TOP MARKS 2

1.- So: por lo tanto Consequently: consecuentemente

UNIT 2
Therefore: por lo tanto Thus: as que

CLAUSES OF RESULT (consecutivas)

Ex: The party wasnt very good so I left // They refused the offer, therefore the workers went on strike. They were puzzled, consequently they did not speak.// I didnt make my bed, thus when we got home he scolded me. 2.- There are other structures meaning result: SO + Adjective/Adverb + THAT: His speech was so long that people fell asleep. SUCH (a) + Adjective + noun + THAT: Ann had such a terrible headache that she stayed at home. SO MUCH / SO MANY + noun + THAT: So many people complained that they finished Exercise 1.- Put in so, such or such a 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. Hes difficult to understand because he speaks................. quickly. I like Tom and Ann. Theyre ............... nice people. It was a great holiday. We had ....................... good time. I was surprised that he looked ..................... well after his recent illness. Everything is ................... expensive these days, isnt it? The weather is lovely, isnt it? I didnt expect it to be ................... nice day. I have to go. I didnt realise it was ............... late. He always looks good. He wears........................ nice clothes. It was .................... boring film that I fell asleep while I was watching it. I couldnt believe the news. It was .................... shock. I think she works too hard. She looks .................. tired all the time. The food at the hotel was ..................... awful. Ive never eaten ................ awful food. Theyve got .................... much money, they dont know what to do with it. I didnt realise you lived ............................ long way from the city centre. I cant decide what to do. Its .......................... problem.

Exercise 2.- Rewrite these sentences keeping the meaning of the original sentence as much as possible. 1. The box was so heavy that he couldn't lift it. It was such a heavy box that he couldn't lift it. 2. They were such naughty children that they were punished by the teacher. The children were ... 3. The English language is so important that many people learn it every day. English is such .... 4. Sarah was such a young girl that her parents wouldn't leave her alone. Sarah was ... 5. These people are so poor that they always need help. They are .... 6. It was so smoky on the bus that we could hardly breathe (Consequently) The bus was .... we could hardly breathe. 7. It was such a noisy dog that I gave it away. (therefore) The dog ... I gave it away. Exercise 3. Change the constructions in the sentences below following the examples. Ex. The weather was so good that we lay on the beach all day. = It was such good weather that we lay on the beach all day. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. The journey was so tiring that I fell asleep. It was such a boring book that I couldnt finish it. It was such a long flight that we had dinner three times. The flowers were so beautiful that it was a shame to pick them. The train is so fast that it gets to London in 20 minutes. They were such large boxes that we couldnt send them by air. The dress was so pretty that I couldnt resist it The people at the hotel were so interesting that it was a pleasure to talk to them 1

Exercise 4. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Form structures of result from the following pairs of sentences.

Susan is very selfish. Consequently, none of her class mates invites her out. Because he was very embarrassed he could hardly say a word. The shopping bags were terribly heavy. I had to get a taxi home. He worked very hard all night. As a result, we were absolutely exhausted the next day. I can never decide what to buy in the sales because fashions change very quickly.

Exercise 5.- Join these sentences with so ...that and such...that 1. 2. 3. 4. We were late. We missed the first act of the play. I was working hard. I forgot what the time was. There was a delay. We missed our connecting flight. Weve had difficulties. We dont think we can stay in business.

CLAUSES OF PURPOSE (finales)

1.- SAME SUBJECT IN BOTH CLAUSES 1.1. TO infinitive We use a full infinitive when the subject of the main clause is the same as the subject of the subordinate. Ex. He bought a camera to take photographs He went to the library to get some books 1. 2. In order to / in order not to So as to / so as not to They are more formal than a full infinitive . They are used when the subject of the main clause is the same as the subject of the subordinate. Ex. The government took these measures in order to reduce crime The staff are working at weekends so as to finish the project *Common mistake: He was hurrying not to miss the train Correction: He was hurrying in order not to miss the train. * Common mistake: She is studying for to become a lawyer Correction : She is studying to become a lawyer. 2.- DIFFERENT SUBJECT IN BOTH CLAUSES 2.1. So that/ In order that They are used when the subject of the main clause is not the same as the subject of the subordinate, though they can be used when they have the same subject. The Spanish translation is para. so that/ in order that are followed by can, will, shall, or may could, would, should or might (if the sentences are in the past).

Ex. Ill give you a map so that you can find the way Shes studying hard so that she may become a lawyer Note that its easier to use the to-infinitive instead of so that and in order that: Example: I spent a year in Germany in order that (so that) I might learn German I spent a year in Germany to learn German

3.- OTHER LINKERS 2

3.1. For + noun He went out for a walk 3.2. For + -ing form A pen is used for writing. 3.3. For + acc + to infinitive also expresses purpose Ive brought a book for you to read acc Infinit. Questions which require an answer that expresses purpose have normally these structures: What ...for? // Why...? What are you going to England for? Im going to England to visit a friend.

3.4. In case (por si) In case + present Ill buy some cake in case they come In case + past I bought some cake in case they came. In case is never followed by will/would (not: Ill buy some cake in case they will come) Exercise 1.- Put to or for 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Im going to Spain ........... a holiday. You need a lot of experience ............ this job. You need a lot of experience ......... do this job. Well need more tme .......... make a decision. I went to the dentist .............. a check-up. I had to put on my glasses............. read the letter. Do you wear glasses ............ reading? I wish we had a garden .......... the children ......... play in.

Exercise 2.- Join these two sentences using in order to/ so that. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. I am learning English. I want to get a better job. The driver stopped, then the children could cross the road. Tom put the ice cream in the fridge. That would keep it cold. Pamela wore boots. Her feet wouldnt get wet. Im going on a diet. I want to lose weight. We often switch off the heating. It saves money. Mark is going to repair the roof. Then the rain wont come in. I hurried I didnt want to be late. We wore warm clothes. We didnt want to get cold. The man spoke very slowly. He wanted me to understand what he said. I whispered. I didnt want anybody else to hear our conversation. Please arrive early. We want to be able to start the meeting on time. She locked the door. She didnt want to be disturbed. I slowed down. I wanted the car behind to be able to overtake. Underline the correct item.

Exercise 3.1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.

He arrived at the office before the others so that / in case he could start work early. These tools are for / to mending my car. She went shopping not to / so as not to be short of food. He took a sandwich so that / in case he got hungry. I'll give you my phone number in order that/in case you need any information. He speaks French so that / in case they can understand him. She worked hard so that / for she could go to university. She is saving money to / so that she can go on holiday. Shall we book a table if / in case the restaurant is busy? My mother gives me piano lessons so that / in case I can become a musician. Ill take my gloves so that / in case my hands get cold. My father works hard not to / in order not to lose his job. They caught a taxi to / so that go to the station. I'll give you my address in case / so that you want to write to me. 3

Exercise 4.1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence.

Paul had to go to the doctors, and left work early Paul left work early so that he could go to the doctors The school was rebuilt because it wasnt large enough. The school ...................................................... in order to ....................................................... larger. Tina wanted Jack to call her, and gave him her phone number. Tina ........................................................... so that ................................................................... . her. I might get sunburnt, so Ill put on some suntan oil. Ill............................... ...................... so that .............. ....................................................... sunburnt. Cathy hid the presents and nobody saw them. Cathy ..................................... ................ so that ....................................................... ..................them We wanted people to dance, so we had the party in a large hall. We ............................... ................................. so that .................................................................. dance. Dick wanted to get a good seat, so he arrived early. Dick ............................. .................................... so that .................. ...................................a good seat. I couldnt see well in the cinema, and changed seats. I ................................................... .............. so that ............... ..................................................... better. Harry wanted his friends to notice him so he wore a funny hat. Harry ....................................................................... so that ............ ............................................... him.

10. We didnt want to feel hungry, so we took some sandwiches. We took ........................................................ so that we ....................................................................... 11. Mrs Brown bought some sweets. Her grandchildren might visit her. ................................................................... in case .................................................................... 12. The teacher explained the exercise again. Some of the students didnt understand. ................................................................... in case .................................................................... Exercise 5.- Martin is leaving home to go to university. His father wants to know why he is taking certain things with him. Write Martin's answers using the words in brackets. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Martin, why are you taking three blankets? (in case) Im taking them in case it gets very cold. What do you need these pans for? (so that) Why are you taking these cookery books? (so as not to) What's this hammer for? (for) And what's this radio for? (so that) And why do you need a camera? (to + infinitive)

Exercise 6.- REVISION Correct the errors in these sentences. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Despite of the cold weather, they didn't put any coats on. In spite of they had studied English for a long time, they couldnt speak a word. It was such a lovely weather that we went to the beach. Ive bought a new sofa for to be more comfortable. They were so intelligent children that we admired them a great deal. Although was raining, I didn't take my umbrella.

Exercise 7.- REVISION Complete these sentences in your own words. 1. Although I found a wallet in the street, ................................................................. 2. I'm learning English in order .............................................................................. 4

3. My brother is so ...................................................................................................................... 4. We went to the country so that ........................................................................................................ 5. There was lots of food although ............................................................................................ 6. In spite of .....................................................................................................................

MORE EXERCISES
Exercise 1.- Write purpose sentences. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. The girl packed the vase in polyester foam. She didnt want it to get broken in the post. He wore a false beard. He didnt want anyone to recognize him. She built a high wall round her garden. She didnt want her fruit to be stolen. They talked in whispers. They didnt want me to overhear them. Aeroplanes carry parachutes. The crew can escape in case of fire. I am insuring my life. I want my children to have something to live on if I am killed. He telephoned from a public call-box. He didnt want the call to be traced to his own address. I am putting nets over my strawberry plants. I dont want the birds to eat all the strawberries.

Exercise 2.- Choose the correct answer. 1. I'm going to study harder .... pass my exams in June. a. so to b. for to c. in order that d. in order to 2. We invited lots of children .. our son could enjoy his birthday party. a. in order to b. so as to c. so that d. for that 3. Helen is going to be on a diet ........ lose weight. a. so as to b. so that c. for d. in order that 4. They went to the town centre ...do some shopping. a. so as b. to c. for to d. for 5. Let's take a taxi so that we ....... be late. a. aren't going to b. will c. are to d. won't 6. We'll leave him alone so that he ....... study. a. can b. could c. would d. must Exercise 3.1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. Combine each of the following pairs into one sentence using so as to / in order to where necessary.

I am buying paint. I want to paint my hall door. He opened the lions cage. He intended to feed the lions. He left his rifle outside. He didnt want to frighten his wife. He rushed into the burning house. He wanted to save the child. He read only for short periods each day. He didnt want to strain his eyes. They got up very early. They wanted to get to the top of the hill before sunrise. He rang the bell. He wanted to tell us that dinner was ready. We must keep our gloves on. We dont want to get frost-bitten. The farmer put a scarecrow up in the field. He wanted to frighten the birds. I took off my shoes. I didnt want to make any noise. He was playing very softly. He didnt want to disturb anyone. I am sending him to the USA. I want him to study electronics there. He fixed a metal ladder to the wall below his window. He wanted to be able to escape if there was a fire. He changed his address constantly. He wanted to elude the police. He sent his children to his sisters house. He wanted them to watch the television programme. He sent his children to their aunts house. He wanted to have some peace. He coughed. He wanted to warn them that he was coming. You should take your holidays in June. In this way you would avoid the rush. Combine each of the following pairs into one sentence using so that where necessary.

Exercise 4.1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

I hurried I didnt want to be late We wore warm clothes. We didnt want to get cold. The man spoke very slowly. He wanted me to understand what he said. I whispered. I didnt want anybody else to hear our conversation. Please arrive early. We want to be able to start the meeting on time. She locked the door. She didnt want to be disturbed. I slowed down. I wanted the car behind to be able to overtake. He wore a false beard. He didnt want anyone to recognize him. 5

9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.

They talked in whispers. They didnt want me to overhear them. Aeroplanes carry parachutes. The crew can escape in case of fire. I am insuring my life. I want my children to have something to live on if I am killed. He telephoned from a public call-box. He didnt want the call to be traced to his own address. I am putting nets over my strawberry plants. I dont want the birds to eat all the strawberries. We put bars on the lower windows. We didnt want anyone to climb in. The notices are written in several languages. The government wants everyone to understand them. She tied a bell round her cats neck. She wanted the birds to know when he was approaching. He chained up the lioness at night. He didnt want her to frighten anyone. The burglar cut the telephone wires. He didnt want me to call the police. The debate on education has been postponed. The government want to discuss the latest crisis. The policeman stopped the traffic every few minutes. He wanted the pedestrians to be able to cross the road.