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TUMENYE BIBILIYA
UMWAKA WA I

PARUWASI MUHORORO

NKURUNZIZA Thadde

I. INTEGO : 1. Abakristu benshi batunze Bibiliya ariko ntibakunda kuyisomera niyo bayisomeye ntibabasha kurenga imvugo-shusho, incamarenga, imvugo ijimije dusanga muri Bibiliya cyangwa ngo barenge igisobanuro cyijambo ngo bagere ku ntimatima yijambo iri niri bityo babashe gusigarana inyigisho cyangwa ubutumwa ubu nubu bwibyo basoma. 2. Ibyo bituma batabasha kwisobanura mu mpaka bagirana nabandi banyamadini akenshi ziba zishingiye kuri Bibiliya. 3. Kutigobotora muri izo mpaka bihungabanya ukwemera kwabakristu benshi ba Kiliziya Gatolika ndeste bakirukira muri ayo madini ngo bagiye aho basobanura neza Bibiliya. Muri irishuri TUMENYE BIBILIYA turifuza kurushaho kwisomera Bibiliya bijyana no kuyitunga, tukamenya uburyo bwo kuyisomera neza no gusobanukirwa nibyo dusoma. II. INTANGIRIRO Bibiliya Ntagatifu itubwira ko Imana ari intangiriro niherezo rya byose (Hish 21,6 ; 22,13). Itubwira uburyo Imana yashatse kwimenyekanisha ikoresheje Abahanuzi ariko cyane cyane ikoresheje Umwana wayo Yezu Kristu ngo tuyimenye kandi twiyumvishe ko idukunda. 2.1. UKO TUDAKWIYE GUFATA BIBILIYA a) Bibiliya si igitabo cyubumenyi kavukire : Ni ukuvuga ubumenyi bwibinyabuzima, ubutabire, imibare, ubugenge, imyitwarire,.. b) Bibiliya si igitabocyamateka yisi : Abanditsi ba Bibiliya, ni abantu bari mu gihe cyabo, bifashishije amakuru numuco byigihe cyabo ku buryo ubu ayo makuru nuwo muco birenzwe nibyacu iki gihe. Amakuru Bibiliya ivuga agarukira cyane mubice byiburasirazuba =Siriya, Babilone, Ubugereki, Perise, Roma, Misiri, Isiraheli, . -Abanditsi ba Bibiliya ntibitaye ku guhuza inyandiko bahinduye mu zindi ndimi, kandi zitandukanye mu mateka yazo. Ingero : Hari inyandiko (inkuru) ebyiri ziremwa ryisi, aho muri izonyandiko Imana, ihabwa amazina abiri atandukanye : Yahv =Imana (Intg 1,1-2.4a) na Elohim=Uhoraho (Intg2,4b-25). Imana yatanze amategeko 10, inyuze kuri Musa. Hamwe havuga ku musozi wa Sinayi (Iyim 20) ahandi kuri Horebu (Ivug 5,1-22). Matayo atubwira impumyi ebyeri zi Yeriko (Mt 20, 29-34) naho Mariko na Luka bavuga impumyi imwe yi Yeriko (Mc 10,46-52; Lc 18,35-43). Abanditsi bIvanjili batubwira ko Yezu wazutse yabonekeye bwa mbere Mariya Madalena (Yh 20,11-18; Mt28,1-10) naho Pawulo mutagatifu ngo yabonekeye Petero (1Kor15,3-8).

2.2. UKO DUKWIYE GUFATA BIBILIYA (Akamaro kayo) a) Bibiliya idufasha gusabana nImana: Bibiliya ni ijambo ryImana ritumenyesha ugushaka kwayo tugahamagarirwa kugukurikiza. Umukristu wese agomba gusoma Bibiliya ngo amenye ugushaka kwImana kandi agukurikize mu buzima bwe maze abeho mu busabaniramana. b) Bibiliya itwigisha kugira umuco nimyifatire myiza bikwiye ku mukristu: Muri Bibiliya hari inyigisho nyinshi zafasha umuntu kugira umuco, ikinyabupfura nimyifatire myiza; idufasha kandi kumenya gutandukanya icyiza nikibi. Bibiliya ifasha umuntu gukomera ku cyiza naho ikibi akacyamaganira kure. Umuco mwiza tuvoma muri Bibiliya ni ubutabera nurukundo byImana duhamagarirwa natwe kwigana. Ariko kandi mu Isezerano rya kera harimo ibitekerezo biduca intege : inzika, gufuha, Imana ihora abanzi ba Isiraheli, gushaka abagore benshi, uburyarya Aha ni ukuvuga ko amateka matagatifu atari amateka yabatagatifu. Bibiliya itubwira imibereho nimibanire yumuryango Imana yitoreye Isiraheli : Iyo dusomye Bibiliya, tumenya uburyo ubuzima bwabayisiraheli bwari bumeze. Aha twavuga : - Imiterere yigihugu cyabo muri icyo gihe - Imirimo nimyuga yababeshagaho (ubworozi, ubuhinzi nuburobyi) - Iminsi mikuru bahimbazaga ; aha twavuga Pasika yabayisiraheli yabibutsaga ivanwa mu bucakara mu gihugu cya Misiri bajya mu gihugu cyisezerano, Pentekosti yabibutsaga uguhabwa amategeko kwa Musa ku musozi wa Sinayi. c) Bibiliya itwigisha amateka : Muri Bibiliya dusangamo amateka yabami, amazina yabo nigihe bamaze ku butegetsi nicyaburanze. Hari kandi nAmavanjili adutekerereza ubuzima bwa Yezu Kristu nInkuru Nziza yigishaga aho yanyuraga hose. d) Bibiliya itwigisha ubuhanga : Abahanga nabashakashatsi bifashisha Bibiliya ngo bagire imyumvire ku bibazo bimwe na bimwe birenze ubwenge bwa muntu. Muri ibyo bibazo twavuga : inkomoko yumuntu, iremwa ryisi nibiyiriho, iherezo ryubuzima, e) Bibiliya itumenyesha Imana : Tuzi ko kumenya Imana bishingiye ku buryo yaganiraga numuryango wayo. Ntahandi rero dusanga Imana iganira numuryango wayo atari muri Bibiliya. 2.3. ICYO BIBILIYA ARICYO a) Bibiliya ni igitabo cyiyobokamana byikirenga: Ni ukuvuga igitabo cyImana. Ibintu byose biri muri Bibiliya bishingiye ku Mana. Muri Bibiliya Imana ivugana nabantu, kandi namagambo yayo akomeza kwigaragaza na nubu. Bibiliya ivuga umubano wa muntu nImana Mu bihe binyuranye kandi ikerekana ukuntu uwo mubano wagiye waguka kuva mu Ntangiriro.

b) Bibiliya ni igitabo cyubuzima: Mbere yigitabo hariho ubuzima; ubuzima bwumuryango wImana. Umunsi umwe Imana ijya kwiyereka umuryango wayo nuko bagirana Isezerano. Imana iti:Uri umuryango wanjye, umuryango uti: Uri Imana yanjye. Amateka Bibiliya itugezaho ni ayubuzima bwumuryango wImana numubano wawo nImana. Mu Isezerano uyu muryango ugirana nImana yawo umenya nicyo ugomba gukora. c) Bibiliya ni urumuri mu nzira tunyuramo: Mu byukuri Bibiliya ntiyasubiza ibibazo byose byubuzima bwacu. Ni ukuvuga ko yanditswe mu bihe bitandukanye nibyo turimo ubu kandi abanditsi ntabwo ari abiki gihe turimo. Ariko kandi mu kumva abanditsi ba Bibiliya tugendeye ku buvumbuzi bwabo, ku bibazo bahuraga nabyo, ku gushidikanya kwabo no ku kudashidikanya kwabo bituma dushobora natwe ubwacu kubona urumuri mu nzira tunyuramo. Bibiliya rero iduhamagarira guhuza amateka yacu nayo itubwira ubwayo: Kumenyera Imana mu rukundo. d) Bibiliya ni uruvange rwibitabo: Mu ishingwa rya Kiliziya, abakristu ba mbere bakoreshaga ijambo Ibitabo Bitagatifu. Ni ukuvuga uruhurirane rwinyandiko za somwaga igihe bakoraga liturjiya (basengaga). Bibiliya rero ni uruhurirane rwibitabo byinshi, nkuko tubisanga mu rurimi rwinkomoko yijambo Biliya ari rwo rwIkigereki bavuga TA BIBLIYA bivuga IBITABO. Muri Bibiliya dusangamo indirimbo, amabaruwa, imivugo yurukundo, liturjiya (amasengesho), imigani yimigenurano, imbwirwa ruhame, amateka akanganye, amateka yumuryango nayintambara, amakabyankuru,Bibiliya si igitabo kimwe ahubwo ni uruhurirane rwibitabo bibumbiye muri kimwe. MURI MAKE: Bibiliya ni igitabo gitagatifu gihebuje ibindi byose, kirimo ijamo ryImana, gikubiyemo kandi ibyingenzi Imana yahishuriye umuryango wayo: ibyiza yawukoreye ibitewe nurukundo iwufitiye. Kigizwe nibice bibiri: Isezerano rya Kera rigizwe nibitabo 46 nIsezerano rishya rigizwe nibitabo 27. Yose ikaba igizwe nibitabo 73. 2.3.1. Itandukaniro hagati yIsezerano rya kera nIsezerano rishya Isezerano rya kera ni isezerano Imana yagiranye numuryango wayo akaba ari abantu bari batuye mu gihugu cya Israheli (Abayisiraheli, Abahabureyi cyangwa Abayahudi). Isezerano rishya ni uburyo bushya Imana yashatse kubana nabantu binyuze mu buzima namagambo bya Yezu Kristu. Ariko Bibiliya yabayahudi igizwe nIsezerano rya kera gusa. 2.3.2. Bibiliya Ntagatifu yakomotse he? Ibitabo byose biri muri Bibiliya byanditswe nabantu Imana yitoreye ikabamurikira ikoresheje Roho wayo. Abo bantu bakomoka mu muryango wa Isiraheli- umuryango watowe nImana muyandi mahanga yose-, kugirango bayimenye maze bayibere abahamya mu bihugu byose. Abayisiraheli ni bo babanje kuba umuryango wImana ariko aho Yezu Kristu aziye, abamwemera bose bakoze umuryango mushya wImana. Abanditsi bibitabo bya Bibiliya bagize umwanya ukomeye mu mateka yumuryango wImana, bawubaka bakoresheje amategeko namabwiriza yayo. Ni abahamya bibyo Imana yakoreye umuryango wayo. Abanditsi bibitabo bitagatifu badutekerereza uburyo bagiye batorwa nImana nuburyo bagiye bitaba ijwi ryayo. Batugezaho kandi imibanire yImana numuryango wayo.

2.4. AMOKO YA BIBILIYA Aha icyo twavuga ni uko Bibiliya tugiye kugaragariza amoko zitavuga ibintu binyuranye, ahubwo turabivuga tugendeye ku buryo zagiye zandikwa. Kwandika Bibiliya byatwaye igihe kirekire ku buryo twavuga ko ari ukuva mu kinyejana cya 11 mbere ya Yezu kugeza mu kinyejana cya 1 Nyuma ya Yezu. Dore uko zakurikiranye: Bibiliya yAbahebureyi Bibiliya y i Alegizandiriya (yanditswe mu kigereki) a) Bibiliya yAbahebureyi: yanditswe guhera mu kinyejana cya 11 mbere ya Yezu, ariko Nyuma yisenywa ryIngoro mu mwaka wa 70 nyuma ya Yezu, nibwo abahanga bateraniye i Jamuniya kugirango bashyire hamwe ibitabo byIsezerano rya Kera byari mu rurimi rwigihebureyi. Ibyobitabo bikora Bibiliya ifite ibitabo 24 biri mu matsinda atatu: Tora: Amategeko, inyigisho Nebiim: Abahanuzi Ketubim: Ibindi bitabo Iyi Bibiliya yAbahebureyi ntigira Isezerano rishya. b) Bibiliya yi Alegizandiriya (LXX): Ni uguhera mu kinyejana cya gatandatu mbere ya Yezu aho habaye uguhindura Bibiliya mu rurimi rwikigereki i Alegizandiriya mu gihugu cya Misiri.Iyo Bibiliya yiswe SEBUTANTI (LXX), kubera ko yakozwe nabantu binyangamugayo 72, mu minsi 72. Iyi Bibiliya yari igenewe abayahudi bari barahungiye mu Bugereki no mu bindi bihugu byavugaga ikigereki mu gihe abayahudi bandi bari barajyanywe bunyago i Babiloni. Iyo Bibiliya yari ifite intondeke yibitabo itandukanye niyabayahudi bo muri Palestina bari barasigaye mu gihugu cyabo nabari barajyanywe bunyago, bituma habaho ibyanditswe bitagatifu biri amoko abiri kugeza iki gihe. Bibiliya yAbakristu (Ntagatifu): Abakristu bambere babayeho Bibiliya irimo Isezerano rishya itarabaho ku buryo nabo bakoreshaga Bibiliya yIsezerano rya kera. Igitabo cyIsezerano rishya cyanditswe mbere ni ibaruwa ya mbere mutagatifu Pawulo Intumwa yandikiye Abanyatesaloniki mu mwaka wa 50 nyuma ya Yezu. Aha twanavuga ko abakristu babaga muri Palestina bavuga igihebureyi bakomeje gukoresha Bibiliya yabahebureyi, naho ababanaga nabagereki bavuga ikigereki bakoreshaga Bibiliya yikigereki (Sebutanti). Iryo tandukana ryarakomeje kugera na nuyu munsi kuko abaporotestanti bakoresha Bibiliya yabahebureyi ifite intondeke yibitabo ntoya (ifite ibitabo 66); naho abagatolika bagakoresha Bibiliya yikigereki ifite intondeke yibitabo ndende (ifite ibitabo 73). Bibiliya yigihebureyi ibura ibitabo 7 ugereranyije niyikigereki nigice cyinyuma cyibitabo bya Daniyeli (Dan 3,24-90) na Esitera (Est 10,3a-3l) ni ukuvuga ko nabyo byanditswe mu rurimi rwikigereki. Ibyobitabo birindwi ni: Tobi, Yudita, 1 na 2 Abamakabe, Baruki, Ubuhanga na Mwene Siraki. 2.5. IYEMERWA RYINYANDIKO NTAGATIFU MU ISEZERANO RYA KERA Muri Isiraheli ndetse no muri Kiliziya inkomoko yigitabo gitagatifu yatezaga impaka nyinshi: Abayisiraheli ntibemeraga izindi nyandiko muri Bibiliya yabo zitari izigihebureyi. Ibyo byatumye inama nkuru yidini yAbayahudi iterana ngo yemeze inyandiko nibitabo bigomba kuba muri Bibiliya yabo, ari nabyo bikomoka ku Mana; nibitagomba kubamo byari mu kigereki.

Amatorero yAbaporotestanti nayo ntiyemera ibitabo, byo mu kigereki, Kiliziya Gatolika yakiriye muri Bibiliya NTAGATIFU. Urutonde rwibitabo byagumye muri Bibiliya yAbayahudi rwemejwe nitsinda ryabahanga mu byamategeko bahuriye i Jamuniya nyuma yisenywa rya Yeruzalemu mu mwaka wa 70 Nyuma ya Yezu. Abakristu Gatolika twe twemera ibitabo byose byIsezerano rya Kera ari ibiri mu gihebureyi nibiri mu kigereki. Mu Isezerano rya kera harimo ubwoko 6 bwimvugo a) Inkuru zivuga ibikorwa ibi nibi byumuco nimitekerereze yigihe cya kera (Intg 29-31). b) Inkuru zirimo amakabyankuru ngo dutangarire ibintu byagatangaza (1Sam 19,18-20,1). c) Inyandiko zamategeko agenga umuryango wa Isiraheli nubuzima muri rusange. d) Ibisubizo, indirimbo, Zaburi zitugezaho kamere yumutima wabayisiraheli, ukwemera kwabo gushingiye ku Mana imwe kandi yukuri. e) Amabonekerwa yAbahanuzi akubiyemo amagambo yavuzwe nImana ubwayo. f) Inyandiko cyangwa imvugo zubuhanga zigizwe nibitekerezo bicukumbura ingingo iyi niyi. Urugero : -Ubuzima -Urupfu ni iki ? Urukundo ni iki ? -Ikibi numubabaro biterwa niki ? 2.6. IBITABO BYA BIBILIYA NUKO BIKURIKIRANA 2.6.1. IBITABO 46 BYISEZERANO RYA KERA Isezerano rya Kera rigizwe nibice bine : a) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Ibitabo bitanu byAmategeko : Intangiriro Iyimukamisiri Abalevi Ibarura Ivugururamategeko

Intg Iyim Lev Ibar Ivug

b) Ibitabo 16 byAmateka 6. Yozuwe 7. Abacamanza 8. Ruta 9. Icya mbere cya Samweli 10. Icya kabiri cya Samweli 11. Icya mbere cyAbami 12. Icya kabiri cyAbami 13. Icyambere cyAmateka 14. Icya kabiri cyAmateka 15. Ezira 16. Nehemiya 17. Tobi 18. Yudita

Yoz Abac Ruta 1Sam 2Sam 1Bami 2Bami 1Matek 2Matek Ezr Neh Tobi Ydt

19. Esitera 20. Icyambere cyAbamakabe 21. Icya kabiri cyAbamakabe c) Ibitabo 7 byIbisigo nibyUbuhanga 22. Yobu Yobu 23. Zaburi Zab 24. Imigani Imig 25. Umubwiriza Mubw 26. Indirimbo ihebuje Ind 27. Ubuhanga Buh 28. Mwene Siraki Sir d) Ibitabo 18 byAbahanuzi 29. Izayi 30. Yeremiya 31. Amaganya 32. Baruki 33. Ezekiyeli 34. Daniyeli 35. Hozeya 36. Yoweli 37. Amosi 38. Obadiya 39. Yonasi 40. Mika 41. Nahumu 42. Habakuki 43. Sofoniya 44. Hagayi 45. Zakariya 46. Malakiya

Est 1Mak 2Mak

Iz Yer Mag Bar Ezk Dan Hoz Yow Am Obd Yon Mik Nah Hab Sof Hag Zak Mal

2.6.2. IBITABO 27 BYISEZERANO RISHYA a) 1. 2. 3. 4. Inkuru Nziza uko yanditswe na : Matayo Mt Mariko Mk Luka Lk Yohani Yh

b) Igitabo kirimo amateka ya Kiliziya igitangira 5. Ibyakozwe nIntumwa Intu c) Amabaruwa Pawulo Intumwa yandikiye : 6. Abanyaroma Rom 7. Abanyakorinti, iya 1 1Kor

8. Abanyakorinti, iya 2 9. Abanyagalati 10 Abanyefezi 11 Abanyafilipi 12 Abanyakolosi 13 Abanyatesaloniki, iya 1 14 Abanyatesaloniki, iya 2 15 Timote, iya 1 16 Timote, iya 2 17 Tito 18 Filemoni d) Ibaruwa yandikiwe : 19 Abahebueyi e) Amabaruwa ya : 20 Yakobo 21 Petero, iya1 22 Petero, iya2 23 Yohani, iya1 24 Yohani, iya2 25 Yohani, iya3 26 Yuda f) Igitabo cy : 27 Ibyahishuwe

2Kor Gal Ef Fil Kol 1Tes 2Tes 1Tim 2Tim Tito Filem

Heb

Yak 1Pet 2Pet 1Yh 2Yh 3Yh Yuda

Hish

2.7. UKO BIBILIYA ITEYE Bibiliya igabanyijemo ibice bibiri : -Isezerano rya Kera -Isezerano Rishya Buri sezerano rigabanyijwemo ibitabo (46 byIsezerano rya kera na 27 byIsezerano rishya). Buri gitabo kigabanyijwemo imitwe ku inomero (byashyizweho na Etienne Langton mu w1226). Buri mutwe ugabanyijwemo imirongo ku inomero (byashyizweho na Robert Estienne mu w1551). 2.7.1. Uko wasoma Bibiliya Mu buryo bwo kwerekana igitabo cyo muri Bibiliya mu ncamake, umubare ubanza ni umutwe naho uwa kabiri utandukanyijwe nakitso ( , ) ni umurongo. Urugero: Intg 4,2 (Soma umutwe wa kane umurongo wa kabiri) Akanyerezo/akarongo ( - ) gahuza imitwe cyangwa imirongo myinshi Urugero: Intg 2-4 (Soma umutwe wa kabiri kugeza ku wa kane) Lev 12,1-15 (Soma umutwe wa 12, umurongo wa mbere kugeza ku wa 15) Akabago nakitso( ; ) gatandukanya imitwe Urugero: Mt 3; 6 (soma umutwe wa 3 hanyuma uwa 6) Akabago/akadomo ( . ), gatandukanya imirongo mu mutwe umwe Urugero: Yh 2,4.8 (soma umurongo wa 4 nuwa 8 gusa).

Mu buryo bwo kwerekana igice cyumurongo munini bongeraho inyuguti (Alufabe) Urugero:- Intg 2, 4a -Est 4,17k,r,z Rimwe ne rimwe bongera ku mubare werekana umurongo inyuguti ya s, f, bivuga gusoma nindi mirongo ikurikira . Urugero : Lk 15,5 (urasoma umurongo wa 5 nindi yose ikurikira yumutwe wa 15). 2.7.2. Andi magambo ahinnye dusanga muri Bibiliya Cg : Cyangwa Urup : Urupapuro Imbang : Imbangikane yimyaka Urugero : 2000, 2002, 2004, 2006 ni imyaka igabanyika na 2 Gih : Igiharwe cyimyaka Urugero : 2001, 2003, 2005 ni imyaka itagabanyika na 2. Iyo turi mu mwaka uherwa numubare 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 icyo gihe ni imbangikane. Naho umwaka uherwa numubare 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 ni igiharwe. Amasomo ya Liturjiya tuyashaka dukurikije umwaka turimo, igiharwe cg imbangikane biboneka mu masomo yibyumweru bisanzwe byumwaka wa Liturjiya. Iyo dusoma Bibiliya hari aho dusanga akamenyetso kameze gatya *ku ijambo, kaba katurangira aho dusoma igisobanuro munsi yumurongo uri muri Bibiliya. Muri Bibiliya amasomo ya Liturjiya agabanyije mu myaka itatu ariyo : Umwaka A Umwaka B Umwaka C Muri buri mwaka Kiliziya yaduteguriye amasomo adufasha kumenya Imana Data nuwo yatumye Yezu Kristu. 2.8. UKO TWATEGURA INYIGISHO YIVANJILI CYANGWA ISOMO RYO MURI BIBILIYA 2.8.1. Ibyo twakwirinda : o Kwirinda gufungura Bibiliya dutomboza, twibwira ko ahotugiye kubumbura ariho hari igisubizo cyibibazo byubuzima dufite. o Kwirinda gusimbuka inyandiko zimwe na zimwe twibwirako tuzi ibyanditswemo, kandi ijambo ryImana rihora ari rishya rifite nicyo ritwigisha. o Kwirinda gutekereza ko buri murongo wa Bibiliya ufite isomo ryimyitwararikire cyangwa ryiyobokamana kuko Bibiliya ni inyandiko yamateka yuko Imana yacunguye abantu. o Kwirinda kumva ko ibyo wasomye cyangwa wasomewe wabyumvise neza kandi kumva ijambo ryImana bisaba umwanya uhagije. o Kwirinda kwisuzugura utekereza ko ibyanditswe muri Bibiliya wowe utabyumva, utekereza ko hari abagenewe kubyumva bonyine kandi bisaba ukwemera no kubishyira mu bikorwa. 2.8.2. Uburyo twaritegura : o Guhitamo isomo o Gushyiraho igihe o Guhitamo ahantu hakwiye turarisomera o Gutunganya umubiri wacu (kwitegura byimbere= ku mutima)

o o o o

Kwerekeza umutima kuri Nyagasani Kwicisha bugufi imbere yImana Kwirinda kurangara Guhamagara no kwambaza Roho Mutagatifu

2.8.3. Intambwe zigomba guterwa : o Gusoma Ivanjili cyangwa isomo nibura inshuro 3 o Gusoma urangurura ijwi ryumvikana neza ku nshuro ya kabiri niya gatatu o Kugaragaza ibyanditswe, dusoma ku buryo bwumvikana o Kugaragaza ibyakunyuze mu Ivanjili cyangwa mu isomo o Kugaragaza ikiguteye ikibazo o Kugaragaza abantu bavugwamo o Kugaragaza abafitemo ibikorwa o Kugaragaza uwingenzi muri bo o Kugaragaza abandi bantu bavugwamo o Kugaragaza abashyamiranye, abakundanye nikibitera o Kugerageza gusoma igisobanuro Bibiliya itanga ahari aka kamenyetso * o Kugaragaza inkuru nziza cyangwa isomo twakuye mu byo twasomye o Guhuza ibyo twasomye nubuzima turimo o Gishimira Imana. 2.9. UWANDITSE BIBILIYA Imana niyo yibanze mu gushyira mu nyandiko Bibiliya, kuko abanditsi bandi ari ibikoresho byayo. Aba banditsi nabo bari bazi neza ko ubutumwa batanga butava kuri bo ku giti cyabo ahubwo bahumekerwamo nImana ikoresheje Roho wayo (Roho Mutagatifu). 2.9.1. Abo banditsi bakomotse he ? Nkuko bigaragara muri buri nyandiko, abo bantu ni abo mu muryango wa Isiraheli, ari nawo Imana yari yarihitiyemo kuva kera mu yandi mahanga yose, kugirango bayimenye, bayikunde, kandi bazayibere abahamya mu bihugu byose. Abayisiraheli rero, ni bo babanje kuba umuryango wImana. Ariko aho Yezu Kristu aziye, abamwemera bose ababumbira mu muryango mushya wImana. Imana rero yatoraga uwo ishatse nigihe ishakiye : Urugero :- ZAKALIYA na SAMWELI yabasanze mu Ngoro - PAWULO yamusanze mu nzira -MUSA na AMOSI yabasanze baragiye amatungo. Bibiliya igitabo gitagatifu, ntitwavuga ko Imana yabwiraga umwanditsi ngo andika utya na gutya, ahubwo numwanditsi hari aho yashoboraga kwishyiriraho ibye cyangwa akagira ibyo yibagirwa. 2.9.2. Kuki ubu ari ntabandi banditsi ba Bibiliya ? Muri iki gihe tuzi neza ko Roho wImana akomeza gukorera mu bantu nkuko na mbere yabakoreragamo, ariko kubyerekeye inyandiko biragaragara ko icyari kigamijwe cyarangiye ; ni ukuvugako ibyanditswe Bitagatifu nubundi bidufasha mu buzima bwacu bwa buri munsi. Muri Yezu Kristu byose byaravuzwe. Ahubwo ni ngombwa gusoma ibyanditswe bitagatifu muri Roho Mutagatifu kugirango atumurikire. Yezu Kristu, Jambo wigize umuntu, yaje nkumuntu mu bantu,

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yamamaza Inkuru Nziza yumukiro mu bantu anarangiza atyo ubutumwa bwumukiro Imana se yari yamutumye gutanga ; niyo mpamvu uwabonye Yezu Kristu aba yabonye Imana1. 2.10. BIBILIYA NTIGIRA IKOSA Bibiliya yahumetswe nImana kandi ni ijambo ryImana, ntushobora rero kuyisangamo ikosa kuko Imana idashobora kwibeshya no kutubeshya. Niba kandi Imana ishyize amagambo yayo mu nyandiko ni ukuvuga ko ari ukuri gusesuye2. Mu kwandika Bibiliya Imana yakoresheje abantu niyo mpamvu kugirango umenye Imana muri Bibiliya, ugomba kubanza ukamenya uko umuntu wanditse yari ameze : Uwo ari we, aho yari ari, igihe yari arimo, uburyo yariho, impamvu yanditse nururimi yanditsemo.3

1 2

VATICAN II, La Rvlation Divine 4, 18 /11/1965, p109. VATICAN II , La Rvlation Divine 11, 18 /11/1965 , p 115 3 VATICAN II , La Rvlation Divine 6, 18 /11/1965, p 110.

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III. AMATEKA NIYOBOKAMANA BYABAYAHUDI MU ISEZERANO RYA KERA (Ifashishe TUMENYE BIBILIYA No 15) Bibiliya ni igitabo gitagatifu gikubiyemo ukwemera kwa Isiraheli nkumuryango wiyumvamo ko watowe nImana (Ivug 7,6) ; ukwemera kwabo kukayobora ubuzima namateka yabo. Kumenya Bibiliya bisaba gucengera mu mateka yigihugu cya Isiraheli kuko Imana yigaragariza mu buzima (ntabwo ari mu nyandiko) ; ni ngombwa kumenya ibihugu byagiye bigira uruhare muri ayo mateka, cyane cyane ariko ni ngombwa kwitegereza uko iyobokamana ryuwo muryango watowe nImana ryagiye ricengera ubuzima bwabo. Uwo murage wigihugu wabaye uwisi yose uva mu mpatanwa zigihugu, ubwoko namateka yabantu bake kuva aho Kristu awujurije (Mt 5,17), kandi akohereza abo yigishije ngo bawugeze mu mpera zisi (Mt 5,19). Isezerano rya kera ririmo inkingi ziyobokamana amadini akomeye mu kwamamaza Imana imwe (abayahudi, abakristu nabayisilamu) ahuriraho. Nkabayoboke rero ba Kristu, natwe dufite uruhare kuri Bibiliya Ntagatifu mu bice bibiri byayo byingenzi. Kuyimenya byukuri ni ukumenya Kristu no kwiyemeza kumushyira abandi. Uwacengeye ibyanditswe bitagatifu arangwa nishyaka ryo kubisobanurira abandi (Filipo numutware wumunyetiyopiya, Intu 8,26-39), ndetse akabageza kuri Batisimu. 3.1. ABURAHAMU, UMUKURAMBERE WUMURYANGO (Intg 12,1). Amateka ya Bibiliya atangirana na Aburahamu, umwimukira uturuka mu Bukarideya (ikarita no 1) waje gutura mu gihugu cya Kanahani (cyafashe nyuma izina rya Palestina nirya Isiraheli), ahagana mu mwaka w1850 mbere yivuka rya Kristu, akazana numuryango we (Intg 12,4-5 ; 15,7). Icyo gihugu cyari gituwe nandi moko yabantu kuva kera, hirya no hino yacyo hari ibihugu, ubutegetsi, ubukungu niyobokamana bimaze imyaka myinshi (Misiri, Kanahani, Abakarideya, Ashuru, Ubumedireba muri Bibiliya, ikarita n 1). Icyo ibyo bihugu byari bihuriyeho ku iyobokamana ni ugusenga imana nyinshi (imana zitanga uburumbuke, izamazi, imiyaga, izuba, intambara,). Ni kuri iyo ngingo Aburahamu yafashe umurongo wihariye : GUSENGA IMANA IMWE RUKUMBI (Iz 40,20 ; 41,21). Mu buzima busanzwe inkomoko ya Aburahamu yabagaho nkabandi batuye ikibaya cyinyanja nini (Mditerrane) : Gutura mu mahema, gushakashaka ubwatsi bwamatungo, nyuma bagatangira gutura no gutungwa nimirimo yubuhinzi ikomatanyije nubworozi (Ivug 26,5). Kimwe nabandi bageragezaga gutuma umuryango ugira ubumwe, wiyongera (Intg 38 ; 30,1-13) no mu kuwurinda kwivanga namaraso yabanyamahanga (Intg 24,3). Amategeko ya bene Aburamu (wafashe izina rya Aburahamu Intg 17,4) yagiye aberekana nkumuryango wiyongera (Intg 24,1) ugirana amashyari (Intg 27 ; 34), wiyunga (Intg 33), ndetse ugera no mu bindi bihugu (Intg 42-50). 3.2. UMURYANGO MU MISIRI : UBUCAKARA BUKOMEZA IGITEKEREZO CYUMURYANGO (Iyim 4,18 ; 2,11) Kubera inzara yateye mu gihugu cya Kanahani (Intg 42) bene Yakobo bashakiye amaramuko mu Misiri, bamarayo imyaka irenga 400 kandi bafashwe neza nabayobozi bigihugu kugeza ibwo hagiyeho abami batakibuka uruhare rwa Yozefu mu guhashya no kuzigamira inzara (Intg 41,37). Batangira kubishisha (Iyim 1,8), kubakoresha uburetwa (Iyim 1,13-14) babuzwa gusenga ku buryo bwabo (Iyim 5,1) ndetse bagambirira no kubatsemba (Iyim 1,16) ku buryo ari akaga batazigera bibagirwa na rimwe mu myaka izakurikira. Muri izo ngorane abayisiraheli biyumvaga nkumuryango

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utonnye ku Mana, akaga namakuba birushaho kubunga (Iyim 4,18), kandi nubwo bihebaga (Iyim 6,9), ntibazeyutse irokorwa Imana yabateguriraga (Iyim 12,26). 3.3. IYIMUKAMISIRI : URUGENDO RWO MU BUTAYU NIYOBOKAMANA RIHAMYE (Iyim 20) Itotezwa ryumuryango mu Misiri (Iyim 1) ryabaye intandaro yo gushaka kwibohoza, naho itorwa rya Musa (Iyim 3, 1-4, 20), umuyisiraheli warerewe mu mico ya Misiri riba intango yurugendo rurerure (hafi imyaka 40) bazahamyamo isezerano ryImana na Aburahamu (Intg 17) kimwe ninzego zubuyobozi bwumuryango watangiye kuba munini (Iyim 12,37 ; 38,26). Gusohoka mu Misiri ni ibintu bitangaje kuko byari bigoye, bityo babibonamo ikiganza cyImana ibarokora, bemera batyo Imana nkUmucunguzi na Musa nkumugaragu wayo (Iyim 27-30) ; mbere yo kumenya no gusingiza Imana nkumuremyi (Intg 1-3), Isiraheli yamenye Imana ikiza (Iyim 15,2-21). Mu butayu abayisiraheli (reba izina rya Yakobo wafashe izina rya Isiraheli Intg 23,29) bongeye kuragira amatungo, bagendagenda bashaka ubwatsi, kandi berekeza mu gihugu cyIsezerano. Aho mu butayu niho bahawe amategeko yImana (Iyim 20-23) biyumvamo isano idasanzwe nImana (Iyim 24) baba umuryango wagutse (Ibar1). Ayo mategeko ni inkingi ziyobokamana (idini) niza politiki bizaranga Isiraheli igihe cyose (Iyim 32-43) ; uwo muryango rero uzayoborwa nayo mategeko (Ivug 6), kandi hari ingingo zizahora zibukwa nibisekuruza byose (Iyim nIbar). Ijoro rya nyuma mu Misiri bazahora baryibuka mu munsi mukuru wa Pasika (Iyim 12) Iyambuka ryinyanja yurufunzo (Iyim 14) Itangwa ryamategeko nisezerano riyaherekeje (Iyim 19-20) Ibitangaza binyuranye byatumye aho gupfira mu butayu bahabwa amazi nibyo kurya (Ibar 20) Muri urwo rugendo rwo mu butayu niho ibifitanye isano byose nimihango yiyobokamana byatunganyijwe : umwanya nuruhare byabaherezabitambo ; (bene Aroni) (Iyim 28,1 ; Ibar 17,16-26) nAbalevi (bene Levi) umwanya ningengabihe byibitambo (Lev 17) ubushyinguro bwisezerano (Iyim 25,10), inzira yubutungane, nibindi byose byateguriye imihango izabaranga mu gihugu cyisezerano. Urupfu rwa Musa (Ivug 34) rwasize ari umuryango wiyegeranyije ushobora gutera no kurwana ufata igihugu cya Kanahani. 3.4. KURWANIRIRA IGIHUGU NO KUGITURA 3.4.1. Uruhare rwa Yozuwe Musa yasimbuwe na Yozuwe mwene Nuni (Yoz 1) nkumutware wumuryango. Igihugu bagombaga gutura cyari kirimo abandi, bamwe bakaba bene wabo (Intg 33), abandi bakaba abanyamahanga (Yoz 23). Uburyo bwo kugishyikira kwari ukugirana amasezerano aho bishoboka (Yoz 2,8), ubundi bwari ukurwana (Yoz 8,14 ; 10). Bongeye kubibonamo ububasha bwImana yabo ibashyigikiye kandi ibarwanira (Yoz 10,42). Aho igihugu cyose kimaze kwigarurirwa habaye isezerano rikomeye rihuza inkomoko yabayisiraheli babaye mu Misiri, nabandi basangiye amaraso ariko batamenye ibitangaza byo mu Misiri no mu butayu (Yoz 24,1-28). Buri gisekuru gihabwa ubutaka bwo guturaho (ikarita n 3), bene Levi na Aroni baba umunani wUhoraho nubwo bahawe imigi bororeramo (Yoz 21), hateganywa nimigi yubuhungiro ngo kwihorera bitazabacamo ibyuho (Yoz 20). Nyuma yiryo gabana, buri muryango wagize ubwigenge bwawo, bagahuzwa gusa namateka basangiye hamwe nurusengero rwi Silo rubitse Ubushyinguro bwAmategeko yImana (Yoz 15,1; Abac 18, 31).

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3.4.2. Igihe cyAbacamanza numurimo wabo Itatana ryimiryango mu gihugu, nta butegetsi bubahuriza hamwe kimwe nigishuko cyo kureshywa niyobokamana ribakikije byateye muri Isiraheli icyuho gikomeye (Abac 6-9) : ubumwe bushingiye ku idini bwaradohotse, kudaturana bigaha imbaraga ibihugu bibakikije ndetse no hagati yabo haduka amakimbirane (Abac 12,1-7 ; 17,20). Umurimo wumucamanza wari uwo kuyobora ibitero mu gihe cyintambara, akumva afite ubutumwa bwImana (Abac 6,11) ngo afashe kurwanirira igihugu bahawe, intambara yarangira bakisubirira mu ntara yabo no mu mirimo bari basanzwemo (Abac 5-13). Twabagereranya nabagaba bibitero mu Rwanda rwa kera, kandi icyo gihe cyamaze hafi imyaka 200. Uburyo bwabacamanza ntibwashoboye kubumbira hamwe Isiraheli yose : hirya no hino yari ikikijwe namahanga agenda agira ingufu, cyane cyane Abafilisiti bageze nubwo bafata ubushyinguro bwUhoraho i Silo (1Sam 4) bakanatwara numugi wa Beteli, kandi yombi yari ikimenyetso gikomeye cyiyobokamana (1Sam 1-3). Akenshi buri nzu yirwanagaho mu guhangana nibitero, cyangwa se inzu nyinshi zikishyira hamwe ngo zigire ingufu, zikayoborwa numutware umwe (Abac 4-5), nyamara ntabwo byatumye bakomeza ubumwe bwabo cyangwa ngo barengere bihamye umutekano wigihugu cyabo. 3.5. UBWAMI MURI ISIRAHELI 3.5.1. Igitekerezo cyubwami nkuburyo bwo kwisuganya no kwihagararaho nkumuryango Nyuma yabacamanza, Samweli yahuje imiryango ya Isiraheli, ubushyinguro bwUhoraho buragaruka (1Sam 6), ariko umurimo wibanze wari uwubuherezabitambo kurusha uwo kurwana nabanyamahanga. Abahungu be ntibashoboye gukomeza ubushobozi nkubwe (1Sam 8), bityo havuka igitekerezo cyo gushyiraho umwami ngo ahuze imiryango kandi ahashye abanzi (1Sam 8,5). Igitekerezo cyumwami nkuburyo bwo kuyobora ubuzima bwa politiki nidini byigihugu ntabwo bakivugaga ho rumwe : *Bamwe barwanyaga ubwami, bakanavuga ko Isiraheli idakwiye kwigana imiterere nimigirire yandi mahanga : umuyobozi wayo ni Imana, kwimika undi mwami ni ukuyihigika (1Sam 8,10). *Abandi barabushyigikiye, bityo umwami akaba uwatowe nImana, akayobora umuryango mu izina ryayo (1Sam 9,1-10 ; 11,1-15). Icyo gitekerezo cya 2 ni cyo cyagendeweho, bityo rero imihango nububasha byabacamanza byegurirwa abami muri Isiraheli. 3.5.2. Abami ba mbere : Isiraheli yibumbira hamwe a) SAWULI : Umurimo we wa mbere wabaye uwo kurwanya Abafilisiti (1Sam 13,14-47), ashyiraho ingabo zo kurwanya ibihugu baturanye. Ikosa rye ryabaye gushaka gushimisha imbaga ayobora aho gukurikira ugushaka kwImana (1Sam 13,8-15 ; 15-24) ubwami bwe bwagaragaje intege nke, uburwayi namashyari (1Sam 13,27), cyane cyane hagati ye na Dawudi wari waragaragaje ubutwari nibimenyetso byatuma amubonamo umusimbura umurusha ibigwi (1Sam 18,6) ; ntabwo rero imiryango yose yashoboye kuyibumbira hamwe. b) DAWUDI : Nyuma yurupfu rwa Sawuli, Dawudi yatorewe kuba umwami, ariko babanza gushyamirana hagati yabashakaga kwimika umuhungu wa Sawuli nabifuzaga Dawudi (ishyamirana hagati yizo nzu zombi : 2Sam 2,12-13 ; 11).

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Aho ubushyamirane buhoshereje, Dawudi yabaye umwami wimiryango yose ya Isiraheli (2Sam 5) bityo igihugu kirakomera, ibihugu bituranye biragitinya, ibwami hatangira no kwandikirwa amateka yigihugu ku buryo bunonosoye kandi busumbye kure uruhererekane rwamateka rwari rwarafashwe mu mutwe. Mu rwego rwubuyobozi, Dawudi yafashe umugi wa Yeruzalemu ho umurwa mukuru kandi himurirwa nubushyinguro bwUhoraho (2Sam 5, 6-9 ; 6). Ubuyobozi bwidini nubwa politiki buhurizwa hamwe, ndetse hanatangira amizero akomeye yUmukiza uzakomoka mu nzu ya Dawudi (ubuhanuzi bwa Natani 2Sam 7,1-17). Gusa ariko ingorane ziterwa namashyari, imico yahandi ishyingiranwa ryabagore babanyamahanga, nubusaza byagiye bijegeza ubumwe bwigihugu (2Sam 11-12 ; 18-19). Kubera ubuyoboke nicyubahiro cya Nyagasani byaranze Dawudi (2Sam 7,18 ; 6,9), hamwe no kuba yarahuje Isiraheli nkigihugu kimwe, ibisekuru bizakurikira bizakomeza kumurata, no kurangamira umukiro uzakomoka mu nzu ye (Iz 7,14 ; Mk 4,12). Mu mateka ya Isiraheli, inzu ya Dawudi ni yo bategerejemo umukiza, umwami usumba bose, wagombaga kugenga amahanga ari we Yezu Kristu. C) SALOMONI : Salomoni yarazwe ingoma imeze neza amaze kwimikwa, yabanje kurwanya abashakaga gufata ubwami (1Bami 1), agabanya igihugu mo intara zubuyobozi (bitandukanye nizishingiye ku miryango ; 1Bami 4) yongera ingabo kandi azigira izumwuga bihoraho, ashyikirana namahanga kandi ubucuruzi buriyongera (1Bami 3,10). Ku ngoma ye yashyize mu bikorwa igitekerezo cya Dawudi cyubuyoboke bukomeye cyo kubaka Ingoro yImana (ahagana mu mwaka wa 969 mbere ya Kristu; 1Bami 6), ndetse yubaka ningoro ye bwite. Ibyo bikorwa byombi byamuhesheje ishema, ariko umutwaro wumusoro namaturo y ibwami bikubitiye ku mirimo yuburetwa bakoraga byatangiye gutera kwijujuta muri rubanda, ndetse nimyivumbagatanyo (1Bami 15 ; 27,11.26). Ikindi cyashegeshe ubwami bwa Salomoni, ni ukurongora abagore babanyamahanga binjije ibigirwa-mana byabo muri Isiraheli (1Bami 11,1) hamwe no gutonesha imiryango yamajyepfo, mu nkomoko ya Dawudi (1Bami 11,14-23). 3.6. ISIRAHELI YIGABANYAMO INGOMA EBYIRI (1Bami 12 ; 1Matek 10) 3.6.1. Akaga gakomeye kigihugu cya Isiraheli Nyuma yurupfu rwa Salomoni (1Bami 11,43), umuhungu we Robowamu yaramusimbuye : imiryango yamajyepfo imwemera mu ngorane, naho iyamajyaruguru imusaba kubanza kuborohereza imirimo yuburetwa (1Bami 12,1-15). Yanze kubyemera, imiryango yose yamajyaruguru iritandukanya (1Bami 11,29 ; 12,16). Kuva icyo gihe (931), amateka yigihugu cya Isiraheli azagira ingoma zibangikanye. Isiraheli mu majyaruguru, umurwa mukuru wayo ni SAMARIYA. Yuda mu majyepfo, ikomeza umujyi wa YERUZALEMU ho umurwa mukuru. Hejuru yubwitandukanye bwa politike, iyobokamana ryagize ingaruka; hubatswe intambiro zo gusengerwamo mu majyaruguru, bibangikana na HEKARU yi Yeruzalemu (Beteli na Dani : 1Bami 12,25 ; 14,9-15). Icyahoze ari igihugu kimwe ninkomoko imwe kibyayemo amacakubiri nurwango, ndetse aribyo kenshi bazagambanirana (Iz 7), barwane hagati yabo (1Bami 15,1-14 ; 2Bami 16-1 ; 2Matek 1316, Hoz 5,8). Ubundi bakiyunga ngo barwanye ibitero byibindi bihugu (2Matek 21) ariko ntibazongera narimwe gukora igihugu kimwe nkigihe cya Dawudi na Salomoni.

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Uko kwigabanyamo kabiri byakomeje kugaragara nkikimenyetso kibabaje cyubuvandimwe bwahungabanye, bitanga icyuho (kubera ko intege nimbaraga byigihugu byaragabanutse), maze ibihugu byibihangange bibona aho bimenera bitsinda izo ngoma zombi ndetse niyobokamana ryabanyamahanga riracengera buhoro buhoro. 3.6.2. Amateka yingoma ya Isiraheli (931-721) Yari igizwe nimiryango 10 kuri 12, ikaba mu majyaruguru (reba ikarita no2 na no4), umurwa mukuru wayo ni Samariya, ifata izina ryumukurambere Yakobo, wafashe irya Isiraheli (Intg 32,29 ; 33,20 ; 35,10). Muri rusange yaranzwe no kutagira ubutegetsi buhamye ngo bunarambe ; akeshi abami baho basimburanaga hamenetse amaraso (1Bami 12,16 ; 2Bami 3,10 ; 9-10), kandi ikagaragaza no gushakira iyobokamana mu mana nyinshi. Ku byerekeye ubukungu numutungo, igihugu cya Isiraheli kitaratangira guterwa no kurwana nibihugu bibakikije cyagize umutekano nubukungu butubutse, nyamara byikubirwaga nabantu bakeya (Am 6,1-7 ; Hoz 4,1-4). Politike yabo yaranzwe no kurwanira ubutegetsi, akenshi mu bwicanyi (2Bami 11). Nyuma yimyaka hafi 210, hategetse abami bagera kuri 19 : ahagana muri 722. Umwami wabanyeshuru yabagize ingaruzwa-muheto , abategeka kumuha amaturo nimisoro, naho muri 721 arabatera atsinda igihugu cya Isiraheli burundu : abaturage bajyanwa bunyago mu mahanga bahereye ku batware, abakomeye ndetse na benshi muri rubanda giseseka (2Bami 17). Aho banyanyagijwe mu mahanga bahatereye ubwenegihugu, iyobokamana nibindi byabarangaga bihariye. Iyo abanyashuru batsindaga igihugu, batwaraga bunyago abatsinzwe, hanyuma bakazana abantu babo kuzungura igihugu bigaruriye bakazanamo niyobokamana ryabo (1Bami 16,29-33). No kuri Isiraheli ni iyo politike yo kwimura no kuzungura bahakoresheje : Abenegihugu batahunze byarabashobeye, batangira kwivanga no gushyingirana nabo banyamahanga ; ibyo rero bizaba intandaro yo gusuzugurana hagati yabanyasamariya nabayahudi (muri Yuda Yh 4). Kuva icyo gihe iyobokamana (idini) yumwimerere nkiya Aburahamu isigaranye imizi mu majyepfo ; kuva kandi mu wa 721 amateka ya Isiraheli nkigihugu arahagarara kuko kitazongera kubaho. Mu gihe cya Yezu, Samariya yari imwe mu ntara yibihugu byigaruriwe nabanyaroma, igaturwa nabantu buruvangitirane rwamoko, batumvikana nabayahudi (bo muri Yudeya ndetse batagisenga kimwe Yh 4). 3.6.3. Amateka yingoma ya Yuda (931-587) Ku byerekeye ubutegetsi bwo mu gihugu, ingoma ya Yuda itandukanye niya Isiraheli : Abami baho bakomeje guturuka mu muryango wa Dawudi, abenshi barambye ku bwami, ndetse niyo hari ukuwe ku ngoma yishwe bamusimbuzaga iteka uwo mu muryango wa Dawudi (cyeretse umwamikazi Ataliya 2Matek 23). Ku birebana niyobokamana, Yuda nayo yagize kenshi agatima gakururwa nibigirwamana (2Bami 21,1-18), ariko bakomeje kwihambira kuri Uhoraho (Yer 1,4-18) ; bamwe mu bami bavuguruye idini bishimishije (2Matek 29-31 ; 17-20 ; 2Bami 22) ndetse rimwe na rimwe Abahanuzi bUhoraho babaye abajyanama bubashywe (2Bami 19 ; Yer 26,18-19), nabaherezabitambo bakomeza kugira ijambo (2Bami 12,1 ; Mt 26). Ku byerekeye umutekano numubano nibindi bihugu, igihugu cya Yuda cyabayeho nka Isiraheli mu mudendezo wakurikiwe no guhangana nibihugu byibikomerezwa byarwaniraga kwagura imbibi (Iz 37,1-9 ; 2Bami 18-19).

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Imbibi zayo zahuye ni zibihugu byibihangange, ingorane zigenda ziyongera (2Matek 29-32), ndetse nimpungenge zuko akaga gakomeye kegereje zirigaragaza (Mika 3,9-12). Guhera ahagana muri 628, Babiloni yatangiye gukomera, mu gihe gitoya yiganzura Ashuru, irayigarurira. Icyo gihe abami ba Yuda babanje kuyihakwaho, bayiha amaturo nimisoro. Muri 597, Ingabo za Babiloni zateye Yeruzalemu, umwami, umwamikazi ndetse nibikomerezwa byibwami batwawe bunyago babajyana i Babiloni (2Matek 36,9-10). Ku ntebe yubwami, abo banyamahanga bahimitse umwami bishakiye (2Bami 24,17), nyuma aho ashatse kwigobotora acudika na Misiri, biba intandaro yo ku mutera : muri 587 Mb.K, umujyi wa Yeruzalemu barawugose, barawufata, Hekaru ningoro yUmwami barabitwika, ibikoresho byimihango mitagatifu barabisahura babijyana i Babiloni. Icyo gihe, igice kinini cyabantu (hafi 20 000) kijyanwa bunyago i Babiloni (Zab 136), abandi bahungira mu Misiri, abandi barapfa. Icyari igihugu cya yuda gisa nigihindutse amatongo (2Bami 24), ingoma ya Yuda nayo iba irazimye (2Bami25). Abantu bakeya (ba rubanda giseseka) basigaye mu gihugu batakaza ubwigenge nizina ryigihugu rirazima, basigara babarirwa mu ntara nyinshi zingoma-ngari ya Babiloni. Ikintu cyahuzaga abasigaye mu gihugu ni agahinda namaganya baterwaga namatongo ya Hekaru yImana yi Yeruzalemu ninkuta zumugi wasenyutse. Amizero yose yari asigaye gushakirwa mu bajyanywe bunyago nubwo nta gashashi kamahirwe kagaragara mu ndirimbo nibitekerezo byuzuye amaganya (Yer 29,2 ; Mt 36,16). 3.7. ABAYAHUDI MU BIHUGU BYAMAHANGA Igihugu cya mbere cyabaye Misiri (Intg 46), nyuma imiryango yamajyaruguru itwarwa bunyago na Ashuru (2Bami 17,5), naho ku bwimperuka abo mu nzu ya Yuda, bajyanwa i Babiloni (2Matek 36,17) ; iryo nyanyagira ryatumye bahora kure yigihugu cyabo niyo ndetse habaga uburyo bwo gutahuka (bacunguwe na Musa cyangwa mu iteka rya Sirusi), siko bose basubiraga muri Isiraheli. Igihe rero birukanywe burundu i Yeruzalemu (135 Ny.K), basanze hari ibisekuru byigihe kirekire byabaye mu mahanga ndetse nitahuka rya vuba aha (inama yumuryango wAbibumbye iremarema igihugu cya Isiraheli 1948), ntabwo rishobora gutahura abayahudi nababakomokaho kuko ari benshi, bamenyereye aho batuye kubera impamvu nyinshi. Muri rusange ariko iyo tuvuze ubuzima bwabayahudi mu bihugu byamahanga, birareba ifatwa rya Samariya (721), ariko cyane cyane ijyanwa bunyago ryi Babiloni (587) ryibasiye igihugu cya Yuda. Mu ikubitiro ryako kaga, ishyanga bahabonyemo igihano cyImana (2Matek 36,16); amasezerano babona rapfuye burundu (Ivug 28,47) ; Kuba kure yigihugu cyisezerano (Zab 136), kubura ubutegetsi bwinkomoko ya Dawudi (2Sam 7) no kubona Hekaru yari agatangaza yasenywe (2Bami 25) byabaye nkinzozi, ndetse babanza no kwanga ku byemera, nyamara ubuzima bwo mu buhunzi bazabumaramo igihe (Yer 29). Buhoro buhoro bazegura umutwe (Hoz 2,20), bafashijwe ninama zabahanuzi: Yeremiya (Yer 29), Ezekiyeli (Ezk 2,3-9) ndetse nabaherezabitambo (Ezk 44,15) ; bibumbiye mu dutsiko duterana kenshi bakazirikana ku muco wabo no ku iyobokamana ryabo, maze aho gukomeza kwibona nkumuryango urimo ucika, ukendera (Ezk 1,4) batangira kwibona nkudusigisigi twumurage ukomeye ndetse bumva ko bagira nicyo bigisha amahanga (Neh 1,2). Ijyanwa-bunyago baribonyemo ingaruka yibyaha byumuryango wose (Yer 13,23), maze ugutinda muri ako kaga bibabera uburyo bwo kuzirikana aho bateshutse hose : a) Abategetsi bashyize amizero yabo mu mbaraga zingabo nizibihugu byinshuti aho kuzishakira muri Uhoraho (Iz 8,6 ; Ezk 17,13).

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b) Abakomeye birengagije ubuvandimwe bishora mu rugomo namacabiranya (Iz 1,13 ; 5,8). c) Ndetse na rubanda giseseka ntibabaye miseke igoroye kuko bitwaye nabi mu mico, bakanasenga ibigirwamana (Yer 5,19 ; Ezk 22). 3.8. MU GIHE CYIJYANWA BUNYAGO IYOBOKAMANA RYABAYAHUDI RYATEYE INTAMBWE IKOMEYE Nubwo icyo gihe cyamakuba bakomeje kukibonamo igihano, ntabwo bakomeje gucika intege gusa (Ezk 11,15 ; Iz 49,14), batangiye no kugira amizero : 1) Igihano bahawe ni uburyo bwo gukosorwa ngo basubire biyunge nImana (Hoz 2,1 ; 11,8 ; Iz 11,11 ; Yer 31,20), bityo bakomeza gucengera inyigisho zabahanuzi zishimangira ko Imana yabakunze ubutisubiraho, ko nubu ibafitiye agatima (Yer 30,18-22 ; 31,1-9). 2) Nta kwohoka inyuma yibigirwamana kuko nta bubasha nubushobozi bifite (Yer 10 ; Bar 6 ; Ezk 44,9). 3) Ikuzo ryImana ntabwo ryari rifungiranye mu Ngoro rizabasanga no mu mahanga (Ezk 1 ; 11-16). 4) Mu kwivugurura kwabo, buhoro buhoro batangiye amakoraniro yo gusenga (Synagogue : ariko nta bitambo batura), abaherezabitambo batangira kwigisha ijambo ryImana (Ezk 31,31), maze aho gukomeza kwibona nkinsuzugurwa bumva ko aho banyanyagijwe nibyago bagomba kuba urumuri rwamahanga (Iz 42,49 ; 49,11), maze ingoma yUhoraho ikaba iyisi yose (Iz 45,15). Icyitonderwa : Umurimo munini wo kwandika, gukusanya no kunonosora ibitekerezo ninyigisho zinyuranye zo muri Bibiliya nibwo watunganyijwe. 3.9. AMIZERO NIMPUNGENGE BISIZANA 3.9.1. Amizero : Politike yibihugu byibihangange yakomeje kuba iyo kurwanira gutegeka, kwagura imbibi no kwigarurira abo urushije intege : nyuma yabanyashuru nabanyababiloni, hadutse ingufu zabaperesi (reba ikarita n1). Bityo rero muri 539, umwami SIRUSI yigarurira aho Babiloni yategekaga, za ngaruzwa muheto zabayahudi zibarirwa mu bantu ategeka. Itahuka barikesha mbere na mbere politike yabanyaperesi : Sirusi yakoze gahunda nshya yubutegetsi, aha uburenganzira bwo gusubira iwabo abari baratwawe bunyago (barimo nabayahudi) kandi bakubahiriza imico niyobokamana byabo (Ezr 1,4 ; 6,3-5 ; Ezk 37,1-14), ndetse ubutegetsi bunatanga inkunga yo gusana (Ezr 6,8-12). Amizero rero yari yarakomeje gushakirwa muri Yeruzalemu yasenyutse (Iz 40-55 ; Neh 1,12), hamwe nicyizere cyUhoraho ubasanga no mu mahanga (Ezk 34,11 ; Iz 40,11), bizeye kubona byujujwe. Icyahoze ari igihano cyahindutse ugushaka kwImana ngo ibasukure umutima kandi ikorane nabo Isezerano rishya, rizahoraho iteka (Yer 31 ; 36,24-25 ; Iz 55,3). Ku bayahudi batahutse (kuko siko bose basubiyeyo), inzira iva aho bari baranyanyagiye basubira mu gihugu cyabo bayibonyemo ibitangaza bikomeye : umuhanda mu butayu (Iz 35,8 ; 40,3), amazi avubutse mu gasi (Iz 35,6 ; 43,20), Imana ibiyoborera (Iz 52,12). Inzuzi zibareka batambuka (Iz 11,15 ; 51,10), ku buryo iryo tahuka barigereranya niyimukamisiri : ni intango nshyashya (ya Kabiri) yigihugu cyamasezerano.

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3.9.2. Impungenge : Icyiciro cyikubitiro ryabatahutse cyayobowe nigikomangoma Sheshibari (cyangwa Shenasari) (Ezr 1,8) basubizwa ibintu byasahuwe birimo ibikoresho byo mu Ngoro Ntagatifu, bahabwa umusanzu kandi ubutegetsi bwa Sirusi burabashyigikira bihamye. Imirimo yingenzi yabaye kongera gusanasana urutambiro, gusubizaho ibitambo no gutangira umusingi (fondation) ninkingi za Hekaru ababigizemo uruhare rugaragara ni benshi, cyane Yozuwe na Zinobabeli (Ezr 3). Ingorane ariko zabaye nyinshi : Hari hatahutse abantu bakeya (Ezr 2,64), kuko hari abari barabonye amaronko batatashye kimwe nabavukiye hanze mu buhunzi batazi igihugu cyamavuko yabasekuru : ibyo byiciro, gutahuka ntacyo byari bibatwaye. Urwikekwe hagati yabatahutse nabari barasigaye mu gihugu (bapfa ahanini amasambu). Kuba badahuje ibakwe nishyaka ryo gusana ingoro (Iz 57,3-10 ; 1-12 ; 1-8). Urwangano hagati yimiryango ya Yuda itahutse nabanyasamariya bari bifuje kubafasha, ibyo byose byadindije imirimo ndetse hashize igihe abanzi babayahudi batambamira byuzuye igikorwa cyo kubaka Ingoro yUhoraho (Ezr 4,1) ; bongeye rero kwiheba (Ezr 4,4-5.24). Muri 520, icyiciro cya 2 kiyobowe na Zorobabeli numuherezabitambo Yozuwe (Ezr 6,1-12) cyongera guhanyanyaza no kubyutsa amizero, bafashijwe cyane cyane ninyigisho zabahanuzi : Hagayi (Hag 1,1-11 ; 2,1-9) na Zakariya (Zak 1,7-17 ; 6,9-14). Bityo rero muri 515 Hekaru yari yasanywe, nubwo ntaho yari ihuriye niya mbere mu bwiza (Iz 62), bizihirizamo umunsi mukuru wa Pasika (Ezr 4,1-3 ; 5,3-17 ; 6). Yeruzalemu (cyangwa Siyoni) (2Sam 5,7 ; Iz 2,2 ; 4,5), bongera kuyibona nkumurwa uhatse iyindi (Iz 61,1-3 ; 62,2-5). Impungenge zarakomeje kuko umugi wa Yeruzalemu ntabwo bashoboye kwongera kuwukikiza urukuta (Neh 4-6), ngo babarinde abasahuzi, ubuyobozi bwa Politike bwari mu ntara ya Samariya batajya imbizi (Neh 6), ubukene bwabatahutse ni bwinshi (Zab 10 ; 13 ; 27,7-14 ; Ezr 4,4-5.25), iyobokamana riracumbagira (Iz 58-59), nyamara kandi bakomeza kwiyumva nkurumuri rureshya amahanga (Zab 49, 1-6). 3.10. IVUGURURWA RYIDINI RYABAYAHUDI : Umurimo wa Ezira na Nehemiya. 3.10.1. Nehemiya : Ni umuyahudi wari aho abasekuruza babajyanywe bunyago, akaba umunyagikari wumwami wabaperesi Aritashuweru, ahagana muri 445-433 (Neh 1-2) ; yahawe ububasha bwo kuyobora Yeruzalemu ntiyakomeza gutegekwa nicyahoze ari Samariya, bityo ahabwa ubuyobozi bwayo bugengwa kandi bugacungwa nabategekera umwami wabaperesi. Mu minsi mikeya (hafi 52) yeguye inkuta zumugi, asubizaho amaturo agenewe ingoro, ashyira ku murongo imirimo yAbalevi bakora mu Ngoro, yibutsa icyubahiro cya Sabato kandi arwanya ishyingiranwa nabagore babanyamahanga ryari ritangiye no gusatira abaherezabitambo (Neh 13 ; 1Matek 1,6-14). 3.10.2. Ezira : Yari umukozi ukomeye wibwami (mu baperesi), akaba umwanditsi (umuntu ujijutse) numuherezabitambo. Kubera ko ubutegetsi bwabaperesi bwemereraga ibihugu bwigaruriye uburenganzira bwidini, Ezira yahawe ubutumwa bwo kujya gusobanura neza no gutunganya amategeko nimihango nidini byabayahudi, mbere gato ya Nehemiya, ahagana muri 458 (Ezr 7-8).

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Ahagana mu mwaka wa 400, ivugururwa rya Nehemiya na Ezira ryahamije idini yabayahudi : Yanonosoye amategeko ya Musa ari mu bitabo bitanu bimwitirirwa (Intg, Iyim, Lev, Ibar, Ivug), kandi ayo mategeko ubutegetsi bwabakoroni bukayemeraho itegeko ngenderwaho. Yavuguruye imihango niminsi mikuru (Neh 9). Yakomeje ibyo Nehemiya yatangiye byo kwamagana ishyingiranwa nabagore babanyamahanga (Ezr 9). Iryo vugurura ryababereye nkuruzitiro rukomeye rutuma imico nukwemera byabanyamahanga (bita nabapagani) bitabameneramo. Nubwo ku byubuyobozi nimiyoborere byigihugu (inzego za Leta) abayahudi bagengwaga nabaperesi, ibibazo byihariye hagati yabo byakemurwaga mu nzira zamategeko yidini. 3.11. ABAYAHUDI NABASAMARITANI : Imbarutso zurwangano rwabavandimwe zariyongereye Intangiriro yubwitandukanye nurwangano tubisanga igihe igihugu gicitsemo kabiri (reba n6 yiyi nyandiko), ariko kuva abanyasamariya bakubaka intambiro zabo, ndetse bagashyingirana nabanyamahanga (2Bami 17) byabaviriyemo gusuzugurwa (ndetse no kunenwa) ningoma ya Yuda. Aho abayahudi bajyanywe bunyago, abanyasamariya babohoje amatongo ya Hekaru (kuko intambiro zabo nazo zari zarasenywe (2Bami 22,1-23,28). Bityo abatahutse mu ikubitiro basanga abo bita abanzi babo babarusha ijambo (Ezr 4,4-5.24).Ubutegetsi bwAbaperesi bwashatse kubunga no kubaha amategeko ya Musa bari bahuriyeho ngo abagenge kimwe (407) nyamara gushyamirana birakomeza abanyasamariya bongera kwubaka urusengero rwabo ku musozi wa Garizimu hafiya Sikemu (Yoz 8 30-35 ; 24 19-31) abayahudi bararusenya ahagana mu 129 bityo mu gihe cya Yezu baba babaye abanzi gica (Yh 4). 3.12. UBUZIMA BWABAYAHUDI KU NGOMA YABAPERESI Ubutegetsi bwabaperesi bwamaze imyaka hafi 200 (538-338) : ntabwo Bibiliya ibavugaho ibintu byinshi nyamara iteka rya SIRUSI ryatanze uburyo nubuzima byihariye ku bayahudi : Aho bari barakwiriye imishwaro bashoboye gutahuka ku iyobokamana ryabo rigahura nubuhanuzi bwinshi (Iz 4-41 ; Yer 50 8 :). Nyamara ariko siko bose batahutse abenshi bagumye kunyanyagira hirya no hino. Abagarutse bakomeje kuba mbarwa nagace kigihugu batuye kari kagizwe nimigi mikeya : Yeriko, Betelehemu na Yeruzalemu (ikarita no 4 & 6). Nubwo bari hirya no hino, iyobokamana ryabo ryari rirangamiye Yeruzalemu (Iz.25,6-10 ; Yow .4 ,9-17) , aho umusaserdoti mukuru yari atuye. Ntawakwihangana ngo avuge ko umutekano wabo wari utereye neza kuko ibitabo bya Esteri na Yudita (Est 1,1a 4,17k-z ; Ydt 3,7-4,2) bidutekerereza amakuba bagiye bagira, hafi ndetse yo gutsemba amatsinda amwe namwe. Ku byerekeye ubuzima bwa politike, nta bwigenge bafite bategekwa namatangazo cyangwa ibyemezo bivuye ibwami (ku mwami wabaperisi). Abayobozi bari mu gihugu (kabone niyo baba bene wabo ku bwamaraso) bategekera abanyamahanga. Icyahoze ari igihugu cya Palestina ntikikibaho, hariho intara zitwa Yudeya, Samariya na Galileya zibarirwa mu gihugu kigari hamwe nutundi duhugu twahinduwe intara; ntaho rero bihuriye nigihugu cyumwami Dawudi (1Matek 18, 1-17). Isiraheli ntabwo ikiri igihugu, ariko numuryango munini uhujwe nukwemera, amateka namizero kuko Imana izabarokora ikoresheje umukiza (Zab 132 ,17 ; 2Sam 7,12-16) kuko ibyiza nubugwaneza bya SIRUSI bitabashubije byose. Nyuma yubutumwa bwa Ezira na Nehemiya, Bibiliya ntacyo itubwira ku mateka yabayahudi.

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Ahagana mu mwaka wa 339, ubutegetsi bwabaperesi bwarakendereye intara zimwe nka Misiri zirigomeka zisubirana ubwigenge ; ibwami hatangira ingorane umwami ararogwa umuzungurangoma wari ukiri muto aricwa bitanga icyuho cyo gutsindwa numusirikari wumugereki Alegisanderi (333). Abayahudi baba bategetswe nikindi gihugu cyigihangange gisimbuye Ashuru, Babiloni na Perisi. Uko ubuzima bwabo buzamera bizaterwa nibyemezo namatwara yabayobozi bashya cyangwa abazagenda babasimbura. 3.13. UMWANYA WABAHANUZI NABAHANGA MU MATEKA YUMURYANGO WA ISRAHELI 3.13.1. Abahanuzi : Uwitegereje ibyiciro byabantu babaye mu mateka niyobokamana bya Israheli umwanya ukomeye uba uwabakurambere bumuryango, abacamanza nabami. Mu iyobokamana Abaherezabitambo nibo bakomeje kugira umwanya usa nuhoraho iteka cyane cyane babikesha ububasha bwo gutura ibitambo (Iyim 28 ,41 ; Lev 8,1) kurwana ishyaka ryidini (1Bami 19 ,19-21) no kwimika abami. Kuva ahagana muri 755 abahanuzi bazagira uruhare rukomeye kubera inyigisho zabo (1Bami 1,9; 2Bami 2,1-18). Nubwo icyiciro cyAbahanuzi kigaragara nambere yiriya myaka (Samweli, 1Sam 13; Natani 2Sam 7,11-12. Ahiya 1Bami 11,26-40) no kuva mu gihe cyingoma 2 zimbangikane abahanuzi bahabwa umwanya ukomeye mu iyobokamana rya Isiraheli (1Bami 22,9-10) kandi batorwa nImana mu ngeri zabantu bose (Abashumba, ibikomangoma, abaherezabitambo) naho abaherezabitambo bakomoka mu muryango umwe (Lev 8 ; Iyim 39,1-32). Umuhanuzi ni umuntu watowe nImana wiyumvamo ubwo butorwe agahabwa ubutumwa bwo kubwira umuryango wayo no kuwigisha guhinduka ngo ukore ugushaka kwayo Muri Bibiliya inyigisho za Musa nizabahanuzi (Lev 16,29) nibyo bice bikomeye byIsezerano rya kera kandi bibumbye ibitekerezo byingenzi byiyobokamana rya Isiraheli. Ubuhanuzi nabahanuzi ntabwo byari umwihariko wa isiraheli kuko yari ibihuriyeho nandi moko bari baturanye (Ibar 22-24 ; 1Bami 18,19-40) akeshi akaba amatsinda cyangwa udutsiko twabantu babyina ; batwara bakavuga uruvange rwamagambo nkitorero riyobowe nububasha bukomeye bubavugiramo (1Bami 18 ; 1Sam 10,5-6 ; 19,20). Ku buryo bwumwihariko muri Isiraheli habonetse abantu bavuga ku giti cyabo (bitandukanye nitorero) barwana ishyaka ryImana yabo bakanatangaza ubutumwa ibahaye: Eliya (1Bami 18,22 ; 19 ,10-14) Natani (2Sam 7,1-17) Gadi (1Sam 22 ; 2Sam 24) ; Ahiya wi Silo (1Bami 11). Yehuru (1Bami 16,1-13) Mika (1bami 22) nabandi .Habagaho kandi nabahanuzi babigize umwuga ibwami cyangwa bagaharanira ibinyoma (Am 7,14 ; Yer 28 ; Zak 13,11-16 ; Yer 23,9 ; Ezk 13). Twavuga rero ko ari kuva igihe Isaraheli yiciyemo ingoma ebyiri habonetse abahanuzi bagize uruhare mu mateka ya Isiraheli : ukuri kwibyo bigishaga kugaragazwa nuko bari mu murongo wamategeko nisezerano Imana yari yagiranye na Isiraheli (Iyim 20 ; Ivug 5,6-22). Inyigisho zabo zirazwi kuko bamwe basize inyandiko abandi zikandikwa nabigishwa cyangwa abakarani babo. Dore ibitekerezo byingenzi biri mu butumwa bwabahanuzi : a) Inyigisho yukuri yubuhanuzi igenda mu murongo umwe (umujyo umwe) nibyo Musa yigishije ko Imana ya Isiraheli ari imwe rukumbi (Ivug 18,15-20).

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b) Umubano wImana numuryango wayo ugendera ku isezerano bagiranye kuri Sinayi (Am 2,9-12 ; Iz 44,6-8 ni Imana rero ibakunda ikabitaho nkuko umuhinzi akunda umurima we, umushumba amatungo ye, umubyeyi umwana cyangwa umugabo numugore we (Hoz 1-3). C) Isiraheli igomba kwisubiraho yitandukanya nibintu byose byayiziga, bikayiziba umutima, yirinda iyobokamana rya nyirarureshwa ridahuza ibitambo nibitekerezo byumutima (Iz 1,10-20 ; Yer 3,1243). d) Guhorana amizero no gutekereza gucungurwa byuzuye haje rero igitekerezo ko Imana izohereza uwasizwe wayo umucunguzi maze byose akabivugurura (Iz 9,1-16 ; 11,1-9 ; Yer 23,5-6 ; Ez 37,20-28). Niwe uzaba umugaragu wa Nyagasani, umuhuza wIsezerano rishya (mu murongo wa Musa na Dawudi) numusabana-Mana wagahebuzo (Iz 42,1-7 ; 49,1-6) azanonosora ibitambo yitura ngo ahongerere ibyaha byumuryango wose (Iz 52,13 ; 53,12). Muri rusange rero abahanuzi bagiye begamira inkingi 3 zubuzima bwabantu nigihugu : politike, idini (Iyobokamana) nimibanire yabantu hagati yabo. 1. Ku byerekeranye na politike, bamaganye abami batishingikiriza uhoraho : Nimudakomera ku Mana ntimuzakomera (Iz 7,1-9 ; Hoz 5,13 ; Yer 32,11-17; Iz 30,15 ; Zab 52,9). 2. Kubirebana nidini, bamaganye ibitambo, ingendo ntagatifu, iminsi mikuru namasengesho bigaragara inyuma kandi umutima uri kure yImana nibikorwa biryamira abandi (Am 4,4-5 ; 5,21-25 ; Iz 1,11-17 ; Yer 7,1-11 ; Yer 21-23 ; Mik 6,6-8). 3. Mu mibanire yabantu hagati yabo abahanuzi bamaganye uburyamirane, uburiganya, ubugizi bwa nabi nibindi byose bibangamira ubuvandimwe ; ntabitambo bishobora kunyura Uhoraho bivuye mu biganza byumugizi wa nabi no ku mutima ugana ku kibi (1Bami 21,1-26 ; Am 2,6 ; 5,7-11 ; Iz 1,10-17 ; Ezk 22 ; Mik 2,1-5). Abahanuzi rero baheraga ku butagatifu bwImana (Iz 6,3-7) basaba nabayoboke bayo kuba intungane (Lev 19,2) ; bitegerezaga amateka nimigirire yabayisiraheli (ndetse namahanga ayikikije) bagahanura inkurikizi zabyo : ibitandukanyije cyangwa ibinyuranyije nugushaka kwImana bitera ibyago, naho guhinduka bitegurira ihirwe namizero (Ivug 30,15-20) Inyigisho zabahanuzi zagendanye nibihe bikomeye byamateka yumuryango wa Isiraheli. bere yinjyanwa bunyago : Hagati ya 750-722 mbere yifatwa rya Samariya, abahanuzi bikubitiro (Amosi, Hozeya, Izayi na Mika) barwanyaga ahari uburyamirane (Am 6.1-7 ; 8,4-12), ukwohoka ku bigirwamana (Hoz 2,4-25) niyobokamana ridafashe (Iz 29,13-14 ; Am 4,4-5). Mu gihe cyintambara (740 kuri Izayi na 597 kuri Yeremiya) babuzaga abayobozi kwishingikiriza ingufu zabo namasezerano nibihugu byibihangange ; imyitwarire nkiyo yerekana icyizere gikeya bafitiye Imana yabo (Iz 31,13 ; 7,1-9) ; iteka abasabaga uwo muryango guhinduka (Yer 7,1-15). Mu gihe bari barajyanywe bunyago, inyigisho zabahanuzi zatunze agatoki : *Ibyaha byabateye ako kaga (Ezk 22,23-31) *Agahinda kumuryango (Igitabo cyamaganya) *Amizero no guhozwa (Iz 40-55 ; Ezk 37). Nyuma yo gutahuka, abahanuzi bakomeje umuryango bawushishikariza kuzayuka no kuzuka, kuva ibuzimu basubira ibuntu : Iz 56-66 ; Ezk 37 ; Za 9-14. 3.13.2. Abahanga : Mu muco wibihugu byari bikikije Isiraheli bemeraga ko habaho abantu binararibonye, bitonda, babahanga bamenya kwitwara neza mu bwema, mu kinyabupfura, mu bushishozi no mu bwenge. M

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Icyo Isaraheli yashyizeho cyakarusho ni ukwemeza ko ubuhanga ari impano yImana (Intg 3941 ; Sir 1,11-20) mu mategeko yImana niho haba isoko yubuhanga kuko Imana niyo izi ikibi nicyiza (Sir 1,1) Kuva kuri Salomoni, umuhanga uhebuje (1Bami 3,4-15), Bibiliya ifite ibitabo byinshi bitanga inyigisho zihereye ku migani, ibisakuzo ningero zuburyo abantu babaho batunganiwe mu ihirwe nibyishimo (Imig 3,1-16 ; 5,18-19). Ubuhanga bwa muntu rero buvoma mu isoko yubuhanga bwImana (Imig 1,20-33), bityo muntu akabona ibisubizo byibibazo byingorabahizi : *Imvano namaherezo yubuzima bwa muntu (Intg 1-11; Buh 3,1-9; 4,16; 5,16) *Ibyago byumuntu wintungane (Yobu) *Ibisingizo binyura Imana (Zaburi) *Ibisingizo namagambo yurukundo ruhebuje (Indirimbo ihebuje) *Ubucuti (Sir 6,5-17), umuryango (Sir 7,19), uburere bwabana (Sir 30,1-13) nibindi byinshi byose bihuriza ku ngingo yihirwe nibyishimo byumuyoboke wImana, ndetse bikaba ibyishimo bizahoraho iteka (Zab 16,63). Ubuhanga bwafatanyije nImana mu irema (Imig 8,22-31), buyifasha amateka (Ubuh 10,111,4), kuburyo Isezerano rishya rizabubonamo Kristu (Kol 1,15-18); abahanga rero babukura ku Mana bafashije iyobokamana rya Isiraheli (2Mak 7,24-28). Usibye ibitabo bya Musa, amateka, abahanuzi nabahanga, hari ibindi bitabo dusangamo inkuru zari zigamije kwerekana ubushishozi, ukwemera nubuyoboke butangaje bwabantu bamwe na bamwe Imana yakoresheje mu bihe bikomeye ngo irokore umuryango wayo. Muri ibyo bitabo ibyari bigamije guhumuriza no gukomeza umuryango ni Tobi, Yudita, Esitera, Daniyeli nAbamakabe. Abayoboke bintungane aba ari nabahanga ku buryo inyigisho zabo zakomeje iyobokamana rya Isiraheli (Ijambo ryibanze ryuwahinduye igitabo cya Mwene Siraki). 3.14. UBUZMA BWABAYAHUDI KU NGOMA YABAGEREKI Ubuzima bwakurikiye ivugururwa rya Ezira na Nehemiya ntabwo buzwi neza, nyamara ni muri icyo gihe Isezerano rya kera ryatunganyijwe mu myandikire, hakabamo nabahanuzi ba nyuma: Yoweli na Zakaliya (9-14). Igihe Alegizanderi yafataga ubutegetsi (333), intara ya Yudeya yagiye mu biganza byubutegetsi bwAbagereki. Nubwo nyuma yurupfu rwa Alegizanderi (323) habaye intambara no kugabana igihugu cyari kinini cyane, ntabwo ubuzima Abayahudi bari bafite mu gihe cyAbaperisi bwahindutse: Kugeza mu mwaka w198, umuherezabitambo mukuru yakomeje gufatwa nkumuyobozi wumuryango wAbayahudi, haba ubukungu nagahenge kamahoro, ibitabo byIsezerano rya kera bihindurwa mu rurimi rwikigereki rwavugwaga na benshi, ariko imico nimigenzo yabagereki bitangira kwototera ibyabayahudi. Mu madini, indimi nimico byibihugu byategekwaga nAbagereki, ibyAbayahudi byakomeje umutsi ndetse bihanyanyaza igihe kirekire; ukwigenga kwidini nubuyobozi bwayo birakomeza, ndetse ubuhanga bwabo baburata mu bitabo bya Mwene Siraki, Daniyeli, Tobi, Esiteri nUmubwiriza. Nubwo umutungo wa Hekaru wateraga ishyari abategetsi bAbagereki (2Mak 3) kandi na bamwe mu bayahudi bakagira agatima ko kurarikira ibyAbagereki ndetse no kugambanira bene wabo (2Mak 4,1-6), akaga kumuryango wAbayahudi gatangirana nubutegetsi bwumwami Antiyokusi wa 4 Epifane (175), ndetse watangiye no gutoteza abayahudi mu w167.

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3.15. INTAMBARA YABAMAKABE NUBWIGENGE BWABAYAHUDI IGIHE GITO Daniyeli)

(1 na 2 Makabe;

Mu w169, umwami wabagereki Antiyokusi wa 4 Epifane yakuyeho ubwigenge bwamadini anyuranye mu gace yategekaga (kuko imbibi za Alezanderi bari baraziciyemo ibice 3), ategeka ko umuco nidini byAbagereki biyobokwa nabaturage bose ategeka (1Mak 1); bamwe mu bayahudi babisamira hejuru, abandi ariko babyamaganira kure (1Mak 1,10-15). Iryo toteza-madini ryagize ingaruka zikomeye ku Bayahudi: Amategeko ya Musa yateshejwe agaciro, iyobokamana ryabanyamahanga rihabwa intebe i Yeruzalemu, iminsi mikuru isimburwa niyabapagani, agahomamunwa, Hekaru yitirirwa ikigirwamana Zewusi cyabagereki ku ya 8 ukuboza 167 (Dan 9,27; 11,31; 12,11); ishusho yacyo ishyirwa ku rutambiro rwibitambo byUhoraho, maze umwami wAbagereki yigereranya nImana igaragara mu bantu (1Mak 1,41-64). Mu bindi bihugu nintara byategekwaga nAbagereki ibyo ntabibazo bikomeye byateye, cyane cyane aho basengaga Imana nyinshi byasaga no guhindura amazina yayo gusa, ariko muri Yudeya byabaye intandaro yibihe bikomeye: Uhoraho ni Imana idasanzwe (Ivug 6,4-13). Ku bayahudi bari baracengewe nagatima kibyAbagereki babyohotse inyuma ndetse bafatanya nabahumanya-Ngoro (1Mak 11; 2Mak 4,9-17) ariko abandi biyemeza urugamba (1Mak 2,29-38; 2Mak 6,18-31), bahungira mu misozi aho abapolisi ningabo byAbagereki babahigaga, hatangwa itegeko ko buri kwezi, buri wese aza gutura ibitambo byubuyoboke bwidini rishya cyangwa abyanze akicwa. Mu w166, umuherezabitambo MATATIYASI, abahungu be nabandi bakomeye ku kwemera kwabo biyemeza urugamba (1Mak 2,25-28.42-44), baboneza iyishyamba. Aho apfiriye, umuhungu we Yuda Makabe akomeza urugamba, babuza uburyo ubutegetsi mu dutero-shuma, ndetse abagereki bagabanya ubukana bwo kurwanya idini yAbayahudi, Ingoro yi Yeruzaremu barayihumanura (=kugangahura) ndetse bongera no kuyituriramo ibitambo (1Mak 4,36-61). Mu w142, Simoni Makabe yabohoje burundu intara ya Yudeya, yemerwa nkumuherezabitambo mukuru maze afata ubutegetsi bwa Leta, ubwa gisirikare nubwidini (1Mak 13,41-42). Kuva icyo gihe Abayahudi bazagira ubwigenge busesuye hafi imyaka 100 (142-63). Nubwo Abayahudi basubiranye ubwigenge, hagati yabo harimo amakimbirane nubwumvikane bukeya bizatuma ibyo barwaniye bitaramba: *Ubuherezabitambo bukuru bwambuwe inkomoko ya Sadoki, kandi iyo nzu yari ibufite kuva kuri Dawudi (2Bami 15,33; Ezk 40,46) ku buryo ndetse mu mvugo yo kubita bene Aroni, bari basigaye bitwa bene Sadoki. Icyo gikorwa cya Yonatani (152) cyagaragaje agatsiko kABASENIYANI bari bashishikariye gusenga. *Umutware wabayahudi Yohani HIRIKANI (134-104) yatonesheje itsinda ryAbasaduseyi, bityo Abafarizayi nabo bari baritabiriye urugamba batangira kugira ipfunwe. *Umuhungu we ARISTOBULE wa mbere (104-103) yihaye izina ryicyubahiro cyubutegetsi ryumwami (aho gukomeza kwitwa umutware wabayahudi), ibyo birakaza Abafarizayi bemeraga ko umwami agomba kuba inkomoko ya Dawudi gusa; icyo gikorwa bakibonyemo ubujura bwo kwiba icyubahiro nikosa ritambamiye idini. *Muri 76-67 hategekaga umwamikazi Alegizandara, abafarizayi bemeye kwinjira mu buyobozi bwurukiko rukuru (rwari rugizwe nabantu 70), maze aho apfiriye abahungu be babiri barwanira ubutegetsi bwigihugu, nubuyobozi bwidini, impaka ziba ndende hagati yamashyaka (cyangwa amatsinda) yAbafarizayi nAbasaduseyi.

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Icyitonderwa: Icyo gihe igihugu cyAbaromani ni cyo cyari gikomeye mu bya gisirikari nubutegetsi, ndetse cyaratangiye kwigarurira intara zategekwaga nAbagereki. Mu gushaka uko amakimbirane ahosha, Abayahudi batabaje ubutegetsi bwAbanyaroma ngo bubakiranure: Pompe, umusirikari mukuru wumuromani abahigika bombi, Abayahudi bongera gutakaza ubwigenge nubutegetsinoneho burundu. Imibereho yabo iba yinjiye mu bihugu bitegekwa nAbaromani. 3.16. PALESTINA MU GIHE CYA YEZU: UBUTEGETSI BWABAROMANI 63-40: Pompe yashyizeho umuherezabitambo mukuru Hirikani wa 2 ahabwa nubutegetsi bwa Leta ariko agakora ibyo abwirijwe iteka na ROMA. 39-4: Herodi (wari ufite nyina mu nkombe yAbayahudi naho se akaba uwo mu karere begeranye ka IDUMEYA) ahabwa ubutegetsi na ROMA, yitwa umwami wAbayahudi, ariko amabwiriza namategeko yabihabwaga nAbaromani. Ku bwidini, Abayahudi bemerewe imihango yabo niminsi mikuru yabo; igihe Yezu Kristu avutse, uyu Herodi niwe watsembye abana akeka ko harimo uzamusimbura (Mt 2,1-22); azwiho kuba yaraguye Ingoro y i Yeruzalemu, ndetse ayigira nziza ngo arebe ko Abayahudi bamukunda. Aho Herodi bitaga mukuru apfiriye igihugu cya Palestina cyategetswe gutya : Akarere ka Yudeya na Samariya: Kahawe umwe mu bahungu be, Arikelewusi (Lk 19,12) nyuma yimyaka 2 asimburwa nabayobozi bintara, ba Perefe, boherejwe na Roma: igihe Kristu aciriwe urubanza i Yeruzalemu mu ntara ya Yudeya. Pilato ni we wari uhagarariye ubutegetsi bwi Roma agatinya ko hari uwamurega ko atubaha umwami wi Roma cyangwa ko ajenjeka. Akarere ka Galileya: Kahawe Herodi Antipasi mwene Herodi mukuru; uyu ni we wicishije Yohani Batisita (Mt 14,3-12) ni we Kristu yita ingunzu (umihari) Lk 13,31); mu rubanza rwa Kristu; Pilato amenyeko Yezu akomoka mu karere gategekwa na Herodi; yasabye ko bamumushyira akamucira urubanza (Lk 23,6-7) abonye urubanza rukomeye amusubiza Pilato: ibya Kristu uvuka ahategekwa na Herodi, byagera aho aregwa ibyaha yakoreye ahategekwa na Pilato, bongera kumugarura (Lk 23,9). Mu ntangiriro ya Kiliziya (mu myaka ya 37-44), umwuzukuru wa Herodi (Herodi Agripa wa 1) yari yarasubijwe ziriya ntara uko ari eshatu; yatotezaga Kiliziya agirango ashimishe rubanda (Intg 12,1-23) nyuma yurupfu rwe, intara zose za Palestina uko ari 3 zategekwaga nabayobozi boherejwe na Roma. 3.17. ABAYAHUDI BIRUKANWA BURUNDU MU GIHUGU CYAHOZE ARI ICYABO Mu gihe cya Yezu hakomeje kuboneka imyivumbagatanyo yAbayahudi bizeraga kwiganzura ubutegetsi bwAbaromani bagasubirana ubwigenge nkuko byari byabahiriye ku gihe cyAbamakabe; utwo dutsiko (cyane cyane abo bitaga abarwanashyaka) twabigenzaga kenshi (Intg 5,37) bityo abasirikare nabategetsi ba Roma bagahora barekereje ngo baburizemo iyo migambi (Lk 13,1-5). Aho babikekaga babahanaga bihanukiriye ndetse na Kristu abamushinja baganishije muri uwo murongo wo kugoma no kwigomeka (Lk 23,5-6) ngo akunde yicwe. Ahagana muri 66-70 nyuma ya Kristu ku ngoma yumwami Herodi Agripa wa 2 (Intg 25,1327), habayeho imyivumbagatanyo ikomeye yAbayahudi, bituma Titusi, umugaba wingabo zAbaromani asenya burundu Hekaru ya Yeruzalemu (akeshi impaka zaberaga ku bibuga nimbaraza zayo). Igihe mu w135 hongeye kuvuka indi myivumbagatanyo irwanya ubutegetsi bwAbaromani

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uwitwa umuyahudi wese yaratotejwe ameneshwa muri Yeruzalemu ndetse hatangwa nitegeko ribabuza kongera kuhasunuka burundu. Amateka ya Isiraheli nkigihugu na Yeruzalemu yongeye kuvugwa mu w 1948 ubwo umuryango wAbibumbye wemeye gukebera igihugu Abayahudi bari baratatanye iyo myaka hafi 2500 (uhereye igihe cyijyanwabunyago ryi Babiloni) cyangwa 1800 uhereye ku iteka ryabacaga i Yeruzalemu. Icyo gihugu cyabaye isibaniro, nubu kirimo intambara hagati yAbayahudi nAbarabu, buri bwoko bugifata nkicyabo: Abayahudi bahereye ku isezerano rya Aburahamu namateka yuko bakirwaniye bakagitura, bakagisengeramo, bumva barakirukanywemo kurugomo, ubundi bwoko bwose bwahatuye ni ubwo kumeneshwa; Abarabu nabo bakomeje izina rya Palestina, bahatura muri urwo rujya nuruza rwintambara, bahamara imyaka myinshi kandi idini ya Islam yubakira ku kwemera kwa Aburahamu. Kubera ko ubutegetsi bwigihugu kenshi bwari mu migi ikomeye nka Roma, Antiyokiya, Alegizandiriya, Korinte nindi nkayo, ubukristu bwo mu ikubitiro bwagabye amashami kure ya Yeruzalemu, bityo Roma yari ihuriro ryibintu nabantu iba umurwa mukuru wubukristu nintebe ya Petero. Yeruzalemu rero kimwe nigihugu cya Isiraheli bizakomeza kuba isonga yukwemera kwabayahudi, abakristu (ndetse nabayislamu bayikomeyeho nyuma ya Maka). 3.18. IBITEKEREZO BYIYOBOKAMANA NA POLITIKI MU DUTSIKO TWARIHO MU GIHE CYA YEZU Nubwo iyobokamana ryAbayahudi ryari rihuriye ku nkingi zimwe na zimwe; Imana imwe, amategeko ya Musa nIsezerano, hari amatsinda nudutsiko tunyuranye mu buryo bwo gusobanura aho ukwemera kwabo gushingiye. Ibitekerezo byinshi babihuriraho, ariko hari naho batandukanye ku buryo babyicanira. Nko mu gihe cyAbaperisi no mu myaka ya mbere yAbagereki, Abaromani bari bararekeye Abayahudi ubwigenge busesuye mu mico niyobokamana: Gusenga, gutura ibitambo, guhimbaza iminsi mikuru, guca imanza no gutanga ibihano (uretse icyurupfu: Mt 27,1) ku birebana nidini ryabo. Ubuyobozi bwabayahudi mu byidini bwari bufitwe ninama nkuru (Intu 5,21; Mt 26,57; 27,1), yari igizwe nabantu 70, ikayoborwa numusaseridoti mukuru, igaterana kabiri mu cyumweru muri Hekaru kandi ikiza ibibazo byidini nibya politike. *Ibibazo byidini: Kureba uko amateko ya Musa yubahirizwa, gahunda yimihango nibindi byose byiyobokamana. *Ibibazo bya politike: Kureba uko amategeko ya politike yabaperisi nubutegetsi bwAbanyaroma bubayobora. Iyo nama nkuru rero yari igizwe: nabakera bumuryango wa Isiraheli, abaherezabitambo bakuru bacyuye igihe hamwe nabahagarariye ibyiciro byAbasaduseyi, abigishamategeko nAbafarizayi. Utwo dutsiko twose twari dufite ibitekerezo binyuranye ku iyobokamana, kandi bamwe muri bo bajya impaka kenshi na Yezu kugeza ubwo bamugambaniye. 1. ABASADUSEYI: Ni abo mu nkomoko yo kwa Sadoki (2Sam 8,17; 1Bami 1,8) wari umuherezabitambo mukuru mu gihe cya Dawudi, bongera kugaragara mu gihe cyabamakabe (135-104). Ni agatsiko kari kiganjemo abaherezabitambo nabantu bo mu miryango yabakire yi Yeruzalemu: Bemeraga ibitabo bitanu bya Musa nabahanuzi Barwanyaga ibitekerezo byuruhererekane rutanditse muri Bibiliya byigishwaga nabigishamategeko

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Barwanyaga ibitekerezo bishya byagaragaye mu idini yabayahudi igihe cyAbaperesi nAbagereki aribyo: abamalayika, izuka ryabapfuye, ibihembo nubuzima nyuma yurupfu. Nta mukiza bizeye ko azaza Basuzuguraga rubanda giseseka Ubutegetsi bwabanyamahanga ntacyo bubabangamiyeho igihe cyose budatambamira ibitambo namategeko ya Musa. Nibo baba baratekereje kwicisha Yezu (reba Mt 22,23-33; Mk 12,18-27; 14,53; Lk 20,27-41; Intu 23,8). 2. ABAFARIZAYI: ni agatsiko kabantu bafashije abamakabe kurwana (1Mak 2,25-44), hanyuma igihe Yohani Hirikani (135-125) yihaye icyubahiro cyo kwitwa umwami wa Isiraheli atari inkomoko ya Dawudi bitandukanya nubwo butegetsi bwabamakabe. Buhoro buhoro babaye itorero, hinjiramo ingeri zinyuranye zabantu: rubanda giseseka, abaherezabitambo ninjijuke mu byamategeko ku buryo mu gihe cya Yezu bari abayoboke barenga 6 000, kandi bari hirya no hino mu gihugu. Baziririzaga amategeko ya Musa hamwe nutundi tugereka twayo, bakayakurikiza kugera mu ducogocogo twayo (Mt 23,13-32; Mk 7,1-13). Bategereje umukiza wumwami uzabarokora ubutegetsi bwabanyamahanga, itahuka ryabayahudi banyanyagiye hose hamwe nigihano kizahabwa abagome. Bemera izuka ryabapfuye, urubanza rwimperuka, roho nabamalayika. Ntibivanga muri politike, bibanda ku iyobokamana. Bubashye na rubanda giseseka, bafitemo abayoboke, bararwigisha mu masengero no mu migi. Igihe bategereje ko ibyo byuzuzwa bahindura abantu ngo bemere idini yabo (Mt 23,15; Intu 2,11). Nubwo yezu yanenze kenshi bakabyagamo hari ababaye inshuti ze (Lk 13,31), abarwanye ku bakristu ba mbere (Intu 5,34), ndetse nabahindutse abakristu nka Pawulo (Fil 3,5; Intu 15,5). Mu byo batumvikanagaho na Yezu, harimo gukiza abantu kuri Sabato, kwiha ububasha nkubwImana bwo gukiza ibyaha no kwireshyeshya nImana (Yh 5,18); igihe Hekaru isenywe muri 70, abafarizayi ni ko gatsiko kakomeje umutsi kaba ninkingi yakomeje iyobokamana ryabayahudi. 3. ABASENIYANI (=ABASHISHIKARIYE GUSENGA) Kimwe nabafarizayi, ni agatsiko kafashije abamakabe kurwana (1Mak 2,25-44), ariko nyuma baza kwitandukanya nubuherezabitambo bwi Yeruzalemu, bitarura isi, bibumbira mu matsinda yibera mu butayu no mu bigo (nkamazu yabihayimana yubu), begukira kubana kivandimwe, gusenga no kuzirikana ijambo ryImana (kenshi ku mugoroba), bashyira hamwe umutungo wabo, bamwe muri bo biyemeza kudashaka kandi bakubahiriza amategeko yo kwisukura. Harimo ingeri nyinshi zabantu, higanjemo abaherezabitambo banga urunuka ibitambo nimihango byakorerwaga muri Hekaru (bakabona abaherezabitambo babitura batabikwiye), nubwo na bo bakoraga imihango isa niyi Yeruzalemu. Bari bategereje abakiza bingeri ebyiri (2): ukomoka kuri Dawudi, waba umwami, nundi uzahumanura ubuherezabitambo. Biyumvaga nkudusigisigi twamazina ya Isiraheli. Ntaho bavugwa muri Bibiliya, kandi kuko bari bitaruye abantu, ntabwo bagize uruhare runini ku idini yabayahudi. Nyamara abashakashatsi bemeza ko Yohani Batisita yaba yaravomye ibitekerezo byabo, nabakristu ba mbere bagize imyitwarire bashobora kuba babakomokaho (Lk 1,80; Mt 18,1517; Intu 2,44-45; 4,32-37; 5,1-11).

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4. ABARWANASHYAKA: Ni agatsiko gafite ibitekerezo bisa nibyabafarizayi, ariko kuri politike bakaba ishyaka rigamije mbere na mbere kubohora igihugu cyabo no kwirukanamo abanyamahanga. Babakeka cyane cyane muri Galileya (Intu 5,37; Lk 13,1) no mu ntumwa za Yezu harimo Simoni (Lk 6,15; Intu 1,13), ariko babaye agatsiko gakomeye kuva muri 44. Kuri bo, politike niyobokamana biragendana, bakoresha iterabwoba, bitwaza ibyuma mu myenda bambaye byo kwica abaromani nabayahudi babashyigikiye; Barabasi (Mt27,17) babamukekamo; imyivumbagatanyo yabo (66-70) niyo yabaye intandaro yo gusenya Hekaru. Nubwo Yezu yavuze ibisa nibyabo (Mt 10,34; 26,52); ntaho yari ahuriye nabo. 5. ABANYASAMARIYA (Abasamaritani): Ni abaturage bo mu ntara iri hagati ya Yudeya na Galileya; amateka yatumye bagira umwihariko mu iyobokamana (1Bami 16,24; ikarita no 6). Bemera ibitabo 5 bya Musa, basengera ku musozi wa Garizimu, ndetse naho urusengero rwabo abayahudi barusenye (128), bakomeje kumva ko aribo basenga Imana yukuri (Yh 4,9-25; 8,48; Lk 9,52-54; Intu8,1-25). Abayahudi babitaga abayoboke, nyamara Yezu yabafashe ukundi (Lk 10,33; 17,16; Yh 4,40). 6. ABANYAGALILEYA: Ni abaturage bo mu majyaruguru ya Palestina, akarere Yezu akomokamo; muri bo, kimwe no muri Samariya higanjemo abapagani (abanyamahanga, Iz 8,23; Mt 4,15), bafite imvugo yihariye (Mt 26,73), basuzugurwa nabandi bayahudi (Yh 7,52), niho Kristu yigishije (Mt 10,5) kandi hakaba indiri yabakomeye ku bwigenge bwigihugu cyabo. 7. ABAHERODIYANI: Agatsiko ka politike kari gashyigikiye Herodi wategekaga Galileya, ategekera abaromani, ari nawe wicishije Yohani Batisita; hariho abasaduseyi, bakaba batareba Yezu neza (Mk 3,6; 12,13; Mt 22,16). 8. ABAPAGANI (ABANYAMAHANGA): Nibo bari benshi muri Palestina barimo abakanahani gakondo, abagereki benshi (ku buryo mu migi imwe nimwe aribo gusa bari bahari), ndetse nabaromani ariko bo abenshi bari abasirikari bari mu bigo usibye i Yeruzalemu hari higanje abayahudi, indi migi yarimo iyo mvange yamoko (Intu 22,21; 2,4). Ntabwo rero mu butaka butagatifu bose basengaga Imana ya Aburahamu; aha niho havuga abayoboke batinyaga Imana ya Isiraheli, bagahindura idini. 9. RUBANDA GISESEKA NABAKENE BA NYAGASANI Usibye ayo matsinda nudutsiko, hari na rubanda, badahambaye mu mategeko nimihango ariko bafite ukwemera kwa kiyahudi (Yh 7,49). Abo rero bari bategereje umukiza, kandi niho tubona abakene ba Nyagasani, bakereye kwakira umukiro bategereje (Zakariya, Elizabeti, Mariya, Yozefu, Ana, Simewoni,); ni muri icyo cyiciro Kristu yisanzuyemo (Intu 4,13), baramukurikira, ni nabo bazavamo abakristu bo mu ikubitiro. 10. YOHANI BATISITA Uyu ni we usoza Isezerano rya kera; mu nyigisho ze, asa nuwongeye gukomoza ku buhanuzi bwari bwarakendereye; yitandukanyije nudutsiko tundi, maze bose abaha inama yo guhinduka no kwisubiraho (Lk 3,10-14); yamaganye aho badatunganya iyobokamana rishinze ku mitima (Mt 3,7); muri we, amategeko nabahanuzi byuzuza ubutumwa bwabyo (Mt 11,13), bityo inyigisho yInkurunziza ya Yezu Kristu itangira yerekana Kristu ho umukiza (Yh 1,19-29). Umugaragu wImana wahanuwe na Izayi (Iz 53,4-7), maze abo Yohani yigishije Yezu abatoraho abigishwa be ba mbere (Yh 1,35-51). Bityo Isezerano rya kera ryimukira Inkuru nziza ya Yezu Kristu, idini nshya iba iritaruye byuzurira muri We (Lk 4,18-22).

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IV. A.

IMITERERE YIBITABO BYA BIBILIYA ISEZERANO RYA KERA

4.1. IBITABO BITANU BYAMATEGEKO 4.1.1. IGITABO CYINTANGIRIRO a) Ijambo ryibanze :

Igitabo cyIntangiriro kibimburira ibitabo bitanu bya mbere byAmategeko. Cyitwa icyIntangiriro kuko kidutekerereza amavu namavuko yijuru nisi, ibintu nabantu cyane cyane umuryango wa Israheli. Igitabo cyIntangiriro kigizwe nimitwe 50. Kibumbiyemo ibice bibiri bitareshya : Igice kiduterereza amateka ya kera na kare(Intg 1-11) Iremwa ryibintu byose nabantu niyaduka ryicyaha: (Intg 1-6,4) Umwuzure: (Intg 6,5-9,14) Kuva ku mwuzure kugera kuri Aburahamu: (Intg 9,18-11,32). Kuva ku mutwe wa 12 kugeza ku wa 50 tubona amateka ya: Aburahamu (Intg 12,1-20,18) Aburahamu na Izaki (Intg 21,1-25,18) Izaki na Yakobo (Intg 37,2-50,26).

b) Ibitekerezo byingenzi biri mu gitabo cyIntangiriro. 1) Igitekerezo cyiremwa (Intg1-3) Tubonamo ingingo eshatu zingenzi: Ibiriho byose byaremwe nImana Ibiriho byose bibeshejweho nImana Muntu yaremanywe inshingano zo gukora ngo ahindure isi nziza kubera ikuzo ryImana. Igitabo cyIntangiriro kirimo ibitekerezo 2 byiremwa: i) Igitekerezo cya mbere cyiremwa (Intg 1,1-2,4a) Umwanditsi wiki gitekerezo abarirwa mu ruhererekane rwa gisaseridoti. Cyabayeho hagati yimyaka 587-538 igihe Abayisraheli bari mu ijyanwabunyago i Babiloni. Bagihimbiye kwifashishwa muri Liturujiya ngo cyumvikanishe ko Imana imwe rukumbi yaremye byose. Niyo igomba guhimbazwa kuri sabato: umunsi washyizweho nImana ngo abantu baruhuke imirimo bayisingiza. Iki gitekerezo kiboneka muri Liturujiya yijoro rya Pasika ngo gikomeze ukwemera gushingiye ku Mana imwe, umuremyi wijuru nisi.

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Imana irema ijuru nisi ; ibintu numuntu : Mu gitabo cyIntangiriro umutwe wa mbere, umurongo wa mbere dusoma ko Mu ntangiriro Imana yaremye ijuru nisi. Ibi bikatwumvisha ko Imana ubwayo yahozeho mbere y ibiremwa byose; ntigira intangiriro niherezo. Mu Intg 1,1-2,4a hagaragara ibikorwa byImana itunganya isi ngo Muntu ayiture imeze neza. Hari ibikorwa bitatu byibanze aho Imana yatandukanyije: Urumuri numwijima Amazi yo mu nsi yikirere namazi yo hejuru yikirere. Inyanja nubutaka Nyuma hari ibikorwa bine bigaragaza uko Imana yashyizeho ibituye ku isi: Kumeza ubwatsi butoshye Kurema ibinyarumuri biri mu kirere Inyamaswa zamoko yose, ari izo mu mazi ku butaka no mu kirere. Kurema muntu wahanzwe mu ishusho ryImana. Bigaragara ko umwanditsi wiki gitekerezo cya mbere cyiremwa (Intg1,1-2,4a) yifashishije kwitegereza ibimukikije maze yerekana ko byose byaremeshejwe ububasha bwijambo ryImana; bigaragazwa nuko agenda asubiramo ngo: Imana iravuga iti. Amagambo akoreshwa numwanditsi aho agira ati : Imana ibona ari byiza, atwumvisha ko ibyakomotse ku Mana ari byiza byose; Imana ni isoko yicyiza. Ibi bitandukanye nibitekerezo byariho byumvisha Imana ebyiri: iyicyiza nImana yikibi (Mthyologie dualiste) cyangwa Imana nyinshi (Polythisme). Mu gitekerezo cya mbere cyiremwa, Muntu yaremwe nyuma yibindi biremwa byose. Ibi umwanditsi yabishakiye kutwumvisha agaciro Muntu atambukije ibindi biremwa, kandi agahamagarirwa kubitegeka. Uwo mwanya wicyubahiro Muntu yahawe umwegereza Imana, akayiba hafi mu ishusho nimisusire yayo muri kamere yImana yuje urukundo. ii) Igitekerezo cya kabiri cyiremwa (Intg2, 4b-25). Ingingo zingenzi tuzirikana mu Intg2,4b-25, ni uko muri ikigitekerezo Muntu yaremwe mbere yibindi biremwa. Ahabwa rero umwanya wibanze. Umwanditsi wacyo yari ashishikajwe no gushaka ibisubizo byibibazo birebana na kamere-Muntu, umurimo Muntu ashinzwe, umwanya ninshingano za Muntu imbere yImana nibindi biremwa birimo inyamaswa; tutibagiwe umubano wumugabo numugore basabwa kunga ubumwe. a) Ingingo ya mbere ireba isano hagati ya Muntu nibindi biremwa Mu gitabo cyIntangiriro umutwe wa kabiri, umurongo wa karindwi dusangamo iki gitekerezo : Ni uko Uhoraho abumba Muntu mu ibumba rivuye mu gitaka, amuhuha mu mazuru umwuka wubuzima, nuko Muntu aba muzima.

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Mu gihebureyi muntu bamwita ADAM naho igitaka bacyita adama . Ayo magambo yigihebureyi agaragaza mu gisobanuro cyayo ko rimwe ryavuye ku rindi. Kuvuga ko Muntu ari igitaka ni ukuvuga ko adakomeye, harimo kandi isano ya Muntu nubutaka agomba guhinga ngo abeho, ikindi twumva hano ni uko amaherezo ya Muntu ari ugupfa agasubira mu gitaka. Umwuka yahushyweho ni ubuzima bukomoka ku Mana yahawe. Mu Intg 2,15 batubwira ko Muntu yashyizwe mu busitani bwa Edeni ngo aburinde kandi abuhinge, aho tubona ko Muntu kuva akiremwa yahawe inshingano zo gukora. Umurimo rero wifujwe nImana ngo uheshe Muntu agaciro, umufashe gukomeza igikorwa cyiremwa ahindura isi nziza. Umurimo si igihano cyImana, si ningaruka zicyaha ahubwo ni ubutumwa bwahawe Muntu kuva mu ntangiriro. b) Ingingo ya kabiri ni isano umuntu afitanye nImana Imana ntiyatanze ubuzima gusa ahubwo ihora hafi ya Muntu imuha ibyiza byose. Imana yifuza ko Muntu abaho mu mahoro namahirwe ntagihungabanya ubuzima bwe, Muntu rero yisanisha nImana igihe agaragaza ishusho yImana ahari hose ; isano ikomeye hagati yImana na Muntu ni urukundo Imana yakunze Muntu ikarubuganiza mu mutima we ; maze Muntu nawe agasabwa kurugaragaza muri byose. c) Isano ishingiye ku mugabo numugore Umubano wumugabo numugore ni ingingo umwanditsi wigitekerezo cya 2 cyiremwa yibanzeho mu gitabo cyIntangiriro umutwe wa 2 umurongo wa 18. Uhoraho yasanze atari byiza ko Muntu aba wenyine amuremera umufasha bakwiranye, aho ni ho tubonera ishingiro ryo gushyingirwa. Umubano wumugabo numugore ushingiye ku rukundo Imana yabaremanye, urwo rukundo rugashushanya urwo Imana ifitiye abantu. Abashakanye bagomba kunga ubumwe mu bwuzuzanye, umugabo numugore basangiye kamere nkuko bigaragara mu gitabo cyIntg 2,23. Kuba umugore yarakuwe mu rubavu rwumugabo (Intg 2,22) bivuze ko bangana, barareshya. Ntibaremanywe rero ubusumbane nkuko bamwe babikeka. Ubwo buringanire bugomba kugaragara mu mibereho yabo, imbuto zumubano wabashakanye ni ukororoka no kurera abana gikristu (Intg 2,28). d) Ingingo ya kane yerekana ko Muntu yaremewe kubaha Imana Kubaha Imana ni ishingiro ryubusabane bwa Muntu nImana ni itegeko rigomba kugenga imibereho ya Muntu (Intg 2,16-17). Iryo tegeko ntiryari rigamije kubuza Muntu ubwisanzure ahubwo Imana yaritanze kugirango imibanire yayo na Muntu ireke kuba nkiyumwana ubwirizwa gukora ikintu cyose. Muntu yaremanywe ubwigenge bwuzuye nibikorwa bye bigomba kumwitirirwa imbere yImana nabantu. Ubwigenge nyabwo Muntu yahawe ni uguhitamo gukora icyiza; nkuko bigarara bwakoreshejwe nabi Muntu ahitamo ikibi maze aracumura. 2) Igicumuro cya Adamu na Eva Umutwe wa 5 wigitabo cyIntangiriro udutekerereza inkomoko yicyaha cyashegeshe kamere Muntu kandi bigakurikirana urubyaro rwa Muntu (pch originel). Twumve neza imvugo-shusho ikoreshwa muri icyo gitekerezo cyimvano yicyaha cyinkomoko: -Iyo havuzwe inzoka humvikana sekibi, umushukanyi numuhendanyi ni ukuvuga ko igishuko cyinjiye mu mutima wa muntu biturutse kuri sekibi umwanzi wImana nabantu. Sekibi uwo yari umumalayika wikujije agahanishwa kwirukanwa mu maso yImana.

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-Imbuto zariwe zishushanya ugusuzugura Imana kwakozwe na Muntu, bityo akanga kuguma mu murongo Imana yari yaramuteganyirije. Tureke gukurikira no kwemera abashaka guhuza igisobanuro cyimbuto no guca ku itegeko iri niri ryImana cyane cyane irya 6. Ingaruka zicyaha cyinkomoko nkuko zigaragara mu gitabo cyIntangiriro -Ingaruka ya mbere: ni imibanire ya Muntu nImana yononekaye kuva icyo gihe kugeza ubu irangwa nubuhemu bwa Muntu. -Ingaruka yakabiri: ni ihungabana ryumubano wumugabo numugore irangwa no kwitandukanya umwe yikuraho amakosa akayashyira ku wundi (Intg 3,12-13). -Ingaruka ya gatatu: ni uko imirimo ya Muntu irangwa nimvune zikabije (Intg 3,17-79). -Ingaruka ya kane yazanywe nicyaha ni urupfu rwinjiye mu isi ruba ikimenyetso cyuko Muntu yatakaje ubushobozi bwo kunesha sekibi. -Ariko nubwo Muntu amaze gucumura yibasiwe nibyago bikomeye Imana ntiyamutereranye, yahise itangaza umugambi wo gukiza Muntu maze icyiza cyikaganza ikibi ubuziraherezo (Intg5,15). Kuva aho Muntu akoreye icyaha ikibi nicyiza ni imbangikane, kandi ntibituza kurwanira mu mutima wumuntu. Umukiro Imana yasezeranyije wuzurijwe mu mwana wayo Yezu Kristu, wigize umuntu agatsinda urupfu, akazukira kuduha ubugingo bwiteka. Nyuma yo kubona ibikubiye mu mitwe itatu ibanza, igitabo cyIntangiriro mu mitwe yacyo ya kane, gatandatu, karindwi nuwacumi numwe bikomeza kudutekerereza uburyo icyaha cyakomeje gukwira ku isi. 3) Amateka yAbakurambere (Intg 12-50) Igice cya kabiri cyigitabo cyIntangiriro gihera ku mutwe wa 12 kugera ku wa 50 kitugezaho amateka yAbakurambere bacu mu kwemera: Aburahamu, Izaki na Yakobo. Inyigisho zingenzi zikubiye muri iki gice (Intg 12-50) ni izi zikurikira: a) Abakurambere baranzwe no kwemera, gusenga Imana imwe rukumbi. Inkuru zumukurambere Aburahamu Sekuruza wabemera bose zibimburirwa nihamagarwa rye ava mu gihugu cya Harani akerekera mu gihugu cya Kanahani ari cyo cyisezerano (Intg 12) Guhaguruka ukava mu gihugu cyamavuko ukajya mu kindi utazi bisaba ukwemera gukomeye. Aburahamu yarakugize, bityo yitwa Sekuruza wabemera bose. Urwo rugendo yakoze mu mvune nyinshi rwari rugamije kumukura mu gihugu basengaga ibigirwamana rukamuganisha mu gihugu cyisezerano aho azasengera Imana imwe Rukumbi (Intg 12, 8). Mu gihe cya none Aburahamu yakoze urugendo rushushanya urwo natwe tugomba gukora mu mitima yacu, tumurikiwe nukwemera tuva mu gihugu cyubucakara bwicyaha, tukagana mu gihugu cyubutungane nubutabera. Imana iduhamagara mu ngoma yayo irangwamo ibyiza namahoro, aho ni ho tugomba gusengera Imana mu kuri no muri Roho wayo. b) Imana y abakurambere bacu yagiranye nabo Isezerano Umubano wImana numuryango wayo ushingiye ku isezerano yagiriye Abakurambere. Inkuru zisezerano muri Bibiliya tuzihera mu gitabo cyIntangiriro umutwe wa 15. Icyingenzi dusangamo ni uko Imana itigera yivuguruza ku isezerano; Muntu we arangwa no kurenga ku isezerano. Ariko igihe cyose Muntu yubahirije isezerano abaho mu mahoro, akagira uburumbuke

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numunezero (Intg 12,2-3; 13,14-17). Aburahamu yaduhaye urugero rwubudahemuka ku isezerano, yubahiriza itegeko ryo kumvira nkuko bigaragara mu mutwe wa22. c) Amateka yAbakurambere yerekana uburyo bahimbazaga Imana. Mu gice cya kabiri cyigitabo cyIntangiriro dusangamo uko Imana batangiye kuyisenga no kuyihimbaza ku mugaragaro. Umuhimbazo (culte) muri icyo gihe ntiwayoborwaga numusaseridoti akikijwe nimbaga, ibyo byatangiriye mu butayu kugeza ubu. Ahubwo umukuru wumuryango (pre de famille) yahurizaga hamwe abavandimwe, maze akabayobora mu gikorwa cyo gusenga no guhimbaza Imana. Ibyo byaberaga mu rugo. Nyuma byaje guhinduka aho kugirango umuhimbazo ubere mu rugo, ukabera ahantu Imana yagiye yigaragariza. Hamwe muri ho ni Beteli, Sikemu nahandi. Abakurambere (Aburahamu, Izaki, Yakobo) ntibigeze batura ibitambo bimena amaraso ya Muntu (Intg 22,9-13) ; Imana rero itanga ubuzima ntikeneye icyabuhungabanya niyo byaba ibitambo byo kuyishimisha. d) Amateka ku mibereho mu miryango Inkuru zamateka mu miryango ziboneka mu mutwe wa 12 kugeza ku wa 50, zibanda ku mazina yabantu mu miryango itandukanye, ku mihango irebana no kuvuka kumwana mu muryango arimo, kwitwa izina, ku mihango yo gushyingira, ndetse nimihango ireba urupfu. Ibi biratwumvisha ko amateka yAbakurambere ashingiye ku mibereho yubuzima busanzwe bwabantu. Atandukanye rero namateka ashingiye ku butegetsi bwigihugu. Ayo mateka ashimangira imyumvire yAbayisiraheli bari bakomeye ku muco wo kwemera Imana imwe, kugira umuryango umwe, usangiye igihugu kimwe Muri make ni amateka atangirana nitorwa ryumuryango; Imana ikawuremarema ngo uture igihugu cyisezerano. Icyo gihugu kigenura ingoma yImana iturwamo nabemera. Abantu bose basabwa kuyigarukira bakiri ku isi, kuko ikazakomeza mu ijuru, iruhande rwayo. 4.1.2. IGITABO CYIYIMUKAMISIRI Igitabo cyiyimukamisiri gikurikira icyintangiriro muri Bibiriya. Kigizwe nimitwe 40. Kivuga ku buryo burambuye amateka yAbayisiraheli bimuka bava mu Misiri bagana mu gihugu cyisezerano. Kubohorwa ubucakara bwa Misiri, isezerano rya Sinayi, urugendo rwimyaka 40 mu butayu, ukwigaragaza kUhoraho nkumukiza ni ingingo zibandwaho mu gitabo cyIyimukamisiri. Iki gitabo kigizwe nibice bitandatu byingenzi bikurikira: 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) Imana yimura Abayisiraheli mu gihugu cya Misiri (Iyim 1,1-15,21). Urugendo rwAbayisiraheli mu butayu: (Iyim15,22-18,27). Imana igirana isezerano na Israheli: (Iyim 19-24). Amategeko yerekeye ingoro yUhoraho: (Iyim 25-31). Ikimasa cya zahabu: (Iyim 32-34). Iyubukwa ryingoro yUhoraho: (Iyim 35-40).

Igitabo cyIyimukamisiri kitugezaho ku buryo bwuzuye amategeko Isiraheli yagombaga kubahiriza, agashingiraho isezerano ryImana numuryango wayo.

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Ayo mategeko akubiye mu bika bine bikurikira: Igika cya mbere gikubiyemo amategeko menshi yerekeye uburyo bwo guhimbaza umunsi mukuru wa Pasika yibutsaga iyambuka ryinyanja itukura. Mu bihe bya kera cyane, Abayisiraheli bizihizaga Pasika buri mwaka basaba Uhoraho kurinda amatungo ningo zabo. Ariko igihe Musa abakuye mu Misiri, Pasika yabaye urwibutso rwibohorwa ryabo mu bucakara. Izina Pasika riva ku gihebureyiPesah. Iri jambo rigereranywa ninshinga Pasah ivuga kwambukiranyacyangwa guca hagati (Iyim 12,13) . Igika cya kabiri cyihariye umutwe wa 20; kikatugezaho Amategeko 10 yImana. Ayo Mategeko ni cyo gipimo cyurukundo Abayisiraheli bafitiye Imana. Amateka yigisha umuryango wImana, akibutsa ibyo yawushinze; Ni ishingiro ryiyobokamana nkuko ryahishuriwe Musa . Yezu na We ntiyaje kuyavanaho, ahubwo yaje kuyuzuza (Mt 5 17) . Igika cya gatatu (Iyim 20,22-23,33) kivuga ku mategeko yerekeye ibitambo nabagenewe kubitura, akerekana icyo buri wese ashinzwe nuburenganzira bwe. Mu mutwe wa 24,1-11 barondora imihango yisezerano rihuza Imana nAbayisiraheli. Igika cya kane (Iyim 34,14- 26). Ni icyamategeko avuga ko nta yindi mana igomba guhimbazwa uretse iya Isiraheli ari yo yukuri. Ibyingenzi tuzirikana mu gitabo cyIyimukamisiri A) Amavu namavuko yIyimukamisiri Amateka yIyimukamisiri, ahera mu mwaka wa 1650 mbere ya Yezu. Ubwo Yakobo nabahungu be 12 bagiye gutura mu Misiri bitewe no guhunga inzara namapfa yari mu gihugu. Bamaze mu Misiri imyaka igera kuri 400. Barororotse baragwira, Abanyamisiri batangira kubikanga no kubinuba. Muri uko kubishisha, imyifatire yAbanyamisiri numuryango wabafarawo wari ku butegetsi, umwami Seti I (1317-1301); Ramses II (1301-1234) baranzwe nibintu bibiri bigamije kubuza Abayisiraheli kugwira: Hari ukujugunya mu ruzi rwa Nili umwana wese wumuhungu uvutse ku Bahebureyi Hari no gukoreshwa imirimo yagahato nuburetwa yagombaga kubangamira ubuzima bwabo, maze bakicwa nimvune zumuruho. Iyo mibereho yubuja nubucakara yateye Uhoraho kohereza Musa ngo arokore umuryango watoranyijwe kuzaba ihanga rikomeye. B) Pasika yAbayisiraheli yibutsa ibohorwa ryabo Umuhanuzi Musa ni we wayoboye Abayisiraheli mu bikorwa byo kwigobotora ingoyi yubucakara bwAbanyamisiri. Gutambamira umugambi wImana kwa Farawo nAbanyamisiri kwatumye ibyago 10 bibagwirira biba imbarutso yo kureka Abaheburayi bagasohoka mu Misiri

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Mbere ko umuryango wImana utangira urugendo, wambuka inyanja, wafashe ifunguro rigizwe numwana wintama, imboga zisharira nimigati idasembuye. Hanyuma baboneza nzira bambuka inyanja itukura, yaguyemo Abanyamisiri bari babakurikiye, biba ikimenyetso cyImana irokora umuryango wa Israheli abanzi babo. Bityo biyemeza kujya bibuka icyo gikorwa uko umwaka utashye bakora ibirori byumunsi mukuru. Uwo munsi ni Pasika yAbayisraheli. Ihimbazwa ryiyo Pasika ryarangwaga no gufata ifunguro rigizwe nibi bikurikira: -Umwana wintama ya Pasika; bibuka ko Imana ari yo murengezi numuvugizi wumuryango wayo; bakibuka ijoro baviriyeho mu Misiri. -Imboga zisharira; zibutsa umubabaro, amagorwa, ibyago, ishavu nagahinda Abahebureyi bagiriye mu Misiri. -Imigati idasembuye; yibutsa ibakwe, umuhate, ingoga Israheli yakoranye urugendo. Itangwa ryAmategeko yImana nIsezerano ryayo Nyuma yo kuva mu Misiri, Isiraheli yahamije ko Uhoraho ari Imana yabo; Uhoraho nawe atora Israheli kuba umuryango we. Kuva icyo gihe Isiraheli ntiyabonye ubwigenge ahubwo yahindutse imbata yImana. Ibyo byabereye ku musozi wa Sinayi aho Musa yaherewe Amategeko namabwiriza yo gutangariza Abayisraheli, maze agakurikizwa nabantu bose. Ibyo bitwumvisha ko Imana yafashe umugambi wo kwitegekera no kwiyoborera umuryango wayo. Ukwigaragaza kwImana nkumukiza byahaye umwanya Abayisiraheli wo kumva ko ari nayo yaremye byose maze baherako bahimba igitabo cyIntangiriro. Imana umuremyi wabantu bose, niyo yonyine ifite ububasha bwo kubereka inzira banyuramo. Igisubizo cya Isiraheli cyabaye icyo kumvira Amategeko yImana ubudatezuka. Ukumvira Imana rero ni ko kubohoka byukuri kuri Muntu. Abayisraheli uko umwaka utashye bashyizeho umunsi mukuru wa Pentekositi ngo uzajye ubibutsa itangwa niyakira ryAmategeko yImana ku musozi wa Sinayi. Umwanzuro ku gitabo cyIyimukamisiri. Abahanga muri iki gihe kuri Bibiliya bakeka ko igitabo cyIyimukamisiri batangiye kucyandika igihe cyUmwami Salomoni nabamusimbuye, kikarangira kwandikwa nyuma yuko Abayisiraheli bajyanwa bunyago i Babiloni. Igitabo cyIyimukamisiri nicyIntangiriro bifitanye isano ikomeye kandi biruzuzanya. Umukiro wAbayisiraheli twumva mu Iyimukamisiri washishikaje Imana bitewe nuko ari yo yahanze byose. Ibi tubyumva mu gitabo cyIntangiriro, Imana ikiza abantu kuko ari yo yabahanze ikabarema. Musa intumwa yImana yohererejwe Abayisraheli, atwigisha ko natwe tugomba kurengera abari mu kaga, bahohoterwa, bari ku ngoyi zibatsikamiye cyane cyane ingoyi yicyaha, intege nke, umutima mubi, ubugome, ubwirasi, ubugomeramana nibindi. Imana muri iki gihe turimo ishaka kudukiza ikoresheje umwana wayo Yezu Kristu. Umukiro utugeraho iyo twemeye kugengwa nijambo ryImana tugatungwa nAmasakaramentu Yezu yaduhaye. Kwambuka inyanja yurufunzo kuri twe Abakristu bivuga Batisimu duhabwa idukiza icyaha nikibi cyose, ikatwinjiza mu muryango mushya wabana bImana ari wo Kiliziya.

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Muri rusange Iyimukamisiri rigamije kuturinda gutatira ukwemera kwacu gushingiye ku Mana imwe, igihe twibasiwe cyangwa twageze mu bigeragezo nkibyo Abayisiraheli banyuzemo. Igitabo cyIyimukamisiri ni cyo gikubiyemo kuburyo bwuzuye Isezerano rya Kera ryagenuraga Irishya ryujurijwe muri Yezu Kristu. Bityo ukurokorwa nti kukiri ukwAbayisiraheli gusa ahubwo ni ukwamahanga yose yibumbiye hamwe muri Yezu. Agakora umuryango umwe Imana yihitiyemo. 4.1.3. IGITABO CYABALEVI Igitabo cyAbalevi kigizwe nimitwe 27. Cyiswe icyAbalevi kuko kirimo amategeko nimihango bigenga ibitambo namaturo, Abayisiraheli baturaga Imana; Abalevi bakaba bari bashinzwe kubibayoboramo. Uwo murimo Abalevi bawutangiriye mu butayu aho Musa yabatoreye kwita ku Ngoro yUhoraho, bawukomeza i Kanahani bashinzwe imihango yose yo gusenga Uhoraho. Babanje i Sikemu, Beteri na Silo, hanyuma i Yeruzalemu mu ngoro yubatswe na Salomoni. Igitabo cyAbalevi cyatangiye kwandikwa kera, kirangira nyuma yijyanwabunyago i Babiloni, hagati yumwaka wa 500 nuwa 400 mbere ya Yezu Kristu. Muri rusange umwanditsi wacyo agamije kutugezaho amategeko namabwiriza agenga iminsi mikuru, ishyirwaho ryabaherezabitambo, kugangahura ibyahumanye no kubaho mu butungane. Ibice byingenzi byigitabo cyAbalevi ninyigisho dusangamo A) Imihango yibitambo (Lev 1-7) Muri iki gice dusangamo ubwoko butatu bwibitambo: Igitambo gitwikwa burundu : Nkuko tubisanga mu mutwe wa mbere wicyo gitabo, cyaherekezwaga nituro ryamavuta nifu, kikaba cyari kigenewe guhamyako Uhoraho ari nyiri ibintu byose na Rugaba. Cyarangwaga no gutwika itungo ryatuwe rigakongoka rigashira ntihagire igisigara kuri iryo tungo. Igitambo cyUbuhoro: Cyari kigenewe gukomeza, kunoza ubucuti nubumwe hagati yImana nugitura. Batwikaga igice kimwe cyituro batuye, igisigaye bakakirira ahabugenewe (Lev 3; 7,11-21). Igitambo cyimpongano yicyaha: Kigenewe kurura cyangwa kugusha neza Uhoraho ngo atange imbabazi zibyaha. Ibyerekeye icyo gitambo tubisanga mu mutwe wa 4 nuwa 5. B) Ishyirwaho ryAbaherezabitambo ba mbere (Lev 8-10). Muri iki gice batwereka ko umuherezabitambo ari we muhuza wimbaga yabantu nImana. Abo Imana yari yaratoreye uwo murimo ni abakomoka kuri Levi; aribo Aroni nabahungu be. C) Inyigisho zerekeye ibyahumanye nibitahumanye(Lev 11-16) Muri iki gice tubonamo inyigisho zigamije kubuza ibintu bidasanzwe ngo bitamerera nabi abantu cyangwa bikabatera guhumana, maze bagasaba Imana ngo ibarinde, ibakize ingaruka mbi byabatera. Muri ibyo bintu twavuga: Inyamaswa zigaragaza ubusembwa ku mubiri. Birindaga kuzirya cyangwa kuzitangaho ituro (Lev 11). Umugore wabyaye ntiyagombaga gukomeza imirimo atabanje kwisukura, ngo abone uburenganzira bwo gutura Imana igitambo (Lev 12). Kwirinda indwara batazi neza inkomoko cyane cyane izuruhu nibibembe (Lev 14).

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Ikigaragara ni uko kwirinda ibihumanye babiterwaga nubwoba bwo kwegera ibintu bidasanzwe cyangwa bidafite ibisobanuro. D) Itegeko ryo kuba intungane (Lev 17-26) Guharanira ubutungane byari ishingiro ryimibereho yAbayisiraheli. Hari amategeko menshi yagombaga kubahirizwa ngo abafashe kubaho mu butungane: Amategeko abuza kunywa amaraso kuko ari yo ubuzima bushingiyeho (Lev 17) Kwirinda ubusambanyi (Lev 18) Kudahemukira mugenzi wawe cyane cyane umukene numunyamahanga (Lev 19) Itegeko ryurukundo (Lev 19,18) Amategeko yAbaherezabitambo nibitambo (Lev 21-22); iminsi mikuru, amaturo nimyaka mitagatifu (Lev 23-25). Umugisha cyangwa umuvumo bitewe nimyifatire imbere yamategeko (Lev 26) E) Umugereka (Lev 27) Umugereka dusanga mu gitabo cyAbalevi uvuga icyo umuntu azatanga ngo gisimbure icyo yagombaga gutanga kubera umuhigo yahize. Muri rusange igitabo cyAbalevi kitugezaho ibitekerezo bitatu umuntu yashingiraho inzira yubutungane: Kwitandukanya nikibi cyose cyaduhumanya Kwiyegurira burundu Imana mu mubano utagira amakemwa Kwiyemeza kubaho ukora ugushaka kwImana. 4.1.4. IGITABO CYIBARURA Igitabo cyIbarura kigizwe nimitwe 36. Cyitwa icyIbarura kuko kidutekerereza ku buryo burambuye ibyerekeye ibarura ryimbaga yAbayisiraheli ryari ryarategetswe na Musa (Ibar 1,1-4,49), mbere yo gutangira urugendo mu butayu, bava ku musozi wa Sinayi berekeza mu burasirazuba bwa Yorudani, ahateganye na Yeriko. Inyigisho zingenzi dusanga mu gitabo cyIbarura twazikubira mu ngingo 2 zikurikira: Uko umuryango wa Isiraheli wumvaga cyangwa watekerezaga Imana yabo Ishusho nyakuri ya Musa, umugaragu wImana, imbere yAbayisiraheli. 1) Uko Abayisiraheli bumvaga Imana mu gitabo cyIbarura Mbere ya byose twiyibutse ko Isiraheli wari umuryango usenga kandi ukihutira kurangiza imihango mitagatifu yerekeye gutura ibitambo. Ntiwari rero umuryango wishingikirije imbaraga zintwaro ngo ugire ijambo mu rugaga rwamahanga. Ku bayisiraheli umutegetsi wabo bumvaga ko ari Imana, iba rwagati muri bo, mu rugendo barimo bagana mu gihugu cyisezerano. Iyo myumvire yImana ibari hafi yarabakomezaga, ariko kandi ikabahangayikisha. Bibazaga ukuntu Imana Nyirubutagatifu yakwemera kubana numuryango wabanyabyaha. Bityo bahoranaga ubwoba bwo kurimburwa nImana (Ibar 17,28). Uko guhagarika umutima byorohejwe nishyirwaho ryAbaherezabitambo nitorwa ryAbalevi bari bashinzwe guhuza imbaga nImana. Bari babereyeho gutakambira imbaga yabanyabyaha no kuyironkera imbabazi zikomoka ku Mana, maze ibyaha ntibikomeze kuremerera umuryango wImana.

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2) Ishusho nyakuri ya Musa Igitabo cyIbarura kitwereka ishusho yihariye ya Musa mu maso yAbayisiraheli. Musa ni umuntu ubasha gucyaha no gucyamura umutima wanangiye wAbayisiraheli (Ibar 20,10). Nubwo Musa yari umunyakuri mu mbaga yAbayisiraheli yari ayoboye, mu Ibarura 11,11-15 tumubona yibasiwe nintege nke za Muntu, zatumye yiheba bigeza aho yijujutira Uhoraho, ndetse ashaka no kwanga ubutumwa Imana yari yaramuhaye. Nyamara Musa yaranzwe nubudahemuka ku Mana mbere yubutumwa bukomeye kandi buruhije yari afite, maze isengesho rye rikaronkera Abayisiraheli imbabazi (Ibar 14,13-19). Musa rero yaranzwe nisengesho ridatezuka, kandi ryuzuye amiringiro. Twakwanzura tuvuga ko igitabo cyIbarura kinaniza kugisoma kubera umwirondoro wose wamazina yababaruwe. Ariko kuri buri mukristu tubonamo ko kubahiriza isezerano twagiranye nImana ari byo bigomba kuranga imibereho yacu. 4.1.5. IGITABO CYIVUGURURAMATEGEKO Igitabo cyIvugururamategeko kigizwe nimitwe 34. Ni cyo gihera ibitabo bitanu byAmategeko. Izina Ivugururamategeko rishingiye ku mategeko ninyigisho dusanga muri iki gitabo kuva ku mutwe wa 12 kugeza ku wa 26. Ayo mategeko avugurura, kandi agorora ku buryo budasubirwaho amategeko ya mbere dusanga mu bitabo byIyimukamisiri, Abalevi nIbarura; bidutekerereza ibyabereye kuri Sinayi. Ingingo zingenzi dusanga mu gitabo cyIvugururamategeko ziri inyabutatu ari zo igihugu cya Isiraheli cyubatseho. Izo ngingo ni izi zikurikira: Isiraheli izi kandi igasenga Imana imwe Rukumbi Isiraheli ni umuryango umwe, ubwoko bwatoranyijwe nImana Isiraheli ni umuryango ugengwa kandi ukayoborwa nitegeko ryImana. Turebe muri make ibikubiye muri izo ngingo; 1) Imana ya Isiraheli ni Imwe Rukumbi a) Iyo Mana ya Isiraheli ni yo yitoreye umuryango mu yandi mahanga yose, ukomoka kuri Aburahamu, Izaki na Yakobo. Isiraheli nta ruhare cyangwa se ubutoni yagize muri iryo torwa, ni ubushake bwImana gusa. Imana ni yo yafashe umwanya wibanze muri icyo gikorwa. b) Mu kurokora Abayisiraheli ubucakara bwa Misiri, Imana yerekanye umugambi wayo udakuka wo gukiza. Ibyo byerekanywe nibimenyetso byinshi byakomejwe no mu butayu. c) Imana ya Isiraheli ni Imwe, ishobora byose, irakiza kandi yita ku muryango wayo. Ni yo yonyine igomba gutegwa amatwi (Ivug 6,4-5) ni amagambo atangira isengesho Abayahudi bose bavugaga mu munsi, bakayita Shema Israheli. d) Imana ya Isiraheli ni umugenga wubuzima, uburumbuke, isi nibiyiriho (Ivug 28,4). 2) Isiraheli ni umuryango ugengwa kandi ukayoborwa nImana

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a) Isiraheli ni umuryango wamenye ku ikubitiro ko watowe nImana, Nyirubutagatifu, ibigira ku bushake bwayo. Ni umuryango Imana yitayeho nkuko umubyeyi yita ku mwana we. b) Isiraheli ni umuryango usabwa kwitwararika kuri ubwo butorwe, yegurira Imana umutima wicisha bugufi (Ivug 10,16). c) Isiraheli ni umuryango ugomba guca ukubiri nicyitwa ikibi cyose, ukirinda gufatanya namahanga yabapagani, kugirango ubeshweho nijambo ryImana numutima wayo wose, namagara yawo yose nimbaraga zawo zose (Ivug 6,5). 3) Isiraheli ni umuryango ugengwa kandi ukayoborwa nitegeko ryImana a) Itegeko, Abayisiraheli bita TORA , ni umuyoboro ushingiyeho ukwemera kwabo, ukaganisha ku mico nimyifatire iboneye kandi izira amakemwa. Urukomatanye rwamategeko Abayisiraheli bagombaga kurushyikiriza urubyaro rwabo, mu bisekuruza byose (Ivug 6,21-25). b) Umwami ubwe, ibyegera bye nibikomangoma bagengwaga na bo nitegeko ryImana. Birindaga kurijya hejuru kandi bagasabwa kuryubahirisha mu bo bashinzwe, bakaryumvira ngo barambe ku butegetsi (Ivug 17,18-20). c) Uburyo itegeko ryubahirizwaga byerekanaga uguhitamo urupfu cyangwa ubugingo (Ivug 11,26-28). Kumvira itegeko ni rwo rugero Abayisiraheli bagombaga guha abandi ; aho kuryiratana bagombaga kuricengeza mu mitima yabo, rikayigenga (Ivug 30,14). d) Itegeko ryImana ni ryo shingiro ryubuhanga bwa Isiraheli. Kutarenga ku itegeko byafashaga umuryango guhugukira ibikorwa byumukiro, kumvira itegeko bikagira ingaruka nziza ku muryango. e) Ivugururamategeko ryibutsaga rikanagorora imyumvire ya kera ikubiye mu ngingo zikurikira : Isiraheli igomba guhora yibuka ko Imana yayigejeje mu gihugu cyisezerano, ikagomba gutanga umuganura ku musaruro weze, ikubahiriza na Sabato. Isiraheli igomba kwibuka buri gihe ko yakandamijwe mu Misiri, maze ikirinda gukandamiza umunyamahanga numusuhuke (Ivug 15,1-18). Umwanzuro kuri iki gitabo : Igitabo cyIvugururamategeko kirimo ahanini inyigisho namabwiriza Musa yahaye Abayisiraheli, abibutsa isezerano bagiranye nUhoraho kuri Sinayi. Musa yibanda ku ivugururwa ryamategeko yo mu bitabo bibanza, hongeweho andi agomba kubahirizwa nta buhemu. Inyigisho yiremezo iri muri ikigitabo ni : Isiraheli izahabwa umugisha, imererwe neza kandi isagambe igihe cyose izaba yubahirije isezerano yagiranye nUhoraho ; naho niramuka ihemutse, izagira ibyago, icibwe mu gihugu burundu. 4.2. IBITABO 16 BYAMATEKA Kugirango tuvuge birambuye ku bitabo 16 byamateka ni byiza ko tubishyira mu matsinda ane dukurikije uko biteye. A) IBITABO BYA YOZUWE, ABACAMANZA, RUTA, 1 NA 2 SAMWELI, 1 NA 2 ABAMI 4.2.1. IGITABO CYA YOZUWE

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Iki gitabo kigizwe nimitwe 24 . Yozuwe yafashije Musa kuyobora umuryango wImana, aramusimbura nyuma yurupfu rwe, maze yinjirana numuryango mu gihugu cyisezerano (Ivug 31,78). Cyitiriwe Yozuwe kuko ari we ukivugwamo cyane. Ibyo dusangamo byerekana ikuzo ryImana itsinda abanyamahanga, igafasha Abayisiraheli kwigarurira igihugu cya Kanahani. Yozuwe yari muntu ki ? Yozuwe yavukiye mu Misiri igihe cyubucakara ; akomoka mu muryango wa Efurayimu, yari hamwe na Musa kuri Sinayi Imana itanga Amategeko yayo. Yozuwe yatsinze Yeriko na Hayi, maze yizerwa nAbayisiraheli kandi ayobokwa nabaturage bi Gibewoni. Inyigisho zingenzi ziki gitabo : Inyigisho ya mbere yiki gitabo cya Yozuwe ni ukwamamaza ubudahemuka bwImana ku masezerano yagiriye Aburahamu yo kumuha urubyaro nigihugu (Yoz 21,45). Inyigisho ya kabiri ni ukutwereka Yozuwe nkumutabazi wabanjirije abandi boherejwe nImana, kugeza kuwimperuka Yezu Kristu, umwana wayo wacunguye isi. 4.2.2. IGITABO CYABACAMANZA Igitabo cyAbacamanza kigizwe nimitwe 21. Gisesengura amateka yabaye ku gihe cyabasimbuye Musa kugeza ku ishyirwaho ryubwami muri Isiraheli. Abacamanza ni abantu bibirangirire Imana yoherereje umuryango wayo ngo bawukize amakuba awugarije. Uretse kuyobora urugamba bafashaga guhosha amakimbirane mu baturage, bagaharanira gukwiza amahoro no gufasha umuryango kudahemukira Uhoraho. Ibihe byamakuba nimidugararo birangiye abacamanza bamwe bakomezaga uwo murimo abandi bagasubira mu buzima bahozemo, urugero twatanga ni Ehudi, Shamugari na Debora. Abacamanza bari bakubiye mu bice bibiri aribyo : Abacamanza bakuru aribo Otiniyeli, Ehudi, Baruki, Gidewoni, Yefute na Samusoni. Hari Abacamanza bato aribo Shamugari, Tola, Yayiri, Ibusani, Eloni na Abudoni. Inyigisho zingenzi ziki gitabo Inyigisho ikomeye yiki gitabo ni uko icyaha cyumuryango cyahanishwaga no guterwa namahanga akawukandamiza ; naho igihe cyose umuryango wicujije, Uhoraho yoherezaga umutabazi. Ibi twabikubira mu magambo ane : gucumura= guhanwa ; kwicuza= kugirirwa imbabazi. Igihe cyose Imana ntiyitaye ku buhemu bwumuryango, ahubwo yarawukijije ikoresheje Abacamanza. 4.2.3. IGITABO CYA RUTA Igitabo cya Ruta kigizwe nimitwe 4 ; kitwereka ko amateka yumwami Dawudi avuga ko yakomotse ku munyamahanga-kazi wo mu gihugu cya Mowabu. Ruta azwiho kudatererana nyirabukwe nyuma yurupfu rwumugabo we. Yamukurikiye i Beterehemu, ashakana na Bowozi ngo amubyarire uzungura umugabo we. Ruta yabyaye umuhungu witwa Obedi se wa Yese wabyaye Dawudi. Umwanditsi wigitabo cya Ruta atwigisha kwakira abanyamahanga, kwiyumanganya mu kaga ; gufasha abakene no kubana mu rukundo.

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Ruta ni urugero rwuko umuntu wese ashobora kuba mu muryango wImana kimwe nAbayahudi, igihe yemeye Imana imwe Rukumbi, akavuga ko Imana ya Isiraheli ari yo Mana ye. 4.2.4. IGITABO CYA MBERE NICYA KABIRI CYA SAMWELI Igitabo cya mbere cya Samweli kigizwe nimitwe 31 naho icya kabiri kigizwe nimitwe 24. Mu mateka ya Isiraheli byari igitabo kimwe. Cyagabanyijwemo kabiri gihinduwe mu kigereki. Ibitabo bya Samweli bitugezaho inkuru zabantu bakurikira : 1) Samweli ubwe, ari we uheruka abacamanza ; yimitse umwami wa mbere muri Isiraheli (1Sam 1-7) 2) Samweli na Sawuli (1Sam 8-15) 3) Sawuli na Dawudi (1Sam 16-2Sam 1) 4) Dawudi (2Sam 2-24). Ibyo dusanga mu gitabo cya 1 nicya 2 bya Samweli Mu mibereho ya Isiraheli habaye ivugururwa rikomeye mu butegetsi, guhora bimuka byaracitse, maze kuba hamwe bituma batunganya ubutegetsi ningabo zigihugu. Mu birebana niyobokamana Isiraheli yanze gukomeza gufata Imana nkumwami wabo, bishakira undi Sawuli. Bikumvikana ko Samweli yagaye imihindukire yubutegetsi, agira impungenge ko Isiraheli izitarura Imana. Ibyo yabitewe nuko Isiraheli izikurikirira umwami wumuryango ukomeye ikareka Imana (1Sam 12,14-15). Samweli yari muntu ki ? Samweli ni umuntu Imana yatoreye umurimo wubuhanuzi nubusaseridoti kandi akaba ari we washoje igihe cyubucamanza muri Isiraheli ariko ntiyakomokaga mu muryango wa Levi. Ubutumwa yari afite bwari ukugaya ibitagenda neza, agafasha Isiraheli gushyiraho abami ba mbere abasiga amavuta yubutore: Sawuli na Dawudi. 4.2.5. IGITABO CYA MBERE NICYA KABIRI BYABAMI Igitabo cya mbere cyAbami kigizwe nimitwe22, naho icya kabiri ni imitwe 25. Ibyo bitabo bidutekerereza amateka yAbayisiraheli ya nyuma yumwami Dawudi nurupfu rwe, ahagana mu mwaka wa 970 mbere yivuka rya Yezu kugeza ku ngoma ya Yoyakimu mu mwaka wa 598 mbere ya Yezu. Muri rusange ni ibihe bibanziriza ijyanwabunyago i Babiloni. Mu byukuri byombi byahoze ari igitabo kimwe, nyuma kigabanywamo kabiri kubera ubunini bwacyo. Ibiri muri ibi bitabo nimiterere yabyo Mu gitabo cya mbere cyAbami 3-11 dusangamo amateka ya Salomoni; agizwe nubuhanga bwe bwamamaye kugera mu mahanga. Ubwiza buhambaye bwinzu ye, ingoro yi Yeruzalemu yari iteye ubwuzu numutungo we. Ubuhemu bwe, bwakurikiwe ningorane yagize, abandi bafashe nkigihano cyo kugomera Imana. Salomoni yategetse kuva mu mwaka wa 970 kugeza muri 931. Nyuma yurupfu rwe igihugu cyigabanyijemo kabiri. Mu miryango 10 yibumbiye mu ngoma ya Isiraheli mu majyaruguru,

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ikayoborwa na Yerobowamu. Imiryango 2 yo mu muryango wa Dawudi yibumbiye mu ngoma ya Yuda mu majyepfo, ikayoborwa na Robowamu. Mu nkuru ndende zo mu gitabo cya mbere cyAbami dusangamo izumuhanuzi Eliya (1Bami 17-2Bami 1). Naho mu cya kabiri batugezaho inkuru yumuhanuzi Elisha (2Bami 2-13). Ibyerekeye ingoma ya Yuda nibihe byayo bya nyuma, tubisanga mu gitabo cya kabiri cyAbami umutwe wa 18 kugeza kuwa 25. Muri icyo gice badutekerereza ibyumwami Hezekiya: 2Bami 18-20 numwami Yoziya: 2Bami 22-23. Ku ngoma zabo bami umwanditsi arahibanda kubera amavugurura yiyobokamana yakozwe. Igitabo cya kabiri cyAbami giherwa nimisozo ibiri: Uwa mbere: 2Bami 25,22-26 dusangamo Gedaliyahu, umutegetsi wigihugu cya Yuda. Uwa kabiri: 2Bami 25,27-30 batugezaho umwami waherutse abandi ariwe Yoyakini. INYIGISHO ZINGENZI DUSANGAMO Ibitabo byAbami bitwereka ko ukwemera niyobokamana byumwami ari byo nabaturage bakurikiza. Ni muri urwo rwego abami barimo ibice bibiri: Hari abumviraga amabwiriza yImana, bakagendera mu nzira zayo ni uko ubutegetsi bwabo bukarangwa nubutabera, ubudahemuka, cyane cyane bakita ku ngoro yi Yeruzalemu nimihango yakorerwagamo. Ibyo byatumaga abaturage bubaha Uhoraho, bigahesha igihugu umugisha wImana. Abandi bami baranzwe no kugomera Uhoraho bakabitoza abaturage. Muri bo hari abategetse abaturage gusenga ibigirwamana, gusengera ahantu hatateganyijwe, gukandamiza rubanda rugufi, gutoteza no kumenesha abahanuzi, guteza intambara nibindi. Isenywa nirimbuka ryingoma ya Isiraheli na Yuda byafashwe nkingaruka mbi zabami batumviye Imana bacumura kandi bagacumuza umuryango wImana. Bamwe ariko muri abo bami babi baricuzaga, bakisubiraho.

B) IBITABO BYAMATEKA, EZIRA NA NEHEMIYA Ibi bitabo byanditswe numuntu umwe. Adutekerereza inkuru ndende ku muryango wImana. Izo nkuru yazikubiye mu bitabo bine ari byo: Igitabo cya mbere nicya kabiri cyAmateka, Igitabo cya Ezira nIgitabo cya Nehemiya. 4.2.6. IGITABO CYA MBERE CYAMATEKA Kigizwe nimitwe 29. Umuntu yakigabanyamo ibice 2: Igice kivuga amasekuru (1-9): umwanditsi ashishikajwe no kwerekana Dawudi, umugi mutagatifu niyobokamana. Ikindi gice kivuga amateka ya Dawudi (10-29). Umwanditsi wigitabo cya mbere cyAmateka agamije kutugezaho mbere ya byose imibereho yumwami Dawudi nuruhare rwe mu kubahirisha Isezerano ryImana yumvisha abantu bigice cye uko bazagenza ngo bagire ihirwe. Iryo hirwe rishingiye ku kumvira Imana hakurikizwa amategeko yayo no kurangiza neza imihango yo guhimbaza Imana ikorerwa mu ngoro.

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4.2.7. IGITABO CYA KABIRI CYAMATEKA Kigizwe nimitwe 36. Gikomeza inkuru zo mu gitabo cya mbere cyAmateka, ariko kikibanda ku mateka ya Salomoni (1-9); ubwitandukanye bwigihugu namateka yingoma ya Yuda (1036).Umwanditsi agamije gushima imyifatire myiza yAbami ba Yuda bagenderaga mu murongo wumukurambere wabo Dawudi. Ariko kandi agaya imyifatire mibi yabami batakurikizaga urugero rwa Dawudi. 4.2.8. IGITABO CYA EZIRA Iki gitabo gifite imitwe 10. Cyitiriwe Ezira kuko ari we ukivugwamo cyane, nibura guhera ku mutwe wa 7, ariko mu byukuri umwanditsi wacyo ni we wibitabo byAmateka. Umwanditsi atwumvisha ukuntu umwami wAbaperisi, Sirusi mu kwigarurira igihugu cya Babiloni yagaragaye nkigikoresho cyImana, ikiza umuryango wayo ubucakara. Kuva ku mutwe wa mbere kugeza kuwa 6 dusangamo iteka ryumwami Sirusi, itahuka ryumuryango wa Isiraheli niyubakwa ryIngoro nshya. Iryo teka ryahaga buri wese uburenganzira bwo kuyoboka idini ashaka no gukomeza umuco we. Ibi bigaragaza ko Abayahudi babohowe ku ngoyivyabahatiraga gukurikiza imico yAbanyababiloni. Sirusi yabategetse gutahuka i Yeruzalemu ngo bongere bubake ingoro yImana. Kuva ku mutwe wa 7 kugeza ku wa 10 tubona ubutumwa bwa Ezira bushingiye ku kuvugurura iyobokamana ryagombaga gushingira ku kubaha amategeko yUhoraho. 4.2.9. IGITABO CYA NEHEMIYA Igitabo cya Nehemiya kigizwe nimitwe 13. Gikomeza icya Ezira. Nehemiya yari umuyahudi akaba numuhereza wumwami Aritashuweri wumuperisi. Nehemiya yayoboye imirimo yo kubaka inkike za Yeruzalemu, ayobora ibirori byo gutaha inkike, ashishikariza Abalevi gutunganya neza umurimo bashinzwe. Yagize uruhare mu kubaha itegeko rya Sabato niryo kudashaka mu banyamahanga. Nehemiya atugezaho amasekuru nurutonde rwamazina yabaturage bi Yeruzalemu bakuye mu bubiko bwingoro nubwumugi. C) IBITABO BYA TOBI, YUDITA, ESITERA Ibi bitabo nubwo bibarirwa mu byAmateka, inkuru bitugezaho zerekeye Tobi, Yudita na Esitera ntizivuga ibintu byabayeho koko, ahubwo ni imigani ikubiyemo inyigisho zo kugira imigenzo myiza, kuba intwari mu bigeragezo nibitotezo. Ibi byasabwaga Abayahudi bari baturanye nabanzi benshi. Ibi bitabo byanditswe mu gihebureyi nyuma bihindurwa mu kigereki. Byanditswe igihe ingoma yAbaperisi yari imaze gusimburwa niyAbagereki mu mwaka wa 333 mbere yivuka rya Yezu Kristu. Hari hashize ighe kirekire Isiraheli ivuye mu bunyago. 4.2.10. IGITABO CYA TOBI

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Iki gitabo ni umugani ugamije kwigisha Abayahudi bari baratataniye mu mahanga. Ukubiyemo inyigisho ziyobokamana nizimbonezamubano. Mu gitabo cya Tobi tubona ko Imana yita ku bayo, ikabarengera. Ibahora hafi nubwo bo batayibona. Ihirwe urugo rwa Tobin a Sara rwakize rubikesha ubusabaniramana numuco mwiza wabo, ryerekana ko amasengesho yabo yakiwe nImana. Igitabo cya Tobi kigizwe nimitwe 14. 4.2.11. IGITABO CYA YUDITA Kidutekerereza ukuntu Abayahudi bagobotowe mu makuba akomeye babikesheje umugore wintwari Yudita. Kigizwe nimitwe 16 twagabanyamo ibice 2: Kuva ku mutwe wa mbere kugeza ku wa 7 bavuga icyago cyugarije umuryango wImana. Isiraheli yagoswe impande zose bitegetswe numwami Nebukadinetsari maze ibura amazi ndetse iriheba. Kuva ku mutwe wa 8 kugeza ku wa 10 tubona ubutwari bwa Yudita wasabye abakuru bumugi gukomera kubarwanya umwanzi biringiye Uhoraho. Igitabo kitwereka uburyo Yudita yageze ku mugambi we. Inyigisho yingenzi dusanga muri iki gitabo ni uguhumuriza abantu ukomeza ubutwari bwabo haba mu byago nibitotezo kuko muri byose ntakidutandukanya nImana. Iyi nyigisho yari ikenewe cyane cyane igihe abami ba Antiyokiya bahatiraga abantu kuyoboka umuco niyobokamana byAbagereki. 4.2.12. IGITABO CYA ESITERA Icyi gitabo cyongera kutugezaho ukuntu Abayahudi bongeye kurokoka babikesheje umugore. Umwanditsi atwigisha yifashishije inkuru yahimbye, ko Imana idatererana abayo kabone niyo baba bugarijwe namakuba akomeye. Esitera nubwo yari intwari yaguye mu gishuko cyo kwihorera birenze urugero. Utandukanye niyo migirire tuzabona ko ari Yezu Kristu wigishije urukundo ruzira kwihorera ku banzi bacu. Igitabo cya Esitera kigizwe nimitwe 10. Cyanditswe mu gihebureyi nyuma gihindurwa mu kigereki ngo abari batuye mu Misiri bAbayahudi babashe kugisoma. Inyandiko yikigereki isumba iyigihebureyi kuko yongerwaho ibindi bintu. Muri Bibiliya yikinyarwanda nyuma yimibare yerekana umutwe numurongo bongeraho inyuguti a,b,cziranga izo nyongera. D) IGITABO CYA MBERE NICYA KABIRI CYABAMAKABE Makabe ni izina bahimbye uwitwa Yuda nabavandimwe be, bari intwari mu kurwanirira umuryango wabo. Bitugezaho amateka yabo hagati yimyaka 175 n135 mbere yivuka rya Yezu. 4.2.13. IGITABO CYA MBERE CYABAMAKABE Iki gitabo kidutekerereza uburyo Abayisiraheli batotejwe bazira gukomera ku idini ryabo. Ibyo byabaye igihe Antiyokusi akuraho imigenzo yAbayahudi agategeka ko umuco wAbagereki ukwira mu bihugu byose. Kwica Sabato no gutura ibitambo ibigirwamana byatumye Matatiyasi ashishikariza abavandimwe be gukomera ku rugamba, banga guhumanya ingoro nibikoresho bitagatifu.

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Umwanditsi wiki gitabo atwigisha kudatatira amabwiriza yImana kuko aribyo bitanga amahoro nituze. Kurwanira ishyaka ingoro yImana twirinda icyayihumanya cyose ni isomo umukristu wese akuramo. Twanzure tuvuga ko ikigitabo kigizwe nimitwe 16. Cyanditswe mu gihebureyi nyuma gihindurwa mu kigereki. 4.2.14. IGITABO CYA KABIRI CYABAMAKABE Iki gitabo kigizwe nimitwe 15. Ntigikomeza icya mbere ahubwo cyongera kudutekerereza itotezwa ryAbayisiraheli ku ngoma ya Antiyokusi Epifani. Kivuga abagabo babaye indatsimburwa ku rugamba mu gihe cya Yuda Makabe. Cyabonetse mu kigereki. Usoma igitabo cya kabiri cyAbamakabe agisangana ingingo 3 zingenzi dusanga mu mahame yukwemera mu Isezerano rishya: Ingingo ya mbere ihamya ukwemera: Twemera Nyagasani Imana ko ari Umuremyi wibintu byose, Umwami, Umucunguzi nUmushobora byose. Ingingo ya kabiri ihamya izuka ryabapfuye: Tubona icyizere bari bafite cyuko abapfuye bazazuka bagahembwa (2Mak 7,1-41). Ingingo ya gatatu isobanura akamaro kisengesho ryo gusabira abapfuye ngo Imana ibababarire ititaye ku byiza bakoze (2Mak 12,39-45). Igitabo cya kabiri cyAbamakabe ni kimwe mu byIsezerano rya kera kigaragaramo kwemera izuka ryabapfuye. Koko rero tutizeye izuka gusabira abapfuye byaba impfabusa. 4.3. IBITABO BYIBISIGO NUBUHANGA Ijambo ryibanze: Ibitabo byibisigo nubuhanga bigize igice cya gatatu cyinyandiko dusanga mu Isezerano rya kera nyuma yinyandiko zamategeko namateka. Izi nyandiko zibisigo nubuhanga zicukumbura amateka yugucungurwa kwa Muntu. Ku ikubitiro ibitabo byubuhanga biri mu itsinda rya bitanu: Yobu, Imigani, Umubwiriza, Mwene Siraki nUbuhanga. Kuri iri tsinda hiyongeraho ibindi bibiri: Zaburi nIndirimbo Ihebuje bigakora itsinda ryibitabo 7. Abahanga muri Bibiliya bemeza ko ibitabo byubuhanga byatangiye kugaragara mu gihe cyingoma yAbaperisi, ijyanwabunyagi ryi Babiloni rirangiye, ahagana mu kinyejana cya gatandatu mbere yivuka rya Yezu. Abanditsi bibitabo byubuhanga bari bashishikajwe no kurengera umurage wabasokuruza mu byerekeye iyobokamana. Mu itsinda ryibitabo bitanu byubuhanga twabonye, bitatu muri byo byari mu gihebureyi: Imigani, Yobu nUmubwiriza. Bibiri bisigaye aribyo: Mwene Siraki nigitabo cyUbuhanga byabonetse mu kigereki bityo ntibyakirwa nabatsimbaraye ku gihebureyi muri Bibiliya. Abanditse ibitabo byUbuhanga twashyize mu itsinda rya bitanu ntibatubwira amateka yahise ya Isiraheli, ntibibanda ku mategeko yImana, yewe si nAbahanuzi, bari ingenzi mu kwitegereza ukuri ku bibera ku isi maze bagatanga inyigisho ninama zifasha abantu. Intego yabo ni ugucengeza mu bantu ubuhanga nyabwo ngo babushingireho imyifatire nimyitwarire yabo. Uwiziritse ku buhanga yabaga intangarugero mu bandi. Kuri bo ubuhanga nyakuri ni ugutinya Uhoraho, ugendera mu nzira ze namabwiriza ye. Impanuro zabanyabuhanga zigeza ku muntu ku munezero yifuza, akagira ubumenyi mu byo akora.

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Abenshi mu banyabuhanga inganzo yabo bayivomye mu mashuri cyangwa amatorero yariho.Urugero rwa hafi ni ishuri rya Mwene Siraki ryari ihuriro ryabashaka kugera ku buhanga. Nubwo aya mashuri yariho Abayisiraheli bizeraga ko ubuhanga nyakuri bukomoka ku Mana. Turebe ibikubiye mu bitabo byIbisigo nUbuhanga uko ari 7: 4.3.1. IGITABO CYA YOBU Igitabo cya Yobu kigizwe nimitwe 42. Giteye ku buryo bukuriira: 1) Imitwe ibiri ibanza: Intangiriro cyangwa Iriburiro. Tubonamo ukuntu Yobu yari yarahiriwe muri byose, nyuma akaza kwibasirwa nibyagobyamoko yose. 2) Ikiganiro cya mbere (Yobu 3-14): Umutwe wa gatatu ni Yobu wivugisha; kuva ku mutwe wa 4 kugeza ku wa 14 ni igisigo kirekire cyimpaka Yobu ajya ninshuti ze arizo Elifazi, Bilidadi na Sofari. 3) Ikiganiro cya kabiri (Yobu 15-21): Kirimo Yobu aganira na Elifazi, Bilidadi na Sofari. 4) Ikiganiro cya gatatu (Yobu 22-27): Yobu arongera akaganira ninshuti ze inshuro ya gatatu. 5) Igisingizo cyubuhanga (Yobu 28). 6) Ikiganiro cya Yobu yiregura, kandi aganya (Yobu 29-31). 7) Elihu, indi nshuti ya Yobu afata ijambo akavuga kimwe nabamubanjirije (Yobu 32-37). 8) Imana ubwayo ifata ijambo igasubiza Yobu (Yobu 38-42,6). 9) Umwanzuro (Yobu 42,7-14). Yobu ni muntu ki? Yobu si umuntu wabayeho. Ni izina bahimbye umuntu, bamuhitamo ngo ahagararire kandi yerekane imibereho yintungane zose zibasirwa nakarengane cyangwa ibyago bikomeye ntizimenye impamvu Imana itihutira kuzirengera. Inyigisho ziri mu gitabo cya Yobu Muri iki gitabo bagaruka ku kibazo cyukuntu Imana ihemba intungane, igahana abagome. Abayisiraheli bumvaga ko ibyago ari igihano cyibyaha byumuntu cyangwa umuryango. Inshuti za Yobu nazo zari zifite iyi myumvire. Yobu ni urugero rwabihanganira imibabaro, bakumva ko Imana idatererana abayo. Iki gitabo kitwigisha ko Imana itaduha ibyiza kubera ubutungane bwacu. Imana itanga ntaho ibogamiye. Umuntu nawe agomba kwakira no gukoresha neza ibyo yahawe. Imibabaro igomba kubaho mu buzima kubera ingaruka zicyaha cya muntu, kuyakira ni ukwikorera umusaraba wacu nkuko Yobu yabigenje. 4.3.2. IGITABO CYA ZABURI Igitabo cya Zaburi kigizwe nindirimbo 150. Zakoreshwaga nAbayahudi igihe basengera mu ngoro yi Yeruzaremu, mu masengero no mu ngo zabo. Zaburi zigizwe namasengesho asingiza Imana, kandi abakristu barayakunda. Muri Bibiliya Zaburi zirangwa nimibare. Zaburi zikurikira igitabo urugereko rwigihebureyi umubare wazo ntuba mu dukubo. Izikigereki umubare wazo uba mu dukubo kandi ukanyurana nuwa mbere ho rimwe. Urugero: Z 63(62).

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Inkomoko ya Zaburi nabazihimbye biragoye kubimenya. Ariko Zaburi 73 zitirirwa Dawudi, umwami wikirangirire, wari umuririmbyi, umusizi wumuhanga numucuranzi. Abahanga ba Bibiliya bavuga ko izo Zaburi zanditswe nabandi batazwi, kwitirirwa Dawudi bikaba byaratewe nicyubahiro yari afite. Zaburi ya 90 yitiriwe Musa, iya 72 niy127 zitirirwa Salomoni. Umuntu ntiyaba yibeshye cyane avuze ko Zaburi zahimbwe nAbalevi bari abahereza nabaririmbyi mu ngoro yi Yeruzalemu. Bamwe muri bo ni Asafu, abahungu ba Kore, Etani na Yedutuni. Zaburi zakomotse henshi. Zimwe ni iza kera cyane ; hari izigihe cyabami, ijyanwabunyago na nyuma yo gutahuka. Umwanya Zaburi zifite mu gusenga Uhoraho ni indasimburwa. Hari Zaburi zari zitegetswe kuvugwa mu ngendo ntagatifu bajya i Yeruzalemu. Bita Indirimbo zamazamuko . Izo ni Z120-134. Ibikoresho bakoreshaga baririmba Zaburi ni inanga, imiduri, iningiri, gukoma amashyi no guhanika amajwi yarimo cyane cyane Amen na Alleluya. Alleluya bivuga dusingize Imana Amen bikavuga ngo ibyo Uhoraho atubwiye turabyemeye. Muri Zaburi harimo impande ebyiri ziganira : umuntu nImana. Hari Zaburi zidafitanye isano nimihango ya Liturujiya. Ni izisabira umuryango wose cyangwa umuntu ubwe, akenshi zirimo inyigisho zubuhanga. Amoko ya Zaburi nicyo zigamije Zaburi twazigabanyamo amoko atatu: a) Zaburi zisingiza Imana Ni Zaburi zikuza Imana, umuremyi wa byose, Nyagasani wagiranye isezerano numuryango we. Zaburi zibisingizo usanga imiririmbire yazo iri mu ntera eshatu: Umuririmbyi yibwiriz a gusingiza Imana, arata, ashimira ibyiza yakoze, agasaba imbaga yose kwifatanya na we (Z 34,2). Ku ntera ya kabiri umuririmbyi avuga impamvu zimuteye gusingiza. Arondora ibigwi byImana, ibitangaza yakoze nko kurema isi nijuru, gukiza umuryango wayo ubucakara nibindi. Umuririmbyi asoza yibutsa amagambo yatangiriyeho, akagaruka ku mppamvu yo gusingiza, maze akisabira kandi agasabira imbaga yose. Zaburi zisingiza Imana zirimo amatsinda ane: 1) Ibisingizo bisanzwe: Izo Zaburi ni iya 8; 19; 29; 33; 100; 103; 104; 111; 113; 114; 117; 134; 135; 136; 145-150. 2) Indirimbo zingoma yImana: Ni Zaburi basingizamo Uhoraho, Umwami wa byose, kandi ubwami bwe butandukanye nubwo tubona ku isi. Izo Zaburi ni iya 47; 93; 96-100. 3) Indirimbo zirata Siyoni cyangwa Yeruzalemu: Muri izo Zaburi bahamagarira isi yose gusingiza Imana kubera umurwa wayo Mutagatifu Yeruzalemu. Imana yawuhisemo ngo hubakwe ingori ituyemo. Izo Zaburi ni iya 46; 48; 76; 84; 87; 122. 4) Zaburi zivuga abami: Ntituzitiranye nindirimbo zIngoma yImana. Zo ni Zaburi zisingiza abami bategetse Yeruzalemu, baharanira ubutabera namahoro kubera izina ryImana. Izo Zaburi ni iya 2; 18; 20; 21; 45; 72; 89; 101; 110; 132; 144. b) Zaburi zisabira abantu Umuririmbyi wazo arisabira, agasabira umuryango we. Ziri mu matsinda atatu:

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1) Zaburi zo gutakambira Imana: Muri izi Zaburi dusangamo izumuntu umwe cyangwa iza rusange zivugwa mu makuba yose. Umuririmbyi abanza kuvuga ibyago arimo, hanyuma akagusha neza Uhoraho ngo amukize, agasoza agaragaza icyizere cyo gusubizwa nImana. Ingero za Zaburi yumuntu umwe, ni nka Zaburi ya 5; 6; 7; 51; 54-57. Zaburi za rusange, ni nka Zaburi ya 12; 44; 60. 2) Zaburi zamiringiro: Izi Zaburi zirangwa nukwemera kujyana nicyizere umuririmbyi afitiye Imana. Uririmba yerekena ko Imana itanga ibyishimo namahoro yumutima. Muri izi Zaburi harimo izivuga amiringiro yumuntu umwe. Izo ni nka Zaburi ya 3; 4; 11; 16; 23; 27; 62; 91; 121; 131. Hari na Zaburi zivuga amiringiro rusange.Izo ni nka Zaburi y115; 125; 129. 3) Zaburi zo gushimira: Umuririmbyi wazo ashimira Imana ibyiza yamugiriye, birimo kumukiza ibyago namakuba yagize. Uririmba asubiramo ingorane yahuye nazo, yatakambira Imana ikamwumva. Muri Zaburi zo gushimira Imana harimo izumuntu ushimira ku giti cye. Izo ni nka Zaburi ya 9; 10; 30; 32; 34; 40; 41; 92; 116; 138. Harimo na Zaburi zishimira muri rusange. Izo ni nka Zaburi ya 65; 68; 107; 118; 124. c) Zaburi zikubiyemo inyigisho Zaburi zikubiyemo inyigisho usanga inyinshi zigaruka ku ngingo ebyiri zingenzi : Ubudahemuka bwImana Ubuhemu bwumuryango. Mu kuduha inyigisho zitandukanye Zaburi zibutsa amateka yisezerano ryImana na Isiraheli. Hari izigaruka ku mabwiriza yAbahanuzi, izindi zikerekana ibyiza byo gukurikiza amategeko yImana. Akamaro numwanya wa Zaburi Zaburi zifite akamaro ku bakristu bibihe byose. Ni isengesho buri wese yiyumvamo. Ni isengesjo rigera ku mpande zose zubuzima rigafasha umuntu gushyikirana nImana. Zaburi ni isengesho riranga imiterere yumutima wumuntu, igihe yishimye cyangwa ari mu makuba. Igihe dusenga twifashishije Zaburi, tuyiririmba cyangwa tuyizirikana bidufasha guhumurizwa. Bikanadutera imbaraga zo kwitagatifuza. Muri Liturujiya yijambo ryImana Zaburi ifite umwanya ukomeye. Ikurikira isomo bateganyije, ikadufasha kuricengera kurushaho. Twanzure twibutsa ko gusenga twifashishije Zaburi bitera ingorane. Izo ngorane tuziterwa numuco cyangwa amateka zahimbwemo bitari ibyacu. Ni yo mpamvu hari Zaburi umuhimbyi yishimira kwihorera, ubwironde, intambara nibindi. Nyamara ibyo ntibihungabanya umutima wusenga amurikiwe na Roho Mutagatifu. 4.3.3. IGITABO CYIMIGANI Igitabo cyImigani kigizwe nimitwe 31. Incamarenga nimigani dusanga muri iki gitabo bikomoka henshi. Dufite imigani ya Salomoni umwami wa Isiraheli, mwene Dawudi. Bavuga ko igera ku bihumbi bitatu ku buryo igitabo cyitwa Imigani ya Salomoni . Ariko imigani yose ntiyahimbwe na Salomoni. Harimo niyAbanyamahanga nka Aguri na Lemuweli. Imigani yabonetse mu bihe bitandukanye. Hari iya mbere Isiraheli itarajya mu bunyago ; hari niya nyuma yo gutahuka. Mu kinyejana cya 6 mbere ya Yezu Kristu niho igitabo cyImigani cyabonetse ku buryo bwuzuye. Imiterere yiki gitabo

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Iki gitabo kirimo ibice bikurikira : 1) Inyigisho yibanze : Umubyeyi agira umwana we inama nziza (Imig 1-9). 2) Igice cya mbere cyImigani ya Salomoni : Harimo inama zo kubana neza nabandi ; ibyImana ishima ; ingeso mbi cyangwa nziza zumuntu (Imig 10-22,16). 3) Imigani 30 ya mbere yAbanyabuhanga (Imig 22,17-24,22). 4) Imigani 6 yAbanyabuhanga (Imig 24,23-34) . 5) Igice cya kabiri cyImigani ya Salomoni. Umwami Hezekiya ni we wategetse kuyikusanya no kuyandika (Imig 25-29). 6) Amagambo ya Aguri akubiyemo kwirinda ikinyoma nuburyarya (Imig 30,1-14). 7) Imigani yimibare (Imig 30,15-33). 8) Amagambo ya Lemuweli (Imig 31,1-9). 9) Umwanzuro ugizwe nigisingizo cyumugore wumutima (Imig 31,10-31). Inyigisho yigitabo cyImigani Inyigisho dusanga mu gitabo cyImigani ziduha inama yo gukunda no gukora icyiza tukareka ikibi. Imigani myinshi idusaba kugirira abandi neza tubitewe nurukundo dufitiye Imana na bagenzi bacu. Dusabwa kuba inyangamugayo mu mibereho isanzwe ya buri munsi, tukerekana ko twayobotse Imana byukuri. Umukristu ukunze igitabo cyImigani akuramo inama nyinshi zimugirira akamaro. 4.3.4. IGITABO CYUMUBWIRIZA Igitabo cyUmubwiriza kigizwe nimitwe 12. Batangira bagira bati:Dore amagambo ya Koheleti mwene Dawudi, umwami wi Yeruzalemu. Koheleti si umuntu wabayeho, ahubwo ni izina rusange ryigihebureyi risobanura umuntu uyobora ikoraniro abigisha kandi abafasha gusenga. Kumwita mwene Dawudi ntibivuga ko ari Salomoni, ahubwo ni ukumwitirira igitabo kuko yari umuhanga wikirenga. Iki gitabo cyanditswe mu gihebureyi kivanze nicyaramu, ijyanwabunyago rirangiye. Hari mu kinyejana cya gatatu mbere ya Yezu. Ingingo zirimo zumvisha ko cyagize abanditsi benshi, ibitekerezo byabo bigahurizwa hamwe. Umutwe wa mbere ku murongo wa 13 tubona uburyo bwakoreshejwe numwanditsi. Yitegereje ibiriho maze mu buhanga bwe arashishoza agira icyo abivugaho. Imiterere yigitabo ninyigisho zingenzi dukuramo Iki gitabo cyibanda ku ngingo imwe rukumbi igira iti: Ibintu byose ni ubusa. Bigaragara mu ntangiriro yigitabo. Byose ni ubusa ni ijambo rigaruka inshuro 38. Umubwiriza umutwe wa 1,4-11 tubona ko ibintu bihora ari byabindi, ntagihinduka : Izuba, umuyaga, inzuzi. Mbese ibituye ku isi bigenda bigana aho byatangiriye, ibyahozeho bigakomeza. Umuntu nawe ntiyigera anyurwa nibiriho, ahora ahindagurika, ntahazwa nibyo yumva cyangwa abona (Mubw 1,8-11). Koheleti mu gisigo cye ahamya ko ubuhanga bwo ku isi budatanga umunezero, ahubwo imibabaro (Mubw 1,12-2,26). Kuri we ibintu bitera ibyishimo ntibimara kabiri. Koheleti yibaza ku rupfu rukamubera amayobera. Asanga ruba hose, ntirugire ibambe, ntiruteguze. Umunyabuhanga numusazi bapfa kimwe.

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Umuruho wumuntu ntugira igihembo kuko ibyo agokera urupfu rudatuma abitunga ubuziraherezo. Koheleti aduhamagarira kuzirikana ku gihe. Ikiriho cyose dusanga cyaragenewe umwanya wacyo (Mubw 3,1-8). Ibintu ni amayobera kandi bimarwa nurupfu (Mubw 3,9-22:). Koheleti yamagana iyobokamana ridashyitse, riranga abapfayongo, bakora nabi ntibabimenye (Mubw 4,14-4,6). Ubukungu ni ubusa, bityo ibyo dutunze tubikoreshe neza (Mubw 5,9-19). Koheleti atanga inama zinyuranye umuntu akurikiza ngo abeho neza (Mubw 8-11,6). Koheleti atugira inama yo gukoresha neza igihe twahawe, haba mu buto, ubusorenubusaza (Mubw 11,7-12,7). Igisingizo cya Koheleti numwanzuro. Bigizwe no gutinya Imana kandi hagakurikizwa amategeko yayo (Mubw 12,9-14). Dusoze iki gitabo tuvuga ko abakristu bakwiye gutega amatwi ibyo Umubwiriza atubwira. Kwirinda kwihambira ku bintu bihita, tugakurikira Yezu utugeza ku byiza bidashira ni intego yumuntu usoma igitabo cyUmubwiriza. 4.3.5. IGITABO CYINDIRIMBO IHEBUJE Indirimbo Ihebuje ni igitabo kigizwe nibisigo 5 bikubiye mu mitwe 8. Ni igitabo gitangaje kuko kitibanda ku Mana, ahubwo ku rukundo umukwe agirira umugeni we. Muri iyi ndirimbo umwe aba aganira na mugenzi we. Ni yo mpamvu hagaragaramo cyane ngenga ya mbere Njyewe, Ndi na ngenga ya kabiri Wowe, Uri. Nubwo iki gitabo cyibanda ku rukundo rwumukwe numugeni we, Abayahudi nAbakristu bakibonamo igitabo gitagatifu. Gifite akamaro nkibindi byose. Abagize impungenge zo kugifata nkigitabo gitagatifu babiterwa nuko kivuga urukundo ku buryo wa Muntu. Abayahudi nAbakristu baje kurenga iyo myumvire maze urukundo ruvugwamo barusobanura ku buryo busumbye abantu. Indirimbo Ihebuje basanze ivuga urukundo Imana yakunze Isiraheli nurwo Isiraheli ifitiye Imana. Mu byukuri urukundo ruhuza Imana nabantu rugereranywa nuruhuza abashakanye. Urwo rukundo ni ishusho yurwo Kristu afitiye Kiliziya ye. Ni umubano abayoboke ba Kristu bagirana nImana yuje urukundo. Indirimbo Ihebuje yitiriwe Salomoni kuko yari umwami wumuhanga, ariko si we wayihimbye. 4.3.6. IGITABO CYUBUHANGA Igitabo cyUbuhanga cyanditswe mu kigereki mu mwaka wa 50 mbere ya Yezu. Cyabonetse mu mugi wa Alegizandiriya mu Misiri. Hari hatuwe nAbayahudi bafashe umuco nururimi byAbagereki. Cyemewe nAbayahudi bavuga urwo rurimi ; muri Palestina baragishima ariko ntibacyita gitagatifu kuko kitabonetse mu gihebureyi. Abakristu bambere ntibatinze kucyemera nkibindi bitabo bitagatifu byose. Imiterere yiki gitabo ninyigisho zikubiyemo Igitabo cyubuhanga kigizwe nimitwe 19. Kirimo ibice bikurikira.

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1) Ubuhanga namaherezo ya Muntu (Buh 1-5) : Umwanditsi yerekana akamaro kubuhanga mu buzima bwabantu, akagereranya imibereho yumuhanga wintungane niyumugome muri ubu buzima na nyuma yurupfu. Amaherezo yintungane ni ugukuzwa ihabwa igihembo naho abagome bakarimbuka. 2) Inkomoko yubuhanga nuburyo bwo kubugeraho (Buh 6-9) : Ubuhanga bwigaragariza ubushaka wese. Kubugeraho ni ugukomera ku kuri nkuko bivugwa na Salomoni, ntuguteshukeho (Buh 6,22-23). 3) Akamaro kubuhanga mu mateka yabantu (Buh 10-19) : Kuva ku mutwe wa 10 kugeza ku wa 12 basubira mu ntangiriro yamateka yAbayahudi uhereye kuri Adamu kugera kuri Musa (kugera ku Iyimukamisiri). Umwanditsi agaragaza ko ubuhanga bwakomeje umuntu wa mbere, bukamureka igihe acumuye. Ubuhanga bwavanye umuryango mutagatifu mu gihugu cyubucakara. Kuva ku mutwe wa 13 kugeza ku wa 15, umwanditsi yamagana abasenga ibigirwamana. Mu mitwe ya 16-19 tuzirikana ibyabaye igihe Abayisiraheli bimutse mu Misiri. Inyigisho yingenzi umwanditsi wigitabo cyubuhanga atanga, ni ugushishikariza abavandimwe be kudahemukira Imana. Bagomba kudasenga ibigirwamana, kudatwarwa namaraha yimigi nka Alegizandiriya. Kuri we, nyuma yurupfu uwaranzwe nubuhanga azahembwa, uwabaye umupfapfa ahanwe. 4.3.7. IGITABO CYA MWENE SIRAKI Igitabo cya Mwene Siraki kigizwe nimitwe 51. Gitangirwa nijambo ryibanze ryimirongo 35. Umwanditsi asobanura uko yahinduye igitabo agikura mu gihebureyi akagishyira mu kigereki. Yagihinduye mu mwaka wa 38 wingoma yumwami Everigeti, hari mu mwaka w132 mbere ya Yezu. Izina ryuwagihimbye ntirizwi naho irya sekuru ni Yezu Mwene Siraki nkuko bigaragara mu mutwe wa50 umurongo wa 27. Hanyuma igitabo bacyita Ubuhanga bwa Yezu, Mwene Siraki . Yari umuhanga wi Yeruzalemu. Igitabo cya Mwene Siraki tugisangamo ibice bibiri byingenzi: Igice cya mbere kitugezaho inyigisho zinyuranye zubuhanga (Sir 1,1-42,14). Dore zimwe mu ngingo zingenzi zikubiye muri icyo gice: Inkomoko yubuhanga Gutinya Uhoraho ni yo soko yubuhanga Umujinya nukwihangana Kwicisha bugufi, gukunda no gutinya Uhoraho Kudahemuka mu bigeragezo Kwiringira Imana no kubaha ababyeyi Kugira umutima wiyoroshya, utarangwa nubwirasi Gufasha abakene mu bwitonzi nubutabera Kubura amahoro ku mukire numunyabyaha kuko bagira uburyarya nubwirasi Ubucuti nyakuri, kwitondera abagore nimibanire yabagabo. Nyuma yizi ngingo hari izindi nama nyinshi zo kwiringira Uhoraho. Muri make ibyo dusanga mu gitabo cya Mwene Siraki ni ukubaha Imana, kwiyumanganya mu byago, kugenzereza neza ababyeyi, kwirinda ubwirasi nincuti mbi. Igice cya kabiri kirimo gukuza Imana kuko ibikorwa byayo bitangaje (Sir 42,15-51,30).

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Ibiremwa byImana birimo ibinyarumuri mu kirere nibindi byiza bitatse isi, byerekana ubuhangange bwImana (Sir 42,15-53,33). Dusangamo ubuhanga bwImana mu mateka ya Isiraheli (Sir 44-51): Umwanditsi asingiza Imana ahereye ku bantu bindatwa ahereye ku muryango wayo nka Nowa, Aburahamu, Musa, Aroni, Abacamanza, Abami nAbahanuzi ukagera kuri Simoni wabaye umuherezabitambo mu gihe cya Mwene Siraki. Iki gitabo gisozwa nindirimbo yo gushimira (Sir 51,1-12) ndetse ninama zo gushyigikira ubuhanga (Sir 51,13-30). Inyigisho tugezwaho numwanditsi ntitandukanye niyabandi bamubanjirije. Nawe adusaba kubaha Uhoraho tumusenga kandi tumukunda. Ibyo biha urbyiruko uburere bwiza. Nyuma yurupfu abakoze neza bazagororerwa, abagize nabi bahanwe. Mwene Siraki adusaba gukurikiza amategeko nisezerano kuko bigeza ku mukiro. 4.4. IBITABO 18 BYABAHANUZI

Ijambo ryIbanze Abahanuzi mu gihebureyi ni Nebiim bivuga Uwahamagawe. Ubuhanuzi bwatangiye mu gihe cyubwami ahagana mu mpera zikinyejana cya 11. Hari ibintu byingenzi byatumaga umuhanuzi ahaguruka, akavuga ashize ubwoba, akibutsa imbaga Isezerano ryImana. Muri ibyo bintu twavuga: Abami bakaga Imana icyubahiro, bakica, bagakiza babitewe no gukomera cyangwa kunesha abanzi. Ubukungu nuburumbuke bwigihugu byateraga imbaga kwibera mu munezero bagasuzugura Imana. Barangajwe imbere numwami bohokaga mu bigirwamana, bakarenganya abakene, ubutabera namahoro bikabura mu gihugu. Muri make kwimakaza ubugizi bwa nabi byatumaga Abahanuzi bahagurukira gucyaha imbaga yImana bayibutsa isezerano yarenzeho. Kuvuga ijambo ryImana no kubera abandi urugero byasabaga Abahanuzi kugirana nImana umubano uzira amakemwa. Abahanuzi bukuri wasangaga amagambo yabo aherekejwe nibimenyetso biturutse ku Mana. Ntibacikaga integer kubera ibitotezo, bamwe bemeraga gupfa aho guhemukira Imana. Bakomezaga ukwemera namizero mu Bantu. Ingirwabahanuzi zo zarangwaga namaco yinda, amarangamutima, gushaka inyungu, guhakwa ku bami nabatware babavugira aho kuvugira Imana. Imyifatire yabo yerekana ko batatumwe nImwana. Kubera ko Abahanuzi bigishaga mu magambo, abakera ntibazize inyandiko. Ibyo bavuze biri mu bitabo byAmateka. Ingero dufite ni Samweli, Natani, Eliya na Elisha. Abahanuzi ba nyuma bo inyigisho zabo tuzisanga mu bitabo byabitiriwe. Muri Bibiliya habanza Abahanuzi bakuru, abo ni Izayi, Yeremiya na Ezekiyeli, Daniyeli nawe bamushyira muri icyo cyiciro. Inygisho zabo zikoranyirijwe mu bitabo 4 binini. Ikindi kibagira bakuru ni inyigisho baduhaye zikomeye. Nyuma hakurikira abandi 12( Hozeya, Yoweli, Amosi, nabandi) bitwa Abahanuzi bato kuko ibyo batugezaho Atari byinshi cyane. 4.4.1. IGITABO CYUMUHANUZI IZAYI

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Igitabo cyumuhanuzi Izayi bavugako ari cyiza mu bigize Bibiliya kandi ni kinini kuko gifite imitwe 66. Kigizwe nibice bitatu binyuranye. Buri gice cyagize umwanditsi wacyo maze ibyanditswe bihurizwa ku izina rya Izayi. Igice cya mbere bacyita Izayi wa mbere. Gihera ku mutwe wa mbere kugera ku wa 39, harimo ibyerekeye umuhanuzi Izayi nigihe yabereyeho. Cyanditswe mu mwaka wa 770, kiri ku isonga yibindi byose. Igice cya kabiri cyitwa Izayi wa kabiri. Gihera ku mutwe wa 40 kugeza ku wa 55. Ni igitabo cyihumurizwa rya Isiraheli, kuko gihumuriza abari mu bunyago kibabwira ko bazatahuka. Cyanditswe numwe mu bajyanywe bunyago mu myaka ya 550-540. Igice cya gatatu cyitwa Izayi wa gatatu. Gihera ku mutwe wa 56 kugeza ku wa 66. Cyanditswe ahagana mu myaka ya 537-500. Kigamije gukomeza abashidikanya mu kwemera kwabo. Tubona ko amahanga yose azahurizwa i Yeruzalemu, agasingiriza Uhoraho mu Ngoro ye Ntagatifu. Ibyadufasha ku mva igitabo cyumuhanuzi Izayi 1) Umuhanuzi Izayi Umuhanuzi Izayi ni mwene Amosi ariko si wawundi wumuhanuzi; yavukiye i Yeruzalemu mu mwaka wa 770 mbere ya Yezu. Umuryango we wari ukize, umerewe neza, utuye mu murwa mukuru i Yeruzalemu, ufite ubutegetsi. Ibyo byatumye Izayi abasha kwiga, ahabwa uburere bwiza. Yagize umwanya nijambo mu gihugu kuko yabashaga kwivuganira numwami. Izayi ntiyari rero umuntu usanzwe, ahubwo yari ajijutse, azi neza amateka yigihugu cye. Yari inzobere mu gihebureyi. 2) Itorwa ryumuhanuzi Izayi Umuhanuzi Izayi atorwa hari mu mwaka wa 740 mbere ya Yezu. Imana yamutoye imubonekeye mu Ngoro. Icyo gihe Imana yamubonekeye ari umwami ukomeye kandi wicaye ku ntebe ya cyami ndende. Yari yiteye igishura kinini, akikijwe nAbamalayika baririmbaga: Nyirubutagatifu (3) ni Uhoraho, Umugaba wingabo, isi yose yuzuye ikuzo rye!!. Twibuke ko aya magambo agize igice cya mbere cyindirimbo Nyirubutagatifu ikoreshwa muri Liturujiya. Tumenye ko iyo abuze iba ituzuye, aboneka muri Iz 6,3. Mu ntangiriro yibonekerwa, umuhanuzi Izyi yagize ubwoba, ahinda umushyitsi (Iz 6,5). Ariko amaze gutagatifuzwa nImana, yemeye adashidikanya gutumwa nImana guhanura umuryango (Iz 6,8). Ubutumwa bwa Izayi bwari buruhije kuko yagombaga kubwira umuryango wigometse (Iz 6,10). Uwo muryango uzarimburwa, ariko agasigisigi ashibuke ho umuryango mutagatifu (Iz 6,13). Umuhanuzi yakoze ubutumwa bwe ku ngoma ya Oziya (781-740); Yotamu (740-736); Akhazi (736716) niya Hezekiya (715-687. Abo bose ni abami ba Yuda). 3) Imiterere yigihugu mu ntangiriro yubutumwa bwa Izayi Izayi atangira ubutumwa bwe hari ubutegetsi bwumwami Ozeya bwuje ubushishozi kuburyo yateje igihugu imbere. Ariko ingorane nyinshi zari zugarije igihugu : Kurya ruswa, akarengane kubwoko bwose, ubwirasi no gukandamiza abandi. Ibyo byakorwaga numuryango wari waratoneshejwe.

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Inzira zose zigeza ku bukire zari zemewe niyo zabangamira abandi. Mu nkiko ufite imbaraga nigitinyiro yaratinyaga, umukene akabura ijambo, uburenganzira bwe bugatsikamirwa. Hari ubusumbane bukabije mu gusaranganya umutungo wigihugu. Bamwe bari mu munezero abandi barazahajwe nubutindi bukabije. Iyi myifatire itaboneye ntiyabuzaga ko i Yeruzalemu ku gicumbi cyiyobokamana haba ihuriro ryabaje gusenga mu ngoro. Iminsi yose baturaga ibitambo bitwikwa, hamwe nimibavu, bakaririmba Zaburi nibisingizo baha Imana icyubahiro. Umuhanuzi Izayi amaze kwitegereza ibyo byose, ntiyihanganiye iryo yobokamana ribangikanye niyo myifatire itaboneye. Ayobowe nijambo ryImana yahanuye umuryango ngo ugaruke ku muco mwiza wubunyangamugayo nubupfura. 4) Ingingo zingenzi dusanga mu gitabo cyumuhanuzi Izayi Ubuhanuzi bwa Izayi nta kibazo mu byariho bwasize inyuma, ariko bwibanze ku ngingo zikurikira : a) Umuryango wImana ugomba kuba Umuryango Mutagatifu. Iyi ngingo tuyisanga mu gice ca mbere twita Izayi wa Mbere (1-39) Kuba Nyagasani Imana ari Nyirubutagatifu, Asumba byose, atandukanye nicyitwa akarengane, ububi nicyaha cyose; Izayi asanga numuryango ariko ugomba kumera ugaragaza ishusho yImana. Niba kandi Imana ari Nyirubutagatifu, numuryango ugomba guharanira kuba mutagatifu. Izayi asanga ari ngombwa kurandura mu muryango wImana akarengane kuva ku cyaha. Niyo mpamvu umuhanuzi Izayi atangira aburira Yeruzalemu na Yuda (Iz 1-5): Imico irushaho kuba mibi bitewe numurengwe. Kwisubiraho ni ngombwa. Izayi ntiyihanganira amaraha yabakire no gukandamiza abakene. Ubwirasi bwumuryango bugomba guhanirwa (Iz 3,16-17). Ubuhemu bwumuryango buzatuma Isiriheli na Yuda bisenywa (Iz 6, 11-13). Umuhano Izayi yibutsa ko ubutagatifu nubutabera bidashingiye ku bitambo bitwikwa ahubwo ku mutima wicujije kandi uciye bugufi (Iz 1, 11-18). b) Amizero yumuryango ashingiye ku Mana. Kuba Isiraheli ari umuryango wIsezerano, biyitandukanya niyidi yose. Umukiro namizero yabo ntibishingiye ku kwifatanya nabapagani, ahubwo biri mu Mana. Uwo muryango watowe uzakizwa no kudahemukira Isezerano, ukemera gushyira amizero yawo muri Nyagasani Imana. Imana nayo izarinda umuryango nkuko yabisezeranyije umwami Dawudi (Iz 23). c) Umuryango wImana urangwa no gutekereza Umucunguzi uzimika ingoma yImana. Umuhanuzi Izayi yahanuye ko Imana izagoboka umuryango wayo. Izawuha Umwami usumba bose, Umucunguzi wa Isiraheli. Izina rye ni Emmanueli bivuga Imana turi kumwe. Ni umwana wagombaga kuvuka akaba ikimenyetso cyuko Imana izakomeza kurinda umuryango wayo, yitoreye (Iz 7,14). Uwo mwana Izayi yahanuraga yavutse ku mwami Akhazi, maze amwita Hezekiya. Ariko mu byukuri yagenuraga umwana wImana Yezu Kristu wagombaga kubyarwa numwari wisugi Bikira Mariya. Ni we wujuje ku buryo bwagatangaza Isezerano. Ni Umwami wamahoro, ingoma ye irangwa nituze igatemba amata nubuki nkuko Izayi abivuga. Ibyerekeye gutegereza Umucunguzi, umuhanuzi Izayi atubwira, tubyibandaho cyane mu gihe cya Adiventi, igihe Kiliziya yose yitegura ukwigira umuntu kwa Jambo, Umukiza wisi yose.

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5) Isomo dukura mu gitabo cya Izayi twebwe Abakristu Umuhanuzi Izayi ashishikariza abantu byumwihariko Abakristu guharanira ubutagatifu nkuko Nyagasani Imana ari Nyirubutagatifu. Izayi ni umuhanuzi Abakristu bakwigiraho kwamagana inabi nakarengane nta gutinya igitsure cyabakomeye. Izayi tumwigiraho guhembera amizero yumukristu ugeze mu kaga cyangwa wibasiwe nibyago nkuko yakomeje amizero yAbayisiraheli igihe bari mu ijyanwabunyago. Izayi yerekana ishusho nyakuri yImana iri rwagati mu muryango. Ni Imana igira impuhwe kandi yiteguye kudutabara Igihe cyose tuyigarukiye tuyobowe nurukundo hamwe nubutabera iratwumva. 4.4.2. IGITABO CYUMUHANUZI YEREMIYA Igitabo cyumuhanuzi Yeremiya kigizwe nImitwe 52. 1) Umuhanuzi Yeremiya ni muntu ki ? Umuhanuzi Yeremiya yavutse mu mwaka wa 650 mbere ya Yezu. Avukira mu muryango wAbaherezabitambo, mu mudugudu witwa Anatoti, uri mu majyaruguru ya Yeruzalemu. Mu buzima bwe bwose yabayeho ari umuhanuzi. Uhoraho yatoye Yeremiya ataranavuka, amugenera kuba intumwa (Yer 1,5). Yeremiya yatangiye ubutumwa bwe akiri muto mu mwaka wa 627 (Yer 1,6), ashaka ku bwanga ariko Uhoraho aramukomeza. Kwitangira umurimo wImana byatumye Yeremiya adashaka (Yer 16,1-2) maze ubuzima bwe bwose buba ikimenyetso cyuko yiyeguriye Imana. 2) Ubutumwa bwa Yeremiya Ubutumwa bwa Yeremiya twabushyira mu byiciro bitatu : a) Kuva ku ihamagarwa rye kugera mu myaka ya 605 intambara itera. Ni igihe cyumwami Yoziya (640-609). Muri icyo gihe Yuda yari afite umutekano ugereranyije. Hari ishyaka ryumwami avugurura iyobokamana. Ni muri iyo myaka Yeremiya yatangiye imvugo ye ikarishye arwanya ibigirwamana byari muri Yuda. Abo yabwiraga ntibamwumvise bahitamo kumutoteza. Ubuhemu bwa Yuda na Yeruzalemu bwatumye Yeremiya atangaza impuruza yuko Uhoraho agiye guteza ibyago muri Yuda.Ibyo bikaba igihano cyumuryango wigometse. Koko rero mu ibonekerwa Yeremiya yabonye igitero cyabanzi giturutse mu majyaruguru maze kiyogoza igihugu (Yer 4-6). Ibyo byabaye ukuri maze Abanyashuru batsimira igihugu kugeza muri 612, nyuma haza ibitero byAbanyababiloni byagiye bikurikirana. b) Igihe cya kabiri kiva mu mwaka wa 605-587. Hari ku ngoma yumwami Yoyakimu (609-598). Icyo gihe igihugu cya Yuda cyaguye mu bucakara bwumwami Nebukadinetsari wa Babiloni. Muri icyo gihe ubuhanuzi bwa Yeremiya bwagaragajwe nuko Yeruzalemu yasenywe maze igice kimwe cyabaturage kijyanwa i Babiloni. c) Igihe cya gatatu gihera mu mwaka wa 587 nyuma yamakuba ya Yeruzalemu, ni mugihe cyumwami Sedekiya (597-587). Ubutumwa bwa Yeremiya bwasabaga umwami kutivumbura ngo agahenge kari mu gihugu ngo gakomeze yandikiye abajyanywe bunyago gutahuka bitari hafi (29). Ibi byatumye Yeremiya ahabwa akato, ashyirwa mu buroko ariko akomeza

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guhumuriza imbaga, yayibwiye ko niyisuburaho Imana izongera ikagira isezerano rishya (Yer 30-33). 3) Inyigisho zo mugitabo cyumuhanuzi Yeremiya. a) Yeremiya ni urugero rwumuntu utotezwa numuryango we bwite (Yer 11,18-12,6). Umuntu wese uvuga ubutumwa bwImana ntabura kuyiganyira, ibyo bigaterwa nabo abwira ubutumwa cyangwa umuryango we bwite umutoteza nkuko byagendekeye Yeremiya. Umuhanuzi rero ntaba ari hejuru cyangwa iruhande rwabo abwira ahubwo aba ari rwagai muri bo. Niyo mpamvu ingaruka nziza cyangwa mbi zinyigisho atanga zigomba kumugeraho. Amaganya nimibabaro umuhanuzi agira agomba kubyereka Imana kuko bidatana nubutmwa. b) Icyaha cyacu ni ugutera Imana umugongo tukayibagirwa Nkuko tubibona mu gitabo cyumuhanuzi Yeremiya icyaha cyumuryango wa Isiraheli arinacyo cyacu, ni ukwibagirwa Imana maze tukohoka ku bigirwamana, twica amategeko kugeza aho tunangira imitima rwose. Kwibagirwa Imana no kuyitarura nibyo bidukururira igihano bituma kandi tuganzwa nirari ryubwoko bwose tugaharanira inyungu zacu bwite. Ikinyoma nakarengane biraganza, ubutabera nubutungane bigapfukiranwa (Yer 5,28). c) Ikurwaho ryubutegetsi Yeremiya atwereka ko ubutegetsi buva ku Mana. Ariko iyo bukoreshejwe nabi nababufite nkAbatware, Abaherezabitambo nAbahanuzi bakazikama mu ngeso mbni barabwamburwa. Abakuru nabato bahanwa kimwe ingoma yabo igahabwa abandi (Yer 25,11). Niyo mpamvu abayobozi bumuryango wImana bagomba guharanira kuyobora neza. Bagomba kubahirisha Isezerano ryImana mu bo bashinzwe bagatoza icyiza, bakanatanga urugero rwiza. d) Ihumure ryumuryango : Ni Isezerano rishya ryatangajwe na Yeremiya (Yer 31,31-34). Yeremiya yumvise umuryango wa Isiraheli wari mu byago ko Imana iwutegerejeho kwisubiraho, bityo agatangaza Isezerano rishya ritandukanye nirya Musa. Amategeko yari yanditse ku mabuye azandikwa mu mitima yabo, Uhoraho azababera Imana nabo bamubere umuryango (Yer 31,33). Iryo sezerano rishya ryujujwe muri Yezu Kristu igihe aje gushinga itegeko ryurukundo. 4) Ubutumwa bwa Yeremiya ku Bakristu bigihe turimo Ku Bakristu bigihe turimo Yeremiya adukangurira kutarangwa niyobokamana ryumuhango ahubo ryuzuye. Adusaba kutajya mu nzira ebyiri icyarimwe ngo tujye mu ngoro yImana kandi tubeshya, twiba kandi turahira ibinyoma. Ibyo Yeremiya avuga biranga Abakristu benshi bigihe turimo, hari abarangwa nimyifatire ivanga ubukristu nimigenzo ya gipagani, hari ababatizwa bakajya mu misa, ariko ntibabeho nkabana bImana koko. Ntibashaka kwigora mu kunoza umubano wabo nImana, ntibashishikazwa nisengesho ritaretsa kandi ryuzuye ukwemera kujyana no kwisubiraho. Yeremiya abona Abakristu bigihe turimo batagira umwete wo kwegera umuvandimwe ngo bamukunde nkuko Kristu yabidutegetse. Yeremiya ashaka ko ubukristu bwacu burangwa nicyizere cyuko Imana ari umubyeyi udukunda. 4.4.3. IGITABO CYAMAGANYA

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Igitabo cyAmaganya kigizwe nindirimbo cyangwa ibisigo bitanu bijyana nimitwe yacyo uko ari 5. Byari bigamije kuganyira Imana kubera isenywa rya Yeruzalemu ryakozwe ningabo zi Babiloni mu mwaka wa 587 mbere ya Yezu. Umwanditsi wibyo bisigo ntazwi neza: Mu ndirimbo ya mbere umusizi aganya kubera Yeruzalemu yasenywe mu 587, abantu benshi bakajyanwa bunyagi i Babiloni. Indirimbo ya kabiri igaragaza ibyago byaguye kuri Yeruzalemu nuko byagendekeye abatware, abaherezabitambo, Abahanuzi, abakuru bimiryango, abana ndetse nabari. Muri iyo ndirimbo tubona ko abahanurabinyoma bayobeje Siyoni igomba gutakambira Uhoraho. Indirimbo ya gatatu irimo akababaro bwite kumusizi. Araganya kubera ibyago byamugwiririye, agakurikizaho ibigeragezo namakuba umuntu wese agira hanyuma akarata ubudahemuka bwImana. Mu ndirimbo ya kane umusizi avuga ko amakuba akomeye yaguye ku muryango wose. Indirimbo ya gatanu ni isengesho ritakambira Uhoraho ngo agire impuhwe yibuke umuryango wugarijwe nibyago. 4.4.4. IGITABO CYA BARUKI Igitabo cya Baruki kigizwe nimitwe itandatu. Cyandikiwe i Babiloni Abayahudi bari mu bunyago. Uwacyanditse ntazwi nyamara cyitiriwe Baruki wari umukarani wa Yeremiya kubera icyubahiro yari afitiwe. Iki gitabo kirimo ibice bine : Isengesho ryo kwicuza ibyaha byakozwe nabajyanywe bunyago, rigize igice cya mbere (Bar 1,15-3,8). Haza igisigo gisingiza ubuhanga bwahawe Isiraheli ho umurage (Bar 3,9-4,4). Amaganya namizero bya Yeruzalemu (Bar 4,5-5,9). Ibaruwa ya Yeremiya (Bar 6,1-7,22) : Ntabwo yanditswe na Yeremiya tuzi nkumuhanuzi ahubwo barayimwitirira, irimo amagambo arwanya ibigirwamana. Igitabo cya Baruki kigamije kutwereka ukuntu Abayisiraheli banze gucika intege igihe bari mu bunyago, bakomeje gusenga Imana bubahiriza amategeko yayo bizeye numukiro uzayiturukaho. 4.4.5. IGITABO CYUMUHANUZI EZEKIYELI Igitabo cyumuhanuzi Ezekiyeli kigizwe nimitwe 48. a) Umuhanuzi Ezekiyeli nuko yatowe Umuhanuzi Ezekiyeli yari Umuherezabitambo nkuko se Buzi yabikoraga (Ezk 1,3). Ni umwe mu bahanuzi bakomeye Isiraheli yamenye, bamugereranya na Izayi, kimwe na Yeremiya kubera inyigisho ze. Itorwa rye ninyigisho ze bifitanye isano nuburyo umuryango wa Isiraheli wari ubayeho. Ezekiyeli yatorewe ubuhanuzi mu bucakara bwi Babiloni aho we nAbayisiraheli bari mu buhunzi nyuma yifatwa rya Yeruzalemu ryabaye mu mwaka wa 587 mbere ya Yezu. Aho i Babiloni, Abayahudi bagizwe abacakara nimfungwa ibyobari bashingiyeho kwishongora ku bandi nkingoro nubudahangarwa babonaga ntacyo byabamariye. Ni bwo batangiye imibabaro nimihangayiko yubuhunzi yatumye bibaza mu mutima wabo ni uko babaza Ezekiyeli niba gutahuka biri hafi. Ezekiyeli yabashubije ko Yeruzalemu izongera gufatwa, igasenywa burundu. Yabasobanuriye ko bizaterwa nuko yoramye mu bigirwamana igakurikiza abahanuzi bibinyoma, bityo Uhoraho akiyemeza kuyihana kuko yanze kwisubiraho. Ni muri urwo rusobe rwibibazo Uhoraho azatora Ezekiyeli ngo

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ahumurize kandi areme agatima umuryango wihebye, urambiwe gukandamizwa mu buhungiro. Uwo murimo wo guhoza umuryango ushavuye ntuzorohera Ezekiyeli, mubukuri Imana yamutumye ku muryango urakaye, ushinze ijosi, umutwe ukomeye numutwe unangiye. Ibyo bizatera ubwoba Ezekiyeli ariko Imana imukomeze kandi ishyire amagambo yayo mu munwa we (Ezk 3,1-2). Ezekiyeli yagombaga kuvugana ubutwari nubudacogora, akavuga ukuri kose atikanga Abayisiraheli. Mu byukuri Ezekiyeli yari ashinzwe kuburira umunyacyaha wese bahuraga. Kutabikora byatumaga Ezekiyeli agira uruhare kuri icyo cyaha (Ezk 33,1-9). b) Ibitekerezo byingenzi dusanga mu gitabo cyumuhanuzi Ezekiyeli 1) Ihanurwa ryigihano cya Isiraheli (Ezk 12,1-20) Ezekiyeli yahanuye ko igihano cya Isiraheli cyegereje mbere yuko Yeruzalemu ifatwa igasenywa. Icyo gihano cyabaye ukujyanwa bunyago mu mahanga aho bazakwizwa imishwaro, bakarya umugati baruhiye, bahinda umushyitsi, bashavuye, mbese bifashe mapfubyi kuko igihugu cyabo kizaba cyararimbutse. 2) Ezekiyeli ahumuriza umuryango wa Isiraheli (Ezk 34,1-31) Uburyo Ezekiyeli yitabaje ngo ahumurize Abayisiraheli ni ukubanza kubaha igisobanuro cyibyago nibigeragezo barimo. Kuri Ezekiyeli Imana yemeza ko Abayisiraheli baca mu bubabare bwubuhungiro ngo basubize amaso inyuma bareba ikibi bakoreye Uhoraho. Bizabatera kwisubiraho maze bagarukira Uhoraho. Ezekiyeli yakurikijeho ko Imana idahinduka ku isezerano, izagarura Isiraheli mu gihugu cyayo, izahuriza hamwe umuryango watatanye nkuko umushumba ahuriza intama mu rwuri rumwe, zigakora ubushyo bumwe. Ni Imana izayibera umushumba mwiza utandukanye nabashumba babi, baca inshuro ntibakenure izo baragiye (Ezk 34,10-12).

3) Imana izatora umuryango mushya bagirane Isezerano rishya (Ezk 37,12-14) Umuhanuzi Ezekiyeli yafashije Isiraheli kwigiramo icyizere. Imana izakura Isiraheli ibuzimu ijye ibuntu (Ezk 37,12-14). Uhoraho azasukura kandi akenure umuryango we, azawukuramo umutima wibuye awushyiremo umutima mushya numwuka mushya (Ezk 37,25-27). Muri make Ezekiyeli yerekana ko umugambi Imana ifite wo gukiza Isiraheli ari intakuka kabone nubwo yanyura mu bigeragezo bikomeye. Umwanzuro Umuhanuzi Ezekiyeli tumushimaho byinshi. Hari ugufasha umuryango wImana mu bucakara awubumbira hamwe maze ntiwohoke inyuma yibigirwamana byamahanga. Yafashije Isiraheli gukomeza umuco karande niyobokamana barazwe nAbakurambere. Igitabo cyumuhanuzi Ezekiyeli tugisoze twibutsa ko mu byo kivuga harimo integuza yIvanjili cyane cyane aho kivuga umushumba mwiza. Uwo mushumba ni Yezu Kristu cyagenuraga kuza agahuriza hamwe intama ze zigakora ubushyo bumwe.

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4.4.6. IGITABO CYUMUHANUZI DANIYELI Igitabo cyumuhanuzi Daniyeli kigizwe nimitwe 14. a) Daniyeli ni muntu ki ? Umuhanuzi Daniyeli yari umusore wumuyahudi, wajyanywe hamwe nabandi bunyago i Babiloni. Ibyo byakozwe numwami Nebukadinetsari Yeruzalemu imaze gusenywa muri 587 mbere ya Kristu. Iki gitabo cyanditswe nyuma cyane ibi bibaye. Ni igihe abami ba Antiyokiya bategekaga Abayahudi gukurikiza umuco niyobokamana byAbagereki mu mwaka w65 mbere ya Kristu. Imitwe yacyo 12 ibanza iri mu gihebureyi nicyaramu, ukuyemo agace gato kumutwe wa 3, naho imitwe ya 13 na 14 iri mu kigereki. b) Ibyingenzi dusanga muri iki gitabo 1) Umwanditsi wiki gitabo yari agamije gukomeza ubutwari nubudahemuka bwumuryango wImana imbere yibitotezo byo mu bucakara. Atwereka kandi ko Imana ari umugenga wibihe, ntitererane abari mu kaga (Dan 6). Muri iki gitabo twongera guhishurirwa ko abapfuye bazazuka bagahabwa ingororano. 2) Kubera ubutungane Daniyeli yagaragaje, Imana yamuhaye ingabire yubuhanga budasanzwe. Bityo yabashije gusobanura inzozi zumwami nibindi bimenyetso birimo amayobera. Turebe uko umwuka wImana wari uri muri Daniyeli kandi ukamukoresha : Daniyeli asobanura inzozi zumwami Nebukadinetsari (Dan 4). Daniyeli asobanurira umwami Baritazali ibyerekeye ikiganza yeretswe ninyandiko cyanditse zigira ngo : Mene, Mene, Tekeli Parisini (Dan 5) ; bikavuga : Mene : Imana yabaze imyaka umaze ku ngoma irayisoza Tekeli: Uburebure bwawe ntibushyitse Parisini: Igihugu gihabwa abandi. Daniyeli yajugunywe mu rwobo rwintare ntizagira icyo zimutwara (Dan 6) Daniyeli akemura urubanza rwa Suzana; akagaragaza ubugome bwabasaza babi (Dan 13). c) Ubutumwa dusanga mu gitabo cyumuhanuzi Daniyeli Ubutumwa bwa mbere dusangamo ni uko Imana inyaga abami bikuza, ikimika abandi beza, abahanga ibahunda ubuhanga, abanyabwenge ibaha ubushishozi. Imana niyo ihishura ibihishe kure namabanga ikayagaragaza (Dan 2,21-22). Ubutumwa bwa kabiri ni uko umuyahudi wese, aho yaba ari adashobora guhemuka ku idini rye asenga ibigirwamana, ahubwo yakwemera gupfira ukwemera kwe. Natwe Abakristu biki gihe tugire ukwemera guhamye (Dan 6). Urubanza rwa Suzana rutwigisha kurangwa nubushishozi mu guca imanza, kuko Imana idatererana abanyakuri bayitakambira. Tugomba kurangwa nubudahemuka, abategetsi ntibitwaze umwanya bahawe mu kugirira abandi nabi, babarenganya. Twanzure tuvuga ko igitabo cyumuhanuzi Daniyeli kigaragaza ko ingoma yImana igomba gukurira mu mahanga yose. Iyo ngoma yeguriwe Umwana wumuntu yegurirwa icyitwa ububasha cyose (Dan 7,13-14). Umwana wumuntu Daniyeli avuga ni Yezu Kristu umucunguzi wabantu bose wari ugiye koherezwa (Mt 8,20).

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4.4.7. IGITABO CYUMUHANUZI HOZEYA Igitabo cyumuhanuzi Hozeya kigizwe nimitwe 14. a) Umuhanuzi Hozeya ni muntu ki? Umuhanuzi Hozeya ni mwene Beyari (Hoz 1,1). Akomoka mu ntara yamajyaruguru ari yo Isiraheli. Yatangiye kwigisha mu mwaka wa 750 mbere ya Kristu igihe umwami Yerobowamu II yategekaga Isiraheli. Hozeya yari yarahanuye ifatwa nisenywa ryumurwa mukuru wintara ya Isiraheli ariwo Samariya, ryabaye mu mwaka wa 721 maze abaturage bajyanwa bunyago muri Ashuru. Umihanuzi Hozeya azwiho kudahirwa mu rugo rwe (Hoz 1-3). Umugore we yaramutaye arigendera, ariko Hozeya akomeza kumukunda ndetse amugarura mu rugo. Uwo mugore ashushanya Isiraheli yateye Imana umugongo ariko yo igakomeza gukunda Isiraheli (Hoz 2). Isiraheli mu mibanire yayo nImana yabaye nkumugore wihabara bitewe no kwimika ibigirwamana nka Behali na Ashitaroti. I Beteri Uhoraho bamusingiza ku buryo bihimbiye, bunyuranye namategeko ye. Hozeya yagombye kwibasira abategetsi bigihugu nabaherezabitambo bayoboye umuryango mu rwobo rwubugiranabi. Yarwanyije ubusumbane no gukandamiza rubanda rugufi. b) Ubutumwa bwumuhanuzi Hozeya Inyigisho ya Hozeya yerekeye urukundo rwImana yihanganira umuryango utayitaho. Hozeya yerekena ko Imana ishimishwa nimpuhwe kuruta ibitambo namaturo bitwikwa (Hoz 6,6). Kuri Hozeya Imana ihana umuryango igamije kuwigisha, ihana ishaka gukiza. Hejuru yubuhemu bwumuryango, Hozeya yerekana ubundi bukabije.Ni ubwabaherezabitambo bifuza ko umuryango wakomeza kwibera mu byaha kuko batungwa namaturo yawo (Hoz 4,8). Ikindi kibabaje ni uko biremyemo agatsiko kicira abantu ku nzira yerekeza i Sikemu, bityo bakagenza nkabandi bambuzi bose (Hoz 6,9). Mu magambo avunaguye ubutumwa bwose bwa Hozeya buvuga ko Uhoraho atareka guhana umuryango we wanze kwisubiraho. Ariko Hozeya yiyumvisha ko nyuma yigihano agasigisigi kumuryango kazisubiraho, Isiraheli izagarukira Uhoraho ibikuye ku mutima. Impuhwe zImana zizaba igisagirane nintaganzwa. Dusoze twibutsa ko igitabo cyumuhanuzi Hozeya kigizwe nimitwe 14 irimo ibice bikurikira : Ishyingirwa rya Hozeya nicyo rishushanya (Hoz 1-3) Isiraheli izahanirwa ubugome bwayo (Hoz 4,1-14,1) Isiraheli yisubiraho ikagirirwa imbabazi (Hoz 14,2-10) Ntitwarangiza tutavuze ko Hozeya atambutse Abahanuzi bamubanjirije kwigisha icyo ari cyo iyobokamana nyaryo. Ni irishingiye ku rukundo aho kuba ibitambo cyangwa imihango yinyuma. Natwe tugaragaze urukundo nyarwo mu mibanire yacu nabandi cyane cyane abaduhemukiye nabatishoboye. 4.4.8. IGITABO CYUMUHANUZI YOWELI Igitabo cyumuhanuzi Yoweli kigiwze nimitwe 4. Kirimo inyigisho zerekeye umunsi wUhoraho ni ukuvuga umunsi windunduro namateka yabantu nicibwa ryurubanza. Umuhanuzi Yoweli yabayeho nyuma yijyanwabunyago ryi Babiloni nko mu mwaka wa 400 mbere ya Kristu.

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Yoweli atangaza ko uwo munsi uzabanzirizwa nicyunamo no gutakamba, nta munezero uzaba ukirangwa mu bantu (Yow 1,1-2). Ukuza kumunsi wUhoraho ni intangiriro yibihe bishya, aho umwuka wUhoraho uzasesekara kuri buri wese (Yow 3,1-5). Nkuko bigaragara mu mutwe wa 4, uwo munsi wUhoraho ni ho Imana izacira urubanza amahanga. Muri make ubutumwa bwa Yoweli bwibanda ku ngingo ebyiri zigarukwaho mu isezerano rishya: Isenderezwa ryumwuka wImana (Yow 3,1-5) byujujwe kuri Pentekosti (Intu 2,16-21) bikaba koko byarabaye intangiriro yibihe bishya. Kwihana, gusiba no gutakambira Uhoraho (Yow 2,12-17), Yoweli yarayivuze ariko na Kiliziya idusaba kuyizirikana mu ntangiriro yigisibo cya buri mwaka. Igitabo cyumuhanuzi Yoweli rero gifite umwanya ukomeye muri Liturujiya kuko cyerekana ko kwambaza Uhoraho bitanga umugisha, maze umuryango ukarushaho kuba indahemuka. 4.4.9. IGITABO CYUMUHANUZI AMOSI Igitabo cyumuhanuzi Amosi kigizwe nimitwe 9. Amosi ninyigisho ze Umuhanuzi Amosi yakomokaga mu ntara ya Yuda, agatura mu mudugudu witwa Tekowa uri mu majyepfo ya Yeruzalemu, Amosi yari umushumba wamatungo i Beterehemu. Ahagana mu kinyejana cya 8 ni ho Uhoraho yamuhamagaye amukura mu matungo ye amwohereza guhanura muri Isiraheli. Yagiye muri Samariya mu murwa mukuru wari ukungahaye. Icyo gihe umwami Yerobowamu yategekaga Isiraheli. Umuhanuzi Amosi bamwita kandi uwubutabera bwa rubanda, impamvu ni uko atahwemye kwamagana abakire bibera mu minsi mikuru namaraha, bagatura mu mazu meza (Am 3,13-4,3). Rubanda rugufi rwari mu butindi bitewe nubwikanyize buvanze nukwikubira kwabakire. Ibintu byari byarazambye umwiryane ari wose iyobokamana risigaye mu magambo gusa (Am 21-22). Amosi rero yahagurukijwe no kuburira Isiraheli kubera ubuhemu bwayo yibutsa ko gutorwa mu yandi mahanga bitayiha kwigira uko ishaka. Amosi yatangaje ko Imana izahana umuryango kubera ibicumuro, igamije kuwugorora. Ariko Amosi yongeyeho ko umuryango utazarimbuka burundu (Am 3,12), ahubwo ko agasigisigi kazarokoka mu nzu ya Isiraheli. Amosi ashishikariza Isiraheli guhinduka igashakashaka Uhoraho hakiri kare ikaronka ubuzima nyabwo bushingiye ku kubaha itegeko ryUhoraho (Am 5,4-6,14). Icyo Amosi agamije ni uko isi yarangwa nubutabera akarengane kagacika muri rubanda, bakareka uburyamirane niyobokamana ryuzuye uburyarya kuko ari nko gutuka Imana (Am 2,8). Inyigisho za Amosi zerekeye kurenganura abaciye bugufi zisa nizateguraga isezerano rishya. Ni koko mu Isezerano rishya Kristu ntiyahwemye kwigisha ko hazagororerwa uzita ku mukene, akagoboka umuntu wese uri mu kaga (Mt 25,31-46). Amosi atwigisha ko tugomba gukunda Imana duhereye ku bavandimwe bacu. 4.4.10. IGITABO CYUMUHANUZI OBADIYA Igitabo cyumuhanuzi Obadiya ni gito cyane mu bindi byAbahanuzi, kigizwe nimirongo 21. Ubutumwa bwe bwarebaga Abayahudi bari mu bunyago i Babiloni. Bari bihebye kubera isenywa ryingoro. Obadiya yibukije ko Imana igenga amahanga yose, akanayahana ku munsi yagennye.

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Obadiya yahanuye ko Edomu izarimbuka kuko yishimiye ibyago byagwiririye Yeruzalemu; igihe abanyamahanga bayigabije bakayisenya (Obd 10-14). Abanyedomu biratana ubuhanga bwabo bityo bazahanwa. Kuri Isiraheli, hazaza iminsi yamahirwe, maze imbohe zizatahuke mu gihugu cyazo, ni uko Uhoraho azibere umwami (Obd 17-21).

4.4.11.

IGITABO CYA YONASI

Igitabo cya Yonasi kigizwe nimitwe4. Igitabo cya Yonasi cyashyizwe mu bitabo byAbahanuzi nubwo kitameze nkabyo na Yonasi ntabe umuhanuzi. Mu byukuri ibivugwamo ntabwo ari inkuru yabayeho, ahubwo ni umugani urimo inyigisho yuje ubuhanga. Igamije kwereka abantu ko bagomba guharanira kubaho ku buryo bunyuze Imana. Iki gitabo kibarirwa mu byAbahanuzi bitewe nuko uwacyanditse yacyitiriye umuhanuzi Yonasi wari usanzwe azwi mu mateka ya Isiraheli. Ibitekerezo bikubiye mu gitabo cya Yonasi Imana itegeka Yonasi kujya kwigisha no guhindura abaturage ba Ninivi ariko we akanga ndetse akageza aho guhunga Imana (Yon 1,1-16). Yonasi amirwa nigifi maze agahimbira Zaburi mu nda yacyo (Yon 2,1-11). Yonasi i Ninivi yigisha abo yahasanze, bakisubiraho. Imana ikabagirira imbabazi (Yon 3,110). Yonasi afatwa nuburakari ariko Imana ikamwumvisha impuhwe zayo (Yon 4,1-11).

Inyigisho zingenzi ziki gitabo Imana ikunda abantu bose, baba Abayisiraheli, baba Abanyamahanga. Yifuza ko buri wese yakora ikiyinogera (Yon 4,11) Abantu bose bashobora kumenya Imana no kuyemera bagakurikizaho guhinduka nkuko byagendekeye Abanyaninivi. Baduhaye urugero rwiza. Imana ihorana imbabazi. Ni yo yemeye ko habaho ibigeragezo bishobora gufatwa nkigihano aba ari umwanya iduhaye ngo twisubireho (Yon 1,2; 3,4). Abanyaninivi bigisha buri wese ko umunyabyaha ashobora kwisubiraho akagirirwa impuhwe. Imbabazi zImana rero ntizijya ziba imfabusa. Yonasi ni ishusho yumuntu wese wanga gutega amatwi inkuru nziza Imana imubwiye, akanga ko ikwira hose. Ntiyemere ko imbabazi zImanazigenewe abantu bose. Mu bitekerezo bya Yonasi tubonamo wa mutima uturanga wo kwifuza ko ibyiza bitagera ku bandi (Yon 1-3). 4.4.12. IGITABO CYUMUHANUZI MIKA Igitabo cyumuhanuzi Mika kigizwe nimitwe 7. 1. Umuhanuzi Mika ni muntu ki? Umuhanuzi Mika yavukiye i Moresheti, umugi muto uri mu majyepfo ya Yeruzalemu. Yabayeho mu gihe cyabami Yotamu, Akhazi na Hezekiya. Bikatwereka ko ari uwo mu gihe kimwe na Hozeya na

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Izayi. Ubutumwa bwe bwarebaga mbere na mbere intara ya Yuda, ariko niya Isiraheli ntiyasigaye dore ko Mika yiboneye namasoye isenywa ryumurwa mukuru wintara ya Isiraheli ari wo Samariya mu mwaka wa 721. Mu mvugo ye idaca ibintu ku ruhande, ihura neza niyumuhanuzi Amosi. Kimwe na Amosi rero, Mika arega abakire bahuguza abakene. Ashinja abakandamiza ababarimo imyenda nabacuruzi bica iminzani bagahenda abandi. Agaya kandi abatware, abaherezabitambo nabahanuzi bishakira amaramuko bakandamiza rubanda rugufi. Ibyo byose binyuranye nugushaka kwImana yifuza ubtabera, gukunda ubudahemuka no kubaho mu bwiyoroshye. Nubwo tubona ko Mika atangaza ko Uhoraho azahana umuryango wigometse, ukingira intumva, awurema agatima avuga ko hari agasigisigi kazarokorwa nUhoraho. Kakazakomokaho imbaga yUhoraho. 2. Ubutumwa bwumuhanuzi Mika Kimwe na Amosi, Mika mu butumwa bwe agaragaza ko imiborogo yabarenganywa yageze mu ijuru ku Mana (Mik 2,1-11). Atangaza ko bidatinze Imana izacira abagiranabi urubanza. Mika yagize ibonekerwa ryibihe bizaza maze avuga ko umunsi wo kugaragaza ibyo buri wese yakoze uzakurikirwa numutsindo wa Siyoni. Inyigisho yumuhanuzi Mika ikomatanya iyAbahanuzi bamubanjirije muri aya magambo : Uhoraho ashaka ko Muntu amenya kandi agakunda icyiza ; akubahiriza ubutabera, akimika ubudahemuka, akicisha bugufi maze akagendana nImana mu bwiyoroshye (Mik 6,8). 4.4.13. IGITABO CYUMUHANUZI NAHUMU Igitabo cyumuhanuzi Nahumu kigizwe nimitwe 3. Umuhanuzi Nahumu yari umusizi uzi kuvuga mu magambo aboneye icyo ashaka guhanura. Izina rye risobanura Uwahojejwe nImana. Iryo zina ryumvikanisha ubutumwa bwe bwari uguhumuriza Yuda yari yugarijwe nakarengane ikorerwa nAbanyashuru. Yahanuye ko Ninivi, umurwa mukuru wa Ashuru izasenywa. Ibyo byabaye impamo muri 612 igihe Abakarideya bahiritse ubutegetsi bwa Ashuru. Iki gitabo kigabanyijemo ibice bibiri : Imana igira impuhwe, ibabazwa numuryango wayo mubi (Nah 1,2-2,1). Irimburwa rya Ninivi (Nah 2,2-3,19).

Nahumu yerekanye ko irimbuka rya Ninivi ari urubanza Imana yaciriye uwo migi wirata, ukica, kandi ukuzura ingeso mbi zose. Ninivi ishushanya amahanga yose atubaha Imana, ntakurikize amategeko yayo. Igitabo cya Nahumu cyerekana ko ubutegetsi bwose bushingiye ku kwigomeka no kurenganya abandi butamara kabiri.

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4.4.14. IGITABO CYUMUHANUZI HABAKUKI Igitabo cyumuhanuzi Habakuki kigizwe nimitwe itatu. Umuhanuzi Habakuki azwiho kugeza ku muryango wa Isiraheli igisubizo cyUhoraho. Ni igihe wibazaga niba wakwiringira Imana. Yuda yari ku nkeke nimidugararo biterwa nAbakalideya. Iki gitabo gifite ibice bitatu : Umuhanuzi abaza Imana ikamusubiza (Hab 1,2-2,4) : Aka gace kerekana igitero cyAbakalideya nkigihano cyinabi yakwiriye hose ; ariko intungane ikabeshwaho nubudahemuka bwayo (Hab 2,4). Imivumo yerekeye ubusahuzi (Hab 2,5-20) : Abakalideya baravumwa inshuro zigera kuri eshanu kubera amarorerwa bakoreye abo batsinze mu ntambara. Umuhanuzi yinginga Uhoraho ngo abatabare (Hab 3,1-19): Habakuki yizera ko ubutabera bwImana buzatsinda. Inyigisho umuhanuzi Habakuki aduha ni ukudashidikanya mu kwemera dufitiye Imana, kuko twizera ko idutabara mu gihe cyamagorwa. 4.4.15. IGITABO CYUMUHANUZI SOFONIYA Igitabo cyumuhanuzi Sofoniya kigizwe nimitwe itatu. 1. Umuhanuzi Sofoniya ni muntu ki ? Umuhanuzi Sofoniya akomoka mu muryango wa Hezekiya, yahanuye igihe Yoziya yari umwami wa Yuda (640-609) mbere yuko haba ivugururwa ryiyobokamana ryakozwe nuwo mwami mu mwaka wa 622 mbere ya Kristu. Umuhanuzi Sofoniya yabayeho mu myaka ya mbere yigihe cyumuhanuzi Yeremiya. Amagambo Uhoraho yavugishije umuhanuzi Sofoniya atwumvisha ko mu gihugu hari imyifatire idakwiye : Mu ikubitiro tubona ko abami barimo Manase na Amoni bategetse kuva mu mwaka wa 687 kugeza mu mwaka wa 640, bashyigikiye imihango yo gusenga ibigirwamana (Sof 1,4-5). Hari imico itaboneye bari baratoye mu mahanga (Sof 1,8). Ingirwabahanuzi zari zaradutse zirangwa nubwirasi no kubeshya (Sof 3,4). Akarengane nubugizi bwa nabi muri rubanda (Sof 3,1-3) byari ikibazo gikomeye. Iyi myifatire iratwumvisha ko ukuza kumuhanuzi Sofoniya kwagombaga gutegura inzira yivugururwa. Umuhanuzi Sofoniya yerekenye ko ibihe byose bigengwa nImana igenga byose. Ni yo mpamvu yahannye Yuda kimwe namahanga (Sof 1,3). Ariko Imana mu kwinjira mu mateka yacu ntiyari igamije guhana, ahubwo yari ifite umugambi udakuka wo kudukiza no kutugorora. Umuhanuzi Sofoniya tumuziho kwigisha ubwiyoroshye nugushaka kwImana. 2. Ingingo zingenzi dusanga mu gitabo cyumuhanuzi Sofoniya a) Umunsi wUhoraho

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Kubera amakimbirane yariho mu butegetsi bwigihugu, umuhanuzi Sofoniya yatangaje ko umunsi wUhoraho uzaba uwo kurenganura rubanda. Uzaba uteye ubwoba amahanga ariko ube uwo kuvugurura amasezerano. Abigometse kuri Uhoraho bazahanirwa imbere ye (Sof 1,2-18). Si umunsi wishira ryisi ahubwo Si umunsi wishira ryisi ahubwo ni uwo kugarukira Uhoraho no guca ukubiri nicyitwa icyaha cyose. b) Amahanga na Yeruzalemu biburirwa Umuhanuzi Sofoniya aburira Yeruzalemu namahanga ko bagiye kwibasirwa nibyago. Impamvu yibyo nuko abatware, abakuru bumuryango, abacamanza, abahanuzi nabaherezabitambo batacyumva ijambo ryImana. Abandi baburirwa numuhanuzi Sofoniya ko bazagerwaho nibihano ni abakire, abacuruzi, abasenga ibigirwamana nabahakanyi kuko birengagije Uhoraho. c) Agasigisi kumuryango Iyi ngingo twabonye mu gitabo cyumuhanuzi Izayi igarukwaho na Sofoniya. Irakomeye rero kuko igaragaza ko abagize umuryango batazashira bose. Abake bazarokorwa bacike uburakari bwUhoraho kuko bumviye Imana muri byose. Bazakora umuryango mushya, ihanga ryizihiye Uhoraho. Bazatura muri Yeruzalemu nshya irangwa nibyishimo. Izabaumurwa wigenga kandi mutagatifu maze Imana ubwayo izababere umwami. 4.4.16. IGITABO CYUMUHANUZI HAGAYI Igitabo cyumuhanuzi Hagayi kigizwe nimitwe ibiri. Kidutekerereza uko imirimo yo kubaka ingoro yasubukuwe muri 520 mbere ya Kristu babitewemo umwete numuhanuzi Hagayi (Hag 1,1). Kuba ingoro yUhoraho yarahindutse itongo (Hag 1,1-14), umuhanuzi Hagayi abona ko aribyo bitera ibyago byugarije imbaga birimo ubukene numusaruro ukaba muke. Umuhanuzi Hagayi yongera gutangaza ibihe bishya, aho Uhoraho azitoranyiriza umuryango (Hag 2,2023), ikuzo rye rigasakara ku ngoro nshya. Nkuko tubibona mu gitabo cye, umuhanuzi Hagayi yaranzwe no gutera abavandimwe be ishyaka ryatumye bakanguka, barahaguruka barakora bitegura ibihe byiza Imana igiye kubaha. Ibyo bihe Abayahudi bari bizeye ko hazategeka umwami wo munzu ya Dawudi, ndetse baza no gukeka ko ari Zorobabeli umutware wa Yuda. Nyamara ibyo bihe byateguraga umwami uzima ingoma, akaba numukiza usumba bose Yezu Kristu. 4.4.17. IGITABO CYUMUHANUZI ZAKARIYA Igitabo cyumuhanuzi Zakariya kigizwe nimitwe cumi nine. Umuhanuzi Zakariya yabayeho mu gihe kimwe numuhanuzi Hagayi mu myaka ya 520-519 mbere ya Kristu. Igitabo cyumuhanuzi Zakariya kigabanyijwemo ibice bibiri :

Igice cya mbere kiva ku mutwe wa 1-8. Igice cya kabiri gihera ku mutwe wa 9-14. Mu gice cya mbere (Zak 1-8) tubonamo impanuro zavuzwe numuhanuzi Zakariya ubwe. Havugwamo amabonekerwa 8 akubiyemo ubutumwa bwa Zakariya mu ngingo zikurikira:

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Uhoraho ahorana urukundo nimpuhwe, akazazisesekaza kuri Yeruzalemu, kandi yiteguye no kuyitabara (Zak 1,7-15). Amahanga arwanya Isiraheli agiye kurimburwa (Zak 2,1-4). Yeruzalemu izongera yubakwe itazengurutswe inkike kuko inkike zayo ari Uhoraho ubwe (Zak 2,5-8). Abatware bayo bombi bazayobora umuryango mu kuri: Hari Yozuwe uzayobora mu byiyobokamana na Zorobabeli ayobore mu byubutegetsi busanzwe (Zak 3,1-4,14; 6,9-15). Igihugu kizasukurwa (Zak 5,1-11) abanzi bahanwe. Igice cya kabiri kigitabo cyumuhanuzi Zakariya (Zak 9-14) cyanditswe bitinze nabantu batazwi neza. Inyigisho ikomeye dusangamo ivuga ko umukiza azaza. Inzu ya Dawudi izasubirana (Zak 12,7-10): Umwami ukiza, woroshya kandi wamahoro azaza (Zak 9,9-10). Havugwamo inyigisho zerekeza kuri Yezu Kristu mu Isezerano Rishya: Zakariya avuga agenura ibyujurijwe kuri Yezu ko umushumba azakubitwa hanyuma umukumbi wintama utatane (Zak 12,7). Ahandi agira ati:uwo bahinguranyije bazamugira mu cyunamo (Zak 12,10). Ibi byuzurijwe kuri Yezu igihe yinjiye muri Yeruzalemu, agahabwa impundu, yamara gufatwa abigishwa be bagatatana (Mt 26,31); yahinguranyijwe urubavu nicumu ryumusirikare (Yh 19,37). Ibi bitwereka ko umuhanuzi Zakariya ari mu bahanuye ukuza kwa Nyagasani Yezu wagombaga kuza gukiza gukiza isi abigirishije urupfu nizuka rye. 4.4.18. IGITABO CYUMUHANUZI MALAKIYA Igitabo cyumuhanuzi Malakiya gisoza Isezerano rya Kera. Kigizwe nimitwe itatu. Malaki ni izina ryigihebureyi rivuga : intumwa yanjye(Mal 1,1;3,1). Umuhanuzi Malakiya yabaye muri Yeruzalemu hagati yimyaka 480 na 460 mbere ya Kristu. Ni igihe ukwemera kwa benshi kwari kwaradohotse. Ingoro yari yarubatswe ariko Abayahudi bagitegereje iyuzuzwa ryIsezerano ryUhoraho, ndetse bamwe batangiyenkurambirwa, bavuga ko Imana ibatenguha. 1. Ubutumwa bwumuhanuzi Malakiya Umuhanuzi Malakiya yaharaniye mu butumwa bwe kugaragaza urukundo rwImana rwatumye yitorera umuryango. Kuri Malakiya umuntu agomba kugira igisubizo atanga kuri urwo rukundo yitanga ashyiraho umwete. Ntiyahwemye kwamagana ukudohoka kwAbaherezabitambo nimbaga mu kubahiriza imihango yiyobokamana (Mal 1,7). Yarwanyije akarengane muri rubanda, ntiyihanganira umuco wo gushakana nabanyamahanga. Kubera ko umuryango wari wihebye, Malakiya yatangaje ko uzasubizwa agaciro, ubutabera bwImana bukaba ku ntungane. Ariko abiyanduza bakazikama mu byaha Uhoraho azabahana. 2. Inyigisho dukura ku muhanuzi Malakiya a) Imana ikunda umuryango wayo (Mal 1,1-5) Umuhanuzi Malakiya yerekana ko urukundo rwImana rwitanga ku buntu, ntirugira umupaka. Nyamara umuryango ntubura kwibaza ngo Uhoraho adukunda ku buhe buryo? Iki kibazo kizanwa ningorane abantu bahura na zo ntibabashe kuzikuramo, zikabangamira imibereho yabo cyane. b) Abaherezabitambo baburirwa (Mal 1,6-2,9)

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Aha umuhanuzi Malakiya akusanya ibirego byumuryango bishingiye ku buryarya bwAbaherezabitambo. Malakiya ahishura ko babeshya ngo basingiza Imana kandi bayitura amaturo atayinogeye. c) Malakiya ahamagarira abantu gukomeza amasezerano yabashakanye (Mal 2,10-16) Kuri iyi ngingo umuhanuzi ashishikariza abashakanye kuzirikana ku bufatanye bugomba kuranga umubano wabo. Kuba dufite Imana ho umubyeyi umwe nibyo biduha kuba abavandimwe bamwe. Ariko Malakiya asanga Atari ko bimeze, abantu babaho mu bwumvikane buke kugeza aho umugabo asenda umugore we. Umuhanuzi Malakiya aragaragaza ibintu bibiri bibabaje mu mubano wabashakanye: Umugabo ushaka umugore usenga ibigirwamana maze agakurikiza urwo rugero rubi. Umugabo urenga ku masezerano yabashakanye hanyuma akirukana umugore we. Yirengagiza ko abashakanye bagize umubiri umwe kandi ko icyo Imana yafatanyije ntawe ushobora kugitandukanya (Intg 2,23-24). d) Urubanza rwabahemu (Mal 2,17-3,5) Abahemu cyangwa abagomera Imana bavugwa numuhanuzi Malakiya ni abantu bose bababaza Imana mu magambo yabo mabi, bakiroha mu bikorwa bigayitse kandi biteye isoni. Abo Imana ntizabihanganira ku munsi izaciraho imanza. e) Intungane zizahembwa ku munsi wUhoraho Iyi nyigisho umuhanuzi Malakiya yayitanze ashaka kugaragaza ko intungane numugome bazatandukanywa ku munsi Uhoraho yagennye ugeze. Buri wese azahembwa hakurikijwe ibyo yakoze. Abakoze neza bazahabwa ingororano naho abakoze nabi bahanwe. Dusoze iki gitabo twibutsa ko mu gihe cye umuhanuzi Malakiya yatanze ubutumwa bugamije gukangurira abantu kubaho mu budahemuka. Ibyo bikaba umugambi wubuzima bwa buri mukristu muri iki gihe.

4.4.19. UMWANZURO Abahanuzi mu Isezerano rya.Kera bahuriye ku kuba intumwa zImana. Bari bashinzwe gucengeza no gushimangira iyobokamana muri rubanda cyane cyane mu muryango watowe nImana. Abahanuzi bagize umwanya wibanze mu gushyigikira ukwemera kwAbayisilaheli. Basobanuye umugambi wImana uko wagiye wigaragaza mu mateka ya Muntu. Basabye abantu bose kurangamira Imana, umukiza rukumbi wabantu bose. Ubutumwa bwa buri muhanuzi bwajyanaga nimiterere yiyobokamana, ubutegetsi nimibereho yabaturage. Niyo mpamvu bwari bugize inyabutatu: Mu bireba iyobokamana, inyigisho zAbahanuzi zibanze ku kwamagana ibigirwamana. Bashyigikiye gusenga Imana imwe kandi yukuri. Mu butegetsi bwigihugu, Abahanuzi baratinyukaga bakamagana abategetsi babi, bagaharanira ko ubutabera bwImana buganza muri rubanda. Mu mibereho yaburi munsi yabaturage, Abahanuzi bigishaga icyatuma babaho neza kandi bakagira umunezero.

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Muri rusange Abahanuzi mu nyigisho zabo bagize uruhare rukomeye mu kubaka umuryango wImana no guharanira ko wagira imibereho ishingiye ku Mana.

B. ISEZERANO RISHYA Ijambo ryibanze : Isezerano Rishya rikubiyemo ibitabo 27. Birimo ibyo Imana yaduhaye ngo bijye bitwibutsa Isezerano Rishya Imana yagiranye nabantu, ibinyujije kuri Yezu Kristu, umwana wayo. Mu byukuri nta wigeze abona Imana, Yezu uba muri Se ni we wabanje kuyitumenyesha byimazeyo (Yh 1,18). Isezerano Rishya rigamije kutumenyesha imibereho, urupfu ndetse nizuka bya Yezu Kristu. Ibyanditswe mu Isezerano Rishya bidutera umwete wo kurushaho kuzirikana ku iyobera rya Jambo wigize umuntu nubutumwa yatugejejeho. Tuzirikana kandi iyobera rya Kiliziya yashinze, bigatuma dutekereza mu budahemuka ihindukira rye yuje ikuzo. Kuvuga Isezerano Rishya ryujurijwe mu rupfu nizuka rya Yezu Kristu bijyana no kwibuka ko hari Isezerano rya Kera ryo ryari rishingiye ku mategeko yAbahanuzi. Ibitabo bikubiye mu Isezerano Rishya twabishyira mu byiciro bitatu : Hari ibitabo byamateka ni ukuvuga ibyInkuru Nziza ya Yezu Kristu twita Amavanjili, hamwe nigitabo kivuga Ibyakozwe nIntumwa, cyo kitubwira intangiriro ya Kiliziya nisakara ryInkuru Nziza mu mahanga. Hari ibitabo bikubiyemo inyigisho zIntumwa. Ibyo ni Amabaruwa 13 yitirirwa Mutagatifu Pawulo Intumwa, Ibaruwa yandikiwe Abahebureyi, hamwe nandi Mabaruwa 7 : Muri yo ni 2 ya Petero Intumwa, 3 ya Yohani Intumwa, 1 ya Yakobo, hanyuma hakaza indi imwe yitirirwa Yuda umuvandimwe wa Yakobo. Hari nigitabo kimwe cyubuhanuzi : Ni igitabo cyIbyahishuwe, cyanditswe na Yohani Intumwa. Ibyo bitabo byose byanditswe mu kigereki kuko ari rwo rurimi rwavugwaga muri icyo gihe batangiye kwandika Isezerano Rishya. 4.5. AMAVANJILI Ijambo Ivanjili bisobanura Inkuru Nziza . Iyo Nkuru Nziza twayizaniwe na Yezu Kristu. Ni yo mpamvu ibyingenzi tuzi ku mibereho ye, amagambo yavuze nibikorwa yakoze tubisanga mu bitabo byAmavanjili uko ari 4. Byanditswe nabatagatifu Matayo, Mariko, Luka na Yohani. Amavanjili atatu ya mbere (Mt, Mk, na Lk) afite byinshi ahurizaho. Muri make abanditsi bayo batangira batugezaho inyigisho ya Yohani Batista wawundi wabaye integuza ya Yezu. Bakomeza batugezaho uburyo Yezu yageze mu butumwa bwe ku mugaragaro, agatangira yogeza Inkuru Nziza muri Galileya yose kugeza i Yeruzalemu. Barangiza batugezaho ibyabereye i Yeruzalemu igihe Yezu azamutse yo, agiye kudupfira. Badutekerereza ku buryo bwuzuye ibyurupfu nizuka bya Yezu Kristu. Nubwo ayo Mavanjili ahuriye kuri byinshi, buri Vanjili ifite umwihariko wayo ningingo zayo bwite yihariye nicyo igamije kutugezaho cyihariye. Ni muri ubwo buryo tubona umwanditsi Matayo agamije kutwereka Yezu Kristu imbere yukwemera kwAbayahudi. Atwereka ukuntu Yezu yujuje Isezerano rya Kera nkuko byari byarahanuwe. Agatanga itegeko rishya rigomba kuzuza no kunonosora irya kera (Mt 5,17).

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Nkuko mu Isezerano rya Kera Abahanuzi batihanganiye abategetsi babi nabakomeye, Ivanjili ya Matayo nayo itwereka Yezu atihanganira Abafarizayi nAbigishamategeko maze agashyira ahagaragara uburyarya bwabo. Ku Bayahudi bigihe cye, Matayo yerekana Yezu nkumucunguzi wari utegerejwe, yarateguwe nIsezerano rya Kera. Ariko Matayo yerekana ko imyumvire bari bafite ku mucunguzi itandukanye niya Yezu. Bifuzaga umucunguzi uzabasha kwiganzura abanyamahanga cyane cyane ingoma yAbaromani yari ibakandamije, maze agashinga ingoma ikomeye. Ivanjili ya Matayo rero yibanda ku kwerekana ko Ingoma yijuru itandukanye niyari itegerejwe nAbayahudi. Iyo ngoma yijuru ni Kristu ubwe nabemera kumwumvira. Muri make ipfundo ryIvanjili ya Matayo ni Ingoma yijuru nabazayigiramo uruhare. Ivanjili ya Mariko yo yibanda ku bikorwa byagatangaza Yezu yakoze. Ikerekana ko ari we Kristu-Umukiza. Mariko atwereka Yezu yangwa nAbayahudi bakamuciraho kuko yanze kubabera umutware nkuko abandi bisi bameze. Mu Ivanjili ya Mariko, tubona ko Abayahudi batabashije kumva ko ubwami bwa Yezu bushingiye ku kwicisha bugufi no kwemera kubabara. Ngaho rero ahashingiye ibanga ryumucunguzi. Ipfundo ryIvanjili ya Mariko ni ugusubiza ikibazo Yezu ni nde? Ivanjili ya mutagatifu Luka yo igamije kutwereka umukiro twazaniwe na Kristu kandi turonkera muri we. Mutagatifu Luka ashyira ahagaragara inema zImana zigaragarije muri Kristu. Ivanjili ya Luka yitwa iyImpuhwe zImana kuko ishishikajwe no kutwereka Yezu akiza umuntu ubumuga bwo ku mubiri no kuri roho. Mu Ivanjili ya Luka, tubona ko Impuhwe zImana zigera kuri bose ndetse nabanyabyaha bakabije, ni ryo pfundo ryIvanjili ya Luka. Ivanjili ya Yohani Intumwa yo iteye ukundi: Igamije kuzuza Amavanjili atatu abanza, igasobanura amagambo nibikorwa bya Yezu andi Mavanjili atavuga. Ivanjili ya Yohani igamije kuducengeza Iyobera ryumwana wImana wigize umuntu ngo abane natwe. Yohani yerekana ko Yezu yaje gukiza isi. Asangiye ububasha nikuzo nImana Data. Ipfundo ryIvanjili ya Yohani ni Imana yigize umuntu ngo idukize. 4.5.1. IVANJILI YA MUTAGATIFU MATAYO Ivanjili ya mutagatifu Matayo igizwe nimitwe 28, ikagira imirongo 1038. Yanditswe mu cyaramu ahagana mu mwaka wa 50. Mutagatifu Matayo yayanditse ari umusoresha nyuma aba intumwa ya Yezu Kristu. Inyandiko yabonetse mbere yari nto, ihindurwa mu kigereki hongerwamo izindi nkuru namagambo ya Yezu. Inyandiko dufite ubu yashojwe mu myaka ya 70 na 80. Ivanjili ya mutagatifu Matayo yandikiwe Abayahudi bahindutse Abakristu. Matayo abereka ko Yezu ariwe Mukiza ibyanditswe byavugaga akaba umwana wImana. Ni we wabumbiye hamwe amategeko nAbahanuzi mu itegeko rimwe, rishya ryurukundo. A) Imbonera hamwe yIvanjili ya Mutagatifu Matayo Imbonerehamwe yIvanjili ya mutagatifu Matayo yerekana ibice birindwi biyigize. Ibyo bice bigaragaza ko amagambo ninyigisho za Yezu bikubiye mu ngingo 5 nkuko tubisanga mu ijambo ryibanze ryiyo Vanjili. Dore intondeke yibyo bice: Ivuka rya Yezu (Mt 1-2) Itangazwa ryingoma yijuru (Mt 3-7)

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a) Inyigisho ya Yohani Batisita, Yezu atangira kwigisha mu Galileya. Ni intangiriro yubutumwa bwa Yezu (Mt 3-4). b) Inyigisho ya Yezu hejuru yumusozi (Mt 5-7). Inyigisho ku ngoma yijuru (Mat 8-10) a) Muri iyi mitwe tubona ibitangaza 10 bya Yezu bigaragaza ko ingoma yImana yatashye mu bantu, ishinzwe na Yezu, umukiza (Mt 8-9). b) Yezu atora intumwa akazohereza mu butumwa. Amayobera yingoma yijuru (Mt 11,1-13,53). a) Muri iyi mitwe tubona ko ibyingoma yijuru ari amayobera kuko ari iyabaciye bugufi (Mt 11-12). b) Imigani 7 ivuga imiterere yingoma yijuru (Mt 13,1-53). Kiliziya yo ku isi ni integuza numuganura wingoma yijuru (Mt 13,54-18,35). a) Yezu yigisha Intumwa ze (Mt 13,54-17,27). b) Amabwiriza ku bashaka ingoma yijuru (Mt 18). Amaza yingoma yijuru (Mt 19-25). a) Ukuza ku ngoma yingoma yijuru (Mt 19-23). b) Yezu ahanura ibihe bya nyuma (Mt 24-25). Yezu agambanirwa, agafatwa, agapfa, akazuka. B) Ubutumwa bwingenzi dusanga mu Ivanjili ya Matayo 1) Yezu ni Umukiza Imwe mu ngingo zingenzi ziranga Ivanjili ya Matayo ni itubwira ko Yezu ariwe Mukiza wari utegerejwe mu Isezerano rya Kera, akaza kuzuza ibyahanuwe. Yezu ni indunduro yAmateka, ni we wagombaga kuzuza ibisekuruza byose uhereye kuri Aburahamu ukageza kuri Dawudi (Mt 1,17). Ivuka rye rijyana nubuto bwe, inyigisho ze, ibikorwa bye tutibagiwe ibabara, urupfu nizuka bye, byari byaravuzwe nAbahanuzi (Iz 54,5). 2) Ingoma yijuru Iyi na yo ni ingingo yigaragaza cyane mu Ivanjili ya mutagatifu Matayo. Kenshi Matayo avuga ingoma yijuru yerekana ko itandukanye ningoma zisi. Yezu yabisobanuriye abigishwa be mu migani dusanga mu mitwe ya 13 na 22 ziyo Vanjili. Matayo yerekana ko iyo ngoma yatashye mu bantu igihe Yezu atangiye kwamamaza Inkuru Nziza. Ni ingoma ihishurirwa abemera kuba nkabana bato, barangwa nubwiyoroshye. Mu ntangiriro zayo ni ntoya ariko igenda ikura buhoro buhoro nkimbuto ya sinapisi ikura ikaba igiti cyinganzamarumbu (Mt 13,31-32). 3) Iyuzuzwa ryibyahanuwe Umwanditsi Matayo yibanda ku kwerekana ko Yezu ari umusozo wibyanditswe nAbahanuzi. Ni we mucunguzi nyakuri wabantu bose ugereranyije nababanjije. Matayo ahamya ko ataje gukuraho amategeko nAbahanuzi ahubwo yaje kubyuzuza no kubinonosora (Mt 5,17). Muri Yezu Imana yigaragaje ku buryo bwuzuye. Mutagatifu Matayo asoza Ivanjili ye yerekana ko inyigisho za Yezu zisaba guhinduka mu mutima. 4.5.2. IVANJILI YA MUTAGATIFU MARIKO Ivanjili ya kabiri yanditswe na mutagatifu Mariko, ariko ntabarirwa mu Ntumwa. Iyi Vanjili yandikiwe i Roma mbere yumwaka wa 70, igenewe abakristu bahatuye ndetse nabanyamahanga bahindutse bakemera Kristu.

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Mutagatifu Mariko yari umufasha mu murimo wiyogezabutumwa wa Petero Intumwa, ku buryo mu kwandika kwe yakurikiye inyigisho za Petero. Ivanjili ya Mariko ni yo nto kuko igizwe nimitwe 16, bityo ibyo Amavanjili ya Matayo na Luka avuga ku buryo burambuye, Mariko abivuga mu magambo avunaguye kandi avugitse vuba. Iyo dusomye Ivanjili ya Mariko tubona ashishikajwe no kutwereka Yezu uwo ari we. Mariko atwereka Yezu ashishikariye umurimo we, ahihibikana ngo Inkuru Nziza ikwire hose. Mu Ivanjili ya Mariko tubona ko imbaga yumvaga Yezu itamenye kamere nyakuri ye. Ni yo mpamvu yabanje kumwakira no gutangarira ibyo yakoraga, ariko bidatinze imucikaho kuko yanze kuba umutware nkabandi basanzwe ku isi. Mu gihe Ivanjili ya Matayo ihugiye kutubwira ibyingoma yijuru, iya Mariko yo yibanda ku kutwereka Kristu uwo ari we. Kuri Mariko Imana yigaragaje byuzuye muri Yezu wi Nazareti, umukiza. Ari rwagati mu muryango nubwo abantu bigihe cye bari bataramumenya byuzuye, ndetse bagaterwa ubwoba nibyo akora bitangaje (Mk 4,41). Ikindi Mariko yibandaho ni ukutwereka Yezu yihanangiriza abantu ababuza guhishura uwo ari we igihe cyagenwe kitaragera. Yezu yanze kwiyamamaza nkuko abategeka bisi babigenza (Mk 3,1112). Aho niho tubonera ishusho igomba kuranga umuyobozi wa Kiliziya mu bihe byose. Si ukuba umutegetsi wibyubahiro ahubwo umugaragu wa bose (Mk 9, 33-35). Isesengura ryIvanjili ya Mariko rigaragaza imbonerahamwe ikurikira : Inyigisho ya Yohani Batisita ; batisimu ya Yezu (Mk 1,1-13) Yezu azenguruka yigisha, akora ibitangaza, atora intumwa (Mk 1,14-3,19) Ubutumwa bwa Yezu muri Galileya na Dekapoli (Mk 3,20-6,13) Nyuma yurupfu rwa Yohani Batisita Yezu nabigishwa be batangiye wiyogezabutumwa (Mk 6,14-8,30) Yezu atangaza ko azapfa akazuka (Mk 8,31-10,52) Yezu azamuka i Yeruzalemu agatangayo inyigisho (Mk 11-13,37) Yezu afatwa, akababazwa, agapfa, akazuka (Mk 14-16,8) Yezu wazutse abonekera abigishwa be (Mk 16,9-20). 4.5.3. IVANJILI YA MUTAGATIFU LUKA Ivanjili ya Luka ifite imitwe 24. Mutagatifu Luka wanditse Ivanjili ya gatatu ni umugereki ukomoka muri Siriya. Yari umuganga nincuti ikomeye ya Pawulo Intumwa (Kol 4,14) ku buryo yamuherekeje mu rugendo rwe. Luka yanditse Ivanjili ye ahagana mu mwaka wa 80, igenewe abanyamahanga nka we bemeye Kristu. Luka yari umuhanga wize, ujijutse numwanditsi wamateka. Abo yandikiraga nabo bari bajijutse urugero ni Tewofili umunyacyubahiro. Ibyo bigaragara mu ntangiriro yIvanjili. Ingingo zingenzi dusanga mu Ivanjili ya Luka : Umuntu usomye Ivanjili ya Mutagatifu Luka ntashidikanya ko ingingo nkuru yibandaho ari Impuhwe zImana, ariko hari nizindi tugiye kurebera hamwe: a) Inyigisho yihariye kuri Roho Mutagatifu Luka aha umwanya wihariye Imana Roho Mutagatifu mu Ivanjili ye. Yerekana ko akorera mu bantu abaha imbaraga, agatuma Inkuru Nziza icengera mu bantu. Kuri Luka, Roho Mutagatifu yagaragaye mu buzima bwa Yezu kuva agisamwa (Lk 1,35); kugeza ku rupfu nizuka rye (Lk 24,51).

umurimo

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b) Luka yibanda ku ikizwa ryabantu nImpuhwe zImana Ivanjili ya Luka igerageza kutwereka ishusho yImana igira Impuhwe. Ibyo bigaragazwa numugani wumwana wikirara (Lk 15, 11-32) utwumvisha ko Impuhwe zImana zitagira urugero. Impuhwe zImana zigirirwa abantu bose baba abanyabyaha cyangwa abasoresha (Lk 15,1-2), ndetse namahabara (Lk 7,36-50) byikirenga zagiriwe abishi ba Yezu (Lk 23,34). c) Isengesho Isengesho naryo ni ingingo iranga Ivanjili ya Luka. Iyo Vanjili itwereka Yezu yigisha gusenga, na we ubwe agahugukira isengesho (Lk 22,41). Yezu yatwumvishije ko ari ngombwa gusenga ubutitsa, ntakurambirwa (Lk 18,1-8). d) Ivanjili ya Luka ivuga cyane ibyishimo namahoro Ibyishimo namahoro yumutima bigaragara cyane mu Ivanjili ya Luka. Tubona ko ukuza kUmukiza kwateye ibyishimo namahoro ku batuye isi. Ibyo byishimo numunezero tubibona mu ivuka ryinteguza ya Yezu ari we Yohani Batisita (Lk 1,4), hakaza Bikira Mariya asura Elizabeti Mutagatifu (Lk 1,41-44), hanyuma ivuka rya Yezu (Lk 2,14). e) Ivanjili ya Luka ivuga ku nzego zose zabantu Ivanjili ya Luka itwereka ibyiciro byose byabantu : Hari ababaye ku isonga mu kwakira Inkuru Nziza. Abo ni abaciye bugufi, ibimuga, abakene, abashumba, muri make ni abantu binsuzugurwa mu bandi (Lk 2,15-18). Hari abakire barangwa no kwikuza, ntibumve akababaro kabavandimwe babo bakennye (Lk 16,19-31). Hari abagore, nubwo ntagaciro bahabwaga ukurikije umuco wa kiyahudi, Luka aberekana bafata umwanya ugaragara mu bigishwa ba Yezu. Atubwira ko bamukurikiraga, bakanamufashisha umutungo wabo (Lk 8,1-3). Ni bamwe mubo yiyeretse bwa mbere yazutse. Imbonerahamwe yIvanjili ya Luka yerekana ibice bikurikira : Intangiriro (Lk 1,1-4). Ivuka rya Yohani Batisita, ivuka rya Yezu nuko yabayeho mu buto bwe (Lk 1,5-2,52). Yezu yitegura gutangira ubutumwa (Lk 3,1-4,13). Yezu atangira kwigisha, atora intumwa, azenguruka muri Galileya, akora ibitangaza (Lk 4,14-9,50). Yezu azamuka i Yeruzalemu, akigishiriza mu migani ivuga ibyingoma yijuru (Lk 9,51-19,27). Ubutumwa bwa Yezu i Yeruzalemu (Lk 19,28-21,37). Yezu agambanirwa, afatwa, ababara, apfa, azuka, abonekera intumwa, asubira mu ijuru (Lk 22-24). 4.5.4. IVANJILI YA MUTAGATIFU YOHANI INTUMWA Ivanjili ya Yohani igizwe nimitwe 21. Ivanjili ya kane yanditswe na Yohani Intumwa mwene Zebedeyi, yayandikiye i Efezi hagati yimyaka 90 n100 nyuma ya Yezu. Yari igenewe Abayahudi bemeye Kristu. Yohani ntakurikiza uburyo Matayo, Mariko na Luka bakoresheje bavuga ibyo Yezu yakoze. Ahitamo kuvuga ibindi bitangaza nandi magambo ya Yezu ngo abunganire.

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Ibyo Yohani avuga kuri Yezu ni ubuhamya bwumuntu babanye imbona nkubone, akagira igihe gihagije cyo gutekereza no kuzirikana ku mibereho ninyigisho ze. Yohani yiyita Umwigishwa Nyagasani yakundaga ashaka kugaragaza ko yari inkoramutima ya Yezu. Mu gihe Matayo yerekana Yezu nkUmukiza wuzuza ibyahanuwe, agashinga ingoma yImana, Mariko akamwerekana nkUmwana wImana bakurikiraga kubera ibitangaza, Luka akamwita NyirImpuhwe nimbabazi; Yohani we ashishikazwa no kwemeza ko Yezu ari Jambo wImana wigize umuntu ngo adukize (Yh 1,14-18). Ubutumwa Ivanjili ya Yohani yibandaho ni ubuzima bushya buzanywe na Yezu (Yh 3,3). Ubwo buzima butangirana nukwemera kugeza kuri Batisimu. Bukomezwa no kurya umubiri, ukanywa namaraso yUmwana wumuntu (Yh 6,53-54). Hari nizindi ngigno Yohani yibandaho nkuko tugiye kubibona: Mbere na mbere hari ingingo ivuga ko Kristu ari umuremyi waduhishuriye Imana, akaba numucunguzi wacu. Ni umusumbabyose, urumuri rumurikira abari mu mwijima. Azahoraho iteka (Yh 1,1-14). Kristu, bivuga uwo Imana yasize amavuta yubutore, ikamusendereza Roho wayo, Yohani yari yaracengeye kamere ye. Intumwa Yohani itambutse kandi mu gucengera kamere-muntu na kamere-Mana bya Yezu, bityo akoresheje amashusho-ngero yerekana ko yujuje Isezerano rya Kera: Ni we Ntama wImana (Yh 1,29) Ni we Ngoro nshya (Yh 2,21) Ni we washushanyijwe naya nzoka yererejwe mu butayu (Yh 3,14) Ni we Mugati wubuzima wasimbuye manu (Yh 6,35) Ni we Mazi yubugingo (Yh 4,10) Ni we Mushumba mwiza (Yh 10,11) Ni we Muzabibu wukuri (Yh 15,1). Indi ngingo igarukwaho cyane nIvanjili ya Yohani ni Urukundo Imana yakunze isi (Yh 3,16). Kuri Yohani Imana ni urukundo. Koko Imana yakunze isi bigeza aho itanga umwana wayo wikinege ngo umwemera wese azagire ubugingo bwiteka. Intumwa Yohani yemeza ko udakunda adashobora kumenya Imana kuko nayo ari urukundo (1Yh 4,8). Urwo rukundo Yezu yarudusigiyeho itegeko rishya nkuko bigaragara mu mutwe wa 13 wiyi Vanjili. Ingingo ivuga isi ntiyibagiranye mu Ivanjili ya Yohani. Yohani avuga isi mu buryo bubiri. Ubwa mbere agaragaza ko isi ari nziza. Imana yaremye isi nziza ndetse yoherezaho umwana wayo (Yh 3,16). Ubwa kabiri naho usanga Yohani avuga isi ariko ashaka kuvuga abayituye babi, banze kwemera Kristu ngo bakire umukiro yabazaniye. Abo bantu bumvira umugenga wisi ariwe Sekibi na Sekinyoma. Muri ubu buryo bwa kabiri dusanga isi atari nziza. Mu magambo avunaguye Ivanjili ya Yohani igamije gukangura ukwemera kwuyisoma. Kuri Yohani ni ukwemera gufite aho guhera naho kwerekeza. Guhera mu kwitegereza ibyaremwe, tukitegereza akamaro bidufitiye maze tugahanga amaso uwabihanze. Aha ni ho Yohani yahereye atanga ingero zamazi numugati bihembura abantu ariko bikaba bishushanya Yezu witanzeho igitambo kimwe rukumbi mu kigwi cyibindi bitambo byose byashobokaga. Ivanjili ya Yohani uyisoma akayumva ni udahera ku mashusho-ngero arimo ahubwo akazirikana icyo umwanditsi yashakaga kuvuga. Iyo ibyo bigezweho usanga ari Ivanjili ikomeza ukwemera kwacu. Tukemera Imana imwe Rukumbi yo rukundo nisoko yubugingo.

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Imbonerahamwe idufasha gucengera ingingo zingenzi zubatse Ivanjili ya Yohani: Intangiriro. Tuyibonamo ko Yezu Kristu ari Jambo wigize umuntu, Urumuri nUbuzima (Yh 1,1-18). Yohani Batisita yerekana Yezu, Umukiza. Itorwa ryabigishwa ba mbere (Yh 1,19-51). Ubuzima bushya buzanywe na Yezu (Yh 2-11). Ubu buzima bushya burashushanywa namazi atumara inyota, akadusukura. Ayo mazi ashushanya yamaraso namazi byavuye mu rubavu rwa Yezu bikatwuhagira ubwandu bwicyaha (Yh 2-5). Ubuzima bushya burerekanwa nishusho ryumugati. Umugati uhembura umushonji kandi nikimenyetso cyumurimo uvuye mu maboko yabantu bunze ubumwe. Umugati nyakuri ni umubiri wa Yezu utanga ubugingo bwiteka (Yh 6). Impaka kuri Yezu. Yezu yitangaho urugero rwumushumba mwiza (Yh 7-10). Yezu azura Lazaro (Yh 11). Yezu Kristu atanga ubuzima bwe (Yh 12-17). Yezu asigwa amavuta nkinteguza yurupfu rwe (Yh 12). Yezu asangira nIntumwa ze bwa nyuma. Ni Pasika ya nyuma yAbahudi. Yezu yoza Intumwa ibirenge. Ni itegeko rishya ryurukundo (Yh 13). Yezu aha Intumwa ze umurage. Yezu asabira abe (Yh 14-17). Ibabara, urupfu nizuka bya Yezu (Yh 18-20). Yezu abonekera abigishwa be. Petero ahabwa inkoni yubushumba muri Kiliziya (Yh 21). 4.6. IGITABO KIRIMO AMATEKA YA KILIZIYA IGITANGIRA

4.6.1. IGITABO CYIBYAKOZWE NINTUMWA Igitabo cyIbyakozwe nIntumwa kigizwe nimitwe 28. Ibyakozwe nIntumwa ni igitabo cyanditswe na mutagatifu Luka nyuma yIvanjili. Ni igitabo kitwereka Kiliziya mu ntangiriro zayo, uko Inkuru Nziza yakwijwe hose nabigishwa ba Yezu kuva i Yeruzalemu kugera i Roma, ubu ikaba yarakwiriye ku isi hose. Luka atwereka Roho Mutagatifu ahabwa ba cumi na babiri bagatangira umurimo wabo wa gitumwa nta bwoba nta mususu. Ni ku bwuwo Roho Mutagatifu kandi Inkuru Nziza yageze mu mahanga yose. Luka ntavuga umurimo wa buri ntumwa ukwayo. Mu ntangiriro yibanda kuri Petero intumwa wagendanaga na Yohani bigisha i Yeruzalemu, muri Samariya no muri Yudeya yose. Luka avuga abandi bitangiye gufasha Intumwa kwamamaza Inkuru Nziza barimo Sitefano na Filipo. Guhera ku mutwe wa 13, igitabo cyIbyakozwe nIntumwa cyibanda ku murimo wa Pawulo yogeza ubutumwa mu banyamahanga maze bagahinduka bakemera Inkuru Nziza ya Kristu. Muri bo twavuga nkicyegera cyumwamikazi wa Etiyopiya (Intu 8,26-40) ; hari ishingwa rya Kiliziya ya Antiyokiya aho abigishwa bitiwe bwa mbere Abakristu. Umwanditsi Luka yabanye na Pawulo Intumwa, igihe kirekire kuburyo iyo avuze ati : twebwe, aba avuga ibyo yahagazeho (Intu 16,10-17). Atwereka imibereho yAbakristu ba mbere. Bahuzwaga kandi na Batisimu yamazi, ingabire za Roho Mutagatifu nimanyura ryumugati ari ryo Ukaristiya. Muri make ubutumwa igitabo cyIbyakozwe nIntumwa kitugezaho twabukubira mu ngingo zikurikira : Ibihe byahanuwe, byavuzwe byarageze (Intu 2,16). Ibyahanuwe byujujwe hakurikijwe umugambi wImana wo gukiza abantu ibigirishije urupfu nizuka rya Yezu, Mwene Dawudi (Intu 2,30-31).

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Ku bwizuka rye, Yezu yarakujijwe, ubu yicaye iburyo bwImana Data (Intu 2,33-36). Roho Mutagatifu wasezeranyijwe asendereye muri Kiliziya. Ni ikimenyetso cyumutsindo nikuzo rya Kristu (Intu 2,33; 5,32). Kiliziya yashinzwe kwamamaza ubutumwa mu mahanga yose kugeza igihe Kristu azagarukira (Intu 3,20-21; 10,42). Ubutumwa ninyigisho za Kiliziya bigamije guhindura abantu ngo bagarukire Imana (Intu 2,3839; 3,19-20). Roho Mutagatifu ni we mu byukuri wiyoborera Kiliziya. Aha imbaraga abayobozi bayo ngo babashe kubera Kristu abagabo nabahamya mu bantu (Intu 1,5-8). Nyuma yizi ngingo dusanga mu gitabo cyIbyakozwe nIntumwa, twavugako gikomeza ibitabo byIvanjili kuko Intumwa zoherejwe kwamamaza ibyo Kristu ubwe yivugiye ntacyo zongeyeho cyangwa zigabanyijeho. Iki gitabo kigerageza kutwereka uko Inkuru Nziza yagiye yinjira mu mico itandukanye ngo iyibere urumuri (Intu 17,22-33). Imbonerahamwe yibice bigize igitabo cyIbyakozwe nIntumwa: Intangiriro irimo inkuru ya Yezu azamuka mu ijuru (Intu 1,1-11). Inteko yIntumwa; iyoherezwa rya Roho Mutagatifu; inyigisho ya Petero; imibereho yAbakristu ba mbere; Intumwa imbere yinama nkuru (Intu 1,12-5,42). Urubanza rwa Stefano nibyakurikiyeho. Abayahudi banga Inkuru Nziza, abanyamahanga barimo Abanyasamariya bo bakayakira (Intu 6-8). Sawuli yemera guhinduka, akemera Yezu, agatorerwa kuba intumwa mu banyamahanga (Intu 9). Petero yamamaza Inkuru Nziza mu bapagani; Inkuru Nziza igera i Antiyokiya (Intu 10-12). Urubanza rwa Pawulo; Pawulo yamamaza Inkuru Nziza kugera i Roma (Intu 13-28). 4.7. AMABARUWA YA PAWULO INTUMWA

a) Imibereho ya Pawulo Intumwa Mbere yo kugira icyo tuvuga ku Mabaruwa yanditswe na Mutagatifu Pawulo Intumwa ni byiza ko twiyibutsa uwo ari we. Pawulo yavukiye i Tarisi ahagana mu mwaka wa 5 nyuma yivuka rya Yezu. Ni umuhebureyi uvuka ku Bahebureyi, ni umufarizayi mu byerekeye amategeko kuko yari yarize mu ishuri rya Gamaliyeli umwe mu bari bagize inama nkuru. Yari afite nubwenegihugu bwAbanyaroma. Umuryango we wari ukize kandi wubashywe . Pawulo yari akomeye ku mahame no ku muco bya kiyahudi bituma atoteza Abakristu ba mbere, ndetse yishimiye urupfu rwa Sitefano (Intu 7,58). Nyamara Pawulo yaje guhinduka aba umukristu. Ni igihe Yezu amubonekeye agana i Damasi gutoteza Abakristu. Guhera ubwo atangira kwamamaza Yezu mu banyamahanga mu mvune ningendo nyinshi yakoze. Pawulo yabaye umwigisha numuhanga wa Kristu. Yaranzwe numwete, ahura nibitotezo inshuro nyinshi kugeza ubwo bamuciriye umutwe i Roma, ahagana mu mwaka wa 67. Pawulo rero yapfuye ahowe Kristu. Uko umwaka utashye, Kiliziya ihimbaza umunsi mukuru wihinduka rye akaba umukristu. Ni taliki ya 25 Mutarama, umunsi uhurirana nisozwa ryicyumweru cyubumwe bwAbakristu.

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b) Amabaruwa ya Pawulo Intumwa Inyandiko za Pawulo Intumwa zakusanyirijwe mu mabaruwa 13 maremare. Yandikiraga amakoraniro yashinze ngo akomeze kunga ubumwe no gishyigikirana. Yari agamije kuzuza no kunonosora inyigisho yatangaga yihuta. Pawulo yababwiraga uko amerewe, agasubiza ibibazo byamakoraniro, akanayahatira kwihangana. Ayo mabaruwa yahawe amazina hakurikijwe abo yandikiwe. Muri Bibiliya atondetse hakurikijwe uko yakurikiranye mu kuyandika ahubwo hakurikijwe uburemere bwinyigisho ziyarimo. Muri ayo Mabaruwa harimo 4 Pawulo yanditse ari mu buroko: Ibaruwa Pawulo Intumwa yandikiye Abanyefezi Ibaruwa Pawulo Intumwa yandikiye Abanyafilipi Ibaruwa Pawulo Intumwa yandikiye Abanyakolosi Ibaruwa Pawulo Intumwa yandikiye Filemoni. Hari Amabaruwa 3 Pawulo yanditse bita Amabaruwa ya gishumba. Impamvu ni uko yandikiwe abashumba ba Kiliziya abaha amabwiriza nuburyo bwo kuyobora amakoraniro bashinzwe. Ayo M abaruwa ni : Ibaruwa Pawulo Intumwa yandikiye Tito Ibaruwa ya mbere niya kabiri Pawulo Intumwa yandikiye Timote. Muri rusange amabaruwa ya Pawulo Intumwa agabanyijemo ibice bibiri: Igice cya mbere kibanda ku mahame yukwemera Pawulo yibutsa Abakristu. Yibanda ku iyobera rya Kristu wigize umuntu, akabambwa ku musaraba, agapfa, akazuka, ubu akaba ari umwami wabantu bose kandi uganje ijabiro. Igice cya kabiri kibanda ku bisubizo Pawulo aha amakoraniro ku bibazo ibi nibi. Muri icyo gice akangurira Abakristu gusenga no gusingiza Imana muri byose, kandi bakabaho bakurikije ubutorwe. Amabaruwa ya Pawulo yanditswe hagati yimyaka ya 51 na 67. Uko akurikirana: Mu myaka ya 50-52: Pawulo Intumwa ari i Korinti yanditse Ibaruwa ya mbere niya kabiri zigenewe Abanyatesaloniki. Mu mwaka wa 56: Pawulo Intumwa ari i Efezi yanditse Ibaruwa igenewe Abanyafilipi. Mu mwaka wa 57: Pawulo Intumwa ari i Efezi yanditse Ibaruwa ya mbere igenewe Abanyakorinti. Hagati yimyaka ya 57 na 58 i Efezi: Ibaruwa ya kabiri Pawulo Intumwa yandikiye Abanyakorinti. Mu myaka ya 57-58: Pawulo ari i Korinti yanditse Ibaruwa igenewe Abanyaroma. Mu mwaka wa 65 Pawulo ari muri Masedoniya yanditse Amabaruwa akurikira: Ibaruwa Pawulo Intumwa yandikiye Abanyakolosi Ibaruwa Pawulo Intumwa yandikiye Abanyefezi Ibaruwa Pawulo Intumwa yandikiye Filemoni Mu mwaka wa 67 Pawulo ari i Roma: Ibaruwa ya mbere niya kabiri Pawulo Intumwa yandikiye Timote niyo yandikiye Tito. Muri make ibikubiye mu Mabaruwa ya Pawulo Intumwa: 4.7.1. IBARUWA PAWULO INTUMWA YANDIKIYE ABANYAROMA

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Pawulo Intumwa yandikiye Abanyaroma mu myaka ya 57-58 ari i Korinti. Icyamuteye kubandikira ni Abakristu bi Roma bari bariremyemo ibice bibiri bishyamiranye. Igice kimwe cyari kigizwe nAbayahudi bahindutse Abakristu ariko bakomeza gutsimbarara ku mico namategeko ya kiyahudi nko kugenywa kandi bagahatira abandi kubikurikiza. Ku rundi ruhande hari igice cyAbakristu baturutse mu bapagani ntibakozwe ibyo gukurikiza umurage wa kiyahudi. Pawulo rero yandikiye Kiliziya yi Roma agaragaza ko bidakwiye gucamo ibice Kiliziya ya Kristu. Abumvisha ko umukiro twazaniwe nInkuru Nziza ya Kristu ari uwabantu bose. Inyigisho yingenzi yIbaruwa yAbanyaroma Inyigisho dukura mu Ibaruwa yandikiwe Abanyaroma zikubiye mu ngingo 3: a) Abantu bose ni abanyabyaha Iyi ngingo tuyisanga mu mitwe 4 ibanza yo muri iyi baruwa. Pawulo agamije kwerekana ko amategeko yonyine atakiza abantu cyangwa ngo abagire intungane. Amateka ya Muntu yerekanye ko kurenga ku mategeko bishoboka kubera icyaha cyinkomoko. Twese rero turi abanyabyaha niyo mpamvu ubutungane tutabukesha amategeko gusa ahubwo buzanwa nukwemera dufitiye Imana. Tukemera Kristu wapfuye akazukira kutugira intungane, atugabira ubugingo bwiteka (Rom 4,24-25). b) Kristu yaronkeye Muntu umukiro Pawulo Intumwa mu Ibaruwa yandikiye Abanyaroma mu mutwe wa gatanu, yerekana ko urupfu rwatewe numuntu umwe Adamu bitewe no gucumura. Bitewe nicyaha urupfu rwinjije mu isi, ariko ubutungane bwumuntu umwe Yezu bwaronkeye abantu ubugingo (Rom 5,17-19). Pawulo nanone atwibutsa ko twabuganijwemo Roho Mutagatifu utuma twizera kugira uruhare ku ikuzo ryImana (Rom 5,1-11). Ku bwa Batisimu dupfana na Kristu ku cyaha, tukazukana ubuzima bushya bwabana bImana muri Kiliziya (Rom 6,1-5). c)Uwemera agengwa nurukundo Mu Ibaruwa Pawulo yandikiye Abanyaroma yerekanye ku buryo buhagije ko urukundo rubumbye amategeko. Nta wundi mwenda tugomba kubamo umuvandimwe Atari uwo gukundana (Rom 13,8-10). 4.7.2. IBARUWA YA MBERE NIYA KABIRI PAWULO INTUMWA YANDIKIYE ABANYAKORINTI Ibaruwa ya mbere yandikiwe Abanyakorinti igizwe nimitwe 16 naho iya kabiri igizwe nimitwe 13. Aya mabaruwa yombi yandikiwe ikoraniro ryabantu bajijutse ndetse nabandi baciye bugufi. Ibaruwa ya mbere yibanda ku gusubiza ibibazo byari mu ikoraniro ryi Korinti bikabangamira imigendekere myiza yaryo. Inyigisho yingenzi yibandaho: Ikibazo cyubumwe mu ikoraniro (1Kor 1,10-17) Ubuhanga bwImana butambutse kure ubwabantu (1Kor 1,18-2,16) Imanza hagati yabavandimwe (1Kor 6,1-11) Imihango ya gipagani (1Kor 8,1-13; 10,14-33) Amabwiriza yerekeye ugushyingirwa (1Kor 7,1-39)

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Isangira rya Nyagasani (1Kor 11,17-34) Ingabire za Roho Mutagatifu (1Kor 12,1-31) Izuka ryabapfuye (1Kor 15,1-58). Ibaruwa ya kabiri Pawulo Intumwa yandikiye Abanyakorinti yerekana ukuntu ikoraniro ryari ritegerejweho guhinduka ritabigezeho. Abakristu bi Korinti bakomeje kurangwa no kwitandukanya, abenshi badohoka ku kwemera ndetse bakanenga inyigisho ya Pawulo. Muri iyi Baruwa Pawulo Intumwa yibanze ku ngingo yo gushyia hamwe, gushishikarira gutanga imfashanyo ndetse yerekana icyo kuba intumwa ya Kristu bivuga. 4.7.3. IBARUWA PAWULO INTUMWA YANDIKIYE ABANYAGALATI Iyi Baruwa igizwe nimitwe 6. Igaragaramo ibintu 2 byingenzi: Hari ukwiregura kwa Pawulo imbere yAbayahudi bumvishaga abandi ko imihango ya kiyahudi ari ngombwa, bakemeza ko Pawulo atari intumwa nyayo. Hari ukwerekana ko ibikorwa byamategeko bitageza ku butungane. Ahubwo ukwemera ni ko gutanga ubutungane kuko gushingira ku Isezerano ryImana. Pawulo ntasuzugura amategeko kuko atugeza kuri Yezu Kristu. Yanga ko tuba imbata nabacakara bayo, ahubwo tukaba abigenga tubikesha ukwemera twazaniwe na Kristu. Pawulo atwibutsa ko twahamagariwe ubwigenge. Gusa rero ubwigenge ntibukabere umubiri urwitwazo, ahubwo tubere abandi abagaragu tubigirana urukundo (Gal 5,13). Dushishikarizwa muri iyi Baruwa kwiyaka ibikorwa byumubiri, tukarangwa no kwera imbuto za Roho (Gal 5,19-25). Pawulo Intumwa asoza iyi Baruwa adusaba kutagira ikindi twiratana kitari umusaraba wa Kristu kuko ari wo waremye byose bundi bushya (Gal 6,14-15). 4.7.4. IBARUWA PAWULO INTUMWA YANDIKIYE ABANYEFEZI Iyi Baruwa igizwe nimitwe 6. Itwereka ko mbere yigihe Imana yadutoreye kunga ubumwe muri Kristu (Ef 1,5). Ni Ibaruwa dusangamo ko Kiliziya ari umubiri wa Kristu. Kristu ayibereye umutwe naho twe tukaba ingingo (Ef 1,22-23). Iryo shusho rya Kiliziya ryerekana ko nta muyahudi, nta munyamahanga ; twese turi abavandimwe muri Kristu. Nta kigomba rero kudutandukanya. Muri Kiliziya, Roho Mutagatifu aduhaza ingabire ze (Ef 1,13-14). Duhamagarirwa gusangira ukwemera kumwe, Batisimu imwe, Imana imwe, yo mubyeyi wa bose (Ef 4,4-6). Pawulo Intumwa muri iyi Baruwa atanga inama zinyuranye ku batagatifujwe ngo bazibukire imibereho nimigenzereze ishaje, maze bahugukire kubaho nkabantu bashya (Ef 4,17-31). Pawulo arangiza Ibaruwa yandikiye Abanyefezi atanga inama zerekeye umugore numugabo, abana nabacakara. Bose abasaba gukundana no kubana kivandimwe muri Kristu (Ef 5,21-6,9). 4.7.5. IBARUWA PAWULO INTUMWA YANDIKIYE ABANYAFILIPI Iyi Baruwa igizwe nimitwe 4. Iyo dusesenguye iyi Baruwa dusanga Pawulo abanza gusaba Abanyafilipi kudahinyuka ku rugamba rwo kwamamaza Inkuru Nziza ya Yezu Kristu (Fil 1,3-30). Akomeza abasaba kwigana urugero rwa Kristu. Pawulo yerekana ko nubwo yari afite imibereho imwe niyImana yicishije bugufi, yihindura ubusabusa, yigira nkumugaragu yemera kumvira kugeza aho apfira ku musaraba, maze Imana imukuza imuha izina risumbye ayandi (Fil 2,5-11).

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Mu mutwe wa gatatu wiyi Baruwa, Pawulo aburira Abanyafilipi kwirinda ababahatira gukurikiza imico ya kiyahudi nko kugenywa. Pawulo Intumwa arangiza Ibaruwa ye ashimira Abanyafilipi imfashanyo bamwoherereje (Fil 4,10-16). 4.7.6. IBARUWA PAWULO INTUMWA YANDIKIYE ABANYAKOLOSI Ibaruwa Pawulo Intumwa yandikiye Abanyakolosi igizwe nimitwe 4. Inyigisho yingenzi itugezaho ni ukutwereka umwanya Kristu afite mu mugambi wImana. Niwe shusho ryImana itagaragara (Kol 1,15). Niwe duhamagariwe kwibumbiraho (Kol 2,7) tureka imibereho ya muntu wigisazira tukarangwa niya muntu mushya (Kol 3,5-10). Muri iyi Baruwa kandi Pawulo ashishikariza abatagatifujwe kugira umutima wuje impuhwe, ubugiraneza, ubwiyoroshye, ituze nukwiyumanganya. Ibyo bigashyigikirwa no gukomera ku isengesho (Kol 4,2). Duhamagarirwa kubaho mu bihe bishya ahatakivugwa umugereki cyangwa umuyahudi, umucakara cyangwa uwigenga ahubwo havugwa Kristu muri bose (Kol 3,11). 4.7.7. IBARUWA YA MBERE NIYA KABIRI PAWULO INTUMWA YANDIKIYE ABANYATESALONIKI Ibaruwa ya mbere yandikiwe Abanyatesaloniki igizwe nimitwe 5, Naho iya kabiri igizwe nimitwe 3. Impamvu zatumye Pawulo yandikira bwa mbere Abanyatesaloniki ni imyumvire yabo itari shyashya ku byerekeye umunsi wimperuka. Bibazaga ukuntu abapfuye bazagira cyangwa batazagira umwanya ku ihirwe ryihindukira rya Nyagasani. Bari batewe impungenge niryo hindukikira bakeka ko ryegereje ndetse bamwe bavuga ko babimenyeshejwe na Roho Mutagatifu. Kuri iyi ngingo inyigisho ya Pawulo yahamije ko nta muntu numwe uzi igihe nisaha Nyagasani azahindukirira (1Tes 5,1-3). Uwo munsi uzatungurana, icyo dusabwa ni ukuba maso twirinda gutwarwa nirari (1Tes 5,6). Ibaruwa ya kabiri Pawulo Intumwa yandikiye Abanyatesaloniki yaje yunganira iya mbere. Mu byukuri abari bakataje mu bitekerezo byihindukira rya Nyagasani bari barateshejwe ibyo bakoraga, maze batera imitima ihagaze mu bandi (2Tes 3,11-12). Pawulo yongera guhamya ko uwo munsi utegereje. Asaba Abanyatesaloniki gukomera mu kwemera no ku nyigisho nyakuri zuruhererekane muri Kiliziya (2Tes 2,15). Guharanira gukora icyiza no gusenga (2Tes 3,1-12). Amabaruwa ya Gishumba Amabaruwa ya gishumba ni iya mbere niya kabiri Pawulo Intumwa yandikiye Timote nIbaruwa yandikiye Tito. Bari abashumba ba Kiliziya. 4.7.8. IBARUWA YA MBERE PAWULO INTUMWA YANDIKIYE TIMOTE Iyi Baruwa igizwe nimitwe 6. Inyigisho zingenzi ziyi Baruwa zibanda ku nama Pawulo agira Timote zo gukomeza ukwemera mu ikoraniro rye, yirinda abigishabinyoma. Pawulo yerekana imyifatire igomba kuranga abifuza gushingwa kuyobora Kiliziya ari bo Abepisikopi. Umurimo wabo ni ukuyobora ikoraniro. Abadiyakoni bashinzwe kwitangira ibikorwa byurukundo, kwita ku bakene no ku bibazo birebena numutungo. Hanyuma Pawulo atanga amabwiriza ku ngeri zinyuranye zabayoboke: abagabo nabagore, abapfakazi, abacakara nabakire. 4.7.9. IBARUWA YA KABIRI PAWULO INTUMWA YANDIKIYE TIMOTE

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Iyi Baruwa igizwe nimitwe 4. Kimwe niya mbere inyigisho zingenzi zirimo ni ugushishikariza Timote kwirinda inyigisho zinzaduka zakwirakwizwaga, ahubwo akamamaza ijambo ryImana igihe nimburagihe kandi akagira imyifatire ikwiriye uwogeza Inkuru Nziza. 4.7.10. IBARUWA PAWULO INTUMWA YANDIKIYE TITO Iyi Baruwa igizwe nimitwe 3. Tito yari umugereki ashinzwe Kiliziya yi Kireta. Kimwe na Timote, Pawulo asaba Tito kwirinda abigishabinyoma. Amugezaho amabwiriza yerekeye abakuru bikoraniro nizindi ngeri zigize ikoraniro. Abasaza abasaba gushyira mu gaciro no kwirinda isindwe. Abasore basabwa gushyira mu gaciro ibyo bakora. Abacakara bo basabwa kumvira ba shebuja. 4.7.11. IBARUWA PAWULO INTUMWA YANDIKIYE FILEMONI Iyi Baruwa igizwe nimirongo 25. Itugezaho inkuru ya Filemoni, umukristu wari ukungahaye mu ikoraniro ryi Kolosi na Onezimi umugaragu we waje kumwiba agahungira i Roma aho yahuriye na Pawulo wamuhinduye umukristu. Pawulo yandikiye Filemoni kugirango ababarire umugaragu we Onezimi wari waragarukiye Imana agacika ku migenzereze mibi. Iyi Baruwa igamije kutwumvisha ko ubukristu ari isoko yimpuhwe no kubabarirana. Ubukristu butegura umubano mwiza mu bantu; bukamagana ubucakara, abantu bose bakaba abavandimwe muri Kristu. 4.8. IBARUWA YANDIKIWE: 4.8.1. IBARUWA YANDIKIWE ABAHEBUREYI Ibaruwa yandikiwe Abahebureyi igizwe nimitwe 13. Umwanditsi wayo ntazwi neza ariko ntawe ushidikanya ko Atari umwigishwa wa Pawulo. Abo yandikiwe ni Abahebureyi bari barahindutse Abakristu. Kwibasirwa nibitotezo, kugereranya amateka yidini yAbayisiraheli nidini ya gikristu, byabateraga gushidikanya, bagacika intege, abenshi bari baratangiye kudohoka ku kwemera. Iyi Baruwa rero igamije kubahugura mu byo bashidikanyagaho, ibyerekana ko ubukristu busumbye kure idini yAbayahudi yari integuza. Yerekana ko Abaherezabitambo nibitambo bya kera byamenaga amaraso yinyamaswa ariko ntibikureho ibyaha, ari inshamarenga yumuherezabitambo kimwe rukumbi cyahanaguye ibyaha (He 10). Ibaruwa yandikiwe Abahebureyi ihumuriza umukristu wese ufite ukwemera kwacogojwe nibigeragezo cyangwa ibitotezo. Ihamya amizero nukwemera bishingiye kuri Yezu Kristu kuko adahinduka, ari ejo, ari none, no mu bihe byose (He 13,8). Iyi Baruwa idusaba kudacogora mu kurwanya icyaha no guhora turangamiye Yezu Kristu, we ntangiriro niherezo ryukwemera kwacu (He 12,1-6). 4.9. AMABARUWA YA: 4.9.1. IBARUWA YA YAKOBO Ibaruwa ya Yakobo igizwe nimitwe 5. Yanditswe na Yakobo mwene Alufeyi (Mt 10,3) wiyita Umugaragu wImana nuwa Nyagasani Yezu Kristu. Ni Ibaruwa yandikiwe Abakristu bAbayahudi,

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ariko badatuye muri Palestina. Muri rusange igenewe Abakristu bose, si ikoraniro ryihariye ryaha naha.

Ingingo 2 yibandaho byumwihariko: Kubahiriza abakene no kuburira abakire (Yak 1,9-11). Kuri iyi ngingo Yakobo, kimwe nAbahanuzi, yisunze ninyigisho za Yezu Kristu, yamagana akarengane mu bantu, agahamya ko iyobokamana nyaryo ari ugusura imfubyi nabapfakazi, ibyo bikadufasha kubaho mu buziranenge (Yak 1,27). Ukwemera kutagira ibikorwa kuba kwarapfuye (Yak 2,14-26): Yakobo yerekana ko ukwemera kujyana nibikorwa, nibikorwa bikuzuza ukwemera. Usibye izi ngingo, muri iyi Baruwa dusangamo kandi inyigisho yumvisha ku buryo bukomeye akamaro kisengesho (Yak 1,5-8); kwita ku barwayi duhamagara abakuru ba Kiliziya kugirango babasabire kandi babasige amavuta. Aha niho hashingiye ubuhamya bwIsakaramentu ryUgusigwa kwabarwayi (Yak 5,14-15). 4.9.2. IBARUWA YA MBERE NIYA KABIRI ZA PETERO INTUMWA 4.9.2.1. IBARUWA YA MBERE YA PETERO INTUMWA Ibaruwa ya mbere ya Petero Intumwa igizwe nimitwe 5. Petero yandikiye i Roma mu ntangiriro yitotezwa rya Kiliziya ryakozwe na Neroni ahagana mu mwaka wa 64. Yari igenewe Kiliziya nyinshi zo muri Aziya ngo ishyigikire ukwemera kwAbakristu mu bigeragezo byamoko yose. Petero Intumwa ahera ku byanditswe Bitagatifu akerekana ko umukristu agomba kwifata nka Kristu we mugaragu wImana witanze kubera twe (1Pet 2,21-25); we buye ryajugunywe nabubatsi rikaba insanganyarukuta (Pet 2,7). Iyi Baruwa igamije guhumuriza no gukomeza ukwemera kwabibasiwe nibigeragezo mu rugendo rwa hano ku isi. Muri iki gihe Kiliziya inyura mu ngorane nyinshi; iyi Baruwa yafasha umukristu wese ushaka kumenya uko yitwara, akamenya ko rimwe na rimwe Imana itunyuza mu bibazo ngo tugere mu byiza byagaciro kanini. 4.9.2.2. IBARUWA YA KABIRI YA PETERO INTUMWA Ibaruwa ya kabiri ya Petero Intumwa igizwe nimitwe 3. Igamije gushishikariza abo yohererejwe kuba indahemuka ku kuri nubutorwe bwabo (2Pet 1,10). Ibi bisaba gukomera ku buhamya bwababonye Nyagasani Yezu Kristu no kunyigisho zAbahanuzi (2Pet 1,16-19). Ikindi gikubiye muri iyi Baruwa ya kabiri ya Petero Intumwa ni ukwirinda abigishabinyoma badukanaga inyigisho zubuyobe (2Pet 2). Hanyuma Ibaruwa isoza idusaba kutarambirwa gutekereza ukuza kwa Nyagasani kuko kuri we umunsi umwe ari nkimyaka igihumbi, nimyaka igihumbi ikaba umunsi umwe (2Pet 3,1-13); bityo tukagirwa inama nukuntu twakwifata dutegereje Nyagasani (2Pet 3,14). 4.9.3. IBARUWA YA MBERE, IYA KABIRI NIYA GATATU ZA YOHANI INTUMWA Yohani Intumwa umwanditsi wIvanjili ya kane ni we wanditse aya Mabaruwa atatu.

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4.9.3.1. IBARUWA YA MBERE YA YOHANI INTUMWA Iyi Baruwa ya mbere ya Yohani Intumwa igizwe nimitwe 5. Ibaruwa ya mbere ya Yohani Intumwa yandikiwe amakoraniro yAbakristu bo muri Aziya bari batangiye gucogozwa nabahakanyi. Inyigisho zubuyobe zakwirakwizwaga zahakanaga ko Yezu ari Umucunguzi, ntizemere ko Yezu Kristu yigize umuntu (1Yh 4,2). Yohani Intumwa yanditse Ibaruwa ye ya mbere agamije gukomeza Abakristu, kubamurikira no kubatera inkunga mu rugamba rwukwemera. Mu byukuri abo bakristu ntibumvikanaga na bamwe bari baravuye mu ikoraniro bakaryigomekaho. Bemezaga ko batambukije abandi ubumenyi mu kumenya Imana kandi ko ubwo buhanga babukomora kuri Roho ubahumekeramo abandi badafite (gnosticisme). Bemezaga ko kandi bo batuye mu isi yabo izira ubwandu naho iyi si dutuye twese ikaba ikivume. Ingingo zingenzi ziyi Baruwa: Kwirinda abarwanya Kristu umwana wImana (1Yh 5,1-13) Kwirinda kutayoborwa na Roho Mutagatifu (1Yh 4,1-6) Kwirinda kutarangwa nurukundo rwa kivandimwe. 4.9.3.2. IBARUWA YA KABIRI YA YOHANI INTUMWA Ibaruwa ya kabiri ya Yohani Intumwa igizwe nimirongo 13. Yandikiwe rimwe mu makoraniro yAbakristu bo muri Aziya, ritamenyekanye neza. Iryo koraniro ryagenderaga mu kuri, nyamara ribangamiwe nabashukanyi batemeraga ko Kristu yigize umuntu, bakanga ninyigisho za Kristu. Yohani yaryandikiye agamije kuriburira ngo ryirinde abashukanyi, ahubwo asaba kurangwa nitegeko rikomeye ryurukundo rwa kivandimwe. 4.9.3.3. IBARUWA YA GATATU YA YOHANI INTUMWA Iyi Baruwa ya gatatu ya Yohani Intumwa igizwe nimirongo 15. Yohani yayoherereje uwitwa Gayo wari umuntu wemewe mu ikoraniro rye. Amushimira ukuntu agendera ku kuri, akagaragaza ukwemera kwe mu byo akorera abavandimwe. Amushishikariza gufasha abantu baturutse ahandi bogeza ukuri, kandi bakorera Kristu. Yohani arangiza Ibaruwa ye amenyesha Gayo ko azaza kwikemurira ubwe ibibazo bitoroshye byari mu ikoraniro, bitewe numwe mu bakozi baryo witwa Diyotirefesi wateraga umwiryane, kubera kwiyumvamo ubutegetsi burenze urugero kugeza aho aca mu Kiliziya abadakurikiza amatwara ye abogamye. 4.9.4. IBARUWA YA YUDA Iyi Baruwa ya Yuda igizwe nimirongo 25. Uyu Yuda ntabwo yabaye umwe mu ntumwa 12, ahubwo abenshi bakeka ko ari mubyara wa Yezu (Mt 13,55), we yiyita umuvandimwe wa Yakobo (Yuda 1,1). Yuda yanditse iyi Baruwa agamije gushyigikira ukwemera kwabo yandikira kubera abantu bamwe babahaga inyigisho zubuyobe. Yuda atanga ingero nyinshi akuye mu Isezerano rya Kera ngo

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yumvikanishe inyigisho ye. Ashishikariza abo yandikira kurwanira ukwemera bashyikirijwe nIntumwa zumwami wacu Yezu Kristu.

4.10. IGITABO CYIBYAHISHURIWE YOHANI INTUMWA Iki gitabo cyimitwe 22 ni cyo gisoza Bibiliya yose. Cyanditswe na Yohani Intumwa mu mwaka wa 95 nyuma ya Yezu Kristu. Cyandikiwe abakristu bari bamaze gutotezwa mu gihe cya Kayizari Neroni (64-68) no mu gihe cya Domisiyani (81-96). Iryo totezwa ryatumye abakristu benshi bapfa, abandi bakuka umutima, bagira ubwoba, barahunga ndetse bamwe barahakana. Yohani Intumwa yanditse igitabo cyIbyahishuwe agamije gukomeza umutima abakristu. Yaberetse ko kwihanganira ibitotezo no kwiyumanganya mu magorwa ari byo bigomba kubaranga, akomeza abereka ko abayoboke ba Kristu bazatsinda nka we. Igitabo cyIbyahishuwe ni icyamizero yintungane zizatsinda icyo ari cyo cyose. Ibi rero bitera inkunga nakanyabugabo ku bakristu bugarijwe namakuba, ukwemera kwabo kugakomera. Amizero dusanga mu gitabo cyIbyahishuwe ageza ku byishimo abacunguwe namaraso ya Ntama bazasangira na Kristu (Hish 14) muri Yeruzalemu yo mu ijuru (Hish 21-22). Kristu ari we Alufa na Omega, uwibanze nuwimperuka azagororera ababaye intwari mu bikorwa (Hish 22,12-13), cyane cyane amagorwa banyuzemo. Usoma igitabo cyIbyahishuwe asabwa kwitonda kuko byinshi bivugwa mu marenga, mu mibare, mu mabara nibindi byinshi. Muri rusange igitabo cyIbyahishuwe gikoresha amashusho nibimenyetso ngo ubutumwa bugere ku bo bugenewe badahutajwe nababatoteza ndetse nutanga ubutumwa ntiyishyire mu makuba. IBISOBANURO BYIMVUGO-NCAMARENGA DUSANGA MU BYAHISHUWE. a) Ibisobanuro byimibare 3= Imana 4= Isi nimpera zayo uko ari enye 7= (Igiteranyo cya kane na gatatu): Ikintu cyuzuye, kandi kizira inenge 12= (Igikubo cya kane na gatatu): Ikintu cyuzuye kandi kitagira inenge 3,5= Ikintu kitaboneye, gifite inenge, igihe cyitotezwa 6= Ikintu kibi ku buryo bukabije 1000= Ibintu byinshi bitabarika, ibintu byuzuye, igihe kitazashira, imyaka myinshi cyane 144 000= (Ubwikube kabiri bwa 12, gukuba 1000): Imiryango 12 ya Isiraheli, umuryango wImana uziyongeraho abatagatifujwe cyangwa abemera batabarika, baturutse amahanga yose, mu moko yose yimiryango yose, bazabane nImana ubuziraherezo. b) Ibisobanuro byamagambo Ntama wImana= Yezu Kristu wishwe akazuka ubu akaba aganje mu ikuzo ryImana. Ikanzu ndende= Ubusaseridoti Ibinyabuzima bine= Ibyaremwe byose Ubuhabara= Guhemukira Imana imwe, gusenga ibigirwamana Ihabara ryicyamamare= Umurwa wa Roma Babiloni= Yashushanyaga Roma yatoteje cyane umuryango wImana

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Igikoko= Ingoma yAbanyaroma yatoteje Abakristu Amahembe= Abategetsi ba Roma Ikiyoka= Gishushanya sekibi Inyanja= Ishushanya indiri yikibi. c) Ibisobanuro byamabara Umweru= Ikimenyetso cyumutsindo no kutagira inenge Umutuku= Intambara, ubwicanyi cyangwa kumene amaraso Umukara= Inzara, urupfu, ubugome Icyatsi= Ibyorezo byamoko yose. Icyitonderwa: Muri Liturujiya ibara ryicyatsi ni icyizere. Umwanzuro ku gitabo cyIbyahishuwe Abakristu bamwe bagira impungenge zo gusoma ibyahishuwe. Ibyo ahanini biterwa no guhera ku mvugo-shusho, incamarenga dusangamo, akenshi inakangaranya. Ni tumenye ko iyo mvugo ijimije yatewe nibihe umwanditsi yarimo, dukwiye kuyirenga tukagera ku butumwa yashatse kutugezaho. Usoma Ibyahishuwe agomba kumurikirwa na Roho Mutagatifu uhumura ubwenge numutima ngo abashe gusobanukirwa neza nibirimo. Usomye neza iki gitabo, aho kugira ubwoba arangwa namizero yuko Kristu yatsinze mu ijuru agomba no gutsinda ku isi. Kristu yatsinze Sekibi; Abakristu na bo nubwo bagirirwa nabi gute, batotezwa bamenye ko bazatsinda nkuko Kristu yatsinze. UMUSOZO Bibiliya ni igitabo gitagatifu gikubiyemo ubukungu bwinshi. Amasomo tumaze kubona ntahagije ngo umuntu acengere byimazeyo mu mizi yose yubwo bukungu. Ni urufunguzo ruzatuma twinjira muri Bibiliya nta mbogamizi. Umwete wo kuyisoma no kuyisobanurira abandi, duhereye mu rugo iwacu, mu miryangoremezo, mu Nama, muri Santarari, muri Paruwasi, mu makoraniro yabasenga, mu miryango yAgisiyo Gatolika nahandi twifashishije amasomo twabonye muri irishuri TUMENYE BIBILIYA ni byo bizatumara inyota dufite kuri Bibiliya. Turangije umwaka twihugura kuri Bibiliya. Ntitwibwire ngo ikivi twatangiye kirashojwe maze tugende ibyo twize duterere iyo! Hehe no kubumbura Bibiliya! Icyo gishuko ntitukakigire. Abatubonye twihugura kuri Bibiliya bafite inyota namatsiko yubumenyi twungutse. Tuyibamare. Duhawe umwanya nurubuga byo guhugura abandi batagize ayo mahirwe cyane cyane tugahera mu miryango-remezo aho twagombye gushingwa umurimo wa gitumwa wo kwamamaza ijambo ryImana. Tuzafashe abandi guhitamo isomo rizirikanwaho no kuricengera ku munsi wisengesho cyangwa winama. Si aho tumaze kuvuga gusa, kuko no muri Liturujiya dushobora gusomera abandi ijambo ryImana. Dukundishe abandi gutunga Bibiliya maze ijambo ryImana rituyobore.

Mana bumbura umunwa wanjye, maze ngusingize nifashishije Bibiliya