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Complex joint
The Guidelines
Recommended Seismic Design Criteria for New Steel Moment-Frame Buildings. Recommended Seismic Evaluation and Upgrade Criteria for Existing Welded Steel Moment-Frame Buildings. Recommended Post-earthquake Criteria for Welded, Steel Buildings. Recommended Specications Assurance Frame Construction for Seismic Policy Guide for Steel Frame
L RA DE FE
Capacity
Welding, Joining and Inspection Analysis and Testing of Connections Earthquake Performance Simulation of Seismic Response
Building Codes
FEMA-351: FEMA-352:
FEMA-353:
of azards Ea es he tructur rthquake H ce t e Se e Ea ed u amuc th uctures ed R Fr Str to mR to ent nt Frame mMo og me o mra Pr a M el r l Ste g Stee Pro Program to Reduce the Earthquake Hazards of
Hazards of
Demand
Steel Moment
Frame Stru
Earthquake
ake
Trial Designs
Cost Analysis
Loss Analysis
and Quality t d eisende ing Seismic Design Criteria sis Recommended d Sm eom Reom t-Resist ec nd s en n t- M eR g eew Guidelines for Steel for New Moment-Resisting MomentN rm dine Buildings mm M foo il o c u am Steel Frame Buildings BFr Re New St ee el m a r for New Mo fo el Fr Applications. ment-Resisting S te Steel
Recommended
99 , 19 July,2000 July CY 352 50 NT AGEN FEMA Y A 3EMERGENCY FEDERAL MANAGEMENT AGENCY ME FEMA 351 July, 1999 C EM NAGE E FN GMA Y A NC ERGE NT eria RAL EM EME FEDERAL FEDE G ritNCY EME RGE C NA MANAGEMEN a MA ign T AGE teri CY NCY FEM A 350 July, EN D es ign Cri 1999 es RG D ic E ic g ism m EM in Se
of
Seismic Desi
gn Criteria
FEMA-354:
zar
Frame Buildin
ds
Construction
ctures
gs
qu rth
Ha
was generally insufcient by itself to achieve reliable performance. ! All pre-Northridge connections tested by SAC failed brittlely, reecting all of the fracture modes seen in the eld.
Demand/Capacity
13 Fractured Connections
A closer look
Weak section at face of column Numerous stress risers in typical joint detail
transfer mechanism "Frame configuration "Basic geometry of connection "Shear transfer mechanism "Panel zone deformations, etc. ! Quality of Welds ! Fracture sensitivity of typical connection
M V
Backing Bar
Tf = Fypr Aflange
1.0
At column face
Fracture Susceptibility
Material Fracture Toughness
Temperature
Highly variable stress and strain distributions develop. But, if steel is ductile,why didnt it just yield?
For many typical pre-Northridge connections, the combination of: joint geometry imperfections KIc for the weld metal were such that Fcritical ! fy In such cases, the joint would likely fracture brittlely before yielding and forming a plastic hinge in the beam
Backing Bar
Fcritical = KIc/[(!Ci)("a)1/2]
Gravity Connections
Simple connections with and without slabs
Slab Shear Tab
Fcritical = KIc/[(!Ci)("a)1/2]
One might control fracture by: ! Using notch toughness weld metals ! Controlling imperfections ! Improving the joint geometry However, ! We enter into another range of fracture mechanics related to plastic initiation, and plastic crack growth under cyclic loading, and ! There may be other failure mechanisms.
PreNorthridge Detail
Elastic range
Weld at column face protected by improved design, but failure shifts to next weakest link
Plastic Crack Initiation and Gradual Growth Under Cyclic Loading
T T T T
Systems Approach
Need method to relate capacities and demands Built upon transparent reliability framework Utilization of engineering knowledge Manage risk and uncertainties Performance-based engineering concepts D(1+$d%d) > C(1-$c%c)
Probability Load and Resistance Factor Design Format
C Capacity
&('D) < (C
Demand
Performance Parameter
Performance-Based Engineering
Recent approaches
Stipulate performance desired for given earthquake hazard. For example, Immediate occupancy is assured for an earthquake that has a 50% chance of occurring in 50 years Collapse will be prevented for earthquake with 2% chance of occurring in 50 years Problem: This implies a warranty that performance will be achieved and is unrealistic given the uncertainties involved.
Probability
2% in 50 yrs.
Sa
Sa1
Accel, g.
T, sec.
Response Parameter 1
time
Probability
D %d
Floor Level
20-STORY
time
Demand
time
Performance Parameter 1
1 0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
Representative confidences of not exceeding performance criteria in Los Angeles for 2% in 50 year earthquake hazard
Performance Criteria Building Height 3 stories 9 stories 20 stories Global Stability 99% 99% 96% Local Stability 99% 95% 96%
%c
Csystem Capacity
Performance Criteria Building Height 3 stories 9 stories 20 stories Global Stability SAC 99% 99% 96% 1994 88% 57% 57% Local Stability SAC 99% 95% 96% 1994 22% 29% 39%
Performance Criteria Building Height 3 stories 9 stories 20 stories Local Stability SAC 99% 95% 96% 1994 1985 1973 22% 29% 39% 9% 21% 42% 2% 7% 2%
Performance Criteria Building Height 3 stories 9 stories 20 stories Local Stability SAC 99% 99% 99% 1994 1985 1973 99% 99% 99% 99% 99% 99% 99% 99% 99%
Column axial force demand checked based on capacity of beams framing into column compression (buckling) !tension (splice failure)
Welded Joints
Provisions for welding and inspection are nearly identical to current provisions in AWS D1.1 FEMA 353 has been formulated to gather requirements in one place and to tabulate these for the convenience of designers. Some changes are highlighted in document
Weld material properties and acceptance criteria Weld demand and inspection requirements listed on drawings Weld wire storage/exposure requirements
OMF: 5
Section 2.9.1
2.4.1.1 Appendix A
Weld QC / QA
QC/QA requirements are given for each weld of the Prequalied Connections. The form of notation is: QC/QA Category DC/L, where
D indicates the Demand Category, C is the Consequence Category and L is the Primary Loading Direction.
Table 6-2
3 QC QA
H O H O H O H O H O H O
Summary
Powerful performance evaluation method developed, evaluated and implemented for: ! evaluating and upgrading existing buildings, ! assessing repair or retrofit strategies, and ! designing new structures to special performance levels. " Incorporates system level capacity evaluation including instablility due to fracture and other forms of deterioration. " Rational implementation of complete PBE framework " Provides uniform reliability for various types of analysis " Used to manage risks and uncertainties, and to communicate these to owners, tenants and others (confidence levels).
Linear Static
Nonlinear Dynamic
Permitted Not Permitted Permitted Not Permitted Not Permitted Not Permitted Not Permitted Not Permitted
Permitted Permitted Permitted Not Permitted Not Permitted Permitted Not Permitted Not Permitted
Permitted Not Permitted Permitted Permitted Permitted Not Permitted Not Permitted Not Permitted
Collapse Prevention
Any Conditions
Summary
!
Summary
A systematic "approach to developing performance-based design methods for steel moment frame structures has been demonstrated to be highly effective and successful. Integrated research, guideline development and training Focussed substantial resources and expertise to solve complex technical, social and economic problems associated seismic loss reduction. Widespread review by independent technical experts, design professionals, building ofcials, contractors, fabricators, and manufacturers. But, many problems remain unresolved.
Details used for welded steel moment frame structures prior to 1994 have been shown to be vulnerable to brittle fracture contrary to the intent of building codes. New details, with simple design methods and stringent limitations on ranges of parameters that can be used, have been identified that are believed to satisfy building code life safety objectives. Methods have been developed for qualifying welded and bolted connections with parameters outside the prequalified range, having different configurations, or requiring higher performance capabilities.
FEMA publications
FEMA reports available for free from the FEMA Printing Office. Call 1-800-480-2520