HASHEMITE UNIVERSITY Faculty of Engineering Mechanical Engineering Department

Student Name : Student Reg. No : Section No. : Lab. Day : Lab. Date :

Ahmed Hani Salem Al-Omari

431900 4 Wednesday 18 / 10 / 2006

Experiment # : Experiment Title:

4 Torsion Test

Submitted to Instructor: Engineer:

Dr. Ahmed Al-Shyyab Yousef Zakariya

Due Date:

01 / 11 / 2006

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Civil Engineering : Objective:
We want from this experiment to: o Determine the behavior of materials when subjected to torsion. o Obtain some of their mechanical properties.

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: Theory:
Introduction: In many applications, such as axles, coil springs, and derives shafts; an engineering material must have good resistance to stresses induced by twisting (TORSION). The stress resulting from such torsion load can be determined by means of the torsion test. This test resembles the tension test in that a load deflection curve is also development (which is transformed to a shear-strain curve). In a torsion test, a solid or hollow cylindrical specimen is twisted and the resultant deformation, measured as the angle through which the bar is twisted. The test then consists of measuring the angle of twist, (rad) at selected increments of torque, T (N.m). Expressing as the angular deflection curve per unit gage length, one is able to plot a T- curve that is analogous to the load deflection curve of the torsion test. To be useful for engineering purpose, its necessary to convert this T- curve to the shear stress , and shear strain .

So, to obtain a relationship between the internal torque and the stresses it sets up in members with
circular and tubular cross sections, it is important to make few assumptions: 1. A plane section of material perpendicular to the axis of a circular member remains plane after the torque is applied (note that this is not true for large deformations). 2. In a circular member subject to torque, shearing strains vary linearly from the central axis. 3. Shearing stress is proportional to shearing strain. Consider a bar, or shaft, of circular cross-section, twisted by torque T acting at its ends (fig.1a). A rotation at one end of the bar relative to the other end will occur. The rotation angle of the cross section, is known as the angle of twist. Also, there is a longitudinal distortion formed along the length of the shaft at angle, .

If we take a longitudinal section of length dx (fig. 1b), we find

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Civil Engineering
In pure torsion, the rate of change

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is constant. This constant value is defined as , Where,

For linear elastic material, the shear stresses in the bar is proportional to the shear strain by Hook's law in shear, that is:

=G
Where: G is the modulus of elasticity (modulus of rigidity). Also the shear stress distribution is uniform across the section as shown in figure (2).

Since the distribution is linear, the shear stress at any radius a is related to the maximum shear stress at r thus;
max

Elastic Region:

Where:
: shear stress in N/m. T : Torque in N.m. r J : radius of the shaft in m : polar moment of inertial

J = ( * r4 ) / 2

Where: : shear strain. : twisted angle in radian. L : specimen length in mm.

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Civil Engineering
Plastic Region: The same as the elastic region:

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And refer to figure (3). At the typical point P at which it is desired to obtain the shear stress, we observe that:

When we have the shear stress strain curve, we can easily evaluate several engineering properties:

o The Modulus of Rigidity, (G) is the slope of the ( ) curve in the elastic range and is compatible to Young's Modulus found in the tension test.

Figure ( 4 )

o The Modulus of Resilience is the area under the elastic portion of the ( ) curve, which represents the energy absorbed by the material in the elastic region.

Figure ( 5 )

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Civil Engineering
o The Modulus of Rupture is the total area under the ( ) curve, which represents the total energy absorbed by the material before fracture.

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Figure ( 6 ) o The yield shear stress, the ultimate shear stress, the fracture shear stress.

Figure (7)

: Equipments:
o Brass bar. O The Testing Unit: Consists of the following components: base plate Figure (8) (1), drive unit (2) with geared motor to generate the testing moment. The moment is transferred to the testing rod (4) via a square drive (3/4") and standard socket spanners (3). The rotational angle sensor, the electronic system for the recording and display of the measured values, and the drive motor control are located in the drive unit housing. A frequency converter is used to adjust the speed of the drive motor. The other end of the testing rod (4) is fixed to the support (5) with torque measurement device. The support (5) can be shifted on guide rails (6) and can be braced with two clamp levers (7), to allow for the testing of samples of different lengths. The torque is measured using a metering shaft equipped with a strain gauge. The shaft has ball bearings on the sample side to avoid measuring errors resulting from friction. The electrical power is connected to the basic unit via a cable with a 5-pin plug (8). The base plate (1) is reinforced with box sections in order to ensure a high degree of torsion rigidity and low inherent distortion. This ensures that a high degree of precision during torsion measurement has been reached in conjunction with the high-resolution optoelectronic torsion sensor. A transparent protective hood (9) protects against flying fragments. This can occur when especially hard and brittle materials fracture.

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Civil Engineering : Data Results & Analysis:
Material: Brass Diameter D: 10 mm Gage length L: 120 mm Table (1) Angle(degree)
0.00 8.21 10.76 12.65 14.44 16.26 20.07 42.64 108.04 165.00 215.06 267.00 309.79 354.97 390.84 428.43 480.00 520.00 559.17 603.26 636.00 659.23

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Angle(rad)
0 0.143326438 0.187797428 0.220749244 0.252095357 0.28386035 0.350252674 0.744208393 1.885723537 2.879863079 3.753435277 4.660029103 5.406890397 6.19536034 6.821514663 7.477479209 8.377580411 9.075712112 9.759392486 10.52880343 11.10029404 11.50576894

Torque(N.m)
0.0 4.4 12.0 17.6 22.8 26.8 31.6 38.0 43.0 45.7 47.2 48.8 50.4 51.6 52.8 53.6 54.0 55.0 56.4 57.2 58.0 58.4

Figure (9)

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Civil Engineering
Table (2) Shear Strain
0

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0

0.005971935 0.007824893 0.009197885 0.010503973 0.011827515 0.014593861 0.031008683 0.078571814 0.119994295 0.156393137 0.194167879 0.2252871 0.258140014 0.284229778 0.311561634 0.34906585 0.378154671 0.406641354 0.438700143 0.462512252 0.479407039

22.40896359 61.11535523 89.63585434 116.1191749 136.49096 160.9371021 193.5319582 218.9966896 232.7476445 240.3870639 248.5357779 256.684492 262.7960275 268.907563 272.98192 275.0190985 280.1120448 287.2421696 291.3165266 295.3908836 297.4280621

Shear Stress vs Shear Strain

Shear Stress (Mpa) 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 0
Offset 0.1 %

0.1

0.2

0.3 Shear Strain

Figure (10)

0.4

0.5

0.6

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Civil Engineering
Sample of calculations: o J = * r4 / 2 = * 54 / 2 = 981.75 mm4 = 9.8175 * 10 10 m4 o (rad) = 8.21 * / 180 = 0.143326438 o Shear Strain = r * / L = 5 * 0.143326438 / 120 = 0.005971935 o Shear Stress ( elastic ) = T * r / J = 4.4 * 103 * 5 / 981.75 = 22. 40896359 o Shear Stress ( plastic)

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(raw 2 in the table 1) (raw 2 in the table 2)

(raw 2 in the table 2)

FOR THE RAW (10) IN THE TABLE (1) and FIGURE (3 & 9): = 1 * ( 2.879863079 * 7.2/2.879863079 + 3* 45.7 ) / ( 2** 53 ) = 183.73 * 106 N.m
( RAW 11 IN TABLE 1) = ( RAW 12 IN TABLE 1) = ( RAW 13 IN TABLE 1) = ( RAW 14 IN TABLE 1) = ( RAW 15 IN TABLE 1) = ( RAW 16 IN TABLE 1) = ( RAW 17 IN TABLE 1) = ( RAW 18 IN TABLE 1) = ( RAW 19 IN TABLE 1) = ( RAW 20 IN TABLE 1) = ( RAW 21 IN TABLE 1) = ( RAW 22 IN TABLE 1) =

O FROM THE FIGURE (10): The proportional limit = ( 0.02 ; 177.5) Yield strength at an offset 0.1 % = ( 0.11999 ; 232.74761 ) Modulus of rigidity G(slope) = / = ( 160.93710 116.119175 ) / ( 0.014594 0.01050) = 10947.22 Mpa Modulus of resilience (area under elastic portion) = 0.5 * 0.02 * 177.5 = 1.775 Modulus of rupture (area under the curve) =

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Civil Engineering

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o The total angle of twist (at the fracture point ) is about 659.23 (11.50576894 rad). o The fracture is happen at the plane and this shape is happen in the ductile material when it has a torsion, So the fracture is occur perpendicular to the axial axes and that because of the maximum shear in Brass (Where the largest shear stress occur on the plane for which = 0 , 90 o as well as on the opposite faces = 180 o , 270 o ).

: Discussion & Conclusion:

SOURSE OF ERROR 1. 2. 3. 4. Errors in taking and recording readings. Errors in calculating the results. The using of unequal units. Errors in putting the sample in the testing unit and in connecting it to the devices such as the strain gauge on top and bottom of the sample.

VIEW POINTS
o To be useful for engineering purpose, its necessary to convert the T- curve to the shear stress , and shear strain . o The torque is measured using a metering shaft equipped with a strain gauge. o This test is so important to obtain some of the mechanical properties of

the materials. o When a circular bar, either solid or hollow, is subjected to torsion, shear stresses act over the cross sections and on the longitudinal planes.

o The normal stress reaches a maximum value at = 45o , and the shear stress reaches a maximum value at = 90o (fracture is occur perpendicular to the axial axes). Where is the orientation of the inclined plane.

: References:
1. Strength of material lab. Manual. 2. Mechanics of Materials by James M. Gere. 8