieu x(t) nh sau:
dt t x t x
xx
) ( ) ( ) (
*
t t =
}

(2.44)
Cach xac nh ca c ham tng quan va ham t tng quan uc minh hoa qua v du tren
hnh 2.22

|
.
|
\
|
[ =
2
1
4
cos
4
) (
1
t
t t x
t t
4
t
) ( ) ( t t x . =

0 = t
3
2
) 0 ( = = S
|
.
|
\
|
[ =
2
) (
2
t
t x

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X ly tn hieu tng t
20
1 = t
) 1 ( t x
6
1
) 1 ( = = S
|
.
|
\
|
+
2
1
2
t x
|
.
|
\
|
=
2
1
12
S
2
3
2
1

) 2 (
12
= S
) 2 (
2
t x
3
2
6
1
) (t
t

) 2 (
12
) (
12
t
t
2
1
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1
12

Hnh 2.22: Ham tng quan va t tng quan cua tn hieu nang lng
Co the thay rang, gia tr cua ham ) (
12
t se khong thay oi khi
2
x dch sang phai mot
oan t va ng yen, hoac khi
2
x ng yen va
1
x dch sang trai mot oan t .
Do o ham tng quan (2.42), (2.43) va ham t tng quan (2.44) co the viet lai di
dang:
dt t x t x ) ( ) ( ) (
*
2 1 12
2
t t + =
}

(2.45)
dt t x t x ) ( ) ( ) (
*
1 2 21
t t + =
}

(2.46)
dt t x t x
xx
) ( ) ( ) (
*
t t + =
}

(2.47)
Cac ham tng quan cung co the k hieu la ), ( ), ( t t
yx xy
va ham t tng quan la
) (t
xx
.

Cac tnh chat quan trong cua ham tng quan va ham t tng
quan:
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21

Tnh chat 1:

) ( ) (
*
t t =
yx xy
(2.55)
Tnh chat 2:
= =
} } }

t t t t dtd t y t x d
xy
) ( ) ( ) (
*

dt t y dt t x dt d t y t x ) ( ) ( ] ) ( ) ( [
* *
} } } }

= = t t (2.56)
Co the suy ra t (2.56) la dien tch di o th cua ham tng quan bang tch cac dien
tch di o th cua moi tn hieu.

Tnh chat 3:
) ( ) (
*
t t =
xx xx
(2.57)
Ham tng quan la ham Hermit. Vi tn hieu thc, ham t tng quan la ham chan.

Tnh chat 4:
dt t x
2
) ( ) 0 (
}

= (2.58)

Tnh chat 5:
2 2 *
] ) ( [ ] ) ( Re [ ) ( ) ( ) ( dt t x I dt t x dt t x t x d
m xx
} } } } }

+ = = t t (2.59)
Vi tn hieu thc dien tch di o th cua ham t tng quan bang bnh phng dien
tch di o th cua tn hieu.

Tnh chat 6:
Vi moi gia tr cua ta luon co:
) 0 ( ) (
xx xx
t s (2.60)

4.2.2. Tn hieu cong suat trung bnh hu han:
a) Tn hieu tuan hoan
2
T
L :
Ham tng quan cua tn hie u tuan hoan ta k hieu bang ch ) (t va c nh ngha
nh sau:
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X ly tn hieu tng t
22
dt t y t x
T
dt t y t x
T
T T
xy
) ( ) (
1
) ( ) (
1
) (
*
0 0
*
} }
+ = = t t t (2.61a)

dt t x t y
T
dt t x t y
T
T T
yx
) ( ) (
1
) ( ) (
1
) (
*
0 0
*
} }
+ = = t t t (2.61b)
dt t x t x
T
dt t x t x
T
T T
xx
) ( ) (
1
) ( ) (
1
) (
*
0 0
*
} }
+ = = t t t (2.61c)
Cac tnh chat cua ham tng quan va t tng quan cua tn hieu
tuan hoan.
1
-T
T
t
x(t)
0
... ...
1
T
) (t
x
0
t
... ...

Hnh 2.23
Tnh chat 1:
) ( ) (
*
t t =
yx xy
(2.62)

Tnh chat 2:

*
) ( y x
xy
> < t (2.63)

Tnh chat 3:
) ( ) (
*
t t =
xx
x (2.64)

Tnh chat 4:

x xx
P x = =
2
) 0 ( (2.65)

Tnh chat 5: Neu tn hie u x la thc

2
x = (2.66)

Tnh chat 6:
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) 0 ( ) (
xx xx
t s (2.67)

b) Tn hieu kho ng tuan hoan:
Trong khong gian cua tn hieu cong suat trung bnh hu han kho ng co khai niem ve tch
vo hng. Tuy nhien, oi vi mot so tn hieu cua kho ng gian nay, van ton tai cac gii
han theo nh ngha thong thng. Vi nhng tn hieu nh vay, ngi ta cung co the
nh ngha cac ham tng quan nh sau:
} }

+ = =
T
T
T
T
T T
xy
dt t y t x
T
dt t y t x
T
) ( ) (
2
1
lim ) ( ) (
2
1
lim ) (
* *
t t t (2.68)
} }

+ = =
T
T
T
T
T T
yx
dt t x t y
T
dt t x t y
T
) ( ) (
2
1
lim ) ( ) (
2
1
lim ) (
* *
t t t (2.69)
} }

+ = =
T
T
T
T
T T
xx
dt t x t x
T
dt t x t x
T
) ( ) (
2
1
lim ) ( ) (
2
1
lim ) (
* *
t t t (2.70)

5. TCH CHAP:
5.1. Gii han cua tch chap:
Tch chap cua ham ) (
1
t x va ) (
2
t x cua ham y(t) c xac nh bi tch phan sau:
' '
2
'
1
' '
2
'
1
) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( dt t x t t x dt t t x t x t y = =
} }

(2.71)
Tch chap cua hai tn hieu c k hieu bi dau sao (*), khi o cong thc (2.71) co the
viet di dang:
) ( * ) ( ) ( * ) ( ) (
1 2 2 1
t x t x t x t x t y = = (2.72)

5.2. Cac tnh chat cua tch chap:
Tnh chat 1: Tnh chat giao hoan
) ( * ) ( ) ( * ) (
1 2 2 1
t x t x t x t x = (2.73)

Tnh chat 2: Tnh phoi hp
) ( * )] ( * ) ( [ )] ( * ) ( [ * ) (
3 2 1 3 2 1
t x t x t x t x t x t x = (2.74)

Tnh chat 3: Tnh phan phoi
) ( * ) ( ) ( * ) ( ) ( * )] ( ) ( [
3 2 3 1 3 2 1
t x t x t x t x t x t x t x + = + (2.75)

Tnh chat 4:
)] ( [ * ) ( ) ( * )] ( [ )] ( * ) ( [
2 1 2 1 2 1
t ax t x t x t ax t x t x a = = (2.76)
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24

Tnh chat 5:
Vi ) (
1
t x , ) (
2
t x thuoc ) , (
2
L
) ( * ) ( ) ( ) (
*
2 1
*
2 1
t t t =
}

x x dt t x t x (2.77)
T tnh chat nay thay rang, ham tng quan cua ) (
1
t x , ) (
2
t x thuoc ) , (
2
L chnh
bang tch chap cua tn hieu ) (
1
t x vi ) (
*
2
t x .
V du: Tnh y(t) = x
1
(t)* x
2
(t)?
T
T
T
T
1
A
2
A
1
A
'
t
'
t
t t
2
A
1
A
1
A
T 2
T 2
) (
1
t x ) (
'
1
t x ) (
'
2
t x ) (
2
t x
'
t

2
A
T t < < o
T t T 2 < <
T t T 3 2 < <
) ( ) (
'
2 2
t x t x
T
) (t y
t
t
T 2
T 2
T
T t
T t
t A A dt A A t y
t
2 1
0
'
2 1
) ( = =
}
} }
+ =
t
T
T
T t
dt A A dt A A t y
'
2 1
'
2 1
) (
) 2 3 ( ) ( ) 2 ( ) (
2 1 2 1 2 1
t T A A t T A A t T A A t y = + =
}
= =
T
T t
T t A A dt A A t y
2
2 1
'
2 1
) 3 ( ) (
=
0
) 2 3 ( ) (
2 1
2 1
T T A A
t A A
t y T t T
T t
3 2
0
< <
< <
) (
'
2
t t x +
) (
'
2
t t x +
) (
'
2
t t x +
T
'
t
) (
'
2
t x
2
A
'
t
+
+ +
T 3
T t
+
t
+
'
t
'
t
T 3
T 2
T
t
2 1
A A
2 1
A A

B
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BAI TAP
Cau 1: Cho
|
|
|
|
.
|
\
|

[ =
T
T
t
A t x
2
) (
1
;
s s
|
.
|
\
|

=
nikhac 0
0 1
) (
2
T t
T
t
A
t x
Tnh y(t) = x
1
(t) * x
2
(t)? Tm ham tng quan cua hai tn hie u va ham t tng quan cua
tng tn hieu?
Hng dan: Ngoai phe p tnh chap, cac ban co the tnh bang phng phap bie n oi
Laplace, Fourier.
Cau 2: Cho
|
.
|
\
|

[ = =
T
T t
t x t x
2 /
) ( ) (
2 1
;
Tnh y(t) = x
1
(t) * x
2
(t)? Tm ham t tng quan cua tng tn hieu?
Laplace
Cau 3: Cho
|
.
|
\
|
[ =
T
t
t x ) (
1
;
s <
=
khac ni
T t 0 neu
0
) (
2 T
t
A
t x
Tnh y(t) = x
1
(t) * x
2
tng tn hieu?
Laplace.
Cau 4: Cho
|
.
|
\
|
[ = =
T
t
t x t x ) ( ) (
2 1

Tnh y(t) = x
1
(t) * x
2
(t)?
Hng dan: Ngoai phe p tnh chap, cac ba n co the tnh bang phng phap bien oi
Laplace
Cau 5: Cho
s s
=
khac ni
2 t 0 neu
0
5 , 0
) (
1
t x

s s
s s
=
khac ni
4 t 2 neu
2 t 0 neu
0
5 , 1
5 , 0
) (
2
t x
Tnh y(t) = x
1
(t) * x
2
tng tn hieu?
Laplace.
Cau 6: Cho
|
.
|
\
|
[ =
T
t
t x
2
5 , 0 ) (
1

|
.
|
\
|
[ =
T
t
t x ) (
2

B
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Tnh y(t) = x
1
(t) * x
2
tng tn hieu?
Laplace.
Cau 7: Cho
< <
=
khac ni
2T t neu
0
2 1
) (
1
T
t x

< <
=
khac ni
T t T - neu
0
1
) (
2
t x
Tnh y(t) = x
1
(t) * x
2
tng tn hieu?
Cau 8: Cho
|
.
|
\
|
[ = =
T
t
A t x t x ) ( ) (
2 1
;
Tnh y(t) = x
1
(t) * x
2
(t)?
Laplace.
Cau 9: Cho
|
.
|
\
|
[ =
T
t
t x ) (
1
;
s <
=
khac ni
T t 0 neu
0
) (
2 T
t
A
t x
Tnh y(t) = x
1
(t) * x
2
tng tn hieu?
Laplace.
Cau 10: Cho
s s
=
khac ni
2 t 0 neu
0
5 , 0
) (
1
t x

s s
s s
=
khac ni
4 t 2 neu
2 t 0 neu
0
5 , 1
5 , 0
) (
2
t x
Tnh y(t) = x
1
(t) * x
2
(t)?
Laplace.
Cau 11: Cho
( )
s <
s <
=
khac ni
T t neu
T t 0 neu
0
2 2
) (
1
T t T
T
A
T
At
t x ;
s <
=
khac ni
T t 0 neu
0
) (
2
A
t x
Tnh y(t) = x
1
(t) * x
2
tng tn hieu?
Laplace.
B
a
n

q
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Cau 12: Cho
|
|
|
|
.
|
\
|

[ =
T
T
t
A t x
2
) (
1
;
s s
=
nikhac 0
0
) (
2
T t
T
t
A
t x
Tnh y(t) = x
1
(t) * x
2
tng tn hieu?
Laplace.
Cau 13: Cho
< <
=
khac ni
1 t neu
0
1 1
) (
1
t x

< <
=
khac ni
1 t 0 neu
0
1
) (
2
t x
Tnh y(t) = x
1
(t) * x
2
tng tn hieu?
Laplace.
Cu 14: Vit thnh dng hm x(t) theo hm u(t).

Cu 15: Chn ra 4 cu trong ni dung, mi cu 0,5 im

Tn hiu lin tc x(t) c bin i Laplace l:
7 5
1
) (
2
+ +
+
=
s s
s
s X
Tm bin i V(s) ca tn hiu v(t) c nh ngha nh sau:
B
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a) ) 4 3 ( ) 4 3 ( ) ( = t u t x t v
b) ) ( ) ( t tx t v =
c)
2
2
) (
) (
dt
t x d
t v =
d) ) ( ) (
) 1 (
t x t v

=
e) t t x t v 2 sin ) ( ) ( =
f) ) ( ) (
3
t x e t v
t
=
g) ) ( * ) ( ) ( t x t x t v =
Cu 16: Chn 1 trong 2 hnh khi ra thi, mi hnh 1 im
Tm bin i Laplace ca cc tn hiu trong hnh (a), (b)

Cu 17: Tm bin i Laplace nghch ca cc hm sau:
a)
12 4
2
) (
2
+ +
+
=
s s
s
s X
b)
s s s
s
s X
7 5
1
) (
2 3
+ +
+
=
c)
2 4
35 9 2
) (
2
2
+ +

=
s s
s s
s X
d)
4 8 5
1 2 3
) (
2 3
2
+ + +
+ +
=
s s s
s s
s X
e)
s s s
s
s X
81 18
1
) (
3 5
2
+ +
+
=
f)
1
) (
2
+ +
+
=

s s
e s
s X
s

g)
1 2 1
) (
2
2
+ +
+
+
+
=

s s
e se
s
s
s X
s s

Cu 18: Tnh gi tr ) ( * ) ( t v t x trong cc trng hp sau:
a) ) ( ) ( t u e t x
t
= ) ( ) (sin ) ( t u t t v =
b) ) ( ) (cos ) ( t u t t x = ) ( ) (sin ) ( t u t t v =
c) ) ( ) (sin ) ( t u t t x = ) ( ) (sin ) ( t u t t t v =
d) ) ( ) (sin ) (
2
t u t t x = ) ( ) ( t tu t v =
B
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CHNG 3: PHAN TCH ANH LAPLACE CUA TN HIEU
1. Bien oi Laplace:
Bien oi Laplace mot pha c xac nh theo bieu thc sau:
= ) (s F
}
=
0
) ( )] ( [ dt e t f t f
st
(3.1)

)] ( [ t f ) (t f ) (s F

Ham ) (t f bien thc (t) thi gian c goi la goc, con bien oi Laplace cua no la anh
) (s F . Bien phc e o j s + = ong vai tro so tch phan. Bieu thc
(1.1) xac nh cua mot ham ) (t f , se ton tai khi va ch khi co mot gia tr nao o cua
tham so s e cho tch phan Laplace hoi tu.
Bien oi Laplace la bien oi mot pha, anh cua no khong phu thuoc vao ham ) (t f
0 < t . e the hie n ieu o, ngi ta thng dung ham n v ) ( 1 t c xac nh nh
sau:

<
>
=
0 ; 0
0 ; 1
) ( 1
t
t
t (3.2)
Do o ta se co ang thc:
{ }= ) (t f { } ) ( 1 ) ( t t f
{ }= ) ( 1 t { } 1 (3.3)
Viec tm lai ham goc ) (t f t anh ) (s F cua no c goi la bie n oi ngc Laplace va
c xac nh theo cong thc Rieman Melin:

<
>
=
}
+
0 ; 0
0 ; ) (
2
1
) (
t
t ds e s F
j t f
j e
j e
si
o
o
t (3.4)
Hay co the k hieu bi = ) (t f
-1
{ } ) (s F .
e ) (s F co the la anh cua ham ) (t f nao o, co ngha la bieu thc (1.4) hoan toan
c xac nh th ham ) (s F can thoa man mot so ieu kien sau:
a) ) (s F la ham giai tch trong mat phang
0
X Rres >
b) 0 ) ( s F khi s , doc tren ng nam trong mien
) 0 (
0
> + > o o X Rres
c) Vi mot gia tr
0
X e > luon ton tai tch phan
}
+
o
o
j e
j e
ds s F ) ( trong o
0
X co gia tr e
sao cho
0 0
jY X s + = , ma vi gia tr o cua s , tch phan (1.1) se hoi tu tuyet oi.
Trong thc te, viec ng du ng trc tiep cong thc Rieman Melin e tm ham ) (t f noi
chung khong de dang. Trong viec ng du ng bien oi Laplace e phan tch tn hieu va
tm lai ham ngc co the thc hien d6e dang hn ma khong can phai s dung (1.4), khi
B
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phan tch qua trnh qua o, ngi ta co gang s dung thanh thao cac tnh chat cua bien
oi Laplace (bang 1) e co the lam n gian qua trnh tm anh, goc.
2. Cac tnh chat c ban cua Laplace:
Bang 1:

TT Tnh chat Ghi chu
1 { }
1 2 2 1 1
) ( ) ( a t f a t f a = + { }
2 1
) ( a t f + { } ) (
2
t f
2 1
, a a la so bat k
2 { }
0
) ( 1 ) (
0 0
St
e t t t t f

= { } ) (t f
0
0
> t
3
{ } {
0
) (
0
St
e t t f

= }
}
0
0
) ( )] ( [
t
st
dt e t f t f
0
0
> t

4
=
n
n
n n
ds
d
t f t ) 1 ( ) ( )] ( [ t f
N la so t nhien
5 | | = + =
) ( ); ( ) ( s F s F t f e
st
o )] ( [ t f : o la so thc, phc bat k.
6
|
.
|
\
|
=
a
s
F
a
at
1
)] [(
0 > a
7a
s
dt
t df
=
(
=
) (
) 0 ( )] ( [
+
f t f
Ton tai ) (t f 0 > t
7b
n
n
n
s
dt
t f d
=
(
) (
) 0 ( )] ( [
) (
1
0
1 +
k
n
k
k n
f s t f
Khong can thiet tai 0 = t
8a
s d f
t
=
(
}
0
) ( t t )] ( [ t f

8b
n
n
t
s
d d d f
n
1
) (
2 1
0 0 0
1
1
=
} } }
t t t t
t t
)] ( [ t f

9 ) ( ) ( lim =

f s sF
s
Ton tai ) ( ) ( lim =

f t f
t

10 ) 0 ( ) ( lim
0
+
= f s sF
s
Ton tai ) 0 ( ) ( lim
0
+
=
+
f t f
t

11 { } ) ( * ) ( ) ( * ) (
2 1 2 1
S F S F t f t f = Ton tai tch chap
12
| | ) ( * ) ( * ) (
2 1 1
S F S F S t f
dt
d
=
)
`

Mot trong so cac ham la ham
lien tuc va co ao ham lien tuc

VD1:
) ( 1 F(t) t e
t o
=
Ap dung tnh chat 5 (bang 1) cua bien oi Laplace:
B
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= ) (s F
(
+
=
o
o
s
t e
t
1
) ( 1
VD2:
) ( 1 ) ( t t t f
n
=
T tnh chat th 4 co the suy ra anh cua ham
n
t t anh cua ham ) ( 1 t
| |
2
1 1
) ( 1
s s ds
d
t t =
(
=
| |= ) ( 1
2
t t | |
3 2
2 1
) ( 1 * *
s s ds
d
t t t =
(
=
| |= ) ( 1
3
t t | |
4 3
2
3 * 2 1
) ( 1 * *
s s ds
d
t t t =
(
=
| |= ) ( 1 t t
n
| |
1
1
!
) ( 1 * *
+
=
n
n
s
n
t t t
VD3:
) ( 1 . cos ) (
0
t t t f e =
| |
t j t j
e e t
0 0
2
1
) cos(
0
e e
e

+ =
Ap dung tnh chat va 5:
2
1
)] ( 1 . [cos
0
= t t e )] ( 1 * [
0
t e
t je
2
1
+ )] ( 1 * [
0
t e
t je

(
+
+
=
0 0
1 1
2
1
e e j s j s

Do o
2
0
2
0
)] ( 1 . [cos
e
e
+
=
s
s
t t
VD 4:
) ( 1 . sin ) (
0
t t t f e =
Anh cua ham t
0
sine co the tnh bang cach ap dung tnh chat 5 hoac s dung trc tiep
anh cua ham t
0
cose va dung tnh chat 7a. Ta co:
] [cos
1
sin
0
0
0
t
dt
d
t e
e
e =
0
0
1
)] ( 1 . [cos
e
e = t t
(

+
=
)
`
1
1
)] ( 1 . [cos
2 2
0
0
e e
e
s
s
t t
dt
d

Do o:
2
0
2
0
0
] [sin
e
e
e
+
=
s
t
VD 5:
) ( 1 . cos ) (
0
t t e t f
t
e
o
=
B
a
n

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S dung anh cua ham t
0
cose va ap dung tnh chat 5
2
0
2
0
) (
] cos [
e
e
o
+ +
+
=
a s
a s
t e
t

VD 6:
Hay tm anh cua mot so tn hieu xung cho tren hnh 1.
) ( 1 ) ( 1 ) (
1
T t t t f =
Ap dung tnh chat 1 va 2
= )] ( [
1
t f )] ( 1 [ t ) 1 (
1
)] ( 1 [
sT
e
s
T t

=

) (
1
t f
) (
2
t f
) (
3
t f
) (
4
t f
) ( 1 T t te
t
o
) 1 ( ) 2 (
2
t t
)] 1 ( 2 cos[ 3
4
t te
t
) (
5
t f
0 t
0 . 1
T 0
0
0
t
t t
T
t
0

Hnh 1.
VD 7:
) ( 1 ) ( 1 ) ( ) ( 1 . ) (
2
T t T T t T t t t t f =
Ap dung tnh chat 1, 2, 4 ta co:
T T
e
s
e
s
t f
o o
1
) 1 (
1
)] ( [
2
2
=

VD 8:
) ( 1 ) ( 1 ) ( ) ( 1 ) (
3
T t T T t e T t T t te t f
t t t
+ = =
o o o

) ( 1 ) ( 1 ) (
) ( ) (
T t e Te T t T t e
T t T t
+ =
o o o

Ap dung cac tnh chat 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 se c:
+
+
+
=

2 ) (
1
)] ( [
2
3
s
T
s
e e t f
sT t
o
o

VD 9:
) 1 ( 1 . ) 2 ( ) (
2
4
+ = t t t f
B
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Bien oi ham ) (
4
t f e co dang thch hp:
) 1 ( 1 ] 9 ) 1 ( 6 ) 1 [( ) (
2
4
+ + = t t t t f
Bi v = )] 1 ( 1 [ t
s
e
s
t

=
1
)] 1 ( 1 [
Ap dung tnh chat 4:
+ + =

s s s
e t f
s
9 6 2
)] ( [
2 3
4

VD 10:
)] 1 ( 2 cos[ 4 3 ) (
5
= t te t f
e tm hnh anh cua ham ) (
5
t f trc tien ap dung tnh chat 5, sau o ap dung tnh chat
4.
Biet rang:
= ) (
1
t F = )] 1 ( 2 [cos t ] 2 sin 2 sin 2 cos 2 [cos t t +

4
2 sin
4
2 cos
2 2
+
+
+
=
s
s
s
s

= ) (
2
s F (s) F )] 1 ( 2 cos [
1
ds
d
t t =
] 2 sin 4 2 cos ) 4 [(
) 2 (
1
2
2 2
s s
s
+
+
=
= ) (s F = ) (
5
t f )] 1 ( 2 cos 3 [
4
t e
t

2 sin ) 4 ( 4 2 cos ] ) 4 [(
] 4 ) 4 [(
3
2
2 2
+ + +
+ +
= s s
s

3. Bien oi ngc Laplace:

)] ( [
-1
s F
) (s F ) (t f

Khi thc hie n bien oi Laplace, ta se phng trnh ai so theo Y(s), sau khi rut gon
ta co:
= ) (s Y
) (
) (
)] ( [
0 1
1
1
0 1
1
1
s A
s B
a s a s a s a
b s b s b s b
t y
n
n
n
n
m
m
m
m
=
+ + + +
+ + + +
=

(3.3.1)
Trong trng hp tong quat, Y(s) la mot phan thc hu ty bie n s, he so thc va bac cua
t so nho hn bac cua mau so (m<n). Neu Y(s) la mot phan thc hu ty th viec tm
-1

cua no khong phai dung en cong thc Rieman Mallin. Khi o, bang cach phan tch
cac phan thc hu ty thanh tong cac phan thc toi gian, ngi ta se tm c
-1
cua
cac phan thc toi gia n. e phan tch phan thc (3.3.2) thanh tong cac phan thc toi gian
can phai tm nghiem cua a thc mau A(s) co bac ln th viec tm cac iem cc khong
phai de dang. ay chnh la nhc iem cua phng phap toan t .
B
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34
Sau ay se trnh bay cach phan tch phan thc hu ty Y(s) thanh tong cac phan thc toi
gian. Neu k hie u
k
S la cac iem cc cua phan thc (3.3.2) th co the thay, chung bao
gom cac loai sau:
Cac iem cc thc n.
Mot trong chung la iem cc phc
iem cc boi r (r<n)
Viec phan tch (3.3.2) thanh to ng cac phan thc toi gian c tien hanh nh sau, tuy
theo cac loai iem cc a neu tren.
a) Gia thiet tat ca cac iem cc
k
s cua Y(s) la n.
Khi o a thc mau co the viet lai:
) ( ) )( ( ) (
2 1 n n
s s s s s s a s A = (3.3.2)
Vi he so
k
a ,
k
b la thc va bac cua t so nho hn mau so lam hu ty Y(s) co the viet
di dang:

) ( ) )( (
) (
) (
2 1 n n
s s s s s s a
s B
s Y

=
(3.3.3)
Va co the phan tch thanh tong cac phan thc toi gian:

) (
) (
) (
) (
) (
) (
) (
2 1 n
s s
s K
s s
s K
s s
s K
s Y
+ +
= (3.3.4)
Trong o
i
K la Residu (he so bang phan tch cua ham Y(s) tai iem cc
i
s ), no c
xac nh theo cong thc:

) (
) (
lim
) (
) (
s A
s B
s B
s A
res K
i
i
s s
s s i

=
= = (3.3.5)
Neu ao ham ) (
) (
s A
ds
s dA
= tai iem
i
s khac khong, he so
i
K co the c xac nh
theo cong thc sau:

) (
) (
s A
s B
K
i
= (3.3.6)
Sau khi tm c cac he so
i
K co the tm c
-1
cua ham Y(s) mot cach de dang vi
viec ap dung ket qua cua VD 1.

o
o
+
=
s
t e
t
1
)] ( 1 [
Ta se co:
= ) (t Y

=
=
n
i
st
t Ke s Y
1
) ( 1 )] ( [ 1 (3.3.7)
b) Trong trng hp co iem cc ph c va lien hp cua no, v du:
| o j s =
2 , 1

Cac hang so
1
K ,
2
K cung c xac nh theo cong thc (3.3.5), (3.3.6) vi
2 1
K K = ,
thanh phan nghiem tng ng vi cac cap iem cc phc se la:
B
a
n

q
u
y
e
n

T
r
u
o
n
g

D
H

S
u

p
h
a
m

K
y

t
h
u
a
t

T
P
.
H
C
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X ly tn hieu tng t
35
) cos( | | 2 ) (
1 2 , 1
| |
o
+ = t e K t Y
t
(3.3.8)

1
argK = |
Ham goc y(t) tng ng vi iem cc phc va (n-2) iem cc n se co dang:
) ( 1 ) cos( | | 2 ) (
3
1
t e K t e K t y
t s
n
k
t
i
i
=
+ + = | |
o
(3.3.9)
c) Gia thiet trong ham Y(s), xuat hien mot iem cc
1
s boir, cac iem cc khac la
n. Bieu thc cua A(s) co dang:
) ( ) )( ( ) ( ) (
2 1 1 n k k
r
n
s s s s s s s s a s A =
+ +
(3.3.10)
Neu bac cua t so nho hn mau so (m<n) th ham Y(s) co the viet:

) ( ) )( )( (
) (
) (
2 1 1 n r r n
s s s s s s s s a
s b
s Y

=
+ +

(3.3.11)
Va Y(s) c phan tch thanh tong cac phan thc toi gian:

) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
) (
1
1
1 , 1
2
2 , 1
1
1
1 , 1
1
, 1
n
n
r
r
t t
r
r
r
r
s s
K
s s
K
s s
K
s s
K
s s
K
s s
K
s Y
+ +
+ +
=
+
+
(3.3.12)
Trong tong (1.12) , r thanh phan au tien tng ng vi iem cc
t
s , boi r, co cac he so
(Reidu) c xac nh bi:

r i
r
i r
i r
s s
s A
s B
ds
d
i r
K
=
=
1
1
) (
) (
1
2 , 1
) (
) (
) (
) (
1
(3.3.13)
Bien oi ngc Laplace cua cac phan thc tng ng vi iem cc boi co the de dang
tm c, khi ap dung ket qua cua v du va cac tnh chat 4, 5 cua bien oi Laplace.

o
o
+
=
s
t e
t
1
)] ( 1 [

1
1
!
)] ( 1 [
+
=
n
s
n
t t
Tc la:

-1 ) ( 1
)! 1 (
1
) (
1
1
1
t e
r s s
t s
r
=
(

Goc tng ng vi phan thc:
) ( 1
)! 1 (
) (
1
1
t e t
i
k
t y
t s i
r
i
r
=

=
Ham goc cua Y(s) trong trng hp nay:

= + =
+
=
r
i
t s
n
r i
i
t s i
i
t e K t e t
i
K
t y
1 1
) ( 1 ) ( 1
)! 1 (
) (
1 1
(3.3.14)
Co the minh hoa qua trnh tm ham goc theo phng phap tren qua v du:
VD 1:
B
a
n

q
u
y
e
n

T
r
u
o
n
g

D
H

S
u

p
h
a
m

K
y

t
h
u
a
t

T
P
.
H
C
M
X ly tn hieu tng t
36

3 5 2
4
) (
2
+ +
+
=
s s
s
s F
Co the thay co the thay bac cua t so nho hn bac mau so, co the tm cac iem cc F(s)
nh sau:
|
.
|
\
|
+ + =
|
.
|
\
|
+ + = + + =
2
3
) 1 ( 2
2
3
2
5
2 3 5 2 ) (
2 2
s s s s s s s A

(
(
(
+
+
+
=
|
.
|
\
|
+ +
+
=
2
3
1 2
1
2
3
) 1 (
4
2
1
) (
2 1
s
K
s
K
s s
s
s F
Hay xac nh Residu cua cac iem cc 2 / 3 ; 1
2 1
= = s s

6 ) 1 (
) 2 / 3 )( 1 (
) 4 (
lim
1
1
=
+ +
+
=

s
s s
s
K
s
5 ) 2 / 3 (
) 2 / 3 )( 1 (
) 4 (
lim
2 / 3
2
=
+ +
+
=

s
s s
s
K
s

2
1
)] ( [ = s F
-1 ) ( 1
2
5
3
2 / 3
5
1
6
2
3
1
t e e
s s
t
(
=
(
+

VD 2:
Ham F(s) trong trng hp nay khong phai la ham hu t, tuy nhien co the thay t cac
tnh chat cua bien oi Laplace la viec nhan ham anh vi ) 0 ( >
a e
s o
se tng ng vi
viec dch chuyen ham goc trong mien thi gian (tnh chat 2). Trong trng hp nay ch
can xet ham:

5 2
) ( 1
2
+ +
=
s s
s
s F
Ham nay co cac iem cc lien hiep phc:
2 1
1
j S + =
2 1
2
j S =
Cac he so cua ) (
1
s F la thc, do o, cac Residu tng ng la lien hiep phc:
) 2 (
4
1
1
j K + =
) 2 (
4
1
2
j K =

-1
|
.
|
\
|
+ =

2
1
2 cos
2
5
)] ( [
1
arctg t e s F

-1
) 1 ( 1
2
1
10 ( 2 cos
2
5
)] ( [
1
|
.
|
\
|
+ =

t arctg t e s F
VD 3:
B
a
n

q
u
y
e
n

T
r
u
o
n
g

D
H

S
u

p
h
a
m

K
y

t
h
u
a
t

T
P
.
H
C
M
X ly tn hieu tng t
37

) 3 ( ) 1 (
2
) (
2
+ +
+
=
s s s
s
s F
Ham F(s) co nghiem boi 2 s
1,2
=-1, va nghiem n s
3
=0, s
4
=-3. F(s) c phan tch
thanh:

) 3 ( ) 1 ( ) 1 (
) (
4 3
1 , 1
2
2 , 1
+
+ +
+
+
=
s
K
s
K
s
K
s
K
s F
Trong o:

2
1
) 1 (
) (
) (
1
2
2 . 1
= + =
= s
s
s A
s B
K

4
3
) (
) 1 )( (
1
2
1 . 1
=
+
=
= s
s A
s s B
ds
d
K

3
2
) (
) (
lim
0
3
= =

s A
s B
K
s

12
1
) 3 (
) (
) (
lim
3
4
= + =

s
s A
s B
K
s

Do o:

) 3 ( 12
1
3
2
) 1 ( 4
1
) 1 ( 2
1
) (
2
+
+ +
+
+
=
s s s s
s F

-1
) ( 1
12
1
2
3
2
3
2
1
)] ( [
3 1
t e e t s F
t
(
+ +
|
.
|
\
|
+ =

VD 4:
Ham F(s) co mot iem cc kep 0
2 . 1
= s , hai iem cc lien hiep phc 2
4 . 3
j s =

(
+ + =
2 2 3
1
) (
4 3
1 , 1
2
2 , 1
j s
K
j s
K
s
K
s
K
s F
Co the tm cac he so
1
K theo cach khac, khi bieu die n F(s) di dang:

(
+
+
+ + =
4 3
1
) (
2
2 1
1 , 1 2 , 1
s
C s C
s
K
s
K
s F
Khi ong nhat cac he so va so sanh ta c:
0 4 ; 0
1 , 1 1 1 , 1
= = + K C K
1 4 ; 0
2 , 1 2 2 , 1
= = + K C K
Suy ra:

4
1
; 0 ; 0 ;
4
1
2 1 1 , 1 2 , 1
= = = = C C K K
Do o:
) ( 1 2 sin
2
1
2
1
)] ( [ t t t s F
|
.
|
\
|
=
B
a
n

q
u
y
e
n

T
r
u
o
n
g

D
H

S
u

p
h
a
m

K
y

t
h
u
a
t

T
P
.
H
C
M
X ly tn hieu tng t
38
4. Bien oi Laplace mot so ham:

TT Ham f(t) Bien oi Laplace cua f(t)
1 1 s / 1
2 t
2
/ 1 s
3
n
t
1
!
+ n
S
n

4
at
e

a s +
1

5
) 1 (
1
at
e
a

) (
1
a s s +

6
) (
1
2 1
1 2
t a t a
e e
a a

) )( (
1
2 1
a s a s + +

7
) (
1
2 1
2 1
2 1
t a t a
e a e a
a a

) )( (
2 1
a s a s
s
+ +

8
at n
e t

, 2 , 1 , 0 ;
) (
!
1
=
+
+
n
a s
n
n

9
) 1 (
1
1
2
+
at e
a

) (
1
2
a s s +

10
)] ) 1 ( 1 [(
1
2
at
e a
a

+
2
) ( a s s
s
+

11
at
e a

+ ) 1 (
2
) ( a s
s
+

12 t Sine
2 2
e
e
+ s

13 t Cose
2 2
e + s
s

14 t Sin e
at
e

2 2
) ( e
e
+ + a s

15 t e
at
e cos

2 2
) ( e + +
+
a s
a s

16
) cos 1 (
1
2
t e
e

) (
1
2 2
e + s s

B
a
n

q
u
y
e
n

T
r
u
o
n
g

D
H

S
u

p
h
a
m

K
y

t
h
u
a
t

T
P
.
H
C
M
X ly tn hieu tng t
39
BAI TAP
Cau 1: Cho he tho ng co ap ng xung:

s s
s s
=

khac ni
4 t 2 neu
2 t 0 neu
0
) (
4 t
t
e
e
t h
Ngo vao la x(t) = cost.1(t). Tnh ngo ra cua he thong y(t) = h(t)*x(t)?
Cau 2: Cho he tho ng tuyen tnh bat bien, lien tuc thi gian:
h(t)=(cos2t+4sin2t).u(t)
a. Tnh ham truyen H(s) cua he?
b. Cho ngo vao ) ( )
7
12
7
5
( ) (
8
t u e e t x
t t
= . Tnh ap ng ngo ra y(t)?

>
=

khac ni
0 t neu
0
) (
2
Cost e
t h
t

Ngo vao la ) ( 1 ) ( t e t x
t
= . Tnh ap ng ngo ra cua he thong y(t) = h(t)*x(t)?

s <
s <
=

khac ni
4 t 2 neu
2 t 0 neu
0
) (
) 4 (t
t
e
e
t h
Ngo vao la x(t) = cos2t.1(t). Tnh ngo ra cua he tho ng y(t) = h(t)*x(t)?
B
a
n

q
u
y
e
n

T
r
u
o
n
g

D
H

S
u

p
h
a
m

K
y

t
h
u
a
t

T
P
.
H
C
M
X ly tn hieu tng t
40
CHNG 4: PHAN TCH PHO TN HIEU
4.1. Pho cua tn hieu:
Ta goi bien oi thuan Fourier cua tn hieu x(t) la pho cua no
dt e t x X
t j
}
=
e
e ) ( ) ( (4.1)
Pho cua tn hieu trong trng hp tong quat la mot ham phc, bien thc c viet di
dang:

) (
) ( ) (
e
e e
j
e X X = (4.2)
Hay la ) ( ) ( ) ( Im ) ( Re ) ( e e e e e jQ P X j X X + = + = (4.3)
Cac ham ) (e X , ) ( ), ( ), ( e e e Q P la cac ham thc bien e va co ten goi tng ng la
pho bien o, pho pha, pho thc va pho ao cua tn hieu x(t). o la ai lng ac trng
cho cau truc tan so cua tn hieu, chung co quan he vi nhau qua cac bieu thc sau:
) ( ) ( ) (
2 2
e e e Q P X + = (4.4)

) ( ) (
) (
) ( cos
2 2
e e
e
e
Q P
P
+
= (.4.5)

) ( ) (
) (
) ( sin
2 2
e e
e
e
Q P
Q
+
= (4.6)

4.2. Cac tnh chat cua pho ( Cac tnh chat cua bien oi Fourier)
Tnh chat 1: Tnh chat chan le cua tn hieu va pho
Moi tn hieu x(t) co the bieu dien di dang:
) ( ) ( ) ( t x t x t x
l ch
+ =
Hay tm pho Fourier cho tn hieu nay:
= + = =

} }
dt e t x t x dt e t x X
t j
ch
t j e e
e )] ( ) ( ) ( ) (
1

} } } }

+ = tdt t x j tdt t x tdt t x j tdt t x
l ch ch
e e e e sin ) ( cos ) ( sin ) ( cos ) (
1

Cac tch phan th hai va th ba trong tong tren bang kho ng, do o:
) ( ) ( sin ) ( cos ) ( ) ( e e e e e jQ P tdt t x j tdt t x X
l ch
+ = =
} }

(4.7)
T bieu thc (4.83) co the thay cac tnh chat sau ay cua pho.

Tnh chat 2: Neu x(t) la tn hie u thc th pho la ham cha n va pho ao la ham le
theo bien e , tc la:
B
a
n

q
u
y
e
n

T
r
u
o
n
g

D
H

S
u

p
h
a
m

K
y

t
h
u
a
t

T
P
.
H
C
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X ly tn hieu tng t
41
) ( ) ( e e = Q P (4.8a)
) ( ) ( e e = Q Q (4.8b)
Pho phc cua tn hieu thc do o la ham Hermit.
Vi tn hieu thc th pho bien o la ham chan va pho pha la ham le theo e , co the
viet:
) ( ) ( e e = X X (4.9)
) ( ) ( e e = (4.10)

Tnh chat 3: Ne u tn hieu x(t) co pho X( e ) tc la:
) ( ) ( e X t x , th:
) ( ) ( e X t x (4.11)
) ( * ) ( * e X t x (4.12)
) ( * ) ( * e X t x (4.13)

Tnh chat 4: nh l ve tnh tuyen tnh cua pho:
) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( e e bY aX t by t ax + + (4.14)

Tnh chat 5: Tnh chat oi xng:
Neu ) ( ) ( e X t x
Th ) ( 2 ) ( e t x t X (4.15)

Tnh chat 6: nh l ve ong dang (t le)
); ( e a X a
a
t
x
|
.
|
\
|
{ } 0 e R a (4.16)
Neu 1 > a , thang thi gian se n ra, tn hieu b cang ra tren thang thi gian. Viec m
rong thang thi gian se gay ra nen hai tn hieu ng trong mien tan so, mot la lam co
hep thang tan so va hai la lam tang mat o pho len a lan. Cac hieu ng nay ve mat y
ngha vat l co the c hieu nh sau: viec keo cang tn hieu trong mien thi gian lam
giam toc o thay oi cua no, do o pho cua no se tap trung mie n tan so thap.
Neu 1 0 < < a tn hieu b ep lai trong mie n thi gian, trong mien tan so se xay ra ieu
ngc lai. Vi gia tr 0 < a nh l cung c giai thch tng t.
Tnh chat 7: nh l dch chuyen trong mien thi gian

0
) ( ) , (
0
t j
e X t t x
e
e

(4.17)
Tnh chat 8: nh l dch chuyen trong mien tan so. (nh l ieu che tn hie u)
B
a
n

q
u
y
e
n

T
r
u
o
n
g

D
H

S
u

p
h
a
m

K
y

t
h
u
a
t

T
P
.
H
C
M
X ly tn hieu tng t
42
nh l nay la oi ngau cua nh l dch chuyen trong mien thi gian. Neu pho cua tn
hieu dch chuyen sang phai mot khoang 0
0
> e , th tng ng tn hieu c nhan them
vi ham phc
t j
e
0
e
:
) ( ) (
0
0
e e
e
X e t x
t j
(4.18)
Va khi dch chuyen sang trai vi 0
0
> e ,
) ( ) (
0
0
e e
e
+
X e t x
t j
(4.19)
Cong tr hai ve cua hai bieu thc tre n ta se co:
)] ( ) ( [
2
1
cos ) (
0 0 0
e e e e e + + + X X t t x (4.20)
)] ( ) ( [
2
1
sin ) (
0 0 0
e e e e e + + X X
j
t t x (4.21)
Tnh chat 9: nh l vi phan trong mien tan so

n
n
n n
d
X d
t x t j
e
e) (
) ( ) ( , ,... 3 , 2 , 1 = n (4.22)
Tnh chat 10: nh l vi phan trong mien thi gian
), ( ) (
) (
e e X j
dt
t x d
n
n
n
,... 3 , 2 , 1 = n (4.23)
Tnh chat 11: Tch phan trong mien thi gian.
) (
1
) ( e
e
t t X
j
d x
t
}

(4.24)
Tnh chat 12: Tch chap trong mien thi gian
) ( ) ( ) ( * ) ( e e Y X t y t x (4.25)
Tnh chat 13: Tch chap trong mien tan so
)] ( * ) ( [
2
1
) ( ) ( e e
t
Y X t y t x (4.26)
Tnh chat 14: nh l ve ham tng quan
) ( ) ( ) ( * ) ( ) (
*
e e t t Y X t y t x
xy
}

= (4.27)
Tnh chat 15: nh l ve ham t tng quan

}

=
2
) ( ) ( * ) ( ) ( e t t X t x t x
xx
(4.28)
Tnh chat 16: nh l ve tch vo hng
e e
t
d X dt t x
} }

=
2 2
) (
2
1
) ( (4.29)
4.3. Cac cap bien oi Fourier thong thng
B
a
n

q
u
y
e
n

T
r
u
o
n
g

D
H

S
u

p
h
a
m

K
y

t
h
u
a
t

T
P
.
H
C
M
X ly tn hieu tng t
43
a.
2
T
TSa
T
t e
|
.
|
\
|
[
T
t 4
T
t 4
T
t 2
T
t 2
) (e x
e
2
T
2
T

Hnh 4.24
T nh ngha:
2
2
2
2
1
) (
T
T
t j
T
T
t j t j
e
j
dt e dt e
T
t
X

= =
|
.
|
\
|
[ =
} }
e e e
e
e

2 2
sin
2
) (
1
2 2
T
TSa
T
e e
j
T j T j
e e
e e
e e
= = =

Tn hieu xung vuong goc la chan nen pho cua no la ham thc va chan. Pho bien o:

2
) (
T
Sa T X
e
e = (4.30)
Pho pha cua no tng oi phc tap co gia tr khong, t hoac t tuy trong cac khoang
tan so (H.4.25)
T
t 4
T
t 4
T
t 2
T
t 2
) (e X
e
T
t 2
T
t 4
T
t 2
T
t 4
e
) (e
t
t

Hnh 4.25

b.
|
|
.
|
\
|
[
0 0
0
2e
e
e
t
e t Sa (4.31)
Viec tnh pho cua tn hieu nay trc tiep t nh ngha tng oi kho. Ta hay ap du ng
nh l oi xng (4.91) e suy ra pho cua ham ) (
0
t Sa e khi chu y en pho cua xung
B
a
n

q
u
y
e
n

T
r
u
o
n
g

D
H

S
u

p
h
a
m

K
y

t
h
u
a
t

T
P
.
H
C
M
X ly tn hieu tng t
44
vuong va xet v du 6.3.1. Can chu y rang can phai thay oi ngau e t va
2
0
T
= e
trong cac bieu thc cua:

2
T
TSa
T
t e
|
.
|
\
|
[

|
|
.
|
\
|
[
0
0 0
2
2 2
e
e
t e e t Sa
Pho cua tn hieu hieu ) (
0
t Sa e c ve tre n hnh 4.26
e
0
e
t
e
) (e
0
2
e
t
0
e
t
0
e
t
0
2
e
t
0
e
0
e
Hnh 4.26
c.
2
2
T
TSa
T
t e
|
.
|
\
|
A (4.32)
Pho cua xung tam giac ta co the tnh t nh ngha. Tuy nhien cung co the tnh t ham
t tng quan cua xung vuong goc. Biet rang xung vuong goc
|
.
|
\
|
[
T
t
co ham t tng
quan:

|
.
|
\
|
A =
T
t
T ) (t
Mat khac, t nh l ve ham tng quan ta co:

2
) ( ) ( e t X (4.33)
Trong o pho cua xung vuo ng goc
|
.
|
\
|
=
2
) (
T
TSa X
e
e nen ta co the suy ra:

|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
A
2
2 2
T
Sa T
T
t
T
e

Hay la:
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
A
2
2
T
TSa
T
t e

Pho cua xung tam giac bieu dien tren hnh 4.27
B
a
n

q
u
y
e
n

T
r
u
o
n
g

D
H

S
u

p
h
a
m

K
y

t
h
u
a
t

T
P
.
H
C
M
X ly tn hieu tng t
45
e
T
t 2
T
t 8
T
t 6
T
t 4
T
t 4
T
t 2
T
t 8
T
t 6
) (e x
Hnh 4.27

d.
|
|
.
|
\
|
A
0 0
0
2
2
) (
e
e
e
t
e t Sa (4.34)
Pho cua tn hieu nay lai c suy t pho cua xung tam giac khi ap dung nh l oi
xng. Hoac cung co the suy t nh l ve tnh chap trong mien tan so khi viet
) ( ) ( ) (
0 0 0
2
t Sa t Sa t Sa e e e =
=
(
|
|
.
|
\
|
[
|
|
.
|
\
|
[
0 0 0 0
0
2
2
*
2 2
1
) (
e
e
e
t
e
e
e
t
t
e t Sa
|
|
.
|
\
|
. =
|
|
.
|
\
|
.
0 0 0
0
0
2
2 2
2
2 e
e
e
t
e
e
e
te
t

4.4. Pho Fourier gii han (Pho cua tn hieu cong suat khong tuan hoan):
Mot vai v du:
a. 1 ) ( t o (4.35)
Phan bo irac hay xung irac khong co bie n oi Fourier . Bang cach chon day ham
gan ung cua ham ) (t o la:
{ }
2 2
2
2
2
1
), (
o
o
to
o
t
e R t x
+
= e
Cac phan t cua day co anh Fourier la:

2 2
2
2 2 2 2
2
1
e o o
to

e e
t

Khi 0 o . Day ben trai se tien ti ) (t o , con day ben phai se tien ti 1 vi moi e . Do
o 1 ) ( t o la cap bien oi Fourier gii han (H.4.28)
B
a
n

q
u
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e
n

T
r
u
o
n
g

D
H

S
u

p
h
a
m

K
y

t
h
u
a
t

T
P
.
H
C
M
X ly tn hieu tng t
46
e
) (t x
) (e x

Hnh 4.28

T hnh ve co the nhan thay rang: pho cua xung irac khong oi tren truc tan so, ieu
o co ngha la xung irac co tat ca cac toc o bie n thien vi mat o nh nhau. Pho nh
vay c goi la pho trang, giong nh te n goi anh sang trang bao ham y ngha trong
anh sang trang co tat ca cac anh sang mau.
b. ) ( 2 1 e to (4.36)
Cap bien oi (4.36) la oi ngau cua cap (4.35) khi ta ap dung nh l oi xng va tnh
chat chan cua phan bo irac. Mat o pho cua tn hieu mot chieu tap trung tai iem
0 = e (H.4.29)

e
) (t x ) (e x
t 2

Hnh 4.29

ieu nay chng to rang qua trnh mot chieu ch cha moi thanh phan co toc o bie n oi
bang khong.
c. Bang cach tng t co the tm pho cua t
0
cose va t
0
sin e la nh ng
tn hieu ie u hoa. Ta co the de dang xac nh pho cua cac dao ong nay tren truc tan
so, khi ta ap dung nh l ieu che cho cap (4.36):
B
a
n

q
u
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T
r
u
o
n
g

D
H

S
u

p
h
a
m

K
y

t
h
u
a
t

T
P
.
H
C
M
X ly tn hieu tng t
47

Hnh 4.30
d. ) ( 2
0
0
e e to
e

t j
e (4.37)

Cap bien oi Fourier gii han nay co c la do ap du ng nh l dch chuyen trong mien
tan so cho cap (1.113).
4.5. Pho cua tn hieu tuan hoan:
Tn hieu tuan hoan cung la tn hieu cong suat trung bnh hu han, no khong co bien oi
Fourier thong thng. Tn hieu tuan hoan la laoi tn hieu ac biet, thng c xet
trong LTTH, do o ta a xet pho cua no tng oi k hn. Nh a biet, tn hie u tuan
hoan c bieu dien bang chuoi lng giac hay chuoi phc Fourier. Chuoi phc cua tn
hieu tuan hoan ) (t x la:

t jn
n
n
e X t x
0
) (
e
=
= ,
T
t
e
2
0
= (4.38)
Trong o , dt e t x
T
X
T t
t
t j
n
}
+
=
0
0
0
) (
1
e
, ,... 1 , 0 = n (4.39)
Pho Fourier gii han tuan hoan co dang:
) ( 2 ) (
0
e e o t e =

+
= n
n
X X (4.40)
V du: t t x
0
cos ) ( e =
2
) (
0 0
t j t j
e e
t x
e e
+
=
Cach 1: dt e t x
T
X
T t
t
t j
n
}
+
=
0
0
0
). (
1
e

2
1
1
= X ,
2
1
1
=
X
Cach 2: Tm ?
n
X
B
a
n

q
u
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n

T
r
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S
u

p
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K
y

t
h
u
a
t

T
P
.
H
C
M
X ly tn hieu tng t
48

|
.
|
\
|
[ =
T
t
t x t x
T
). ( ) (
) ( : e
T
X Fourier

+
=
T
X
X
T
n
) (
0
e e

4.5.1. Pho cua day xung vuo ng goc n cc ( H.4.31a)
He so khai trien Fourier cua no la:
dt e
T
A
dt e t x
T
X
t j t j
T
T
n
} }

= =
2
2
2
2
0 0
) (
1
t
t
e e

( )
2 2
0
2
2
0
0 0 0
t e t e t
t
e
e e
jn jn t j
e e
T jn
A
e
T jn
A

= =

2 2
sin
2
0 0
0
t
e
t t
e
e
San
T
A n
T jn
A
= = ;
T
t
e
2
0
=
He so
n
X trong trng hp nay la thc v tn hieu la ham chan. Pho cua day xung co
dang :
( )
0
2 ) ( e e
t
t
t
t e =

= n
T
San
T
A X (4.41)
Tren hnh 4.31b va 4.31c la pho bien o va pho pha cua day xung vi t 5 = T . Neu ta
atng chu k cua tn hieu va gi nguyen o rong t cua day xung (H.4.31a), pho cua no
la cac vach se sat lai nhng van co o cao b gii han bi ham
T
San
T
A
t
t
t
t 2 . Hnh
4.32b va 4.32c la pho bien o hay pho pha tng ng vi t 10 = T . Qua trnh c tiep
tuc, cac xung canh nhau se cach xa nhau, va khi T tn hieu tuan hoan se tr thanh
xung n
|
.
|
\
|
[
t
t
A , con pho cua no se tien ti pho lien tuc co dang cua ng bao hnh
Sa.
B
a
n

q
u
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e
n

T
r
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D
H

S
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p
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K
y

t
h
u
a
t

T
P
.
H
C
M
X ly tn hieu tng t
49
... ...
t 5 = T
T
2
t
2
t
T
t
x(t)
T
A
t
t 2
) (e x
t
t 6
t
t 4
t
t 2
t
t 2
t
t 2
t
t 4
t
t 2
t
t 6
T
t 2
a)
b)
e

e
t
t 6
t
t 4
t
t 2
t
t 2
t
t 4
t
t 6
t
t
) ( arg e x
0

Hnh 4.31
B
a
n

q
u
y
e
n

T
r
u
o
n
g

D
H

S
u

p
h
a
m

K
y

t
h
u
a
t

T
P
.
H
C
M
X ly tn hieu tng t
50
... ...
t 10 2
'
= = T T
T
2
t
2
t
T
t
x(t)
e
t
t 6
t
t 4
t
t 2
t
t 2
t
t 4
t
t 6
t
t
) ( arg e x
0
... ...
T
A
t
t 2
) ( e x
t
t 6
t
t 4
t
t 2
t
t 2
t
t 4
t
t 2
t
t 6
0
e

Hnh 4.32
4.5.2. Pho cua phan bo lc:
Nh a biet trc ay, phan bo lc khong phai la tn hieu cong suat trung bnh hu
han, nhng co the c bie u dien bang chuoi Fourier. He so khai trien cua no la:
T
dt t
T
dt e t
T
dt e
T
t
T T
X
T
T
T
T
t jn
T
T
t jn
n
1
) (
1
) (
1 1 1
2
2
2
2
2
2
0 0
= = =
|
.
|
\
|
=
} } }

o o
e e
(4.42)
Bi v trong mot chu k cua tn hieu
|
.
|
\
|
2
,
2
T T
ch co mot xung irac nen he so
n
X cua
no nh a tnh c bang
T
1
. Nh vay phan bo lc co pho Fourier gii han la:
( )
0
1
2
1 1
0
e e o t
e
=
|
.
|
\
|

=
= n
t jn
n
T
e
T T
t
T

( )
|
|
.
|
\
|
= =

=
0
0
2
) (
e
e
e e o
t
e
N
T
X (4.43)
B
a
n

q
u
y
e
n

T
r
u
o
n
g

D
H

S
u

p
h
a
m

K
y

t
h
u
a
t

T
P
.
H
C
M
X ly tn hieu tng t
51
Nh vay phan bo lc trong mien thi gian lai co pho la phan bo lc trong mien tan so
( H.4.33 ). ay la mot v du khac ve cap bien oi Fourier bao toan dang. T hnh ve
thay rang, cac xung irac trong mien thi gian co o cao n v va cach nhau mot
khoang T, se co pho la cac xung irac trong mien tan so, co o cao la
T
t
e
2
0
= va cach
nhau mot khoang
0
e .
) (t X
) (t X
) (e X
) (e X
T
t
e
2
0
=
T
t
e
2
0
=
3
0 '
0
e
e =
0
e
0
e
'
0
e
e
e
T T 3
'
=
t
T

1
1

Hnh 4.33
Tn hieu tuan hoan la s lap lai mot tn hieu khong tuan hoan vi chu k T. Nh vay se
o quan he cac he so khai trien Fourier cua tn hieu tuan hoan (c xac nh torng mot
chu k cua t hieu), tc ng bao pho tn hieu tuan hoan, vi pho cua tn hieu kho ng
tuan hoan (la phan trung tam cua tn hieu tuan hoan). Cho ) (t x la tn hieu tuan hoan,
thuoc khong gian
2
T
L . Phan trung tam cua no trong khoang ) 2 , 2 ( T T c viet :

|
.
|
\
|
[ =
T
t
t x t x
T
) ( ) ( (4.44)
Tn hieu nay se co pho Fourier la:
= ) (e
T
X | | ) (t x
T
(4.45)
Tn hieu tuan hoan ta co the bieu dien bang tch chap cua phan trung tam vi phan bo
lc (lap tuan hoan):

|
.
|
\
|
=
T T
x t x
T
1 1
* ) ( (4.46)
Theo nh l ve pho cua tch chap ta co;

T
X X
T
t
e
e
e
e e
2
; ) ( ) (
0
0
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
= (4.47)
Hay co the viet di dang khac:

=
=
n
T
n X X ) ( ) ( ) (
0 0
e e o e e e (4.48)

=
=
n
T
n
T
X
X ) (
) (
2 ) (
0
e e o
e
t e (4.49)
B
a
n

q
u
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e
n

T
r
u
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S
u

p
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K
y

t
h
u
a
t

T
P
.
H
C
M
X ly tn hieu tng t
52
T bieu thc (4.127) ta suy ra:

T
n X
X
T
n
) (
0
e
= (4.50)
He so khai trien chuoi phc Fourier cua no la:
T
San
T
A X
n
t
t
t
=
Mat khac, bien oi Fourier cua phan trung tam la xung vuong
|
.
|
\
|
[
t
t
A , tc pho cua no:
= ) (e
T
X
2
et
t
t
Sa A
t
A =
(
|
.
|
\
|
[
Nh vay:
n T
TX
T
san A
n
Sa A n X = = =
t
t t
t e
t e
2
) (
0
0
(4.51)
Bi v tn hieu tuan hoan ) (t x c bieu dien bang chuoi phc Fourier, ne n ta co the
viet { }
n
X t x ) ( giong nh oi vi cac cap bien oi Fourier cua tn hieu khong tuan
hoan. Sau nay ta hay xet cac tnh chat pho cua tn hieu tuan hoan. Gia thiet rang ca c tn
hieu tuan hoan cung chu k va
{ }
n
X t x ) (
{ }
n
X t y ) ( (4.52)
Tnh chat 1:
Pho cua tn hieu tuan hoan thc la ham chan bien n , con pho pha la ham le, vi moi
,... 2 , 1 = n ta co:

n n
X X

= (4.53)

n n
X X

= arg arg (4.54)
Tnh chat nay co the viet di dang
*
n n
X X

= vi ,... 2 , 1 = n
Tnh chat 2:
{ }
n
X t x

) ( (4.55)
{ }
* *
) (
n
X t x

(4.56)
{ }
* *
) (
n
X t x (4.57)
Tnh chat 3: { } R b a bX aX t bx t ax
n n
e + + , : ) ( ) ( (4.58)
Tnh chat 4:
{ } { } 0 ; e
|
.
|
\
|
R a X a
a
t
x
n
(4.59)
Tnh chat 5: { }
0 0
) (
0
t jn
n
e X t t x
e
(4.60)

Tnh chat 6:
{ }
m n
t jn
X e t x

0
) (
e
(4.61)
B
a
n

q
u
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T
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p
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K
y

t
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t

T
P
.
H
C
M
X ly tn hieu tng t
53
Tnh chat 7:
{ }
n
k
k
k
X jn
dt
t x d
) (
) (
0
) (
e (4.62)
Tnh chat 8:
| |
}
)
`
> <
t
t
n
jn
X
dt t x t x
0
0
) 9 ) (
e
vi 0 = n (4.63)
Tnh chat 9: (Tch chap trong mien thi gian)
{ }
n n
Y X t y x > < ) ( ) ( t t (4.64)
Tnh chat 10: (Tch chap trong mien tan so)

)
`
=

i
i n i
Y X t y t x ) ( ) ( (4.65)
Tnh chat 11: (Ham tng quan)
{ }
* *
) ( ) (
n n
Y X t y t x > < t (4.66)
Tnh chat 12:

)
`
=

i
n i i
Y X t y t x
* *
) ( ) ( (4.67)
Tnh chat 13: (Ham t tng quan)
{ }
2
*
) ( ) ( ) (
n x
X t y t x > < = t t (4.68)
Tnh chat 14: (Tch vo hng)

=
> <
n
n n
Y X t y t x
*
) ( ) ( (4.69)
Tnh chat 15(nh l Parseval. Cong suat trung bnh)

2
2
) (

=
>= =<
n
n x
X t x P (4.70)
Viec phan tch pho cua tn hieu tuan hoan tren nay la da vao viec bieu dien tn hieu
tuan hoan bang chuoi phc Fourier. Ta biet rang, tn hie u tuan hoan co n co the c
bieu dien bang chuoi lng giac:
( )
T
t n b t n a a t x
n
n n
t
e e e
2
; sin cos ) (
0
1
0 0 0
= + + =

=
(4.71)
Bi v:
) 0 0 0 0
sin( ) cos( sin cos
n n n n n
t n C t n C t n t n a e e e e + = + = +
Nen chuoi (4.71) co the viet lai:
) cos( ) (
0
1
0 n
n
n
t n C C t x e + + =

=
(4.72)
Hoac: ) sin( ) (
1
0 0 n
n
n
t n C C t x e
=
+ + = (4.73)
B
a
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T
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D
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p
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Cac chuoi (4.72) va (4.73) c goi la chuoi cosin hoac sin cua tn hieu tuan hoan. Cac
he so khai trien cua chung co quan he vi nhau qua cac bieu thc sau:

2 2
0 0
;
n n n
b a C a C + = =

n
n
n
n
n
n
C
b
C
a
= = sin , cos

n
n
n
n
n
n
C
a
C
b
= = sin , sin

2
t
+ =
n n
(4.74)
Chu y rang, cac goc
n n
, co the vt ra ngoai khoang ) 2 , 2 ( t t , va trong tr ng
hp chung no khong thoa man bieu thc:

n
n
n
a
b
arctg = va
n
n
n
b
a
arctg =
Neu tn hieu ) (t x la thc, th
n n
X X

= va
n n
X X

= arg arg , ta co the viet:
( ) ( )
| |
t n X j t n X
n
t jn
n
t jn
n
n n
e e X e X e X
0 0 0 0
arg arg e e e e + +
+ = +
( ) ( )
n n n n
t n C X t n X e e + = + =
0 0
cos arg cos 2 (4.75)
ay ta a k hieu
n n n n
X C X = = arg ; 2 .
Cac he so khai trien Fourier cua chuoi phc va thc co quan he vi nhau qua cac bieu
thc sau:

2
;
0 0
n n
n
jb a
X C X

= =

2
arg ;
2 2
2 2
t
+ = =
+
= =
n n n
n n
n
n
X
b a
C
X
( )
n n n n n n
X X j b X X a

= + = ; (4.76)
4.6. Mat o pho nang lng, mat o pho cong suat:
4.6.1. Mat o pho nang lng:
Ngi ta nh ngha mat o pho nang lng cua tn hieu x(t) thuoc
2
L la ai lng:

2
) ( ) ( e e X = u (4.77)
Khai niem mat o pho nang lng ch xet cho tn hieu nang lng. Theo nh l ve ham
t tng quan (4.104), th bnh phng bien o pho la pho cua ham t tng quan cua
tn hieu ) (t x . Ham t tng quan va mat o pho nang lng cua tn hie u do o tao
thanh cap bien oi Fourier thong thng:

}

= u t t e
e
d e
t j
) ( ) ( (4.78)

}

u = u e e
t
t
e|t
d e
j
) (
2
1
) ( (4.79)
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Bi v ham t tng quan la ham Hermit, nen mat o pho nang lng la ham thc bien
e . Vi tn hieu thc, ham t tng quan la ham thc, chan. Neu trong cong thc
(4.156) ta cho 0 = t th ta se co nh l nang lng Parseral.
} }

u = = = e e
t
d dt t x E
x
) (
2
1
) ( ) 0 (
2
(4.80)
T nay co the ket luan rang, nang lng cua tn hieu co the c xac nh bang ba
cach:
-Trc tiep t tch phan bnh phng modul tn hieu.
-T ham t tng quan cua tn hieu khi 0 = t .
-T mat o pho nang l ng, no chnh bang die n tch di ng cong ) (e u chia cho
t 2 . Mat o pho nang lng la ai lng ac trng cho tn hieu, no mo ta s phan bo
nang lng cua tn hieu tren thang tan so. Bi v mat o pho nang lng cua tn hieu
thc la ham thc, chan, bien e , nen ta co the viet:

} }
u = u =
0
) (
1
) (
2
1
e e
t
e e
t
d d E
x
(4.81)
Mot phan nang lng cua tn hieu thc cha trong khoang tan so
1 2
e e e = A se c
xac nh nh sau:

} } }
u =
(
(
u + u =

2
1
1
2
2
1
) (
1
) ( ) (
2
1
e
e
e
e
e
e
e e
t
e e e e
t
d d d E
x
(4.82)
Tren hnh 4.34 la mat o pho nang lng cua tn hieu ) ( 1 ) ( t e t x
t e
= . Vi tn hieu nay ta
co:
t o
o
t
e o
e

=
+
= e
j
X
2
1
) ( ;
1
) (
2
1
o
) (e |
o 2
o
o 2
o
o
3
3
o
3
3
S E
x
t
e
2
1
2 ) ( = A
e

Hnh 4.34: Mat o pho nang l ng
4.6.2. Mat o pho cong suat:
Vi tn hieu cong suat khong ton tai khai niem mat o pho nang lng, bi v nang
lng cua chung khong xac nh. e co mot khai niem tng t cho tn hieu cong suat,
ngi ta cung a ra mot khai niem tng t cho tn hieu cong suat, ngi ta cung a
ra mot khai niem mat o pho gii han nh oi vi pho Fourier gii han.
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Tn hieu ) (t x la tn hieu co cong suat trung bnh hu han, hay xet no trong mot khoang
thi gian T .

|
.
|
\
|
[ =
T
t
t x t x
T
) ( ) ( (4.83)
Tn hieu ) (t x
T
la tn hieu nang lng hu han, mat o pho nang lng cua no la
2
) ( ) ( e e
T T
X = u . Vi moi gia tr hu han cua T , pho nay la pho Fourier thong thng.
Neu tang T th ) (e
T
u cung se tien ti mot gii han nao o la:

T
T
T
) (
lim ) (
e
e
u
=

(4.84)
c goi la mat o pho cong suat cua tn hieu ) (t x .
Khi k hieu ) (e la mat o pho cong suat, ta se co ham goc tn ng la ham t tng
quan ) (t cua tn hieu cong suat, chung la mot cap bien oi Fourier gii han. ieu nay
co the c chng minh nh sau.
Bi v
|
.
|
\
|
[ =
T
t
t x t x
T
) ( ) ( co pho la ) (e
T
X , cho nen ham t tng quan cua no la ) (t
T
,
mat o pho nang lng tng ng se la
2
) ( ) ( e e
T T
X = u . Ta co:
e e
t
t t
et
d e dt t x t x
j
T
T
T T T
) (
2
1
) ( ) ( ) (
2
2
*
} }

u = = (4.85)
Hay tao day tn hieu co bien oi Fourier

T T
T T
) ( ) ( e t u
(4.86)
Va cho T , day ben trai se tien ti ham t tng quan cua tn hieu ) (t x :
) ( ) ( ) (
1
lim
2
2
*
t t =
}

dt t x t x
T
T
T
T T
T
(4.87)
Con day ben phai se tien ti mat o pho cong suat cua tn hieu ) (t x se tao nen cap bien
oi Fourier gii han.
) ( ) ( e t (4.88)
e tm cong suat cua tn hieu ) (t x , ngi ta cung xet gii han tng t nh va lam
tren ay oi vi nang lng cua tin hieu ) (t x
T
:

} }

u = =
2
2
2
) (
2
1
) (
T
T
T T xT
d dt t x E e e
t
(4.89)
Chia hai ve cho T va tm gii han khi T , ta co:

} }
u = =
T
T
T
T
T
T
x
d
T
dt t x
T
P e e
t
) (
1
lim
2
1
) (
1
lim
2
2
2

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57
e e
t
e
e
t
d d
T
T
T
} }

=
u
= ) (
2
1 ) (
lim
2
1
(4.90)
T o co the thay rang, co ng suat cua tn hieu c xac nh theo ba cach sau:
- Trc tiep t tch phan bnh phng tn hieu khi xet gii han T .
- T ham t tng quan ) (t tai 0 = t .
- T mat o pho co ng suat ) (e , cong suat cua tn hie u chnh bang dien
tch di o th mat o pho cong suat chia cho t 2 .
Cong suat cua tn hieu thc c xac nh oi vi tan so dng:

} }

= =
0
) (
1
) (
2
1
e e
t
e e
t
d d P
x
(4.91)
Cong suat trung bnh cua tn hieu thc cha trong mot khoang tan so
1 2
e e e = A
bang:

} } }
=
(
(
+ = A

2
1
1
2
2
1
) (
1
) ( ) (
2
1
) (
e
e
e
e
e
e
e e
t
e e e e
t
e d d d P
x
(4.92)
V du: Hay tm mat o pho cong suat cua ham bc nhay n v ) ( 1 ) ( t t x = . Ta biet
rang, ay la tn hieu cong suat, co the viet:

|
|
.
|
\
|
[ =
|
.
|
\
|
[ =
2
4 1
) ( 1 ) (
T
T t
T
t t x
T

Pho Fourier cua no:
4
4 2
) (
T j
T
e
T
Sa
T
X
e
e
e

=
Mat o pho nang lng tng ng:
4 4
) (
2
2
T
Sa
T
T
e
e = u
Khi T , ) (t x
T
tien ti ) ( 1 t con mat o pho nang lng tien ti mat o pho co ng
suat:
) (
4 4
lim
) (
lim ) (
2
e to
e e
e = =
u
=

T
Sa
T
T
T
T
T

ieu nay chng to rang mat o pho co ng suat cua tn hieu ) ( 1 t tap trung xung quanh
iem 0 = e va ham t tng quan cua tn hieu ) ( 1 t se bang 2 1 ) ( = t , con cong suat
trung bnh cua no th bang .
Neu ta xuat phat t nh l ve ham t tng quan cua tn hieu tuan hoan, mat o pho
cong suat cua tn hieu tuan hoan c xac nh:

=
=
n
n
n X ) ( 2 ) (
0
2
e e o t e (4.93)
Hoac:
=
=
n
n
n ) ( 2 ) (
0
e e o t e (4.94)
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Trong o: ,... 1 , 0 ,
2
= = n X
n n
la he so trien khai chuoi phc Fourier cua ham t tng
quan ) (t cua tn hieu tuan hoan. Co ng thc (4.169) oi vi tn hieu tuan hoan la:

2
0
) ( 2
2
1
) (
2
1

}

}

=

= = = =
n n
n n
n
n x
X d n d P e e e o t
t
e e
t
(4.95)
oi vi tn hieu thc, pho bien o la ham chan, cong thc tre n co the viet lai:

=
=
+ = + =
1
2
2
0
1
0
2 2
n
n
n
n x
X X P (4.96)
Sau ay hay xet v du oi vi tn hie u tuan hoan tren hnh 4.33. he so khai trien Fourier
cua day xung vuo ng goc la
T
San
T
A X
n
t
t
t
= :

|
.
|
\
|

|
.
|
\
|
=

=
T
n
T
n Sa
T
A
n
t
e o
t
t
t
t e
2
2 ) (
2
2
2
2

Pho nay c biei dien tre n hnh 4.35 vi trng hp t 5 = T , cong suat trung bnh cua
tn hieu la
T
A P
x
t
2
= .
) (e
2
2
2
2
T
A
t
t
t
t 5
t
t 4
t
t 4
t
t 6
t
t 2
t
t 2

t
t 2
0
e

Hnh 4.35
Vi cac tn hieu ) (t x , ) (t y la tn hieu cong suat va ) (t
xy
, ) (t
yx
la cac ham tng
quan cua chung. Ngi ta goi mat o pho cong suat tng ho la bien oi Fourier gii
han:
= ) (e
xy
)] ( [ t
xy
(4.97)
Va = ) (e x
yx
)] ( [ t
yx
(4.98)
Mat o pho tng ho la cac ai lng phc, co quan he nhau qua bieu thc:
) ( ) (
*
e e
yx xy
= (4.99)
Neu trong cong thc ) (t
xy
ta thay 0 = t , se co :

} }

= = e e
t
d dt t y t x
T
xy
T
T
T
xy
) (
2
1
) ( ) (
1
lim ) 0 (
2
2
*
(4.100)
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4.7. Truyen tn hieu qua mach tuyen tnh:
Xet he thong tuyen tnh tren hnh 4.36, co ap ng xung la ) (t k va ham truyen at tan
so la = ) (e K
) (
) ( )] ( [
e
e
j
e K t k = , trong o ) (e K la ac tuyen bien o, con ) (e la
ac tuyen pha cua he thong.

) (e Y ) (e K
) (e X
) (t k
) (t x ) (t y

Hnh 4.36
Quan he gia tn hieu vao ) (t x , va tn hieu ra ) (t y cua he thong trong mien thi gian
c xac nh nh sau:

} }

= = =
' ' ' ' ' '
) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( * ) ( ) ( dt t t x t k dt t x t t k t x t k t y (4.101)
Con ac tuyen tan so:
) ( ) ( ) ( e e e X K Y = (4.102)
) ( ) ( ) ( e e e X K Y = (4.103)
) ( arg ) ( ) ( arg e e e X Y + = (4.104)
Hay xet tn hieu nang lng
2
) ( L t y e la ap ng cua he thong tuyen tnh oi vi tn
hieu
2
) ( L t x e . Moi quan he gia ham t tng quan ) (t
yy
cua ) (t y va cua ) (t x c
xet qua hai giai oan. Trc tien hay xet ham tng quan ) (t
yx
cua tn hieu ) (t y va
) (t x .

}

= dt t x t x
T T yx
) ( ) ( ) (
*
t t (4.105)
Khi ap dung (4.178), co the viet:
} } } }

= =
(
= dt dt t k t x t t x dt t x dt t k t t x
yx
' ' ' ' ' '
) ( ) ( * ) ( ) ( * ) ( ) ( ) ( t t t
| | = =
(
=
} } }

' ' ' ' ' '
) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( * ) ( dt t k t t t dt t k dt t x t t x
xx
t t
) ( * ) ( ) ( ) (
' ' '
t t t
xx xx
k dt t k t
}

= = (4.106)
Co the thay rang, ham tng quan ) (t
yx
la tch chap cua ham t tong quan ) (t
xx

vi ap ng xung cua he tho ng ) (t k . Tiep tuc ta hay xet ham t tng quan ) (t
yy
:

}

= dt t y t y
yy
) ( ) ( ) (
*
t t (4.107)
} } } }

= =
(
= dt dt t k t y t t x dt t y dt t k t t x
yy
' ' ' ' ' '
) ( ) ( * ) ( ) ( * ) ( ) ( ) ( t t t
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| | = =
(
=
} } }

' ' ' ' ' '
) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( * ) ( dt t k t t t dt t k dt t y t t x
xy
t t
) ( * ) ( ) ( ) (
' ' '
t t t
xy xy
k dt t k t
}

= = (4.108)
) ( * ) ( ) (
*
t t t
xx xy
k =
Khi lay lien hp phc ca hai ve va thay bien t thanh t ta co:
) ( * ) ( ) ( * ) ( ) (
* * * *
t t t t t
xx xx xy
k k = =
) ( * ) ( ) ( t t t =
yx yy
k
Hay ) ( * ) ( ) (
*
t t t
yx yy
k = (4.109)
) ( ) ( * ) ( ) (
*
t t t t
xx yy
k k = (4.110)
Bay gi ta hay chuyen moi quan he tren sang mien tan so. Biet rang:
); ( ) ( e t
xx xx
u ) ( ) ( e t
xy xy
u
); ( ) ( e t
yx yx
u ) ( ) ( e t
yy yy
u
) ( ) ( e t K k ; ) ( ) (
* *
e t K k
Khi ap dung nh l chap trong mien thi gian cua bien oi Fourier ta se nhan c cac
quan he trong mien tan so:
) ( ) ( ) ( e e e
xx yx
K u = u (4.111)
) ( ) ( ) (
*
e e e
xx xy
K u = u (4.112)
) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
*
e e e e e
yx xy yy
K K u = u = u (4.113)
) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
2
*
e e e e e e
xx xx yy
K K K u = u = u (4.114)

) (t k
) (e
xx
u
) (t
xx
) (e
yx
u
) (t
yx
) (t
yy
) (e
yy
u
) (t
xx
) (e
xx
u
) (t k
) (
*
t k
) (
*
e K
) (e K
) (t
yx
) (e
xy
u
) (
*
t k
) (
*
e K
) (e K
) (t k
) (t
yy
) (e
yy
u

Hnh 4.37
Cong thc cuoi cung (4.114) la cong thc rat quan tro ng, no cho ta quan he gia mat o
pho nang lng cua tn hieu au ra va mat o pho nang lng cua tn hieu au vao
cua he thong tuyen tnh, cac quan he tren c minh hoa tren hnh 4.37.
Co the i en ket luan quan trong la: Neu tn hieu
2
) ( L t x e c a en au vao cua
he thong tuyen tnh va tn hieu
2
) ( L t y e la tn hieu au ra, con ) (t k la ac tnh xung
va ) (e K la ham truyen cua he thong o , th:
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) ( * ) ( * ) ( ) (
*
t t t t
x y
k k = (4.115)
Va ) ( ) ( ) (
2
e e e
x y
K u = u (4.116)
Hay xet tng t oi vi cac tn hieu cong suat trung bnh hu han. ay ta tha nhan
cac ket qua ma khong can chng minh:
) ( * ) ( * ) ( ) (
*
t t t t
x y
k k = (4.117)
Va ) ( ) ( ) (
2
e e e
x y
K = u (4.118)
Trong tr ng h p tn hieu tuan hoan ta co:
,... 1 , 0 ); ( ) ( ) (
0
2
0 0
= = n n n K n
x y
e e e (4.119a)
Hay ); ( ) (
0
2
0
e e n n K
xn yn
= ,... 1 , 0 = n (4.119b)
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Bai tap bien oi Fourier

1) Tm pho cua tn hieu va ve:
a) b)

T 2 T 0
A
) (t x
T 2
T
T 2 T T T 2
) (t x
A
0
t
t

2) Tm pho tn hieu bang 3 phng phap va ve :

A
t
T
0 T

a) nh ngha.
b) Pho xung vuong va xung tam giac.
c) nh l vi phan trong mie n tan so
3) Tm tn hieu (trong mien thi gian) t pho :

O
) (e X
0
2 e A
O
0
2e
O O
0
2 e A
A
A
) a ) b

Hint: Dung nh l ieu che.
4) Khai trien chuoi phc Fourier trong khoang (-T,T) :

A A
T T
2
T
2
T
2
T
2
T
T
T
t
t
) a
) b

Hint: Cac ban tnh ) (e
T
H giong nh trong cach 2 cua tn hieu tuan hoan.
) (
0
e n X X
T n
=
( Chu y:
|
.
|
\
|
[ =
T
t
t
T
A t x
t 2
sin ) ( cau a))
Sau o
=
=
n
nt j
n
e X t x
0
) (
e

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X ly tn hieu tng t
63
Va ) ( 2 ) (
0
=
=
n
n
n X X e e o t e ,
T
t
e
2
0
=

5) Khai trien chuoi phc trong khoang (-T,T) cac tn hieu sau :

A A
T T T
T
t t
) (t x ) (t x
A
0
) a ) b

Hint: Cac ban co the dung mot trong 2 cach tnh oi vi tn hieu tuan hoan.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Bai tap tn hieu tuan hoan va tn hieu khong tuan hoan.

1)
4
2
4
1
) (

=
t
Sa t x .

) (t x
) (t y
) (e H
1 1
1
2
) (e H

Tnh ? ) ( ) ( t y Y e
?
y
E
2)

1
2 2
) (e H
e
2 t
2 t
e
) (e

a) Cho . 2 ) ( = t x
b) . cos 2 ) ( t t x =
c) . sin 2 ) ( t t x =
d) 2 cos cos 4 cos 2 ) (
2
t t t t x + =
) (t x
) (t y
) (e H

Tnh ? ,
y x
P P
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X ly tn hieu tng t
64
Tnh va ve pho bien o, pho pha cua y(t).

3)
|
|
.
|
\
|
. =
0
) (
e
e
e H
)
4
cos( ) cos 1 ( ) (
0 1
t
e e + + = t t m t y
AM

5 . 0 = m : he so o sau ieu che

0 1
5 . 0 e e =

) (t y
AM
) (t z
) (e H

Tm ) ( ), ( e Z t z , cong suat ?
z
P
4) Cho t Sa t x
1
2
1
) ( e =

|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
[ =
T
t
T T
t
t x
1
* ) (
2

|
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
.
|
\
|
= n
T
t
T
) (
1
0
e e o
) ( ). (
2 1
t x t x y
PAM
=
a) ? ) (e y
1 0
4
2
, 3 e
t
e t = = =
T
T . Ve pho
b)

|
|
.
|
\
| +
[ +
|
|
.
|
\
|
[ =
1
1
1
1
4
4
4
4
) (
e
e e
e
e e
e H
Tnh ? ) ( ? ) ( t z Z e Ve pho
5) Cho
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
. =
T
t
T T
t
t x
2 2
1
* ) (
1

. cos ) (
2
t t x O =
a) ? ) ( ) ( ) (
2 1
t x t x t y
PAM
= Ve tn hieu
b)
T T
y
t t
e e = = >> O
2
2
? ) (
0

c)

+
) (
1
t x
) (
2
t x
) (e H
) (t z
) (t y

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X ly tn hieu tng t
65
|
|
.
|
\
|
O
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
O
[ =
0 0
3 3
) (
e
e
e
e
e H
? ) ( ? ) ( ? ) ( t z Z
z
e e
6) Lam lai bai 5 vi cac tn hieu sau:
a) b)

T 2 T
2 T
A
A
A
A
T 2 T 2 T T
t t
) (t x ) (t x

7) Lam lai bai 6 vi tn hieu vao :

A
) (t x
) (t x
T 2 T
2
3T
T 2
2 T T
2
3T
T 2
2 T 2 T T
2
3T
... ...
... ...
t
t

Hint : thc hien nh cach 2 trong l thuyet oi vi tn hieu tuan hoan.
Chu y: can than vi chu k lap lai tn hieu va chu k cua tn hieu. Tranh nham lan 2
chu k nay!!!

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66
CHNG 5: TN HIEU IEU CHE
1. MOT SO KHAI NIEM C BAN:
a. S o cua mot he tho ng thong tin:
Moi he thong thong tin co nhiem vu truye n tin tc t ai phat en ni nhan tin, no co s
o khoi tong quat nh tren hnh 5.1.
Hnh 5.1: S o he thong thong tin
ieu che tn hieu c dung chu yeu e:
-Dch chuyen pho cua tn hieu thong tin ve mien tan so cao, toi u cho qua trnh bc xa
tn hieu vao khong gian di dang song ien t.
-am bao viec phan chia kenh truyen thong tin cho nhieu tn hieu khac nhau va s
dung h u hieu kenh truyen.
-Tang cng kha nang chong nhieu cho he thong thong tin bang cach la chon cac
phng phap ieu che khac nhau.
b. Phan loai ieu che:
Ta co hai he thong ieu che la: ieu che lien tuc va ieu che xung.

Hnh 5.2: Pha n loai cac he thong ieu che
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X ly tn hieu tng t
67
- ieu che tn hieu lien tuc:
ieu che bien o:
- AM ( Amplitude Modulation )
- AM-SC ( Amplitude Modulation with Suppressed Carries ) : ieu bien hai dai
ben triet song mang.
- SSB ( Single Sideband ) ieu bien mot dai ben.
- SSB-SC ( Single Sideband with Suppressed Carries ) : ieu bien hai dai ben
triet song mang.
- VSB (Vestigial Sideband AM ) : ie u bien triet mot phan dai ben
ieu che goc:
- ieu che xung:
- ieu tan ( FM )
- ieu pha ( PM )
- ieu che tn hieu so:
- ieu che xung theo bien o ( PAM Pulse Amplitude Modulation )
- ieu che xung theo be rong ( PDM Pulse Duration Modulation )
- ieu che xung theo v tr ( PPM Pulse Position Modulation )
c. Tnh chat cua tn hieu c ieu che:
Cho tn hieu ieu che:
{ }
t j
e t g t s
0
) ( Re ) (
e
= (5.1)
Bien oi Fourier cua ) (t s la:
{ }
} }

= = dt e e t g dt e t s t S
t j t j t j
0 0 0
) ( Re ) ( ) (
e e e
(5.2)
dt e e t g e t g t S
t j t j t j
0 0 0
) (
2
1
) (
2
1
) (
* e e e

} (
+ =
) (
2
1
) (
c c
f f G f f G + = (5.3)
Ham t tng quan cua tn hieu c ieu che:
{ } { }
) (
0 0
) ( Re ) ( Re ) ( ) ( ) (
t e e
t t t
+
+ = + =
t j t j
s
e t g e t g t s t s R (5.4)
Khai trien (5.4) ta nhan c:
{ }
t j
g s
e R R
0
) ( Re
2
1
) (
e
t t = (5.5)

2. CAC HE THONG IEU CHE LIEN TUC:
2.1. Song mang ieu hoa:
Cac he thong ieu che lien tuc co song mang la cac dao ong sin cao tan co dang:
) cos( ) ( + O = t Y t y (5.6)
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X ly tn hieu tng t
68
Trong o Y la bien o , O la tan so goc va la goc pha au. Cac thong so ac trng
cho song mang la bien o, tan so va goc pha u + O = t t) ( . Tn hieu ieu che la song
mang co thong so b thay oi c viet di dang tong quat la:
) ( cos ) ( ) ( t t Y t y u = (5.7)
Trong o ) (t Y la bien o tc thi hay ng bao, con ) (t u la goc pha tc thi, hay goc
cua tn hieu ieu che.
Ben canh cac thong so neu tren, con co the a them khai niem ve tan so tc thi cua
tn hieu ieu che nh sau:

dt
t d
t
) (
) (
u
= O (5.8)
Va
dt
t d
t f
) (
2
1
) (
u
t
= (5.9)
Quan he gia pha tc thi va tan so tc thi c xac nh nh sau:

}
O = dt t t ) ( ) ( u (5.10)

}
= dt t f t ) ( 2 ) ( t u (5.11)
Cac khai niem va bien o tc thi, tan so tc thi cua tn hieu ieu che c minh hoa
tren hnh 5.3

Hnh 5.3: Bieu dien vect to ng quat cua tn hieu ieu che.
Tn hieu tin tc ch lam thay oi mot trong cac thong so cua song mang. Neu bien o
thay oi, con goc pha ) (t u khong oi, ta se co tn hieu ieu che bien o ( ieu bie n ):
) cos( ) ( ) ( u + = t t Y t y (5.12)
Con neu ) (t u thay oi theo ) (t x , con Y gi nguye n, ta se co tn hieu ieu che goc:
) ( cos ) ( t Y t y u = (5.13)
2.2. ieu che bien o:
4.1. He thong AM SC:
e phan tch tn hieu AM SC ta se dung mo hnh tn hieu xac nh cho tn hieu tin tc
va song mang. Trong he AM SC, bien o tc thi cua tn hieu ieu che t le vi tn
hieu ) (t x . e tien li cho viec phan tch, ta chap nhan:
) ( ) ( t x t Y = (5.14)
Va 0 =
Tn hieu AM SC co dang:
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X ly tn hieu tng t
69
t t x t y
SC AM
O =
cos ) ( ) ( (5.15)
Gia thiet tn hieu ) (t x co mat o pho cong suat ) (e
x
nh tren hnh (5.4b). Hay xac
nh mat o pho cong suat ) (e
y
cua tn hieu ieu che AM SC. Pho cua tn hie u AM
SC cung la pho Fourier gii han, c nh ngha theo (2.161). e tm pho cua
) (t y
SC AM
, ta hay xet no trong mot khoang thi gian h u han T, tc la:
t t x t y
T T
O = cos ) ( ) ( (5.16)
Trong o
|
.
|
\
|
[ =
T
t
t x t x
T
) ( ) ( . Tn hieu ) (t x
T
la tn hieu co nang lng hu han, nen co
pho Fourier la ) (e
T
X , va ) (t y
T
cung la tn hieu nang lng va pho cua no la ) (e
T
Y .
Ap dung nh l ieu che (2.96) ta co:
| | | | ) ( ) (
2
1
) ( O + + O = e e
T T T
X X t y (5.17)
Mat o pho nang lng cua ) (t y
T
:

2
) ( ) (
4
1
) ( O + + O = e e e |
T T T
X X (5.18)
Mat o pho cong suat cua tn hieu theo (2.161) se la:
= O + + O =

2
) ( ) ( lim
4
1
) ( e e e
T T
T
y
X X
) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( lim
4
1
* *
O + + O O + + O =

e e e e
T T T T
T
X X X X
| | ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( lim
4
1
* *
2 2
O + O + O O + + O + + O =

e e e e e e
T T T T T T
T
X X X X X X
(5.19)
Gia thiet rang
max
e >> O (ieu o luon thoa man trong thc te), bi v tan so song
mang rat ln hn tan so cua tn hieu ) (t x . Do o cac pho ) ( O e
T
X va ) ( O + e
T
X
khong xuat hien ben nhau tren thang tan so nen tch cua chung trong (5.19) se b mat
i, ta c:

(
(
O +
+
O
=

T
X
T
X
T
T
T
T
y
2 2
) (
lim
) (
lim
4
1
) (
e e
e
Biet rang:
2
) (
1
lim ) ( e e
T
T
T
X
T

=
Nen: | | ) ( ) (
4
1
) ( O + + O = e e e
x x y
(5.20)
T tren hnh ve co the tnh c cong suat trung bnh cua tn hieu AM SC:

x y
P P
2
1
= (5.21)

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X ly tn hieu tng t
70
0
) (e
x
m
a
x
e
m
i
n
e
m
a
x
e
m
i
n
e
e
) (t x
m
i
n
e
m
a
x
e
m
i
n
e
+
O
m
i
n
e
+
O
m
i
n
e
O
m
a
x
e
O
m
a
x
e
+
O
m
a
x
e
+
O
O O
) (e
y
t
) (t y
SC AM
0
e
t
) a
) b
) c
0
4
1
) (e
x
) d

Hnh 5.4: a) Tn hieu ) (t x ; b) Pho cua ) (t x ;
c) Tn hie u AM SC; d) Mat o pho AM SC

Hnh 5.5: S o khoi may tn hieu AM SC
ieu che AM SC co nhc iem la viec giai ieu che tn hieu AM SC. Viec giai
ieu che c thc hien pha thu tin hieu tn tc. e giai ieu che tn hieu AM SC,
ngi ta em nhan no vi song mang c tao ra pha thu, do o no c goi la tach
song ong bo. Qua trnh giai ieu che c mo ta bi bieu thc:
t t x t x t t x t t y t y
SC AM g
O + = O = O =

2 cos ) (
2
1
) (
2
1
cos ) ( cos ) ( ) (
2
(5.22)
Tn hieu (5.22) la tn hieu cong suat, e tm mat o pho cua no can phai tien hanh nh
oi vi tn hieu AM SC. Cu the la:

|
.
|
\
|
[ O +
|
.
|
\
|
[ =
|
.
|
\
|
[
T
t
t t x
T
t
t x
T
t
t y
g
2 cos ) (
2
1
) (
2
1
) ( (5.23)
Tn hieu (5.23) la tn hieu nang lng, pho Fourier cua no bang:
| | ) 2 ( ) 2 (
4
1
) (
2
1
) ( O + + O + =
(
|
.
|
\
|
[ e e e
T T T g
X X X
T
t
t y (5.24)
Mat o pho nang lng tng ng vi pho (5.24) se la:
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X ly tn hieu tng t
71
| |
2
) 2 ( ) 2 (
4
1
) (
2
1
) ( O + + O + = u e e e e
T T T Tg
X X X
Thc hien mot vai bien oi can thiet, va vi gia thiet
max
e >> O , ta co:
=
(
O + O + =

2 2 2
) 2 (
16
1
) 2 (
16
1
) (
4
1 1
lim ) ( e e e e
T T T
T
yg
X X X
T

| | ) 2 ( ) 2 (
16
1
) (
4
1
O + + O + = e e e
x x x
(5.25)

m
i
n
2
e
m
a
x
2
e
m
a
x
2
e
+
O
m
i
n
2
e
+
O
m
i
n
2
e
O
m
a
x
2
e
O
m
i
n
2
e
+
O
m
a
x
2
e
+
O
O
2
O
2
0
4
1
0
16
1
0
16
1
) (e
yg
m
a
x
e
m
i
n
e
m
a
x
e
m
i
n
e
e

Hnh 5.6: Mat o pho cua tn hieu AM SC giai ieu che.
4.2. He thong AM:
Tn hieu AM co dang:
| | t t x A t A t t x t y
AM
O + = O + O = cos ) ( cos cos ) ( ) ( (5.26)
ng bao bien o cua tn hieu AM la:
) ( ) ( t x A t Y + = (5.27)
o th cua tn hieu AM c ve tre n hnh 5.7b.

) (t x
m
i
n
e
O
m
a
x
e
O
m
i
n
e
+
O
m
i
n
e
+
O
m
i
n
e
O
m
a
x
e
O
m
a
x
e
+
O
m
a
x
e
+
O
O O
) (e
y
t
) (t y
AM
2
2
A
t
A
A
) (t x A+
0
e
t
) a
) b
) c

Hnh 5.7: Tn hieu AM (a); pho cua tn hieu AM (b)
Mat o pho cong suat cua tn hieu AM:
| | | | ) ( ) (
4
1
) ( ) (
2
) (
2
O + + O + O + + O = e e e o e o
t
e
x x y
A
(5.28)
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X ly tn hieu tng t
72
S o khoi cua mach tao tn hieu AM nh tren hnh (5.8a) va mach thc hien n gian
hnh (5.8b). Mach phi tuyen trong trng hp nay du ng phan t kho ng tuyen tnh co
ac tuyen
2
2 1
u a u a i + = . Mach loc LC se c ieu chnh tan so song mang O.
+
+
) a
) b
) (t y
AM
) (t x
t O cos t A O cos
) (t x
t A O cos
) (t y
AM
R C L

Hnh 5.8: S o khoi tao tn hie u AM (a); mach thc hie n (b)
ng bao cua tn hieu AM la A t x t Y + = ) ( ) ( ; hang so A c chon e sao cho ng
bao cua tn hieu la khong am. ieu nay thoa man neu
{ } 0 ) ( : ) ( max < > t x t x A (5.29)
t
) (t y
AM
4
4
) (t x
t
) a ) b

Hnh 5.9: Tn hieu AM b qua ieu che.
Khi ieu kie n (5.29) thoa man ng bao cua tn hieu AM se khong b hien tng qua
ieu che (xem hnh 5.9).
4.3. He thong SSB SC:
Phng phap n gian nhat e tao tn hieu SSB SC la tao tn hieu AM SC va sau o
loc bo i mot dai ben cua no nh mot mach loc ac biet. V du trong trng hp loc bo
bien di, mach loc thong dai can co cac tan so cat
min
e O va
max
e + O ( xem hnh
5.10)

m
a
x
e
O
m
i
n
e
O
m
i
n
e
+
O
m
a
x
e
+
O
m
a
x
e
O
m
i
n
e
O
m
i
n
e
+
O
m
a
x
e
+
O
) (e
sc ysa
e

Hnh 5.10: Phng phap ta o SSB SC.
Phng phap tao SSB SC bang phng phap dch pha. Vach tren tng ng vi qua
trnh t ) cos( e + O co the viet lai di dang:
t t t t t e e e sin sin cos cos ) cos( O O = + O (5.29)
B
a
n

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u

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y

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T
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) (t x
2
t
) (t x
.
) (
2
O
t
t t x O
.
sin ) (
t O sin
( )
max min
e e
) (t y
SC SSB
t O cos
t t x O cos ) (

Hnh 5.11: Tao tn hieu SSB SC bang phng phap dch pha.
e tao tn hie u (5.29) co the thc hien cac phep nhan song mang va tn hie u ieu che
trong cac mach ieu bien can bang nh tre n (hnh 5.11).
4.4. He thong SSB:
Tng t nh trong cac he AM SC va AM. Tn hieu SSB c tao ne n t viec them
vao tn hieu SSB SC song mang u ln. He thong nay c goi la ie u che mot dai
ben SSB, tn hieu ieu bien mot dai be n co dang:
t A t t x t t x t y
SSB
O +
(
O O =
.
cos sin ) ( cos ) ( ) ( (5.30)
Hay la: | |
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
O + + =
.
.
) (
) (
cos ) ( ) ( ) (
2
2
t x A
t x
arctg t t x t x A t y
SSB
(5.31)
ng bao va goc pha cua SSB:
| | ) ( ) ( ) (
2
2
t x t x A t Y
.
+ + = (5.32)

) (
) (
) (
t x A
t x
arctg t t
+
O =
.
u (5.33)
Tn hieu SSB SC tao ra co dang:
t t x t t x t y O O =
.
sin ) ( cos ) ( ) ( (5.34)
Khi k hieu song mang la t t v O = cos ) ( , con tn hieu tin tc la ) (t x th tn hieu giai tch
cua chung se la:
) ( ) ( ) ( t x j t x t z
x
.
+ = (5.35)

t j
v
e t j t t z
O
= O + O = sin cos ) ( (5.36)
Tch cua tn hieu giai tch:
| | = O + O
(
+ =
.
t j t t x j t x t z t z
v x
sin cos ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
] cos ) ( sin ) ( [ sin ) ( cos ) ( t t x t t x j t t x t t x O + O +
(
O O =
. .
(5.37)
Tn hieu ) (t y trong (5.34) tng ng vi dau bang phan thc cua tch (5.37):
| | ) ( ) ( Re ) ( t z t z t y
v x
= (5.38)
Bien oi cua (5.34) co dang:
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t t x t t x t y O + O =
. .
cos ) ( sin ) ( ) (
Cho nen t (5.34) (5.37) ta co tn hieu giai tch
.
+ = ) ( ) ( ) ( t y j t y t z
y
bang:
) ( ) ( ) ( t z t z t z
v x y
=
Mat o pho cong suat cua tn hieu giai tch ) (t z
y
:
) ( 1 ) ( 4 ) ( e e e
y xy
= (5.39)
Xet tn hieu ) (t z
y
trong khoang
|
.
|
\
|
2
;
2
T T
:
) ( ) ( ). ( ) ( t z
T
t
t z
T
t
t z t z
v x y yT
|
.
|
\
|
[ =
|
.
|
\
|
[ =
Trong o:
|
.
|
\
|
[ =
T
t
t z t z
x yT
) ( ) ( - la tn hieu nang lng hu han; do o luo n ton tai
) (e
xT
Z . Bi v
t j
v
e t z
O
= ) ( , nen khi ap dung nh l ieu che ta co:
) ( ) ( O = O e
xT yT
Z Z
Tn hieu ) (t z
yT
cung la tn hieu nang lng nen:

2
2
) ( ) ( ) ( O = = u e e e
xT yT zy
Z Z
y
c tnh bi gii han:

2
) (
1
lim ) ( O =

e e
xT
T
zy
X
T

Bi v theo nh ngha:

2
) (
1
lim ) ( e e
xT
T
zx
X
T

=
Nen ket qua cuoi cung:
) ( ) ( O = e e
zx zy
Z
T cac ket qua tren ay, ta co the de dang xac nh c mat o pho cong suat ) (e
y

cua tn hieu ) (t y :
| | ) ( ) (
4
1
) ( O + O = e e e
zx zx y
Y
x
co quan he ) ( 1 ) ( 4 ) ( e e e
x zx
= , do
o:
) ( 1 ) ( ) ( 1 ) ( ) ( O O + O O = e e e e e
x x y

Mat o pho cong suat cua tn hieu SSB SC c minh hoa tren hnh (5.12d), nh co
the thay no ch gom cac thanh phan dai tren.
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m
a
x
e
m
a
x
e
m
i
n
e
m
i
n
e
e
) (e
x
0
) (e
zx
0
4
m
i
n
e
m
a
x
e
0
0
4
) (e
zy
O
m
i
n
e
+
O
m
a
x
e
+
O
0
e
e
) (e
y
0
m
i
n
e
+
O
m
a
x
e
+
O
O O
m
i
n
e
m
a
x
e
e
) a
) b
) c
) d

Hnh 5.12
4.5. He VSB:
Trong he VSB, tn hieu DSB b cat i ch mot phan dai ben trc khi c truyen i,
bang nhng mach loc. Mach loc nay co nhiem vu cat bo gan het dai ben di, ch e
lai mot phan nho name gan tan so O ( xem hnh 5.13)
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76

0
0
0
0
m
a
x
e
O
1
O
) (e K
m
e
m
e
) (e
x
S
e
e
e
e
m
a
x
e
m
i
n
e
m
i
n
e
+
O
m
a
x
e
O
O
m
a
x
e
O
m
a
x
e
+
O
) ( 4 e
VSB
y
S

Hnh 5.13: Minh hoa cach tao tn hieu VSB
T nhng phan tch tren ay ve tn hieu ie u bien, co the nhan xet ve cac u, nhc
iem cua tng loai nh sau:
- He AM SC co u iem la hieu suat nang lng cao (100%), nhng
nhc iem la be rong pho ln, bang hai lan tan so cc ai cua tn hieu tin tc. Viec tao
tn hieu AM SC va giai ieu che no eu rat phc tap.
- He AM co u iem trong viec giai ieu che, nhng nhc iem cua no la
he so hieu suat nang lng rat thap va be rong pho ln.
- He SSB SC co hieu suat nang lng cao, be rong pho nho nhng tao
tn hieu SSB SC va giai ieu che eu phc tap.
- He SSB co be rong pho nho, de giai ieu che nhng lai co hieu suat
nang lng thap.
2.3. ieu che goc:
Tn hieu ieu che goc co dang tong quat la:
) ( cos ) ( t Y t y u =
Tuy theo s phu thuoc cua goc pha tc thi ) (t u ma ngi ta phan chia tn hieu ieu
che goc thanh hai loai sau:
Neu s phu thuoc co dang:
) ( ) (
0
t x k t t
p PM
+ + O = u (5.40)
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77
Trong o O la tan so song mang,
0
la goc pha ban au va
p
k la hang so t le. He
thong ieu che tn hieu tng ng vi goc pha ) (t u theo (5.40) c goi la he ieu pha
PM.
Neu s phu thuoc cua ) (t u co dang:

}
+ + O = dt t x k t t
f FM
) ( ) (
0
u (5.41)
Trong o O,
0
nh oi vi tn hieu PM va
f
k la hang so t le. He thong ieu che trong
trng h p nay goi la ieu tan FM.
Tan so tc thi cua chung thay oi theo cac qui luat sau:

dt
t dx
k
dt
t d
t
p PM
) ( ) (
) ( + O = = O
u
(5.42)

dt
t dx
k
dt
t d
t
f FM
) ( ) (
) ( + O = = O
u
(5.43)
o lech pha la o lech tuyet oi cc ai cua goc pha tn hieu ieu che so vi goc pha
cua song mang, c xac nh theo bieu thc sau:
max ) ( t t O = A u u (5.44)
o lech tan so la o lech tuyet oi cc ai cua tan so tc thi cua tn hieu ieu che so
vi tan so song mang:

max
) ( O O = AO t (5.45)

max
) ( f t f = AO (5.46)
Hay

dt
t dx ) (
}
dt t x ) (
) (t x
) (t y
PM
) (t y
FM
) (t x

Hnh 5.14.
2.3.1. He ieu pha PM:
Tn hieu PM co dang:
)] ( cos[ ) ( t x k t Y t y
p PM
+ O = (5.47)
Pha tc thi va tan so tc thi cua tn hieu PM:
) ( ) ( t x k t t
p PM
+ O = u (5.48)

dt
t dx
k t t
p FM
) (
) ( + O = u (5.49)
o lech pha va o lech tan so theo nh ngha (5.44), (5.45) cua tn hieu PM:
max ) (t x k
p PM
= Au (5.50)
max
) (
dt
t dx
k
p
M
= Au (5.51)
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X ly tn hieu tng t
78
Trong cac he thong ieu pha thc te, luon luon thoa man ieu kien
dt
t dx
k
p
) (
>> O , co
ngha la tan so tc thi thay oi khong nhie u lam so vi tan so song mang. Khi ieu
kien tren thoa man, tc la khi chon c
p
k thch hp th tn hieu PM trong trng hp
o se co be rong pho hep. Nh vay neu:
1 ) (
max
<< = A t x k
p PM
u (5.53)
Th tn hieu PM c goi la tn hieu PM dai hep. Neu ieu kien (5.51) khong thoa man
ta se co tn hieu ieu pha dai rong.
Tn hieu PM co the viet di dang phc:

)] ( [ ) (
) (
t kpx t j t j t jkpx
PM
Ye e Ye t Z
+ O O
= = (5.54)
Neu 1 << A
PM
u , co the chap nhan:
) ( 1
) (
t x jk e
p
t jkpx
+ =
Khi o tn hieu PM phc co the bieu dien gan u ng bi:
| |
t j
p PM
e t x jk Y t Z
O
+ = ) ( 1 ) ( (5.55)
Phan thc cua no la:
t t x Yk t Y t Z t y
p PM
O O = = sin ) ( cos ) ( Re ) ( (5.56)
Pho cua tn hieu PM trong trng hp nay la:
| | | | ) ( ) (
4
) (
) ( ) (
2
) (
2 2
O + + O + O + + O = e e e o e o
t
e
x x PM
Ykp Y
(5.57)
Tn hieu PM thoa man (5.53) ch khac tn hieu AM pha cua dai ben.
Be rong pho cua no bang be ro ng cua tn hieu AM

max
2e ~
PM
B (5.58)
Tn hieu PM co be rong pho theo (5.58) la tn hieu dai hep bi v trong trng hp ieu
kien (5.58) khong thoa man, be rong pho cua no se tr nen rat ln.
Ta se xet tn hieu PM b ieu che bi tn hieu ie u hoa t X t x e sin ) ( = .
] sin cos[ ) sin cos( ) ( t t Y t X k t Y t y
PM p PM
e u e A + O = + O = (5.60)
Pha tc thi va tan so tc thi cua tn hieu PM dai rong ieu che ieu hoa:
t t t X k t t x k t t
PM p p PM
e u e u sin sin ) ( ) ( A + O = + O = + O = (5.61)
t t X k
dt
t d
t
PM p PM
e e e
u
cos cos
) (
) ( AO + O = + O = = O (5.62)
o lech pha va o lech tan so:
X k
p PM
= Au (5.63)
e u e
PM p PM
X k A = = AO (5.64)
Co the viet lai bieu thc cua tn hieu PM ieu che ieu hoa khi a vao k hieu cua o
lech pha u A :

t j t j t t j
PM
e Ye Ye t Z
O AO A + O
= =
e e u sin ] sin [
) ( (5.65)
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Ham
t j
e
e u sin A
tuan hoan vi chu k
e
t 2
= T , co the khai trien thanh chuoi Fourier:

=
A
A =
n
t jn
n
t j
e J e
e e u
u) (
sin
(5.66)
Trong o, he so khai trien
n
J la ham Bessell loai mot cap n. Thay (5.65) vao (5.66) ta
c:

t n j
n
n
t jn
n
t j
PM
e J e J Ye t Z
) (
) ( ) ( ) (
e e
u u
+ O
=
O
A = A =

(5.67)
Dang thc cua (5.67):

=
+ O A =
n
n PM
t n J Y t y ) cos( ) ( ) ( e u (5.68)
Theo tnh chat cua ham Bessell:
) ( ) ( u u A = A
n n
J J vi n chan
) ( ) ( u u A = A
n n
J J vi n le
Cong thc (5.68) c viet lai:
{ + O + + O A + O A = )] cos( ) )[cos( ( cos ) ( ) (
1 0
e e u u J t J Y t y
PM

| ... ) 2 cos( ) 2 )[cos( (
2
+ + O + O A + t t J e e u (5.69)

) (
1
u A J
) (
0
u A J
) (
4
u A J ) (
2
u A J
) ( u A
n
J
) (
3
u A J
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
8 9 10
11 12 13 14
0 , 1
8 , 0
6 , 0
4 , 0
2 , 0
0 , 0
2 , 0
4 , 0
u A

Hnh 5.15: Ham Bessell loai 1.
Trong trng hp tn hieu PM dai rong, be rong pho c tnh gan ung bang co ng thc
Carson:

max
) 1 ( 2 e u + A ~
PM PM
B 5 , 0 > A
PM
u (5.70)
Hoac chung ta cung co cong thc gan ung khac:

max
) 2 ( 2 e u + A ~
PM PM
B ; 5 , 0 > A
PM
u (5.71)
Khi o lech pha ln hn, v du 10 > Au , ngi ta thng du ng cong thc:

max
2 e u
PM PM
B A ~ ; 10 > A
PM
u (5.72)
2.3.2. He thong PM:
Tn hieu FM co dang:

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] ) ( cos[ ) (
}
+ O = dt t x k t Y t y
f FM
(5.73)
e n gian a gia thiet 0
0
= (5.74)
Dang phc cua tn hieu FM:

] ) ( [ ) (
) (
}
=
}
=
+ O
O
dt t x k t j
t j
dt t x jk
FM
f f
Ye e e t Z (5.75)
Pha tc thi va tan so tc thi cua tn hieu FM:

}
+ O = dt t x k t t
f FM
) ( ) ( u (5.76)
) ( ) ( t x k t
f FM
+ O = O (5.77)
o lech pha va o lech tan so:

max
) ( ) (
}
= A dt t x k t
f FM
u (5.78)

max
) ( ) ( t x k t
f FM
= AO (5.79)
S khac nhau gia tn hieu PM va FM la cho trong tn hieu FM pha tc thi t le vi
tch phan cua tn hieu tin tc tren nen song mang, con tan so tc thi t le vi ) (t x tren
nen song mang. Trong khi o, trong tn hieu PM pha tc thi t le trc tiep vao ) (t x con
tan so tc thi th t le vi ao ham cua ) (t x .
Ket luan:
a) Neu he so
f
k c chon e sao cho 1 << A
FM
u , tc la
}
<<1 ) ( dt t x k
f
, ta se co
tn hieu FM dai hep.
Pho cua tn hieu tch phan ) (t v la:

) (
) (
) (
e
e
e
j
X
V = (5.80)
co cung tan so gii han vi tn hieu ) (t x la
max
e .
ieu o ch ng to rang, be rong pho cua tn hieu FM dai he p cung bang be rong pho
cua tn hieu PM dai hep tc la:

max
2e =
FM
B (5.81)
b) Pho cua tn hieu FM dai rong ieu che ieu hoa la pho vach, co be rong kho ng
xac nh. Tuy nhien phan ln cong suat tap trung trong be rong pho c xac nh gan
ung sau ay:
e u ) 2 ( 2 + A =
FM FM
B (5.82)
V du: Khi t X t x e cos ) ( = , th t
X
t v e
e
sin ) ( = . Tn hieu FM ieu che
ieu hoa se la:

(
+ O = t
X
k t Y t y
f FM
e
e
sin cos ) ( (5.83)
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Pha tc thi cua no:

t t t
X
k t t
FM f FM
e u e
e
u sin sin ) ( A + O = + O = (5.84)
Vi tn hieu ieu hoa, o lech pha va o lech tan so cua no c xac
nh nh sau:

e
u
X
k
f FM
= A
(5.85)
X k
f FM
= AO
(5.86)
Khi thay cac cong thc (5.85), (5.86) vao (5.82), co the xac nh be rong
pho hieu dung cua tn hieu du ng cua tn hieu FM ieu che ieu hoa bang
cong thc gan ung sau ay:

) 2 ( 2 e + AO =
FM FM
B (5.87)
Cong thc (5.87) co the lam gan ung:

FM FM
B AO = 2 (5.88)
Trong thc te th ng chap nhan vi 10 > A
FM
u .
Khi tn hieu FM ieu che bi ) (t x bat k, co tan so gii han la
max
e , viec
xac nh be rong pho hieu du ng cua no rat phc tap. Ngi ta se dung
cac cong thc gan ung sau:

max
max
1 2 e
e
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
AO
=
FM
FM
B (5.89)
hoac
max
max
2 2 e
e
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
AO
=
FM
FM
B (5.90)
Khi o lech
FM
AO u ln th co the chap nhan:

FM FM
B AO = 2 (5.91)
Tn hieu FM u viet hn tn hieu PM cho, be rong pho cua no khong phu thuoc vao
tan so gii han cua tn hieu tin tc (am nhac, tieng noi.)
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82

t X t x e cos ) ( =
x
t
x
t
t Y t y O = cos ) (
) (t y
FM
) (t u
u A
X k
f FM
= AO
) (t O
O
t
t
t
t
Y
e
u
x k
f
FM
= A
) a
) b
) c
) d
) e

Hnh 5.15: a) Tn hieu tin tc; b) So ng mang; c) Tn hieu ieu tan FM;
d) Pha tc thi cua FM; e) Ta n so tc thi cua FM.
3. RI RAC TN HIE U:
nh l ri rac tn hieu con co ten la ng l Kotielnikov-Shanon; mang ten nhng ngi
a tm ra cach bieu dien tn hieu bang chuoi Kotielnikov- Shanon.
T 2 T
0
T T 2 T 3 T 4 T 5 T 6
) (t x
r
t
t
t
T 2 T 0 T T 2 T 3 T 4 T 5 T 6
) (t x
) (t x
) (
0
t x
0
t
0
) a ) b
) (
0
t x
0
t
) c
) d
0
) ( ) (
0 0
t t t x o

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X ly tn hieu tng t
83
Hnh 5.16: Bieu dien ri rac tn hieu.

Hay xet tn hieu ) (t x la tn hieu co nang lng h u han hoac cong suat trung bnh hu
han (H.5.16a). Gia tr cua tn hie u tai mot thi iem
0
t nao o la ) (
0
t x se c bieu
dien bang xung Dirac tai iem o ) ( ) (
0 0
t t t x o , (H.5.16b). Gia tr tn hieu tai cac iem
nT khac nhau la tap { } ,... 1 , 0 : ) ( = n nT x se c bieu dien bang day xung Dirac tai cac
iem nT , co o cao la ) (nT x (H.5.16 c,d).
Ta goi ) (t x
r
la tn hieu ri rac cua tn hieu ) (t x :
) ( ) ( ) ( nT t nT x t x
n
r
=

=
o (5.92)
hay co the bieu dien di dang phan bo lc:

|
.
|
\
|
=
T
t
T
t x t x
r
|||
1
). ( ) ( (5.93)
- nh l ri rac tn hieu (Kotielnikov-Shanon):
Tn hie u ) (t x co pho ) (e X tho a ma n ieu kien:
0 ) ( = e X vi
m
e e >
Se hoan toan tng ng vi tap cac mau tn hieu cach nhau mot khoang
m
T
e
t
s .
Tc la:
)
`
s =
m
n nT x t x
e
t
,... 1 , 0 : ) ( ) ( (5.94)
(nh l nay con co ten goi la ng l lay mau).
Chung ta se chng minh nh l trong trng hp
m
T
e
t
= ; T c goi la khoang
Nyquist. e ri rac tn hieu ) (t x phai nhan no vi day xung l tng Dirac, ieu o
tng ng vi trong mie n tan so em pho ) (e X cua ) (t x lap lai vi tan so:
|
|
.
|
\
|
= = = =
m
m
m
T
T e e
t
e
e
t
e e 2
2
: 2
0 0 0
(xem hnh 5.17a,b).
Ket qua ta se c tn hie u ri rac va pho cua no (H.5.17c). e nhan c tn hie u ) (t x
t cac mau ri rac, ta dung mach loc thong dai co ac tuyen tan so
|
|
.
|
\
|
[ =
m
K
e
e
e
2
) ( ,
tc la tng ng vi ac tnh xung
T
t
Sa
T
t k
t 1
) ( = . Do pho c lap lai vi tan so
m
e 2 ,
khong chong len nhau nen de dang loc c ) (e X . Co the tom tat cac phan tch tren,
bang hai bieu thc toan bieu th qua trnh ri rac tn hieu va lap lai no, bang phep loc
trong ca hai mien tan so va thi gian sau:

B
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.
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X ly tn hieu tng t
84
t
t
t
t
t
) (t x
) (t x
|
.
|
\
|
T
t
t 2
1
m
T
e
t
=
T
T
t
Sa
T
t 1
T
1
T 3 T 2 T T T 2
T 3 0
|
.
|
\
|
T
t
t X ) (
m
e
m
e
0 m
e
m
e
1
|
|
.
|
\
|
[
m
e
e
2
m
e
m
e
0 m
e 2
m
e 2
...
...
...
...
... ...
0
m
e
m
e 2
m
e
m
e 2
m
e
m
e
0
) (e X
e
e
e
e
e
|
|
.
|
\
|
m m
e
e
e 2 2
1
|
|
.
|
\
|
m m
X
e
e
e
e
2 2
1
* ) (
) (e X
1
) a
) b

T

Hnh 5.17: Minh hoa chng minh nh l ri
rac trong trng hp
m
T
e
t
=

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X ly tn hieu tng t
85
t
t
t
t
t
) (t x
) (t x
|
.
|
\
|
T
t
t 2
1
m
T
e
t
<
T
t Sa
1
1
e
e
t
t
e
1
T 3 T 2 T T T 2 T 3 0
|
.
|
\
|
T
t
t X ) (
m
e
0 1
e
1
e
1
|
|
.
|
\
|
[
m
e
e
2
0
e
m
e
0 m
e
m
e
e
0
...
...
...
...
... ...
0 m
e
m
e
2
m
e
0
e
m
e
m
e 0
) (e X
e
e
e
e
e
|
|
.
|
\
|
0 0
1
e
e
e
|
|
.
|
\
|
0 0
2 2
1
* ) (
e
e
e
e X
) (e X
1
) a
) b

T
) 0 ( 2
0
1
x
e
e
2
0
1
e
e <
1
e
m
e e +
0
1
e m
e e
0
m m
e e e e < <
0 1
0
e
m
e
e
+
0
m
e
m
e
e
+
0
m
e
e
+
0
0
e
m
e
2

Hnh 5.18: Chng minh nh l trong trng hp
m
T
e
t
<
) (
2 2
|||
2
1
* ) ( e
e
e
e
e
e
e X X
m m m
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
[
(
|
|
.
|
\
|
(5.95)
va thc hien bien oi Fourier hai ve (5.95) ta se co tn hieu
=
|
.
|
\
|
=
(
|
.
|
\
|
= t Sa
T
t
T
t x t Sa
T
t
t x t x
m m
m
e e
t
e
t
t * |||
1
) ( * |||
2
1
) ( 2 ) (
t Sa nT t nT x
m
n
e o * ) ( ) ( =

=
(5.96)

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X ly tn hieu tng t
86
t
t
t
) (t x
|
.
|
\
|
T
t
t 2
1
m
T
e
t
<
T
|
.
|
\
|
T
t
t X ) (
0
e
0
m
e
...
...
...
...
... ...
0 m
e
m
e
2
m
e
0
e
m
e
m
e
0
) (e X
e
e
e
|
|
.
|
\
|
0 0
1
e
e
e
|
|
.
|
\
|
0 0
2 2
1
* ) (
e
e
e
e X
) a
) b

T
0
e
m
e
e
+
0
m
e
m
e
e
+
0
0
e
m
e
2
m
T
e
t
e 2
2
0
< =

Hnh 5.19: Chng minh nh l trng hp
m
T
e
t
>
Ap dung tnh chat cua ham Dirac, co the viet (5.96) di dang:
) ( ) ( ) ( nT t Sa nT x t x
n
m
=

=
e (5.97)
Trong tr ng h p khi khoang ri rac
m
T e t / < va
m
T e t / > ta co the ve minh hoa
(xem hnh 5.18 va 5.19). Ro rang la khi
m
T e t / < , tc la
m
T
e
t
e 2
2
0
> = , cac phan pho
) (e X bang mach loc
|
|
.
|
\
|
[
m
e
e
2
rat de dang. Con khi
m
T e t / > tc la
m
e e 2
0
< , cac
phan pho c lap lai va chong len nhau. Do o viec loc se b kho khan va tn hieu se
b meo au ra.
Nh vay, t cac mau tn hieu ) (nT x co the lap lai tn hieu kho ng meo, tan so ri rac
tn hieu
m
f f 2
0
> .
4. IEU CHE XUNG:
4.1. Song mang trong cac he thong ieu che xung:
Day xung song mang thng dung la day xung vuong goc (H.5.20) co o rong tng
oi nho so vi chu k T.

T
t
t
y
) (t y

Hnh 5.20: Day xung so ng mang vuong goc.
Bieu thc cua day xung tre n hnh 5.20 la:
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X ly tn hieu tng t
87

|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
[ =
|
.
|
\
|

[ =

=
T
t
T
t
Y
nT t
Y t y
n
|||
1
* ) (
t t
(5.98)
Song mang co ba thong so ac trng la: bien o xung Y, thi han (o rong) t va
khoang cach gia cac xung (chu k) T. Cac he thong ie u che:
- ieu bien xung PAM ( Pusle Amplitude Modulation )
- ieu o rong xung PDM ( Pusle Duration Modulation )
- ieu v tr xung PPM ( Pusle Position Modulation )
4.2. He thong PAM:
ieu bien PAM thc chat la ri rac tn hieu.

|
.
|
\
|
T
t
T
|||
1
) (t x
r
) (t x ) (t x
r
) (t x
|
|
.
|
\
|
[
m
T
e
e
2
...

Hnh 5.21: S o mach truyen tn hie u ri rac.
Theo nh l ve ri rac tn hieu, co the truyen tin tc bang nhng mau ri rac c thc
hien bang s o tren hnh 5.21. o la he thong ri rac l tng, bi v no bao gom mach
phat xung Dirac ben phat va mach loc thong thap l tng ben thu. au ra cua
mach ieu che ta nhan c tn hieu ri rac
|
.
|
\
|
=
T
t
T
t x t x
r
|||
1
) ( ) ( . Gia tr cua cac xung
Dirac se bang cac mau ) (nT x cua tn hieu ) (t x tai cac iem nT (xem hnh 5.22). Pho
cua tn hieu ri rac la pho lap tuan hoan cua ) (e X va bang:
) 2 (
1
2
||| )* (
2
1
) (
m
n
m
r
n X
T
X X e e
e
e
e
t
e =
(
|
|
.
|
\
|
=

=
(5.99)

t
t
) (t x
0
m
e
... ...
m
e
m
e
0
) (e X
) a
) b

T
m
e
|
.
|
\
|
=
T
t
T
t X t X
r
1
) ( ) (
m
T
e
t
=
) 0 (
1
X
T

=
=
x
n
m r
X
T
X ) 2 (
1
) ( te e e
m
e 2
m
e 2
0
) 0 ( X
) c ) d

Hnh 5.22: Tn hieu ri rac l tng va pho cua no.
Tn hieu ri rac c truyen t ni nhan tin va c giai ieu che nh mach loc tho ng
thap l tng, co ac tuyen tan so
|
|
.
|
\
|
[ =
m
T K
e
e
e
2
) ( . au ra cua mach loc ta se nhan
c tn hieu ) (t x co pho ) (e X .
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n

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r
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X ly tn hieu tng t
88
|
|
.
|
\
|
[ =
|
|
.
|
\
|
[ =

=
m
m
n
m
r
T n X
T
X X
e
e
e e
e
e
e e
2
) 2 (
1
2
) ( ) ( (5.100)
Song mang trong thc te la day xung vuong goc ) (t y nh tre n hnh 5.20. No se cang
gan vi day xung l t ng neu thi han t cua no cang nho . Gia thiet chu k cua day
xung
m
T e t / = , con tn hieu tin tc la ) (t x , th au ra mach ieu che ta se co tn hieu
ri rac:

=
|
.
|
\
|

[ = =
n
r
nT t
Y t x t y t x t x
t
) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( (5.101)
Qua trnh ri rac vi song mang la day xung vuong goc c goi la ri rac t nhien va
c bieu dien tren hnh

t
) (t x
m
e
) (e X
T
m
e
m
T
e
t
=
m
e 2
m
e 2
t
t
) (t x
r
) (t y
y
t
) a
) c
e
) (e
r
X
e
e
T
y
t
t 2
) (e y
t
t 2
t
t 2
) d
) e
) b
) f
m
e
m
e m
e 3
m
e 2
) (e K

Hnh 5.23: Qua trnh ri rac t nhien.
Pho cua tn hieu ri rac ) (t x
r
la tch chap cua pho ) (e X vi pho cua day xung song
mang ) (e Y :
)] ( * ) ( [
2
1
) ( e e
t
e Y X X
r
= (5.102)
Trong o pho cua day xung song mang
= ) (e Y = )] ( [ t y =
(
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
[
T
t
T
t
Y |||
1
*
t

Y =
(
|
.
|
\
|
[
t
t
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
(
|
.
|
\
|
m
Sa Y
t
T e
e et
t
t 2
|||
2
|||
1

) 2 ( ) ( 2
2
|||
2 2
2
m m
n
m
m m
m
n n Sa Y Sa Y e e o t e te
e
e
e
e et
te =
|
|
.
|
\
|
=

=
(5.103)
Vi
T
m
t
e =
Thay (5.102) vao (5.103) ta se c:
B
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X ly tn hieu tng t
89
) 2 ( ) ( * ) ( ) (
m m
n
m
r
n n Sa X
Y
X e e o t e e
t
te
e =

=

| | = =

=
) 2 ( * ) ( ) (
m m
n
n X n Sa
T
Y
e e o e t e
t

) ( ) 2 ( ) ( e e e t e
t
PAM m m
n
Y n X n Sa
T
Y
= =

=
(5.104)
ng bao cua no la ham
2
et t
Sa
T
Y
va moi phan pho co hnh dang cua pho ) (e X . Tn
hieu tin tc ) (t x co the c lap lai khi cho ) (t x
r
qua mach loc thong thap l tng, co
ac tuyen tan so:

|
|
.
|
\
|
[ =
m
Y
T
K
e
e
t
e
2
) ( (5.105)
Tn hieu PAM c tao ra do qua trnh ri rac tn hieu tin tc co pho khong xac nh.
Tuy nhien phan ln co ng suat cua no name trong khoang
t
t
t
t 2 2
. Trong pho cua tn
hieu PAM, thanh phan tan so thap va mot chieu chiem a so, o la cac thanh phan
khong co li cho viec truyen i xa. e khac phuc ngi ta thc hien ieu che tn hieu
PAM mot lan na trong he thong ieu che lien tuc AM. Cach ieu che nay se cho ta tn
hieu PAM AM hoac PAM FM. Pho cua cac tn hieu o se c dch chuyen len
mien tan so cao. S o khoi e thc hien PAM AM c ve tre n hnh 5.24.
) (t x
) (t y
AM PAM
) (t x
r
) (t y
) (t y
AM PAM
) (t x
r ) (t x
t O cos

Hnh 5.24: S o khoi may thu phat PAM AM.
4.3. Cac he PDM va PPM:
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X ly tn hieu tng t
90

) a
) b
) c
) d
T
) (t y
PPM
T
) (t x
) (t y
PAM
) (t y
PDM
t
t
t
t

Hnh 5.25: Tn hieu PAM (b); PDM (c); PPM (d).
Co the coi cac he PDM va PPM la cac bien the cua he PAM. Trong he PDM, tin tc
c gan len o rong cua xung song mang, con trong he PPM th gan le n s dch
chuyen v tr cua xung song mang tren truc thi gian.
Tn hieu PDM va PPM c suy ra t tn hieu PAM, c bieu dien tren hnh 5.25;
trong o gia thiet rang tn hieu tin tc trong ca ba tr ng hp nhu nhau.
Vi tn hieu PDM, o rong xung song mang b thay oi ng vi mau ) (nT x theo bieu
thc:
) ( ) (
1 0
nT x r r nT + = t (5.106)
Tn hieu PAM. PDM, PPM cha phan ln cong suat cua thanh phan mot chieu va tan
so thap. Do o no khong c truyen trc tiep ma phai tien hanh ieu che cao tan lien
tuc e chuye n pho len pham vi tan so cao. Cac he truyen tin tng ng co tenn la PAM
AM hay PAM FM, PDM AM, PPM AM.
4.4. He thong PCM:
e tao ra tn hieu ieu che so PCM phai thc hien 3 bc c ban la: ri rac (hay lay
mau), lng t hoa va ma hoa. Noi cach khac tn hieu PCM la mot tn hieu ri rac theo
thi gian va theo bien o.
Cac tn hieu ASK, PSK va FSK c bieu dien tren hnh 5.26.
B
a
n

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X ly tn hieu tng t
91
ASK
FSK
PSK
1
f
2
f
1
0
2
f
1
f
2
f
1
f
0 1 1 0
t
t
t
t

Hnh 5.26

B
a
n

q
u
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e
n

T
r
u
o
n
g

D
H

S
u

p
h
a
m

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h
u
a
t

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X ly tn hieu tng t
92
Bai tap
Cau 1: Cho ( ) t Sa t x
1
2
1
) ( e = ;
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
H =
T
t
T
t
t x |||
1
* ) (
2
t

a. Tnh ) (e
PAM
Y vi y
PAM
(t) = x
1
(t).x
2
(t)?
1 0
4
2
, 3 e
t
e t = = =
T
T
b. Cho y(t) qua he thong h(t) co
|
|
.
|
\
| +
H +
|
|
.
|
\
|
H =
1
1
1
1
4
4
4
4
) (
e
e e
e
e e
e H .
Tnh ngo ra z(t)?
1 1
) ( e = ;
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
H =
T
t
T
t
t x |||
1
* ) (
2
t

a. Tnh ) (e
PAM
Y vi y
PAM
(t) = x
1
(t).x
2
(t)?
1 0
4
2
, 3 e
t
e t = = =
T
T
|
|
.
|
\
|
H =
1
3
) (
e
e
e H .
Tnh ngo ra z(t)? Tnh nang lng cua z(t)?
Cau 3: Cho
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
A =
T
t
T T
t
A t x
2
|||
2
1
* ) (
a. X(e)? Ve pho X(e)?

b. Cho
|
|
.
|
\
|
A =
0
2
) (
e
e
e H ; e
0
=2t/T
Tnh y(t)=h(t)*x(t)? Ve pho Y(e)? Cong suat P
y
?
Cau 4: Cho
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
H =
T
t
T T
t
A t x
2
|||
2
1
* ) ( ;
a. Ve x(t)? tnh va ve pho X(e)?
b. Cho x(t) qua he thong h(t) co:
|
|
.
|
\
|
A =
0
2
) (
e
e
e H vi
T
t
e =
0
. Tnh ngo ra y(t)?
Cau 5: Cho ) ( ) (
1
2
1
t Sa t x e =

|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
H =
T
t
T
t
t x |||
1
* ) (
2
t

a. y
PAM
(t) = x
1
(t)x
2
(t). Y
PAM
(e)? Vi T=4t, e
0
=2t/T=4e
1
.
b.
|
|
.
|
\
| +
H +
|
|
.
|
\
|
H =
1
1
1
1
4
4
4
4
) (
e
e e
e
e e
e H
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) (e H
) (
1
t x
) (
2
t x
) (t y
P A M
) (t z

Tnh Z(e)? z(t)? Ve pho Z(e)?
1
2
1
) ( e = ;
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
H =
T
t
T
t
t x |||
1
* ) (
2
t

a. Tnh y
PAM
(t) = x
1
(t).x
2
(t)?
1 0
4
2
, 3 e
t
e t = = =
T
T
|
|
.
|
\
| +
H +
|
|
.
|
\
|
H =
1
1
1
1
4
4
4
4
) (
e
e e
e
e e
e H .
Tnh ngo ra z(t)? Tnh nang lng cua z(t)?
Cau 7: Cho
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
A =
T
t
T T
t
A t x
2
|||
2
1
* ) (
b. Cho
|
|
.
|
\
|
A =
0
4
) (
e
e
e H ; e
0
=2t/T
y
?
Cau 8: Cho
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
A =
T
t
T T
t
A t x
2
|||
2
1
* ) (
b. Cho
|
|
.
|
\
|
A =
0
4
) (
e
e
e H ; e
0
=2t/T
y
?
Cau 9: Cho ( )
2
) (
1 2
1 1
t
Sa t Sa t x
e
e + = ;
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
H =
T
t
T
t
A t x |||
1
* ) (
2
t

a. Tnh va ve ) (e
PAM
Y vi y
PAM
(t) = x
1
(t).x
2
(t)? vi
1 0
4
2
, 2 e
t
e t = = =
T
T
|
|
.
|
\
|
H =
1
3
) (
e
e
e H .
Tnh ngo ra z(t)? Tnh mat o pho nang lng va nang lng cua z(t)?
Cau11: Cho
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
A =
T
t
T T
t
t x
2
|||
2
1
* ) (
1
; ) cos( ) (
2
t t x O =
a. y
PAM
(t) = x
1
(t)x
2
(t)? Ve y
PAM
(t). Tnh Y
PAM
(e)? Vi
T T
t t
e = = >> O
2
2
0

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b.
|
|
.
|
\
|
O +
H +
|
|
.
|
\
|
O
H =
0 0
3 3
) (
e
e
e
e
e H
) (e H
) (
1
t x
) (
2
t x
) (t y
P A M
) (t z

Tnh Z(e)? z(t)? Ve pho Z(e)? ) (e
z
?
Cau 12: (3,5) Cho
|
.
|
\
|
(
|
.
|
\
|
H +
|
.
|
\
|
H =
8
|||
8
1
*
4 2
) (
1
t t t
t x ;
|
.
|
\
|
= t Cos t x
4
10 ) (
3
2
t

a. Tnh X
1
(e), X
2
(e)?
b. Ve y(t) = x
1
(t).x
2
(t)?
c. Tnh Y(e)?
Cho y(t) qua he thong h(t) co
|
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
H +
|
|
|
|
.
|
\
|

H =
4
4
10
4
4
10
) (
3 3
t
t
e
t
t
e
e H . Tnh ngo ra z(t)?
Cau 13: Cho
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
[
T
t
T T
t
t x |||
1
*
2
) ( t ;
T
t
e
2
0
=
Cho x(t) qua he thong h(t) vi
|
|
.
|
\
|
A =
0
2
) (
e
e
e H . Tnh ngo ra y(t)?
Tnh mat o pho cong suat va cong suat cua y(t)?
Cau 16: Cho
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
A =
T
t
T
t
t x |||
1
* ) (
t
;
T
t
e
2
0
= ; T
2
1
= t
a. Ve x(t)? tnh va ve pho X(e)?
b. Cho x(t) qua he thong h(t) co:
[
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
0
3
) (
e
e
e H . Tnh ngo ra y(t)?
Cong suat cua y(t)?
Cau 17: Cho t Sa t z t x
0
4 * ) ( ) ( e =
Vi
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
H =
T
t
T T
t
t z |||
1
*
2
. ) ( t
T=2t/ e
0
.
a. Tm mat o pho cong suat va cong suat cua tn hieu x(t)?
b.
B
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95
o
e 3
o
e 4
o
e 4
o
e 3
1
e
) (e K

Cho y(t)=k(t)*x(t). Tnh y(t)?
Tnh mat o pho cong suat va cong cong suat cua y(t)?
B
a
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Phu Luc
Chng trnh tnh tch chap th c hien trong Matlab.
1. Giao dien chng trnh
function varargout = ConvolveGUI_fig(varargin)
gui_Singleton = 1;
gui_State = struct('gui_Name', mfilename, ...
'gui_Singleton', gui_Singleton, ...
'gui_OpeningFcn', @ConvolveGUI_OpeningFcn, ...
'gui_OutputFcn', @ConvolveGUI_OutputFcn, ...
'gui_LayoutFcn', [] , ...
'gui_Callback', []);
if nargin & isstr(varargin{1})
gui_State.gui_Callback = str2func(varargin{1});
end
if nargout
[varargout{1:nargout}] = gui_mainfcn(gui_State, varargin{:});
else
gui_mainfcn(gui_State, varargin{:});
end
% --- Executes just before ConvolveGUI_fig is made visible.
function ConvolveGUI_OpeningFcn(hObject, eventdata, handles,
varargin)
handles.output = hObject;
if (length(varargin)==0),
fname='ConvolveFuncs.mat';
elseif ischar(varargin(1)),
fname=varargin(1);
else
fname='';
end
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[f,m]=fopen(fname);
if (f==-1),
errordlg(['File: ' fname ' does not exist.']);
delete(hObject);
end
funcs=load(fname);
funcFields=fieldnames(funcs);
funcNum=length(funcFields);
for i=1:funcNum,
funcTemp=eval(['funcs.' char(funcFields(i))]);
funcFunc{i}=funcTemp{1};
funcDesc{i}=funcTemp{2};
end

handles.funcFunc=funcFunc;
handles.funcDesc=funcDesc;

set(handles.fPopup,'string',funcDesc);
set(handles.hPopup,'string',funcDesc);
set(handles.fPopup,'value',1);
set(handles.hPopup,'value',2);

handles.fileName='ConvolvAnim';
handles.filePath=cd;
handles.editNumFrames=20;
handles.checkSaveFile=0;
handles.animFileType=1;
handles.checkShowLegend=0;
handles.editFPS=5;
handles.showLegend=1;
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handles.tmin=0;
handles.tmax=0;
handles.dt=0;
handles.t=0;
handles.f=0;
handles.h=0;
handles.y=0;

% Update handles structure
timeVal=0;
set(handles.TimeSlider,'Value',timeVal);
set(handles.TimeEditText,'String',num2str(timeVal));
guidata(hObject, handles);
FuncCalc(handles);
handles=guidata(hObject);
FuncDisplay(handles);
function ConvolveGUI_fig_CreateFcn(hObject, eventdata, handles)
function varargout = ConvolveGUI_OutputFcn(hObject, eventdata,
handles)
varargout{1} = handles.output;
function fPopup_CreateFcn(hObject, eventdata, handles)
if ispc
set(hObject,'BackgroundColor','white');
else

set(hObject,'BackgroundColor',get(0,'defaultUicontrolBackgroundColor'));
end
function hPopup_CreateFcn(hObject, eventdata, handles)
if ispc
B
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else

set(hObject,'BackgroundColor',get(0,'defaultUicontrolBackgroundColor')
end
function hPopup_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)
set(handles.TimeSlider,'Value',0);
set(handles.TimeEditText,'String',num2str(0));
FuncCalc(handles);
handles=guidata(handles.ConvolveGUI_fig);
FuncDisplay(handles);
function TminText_CreateFcn(hObject, eventdata, handles)
if ispc
else
set(hObject,'BackgroundColor',get(0,'defaultUicontrolBackgroundColor')
end
function x=U(t)
x=t>0;
2. Chng trnh thc hien
cFuncPulseDouble={s d};

s='0.5*(U(t)-U(t-2))';
d='Pulse (amp=0.5, 2 sec)';
cFuncPulseHalf={s d};

s='t.*(U(t)-U(t-1))';
d='Ramp (1 sec)';
cFuncRamp1={s d};

s='(1-t).*U(t)+(t-1).*U(t-1)';
d='Inverse Ramp (1 sec)';
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cFuncRamp2={s d};

s='t.*U(t) - (2*t-2).*U(t-1) + (t-2).*U(t-2)';
d='Triangle (2 sec)';
cFuncTriangle={s d};

s='U(t) - 2*U(t-1) + U(t-2)';
d='BiPhasic (2 sec)';
cFuncBiphasic={s d};

s='U(t).*exp(-0.5.*t).*sin(sqrt(3/4)*t)/sqrt(3/4)';
d='Damped Sinusoid';
cFuncDampedSine={s d};

s='U(t).*(sin(t).*t+1).*U(4-t)';
d='Oddball function';
cFuncOddBall={s d};

s='U(t).*exp(-t/2)';
d='Exponential, slow';
cFuncExpSlow={s d};

s='U(t).*exp(-2*t)';
d='Exponential, fast';
cFuncExpFast={s d};

s='U(t)-U(t-1)';
d='Pulse (1 sec)';
cFuncPulse1={s d};

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%% The following lines are useful for debugging.
% tmin=-4; tmax=5;
% t=tmin:((tmax-tmin)/1000):tmax;
% s
% plot(t,eval(s));

save 'ConvolveFuncs' cFunc*
function u=U(t)
u=t>0;
3. Ket qua
a. Ket qua phe p chap 2 xung vuong:

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Xung th nhat

Xung th hai

b. Ket qua phep chap xung vuong va xung tam giac:

c. Ket qua phep chap 2 xung tam giac:
B
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Note: Tre n nay ch la mot vai ket qua tieu bieu. Ban oc co the th cac loai xung khac
nhau.
Ket qua cua chng trnh phan tch pho
1. Tn hieu tieng noi

2. Mat o pho co ng suat
B
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3. Nang lng cua chuoi vao

4. Spectrogram

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5. F0 contour dung ky thuat t tng quan

6. F0 contour dung ky thuat Cepstrum

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7. Formant

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Tai lieu tham khao

1. Nguye n Viet Hung, Bai giang Ly Thuyet Tn Hieu, H S Pham KT
1997
2. Pham Th C, Ly thuyet Tn Hieu, Nha Xuat Ban Giao Duc, 2002
3. Edward Kamen, Introduction to Signals and Systems, Nxb MacMillan,1987
4. Jonh Proakis & Dimitri Manokalis, Introduction to Digital Signal
Processing, Nxb MacMillan 1989
5. Jerry D. Gibson, Principles of Digital and Analog Communications, Nxb
MacMillan 1990
6. Gonorovsky, Radio Circuits and Signals, Nxb: MIR Publishers Moscow
1981
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