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http://electrical- engineering- portal.com/when- transformer- has- a- stomach- pain- and- wants- to May 13, 2013
Edvard
T ransf ormer windings f orces due to the magnetic f orces (photo by ALST OM)
reversing 50/60 times each second. It is obvious why internal structures of transformers must be built incredibly strong. Many times, if fault currents are high, these forces can rip a transformer apart and cause electrical faults inside the transformer itself. This normally results in arcing inside the transformer that can result in explosive failure of the tank, throwing flaming oil over a wide area. There are protective relaying systems to protect against this possibility, although explosive failures do occur occasionally.
Flux
Free bucking mechanical f ailure of an inner winding resulting f rom radial f orces in compression on the winding
fields are dependent of the balance of the ampere turn distribution of the HV and LV windings. When the ampere turns of the HV and LV windings are equal and balanced, the only forces are radial. DETC taps (De Energized Tap Changer) in the HV windings and LTC (Load Tap Changer) operation result in changes in the ampere turn distribution resulting in axial forces. If the HV and LV windings are not aligned axially or one winding is physically shorter than the other, ampere turn balance is significantly affected and axial forces are magnified.
Autotransformers, low impedance, motor starting duty, transformers with multiple voltages by reconnecting the transformer windings in series and parallel configurations, three winding transformers with dual secondary windings for start up or unit auxiliary service at power plants all can result in increased axial and radial forces during a short circuit and require special consideration.
Presentation on Short-circuit Forces by H. Jin Sim, CTO of SPX-Waukesha Transformers Basics, Maintenance and Diagnostics U.S. Dpt. of the Interior Bureau of Reclamation The Design and Performance of Circular Disc, Helical and Layer Windings for Power Transformer Applications - David L. Harris, P.E.
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