- The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C): is the main international standards organization for the World Wide

Web. - Extensible Markup Language (XML): is a markup language that defines a set of rules for encoding documents in a format that is both human-readable and machine-readable. It is defined in the XML 1.0 Specification produced by the W3C, and several other related specifications, all gratis open standards. - Extensible Access Control Markup Language (XACML): The standard defines a declarative access control policy language implemented in XML and a processing model describing how to evaluate authorization requests according to the rules defined in policies. - Security Assertion Markup Language (SAML): is an XML-based open standard data format for exchanging authentication and authorization data between parties, in particular, between an identity provider and a service provider. SAML is a product of the OASIS Security Services Technical Committee. SAML dates from 2001; the most recent update of SAML is from 2005. - Organization for the Advancement of Structured Information Standards (OASIS): is a global consortium that drives the development, convergence, and adoption of e-business and web service standards. With its headquarters in the United States, members of the consortium decide how and what work is undertaken through an open, democratic process. - Originally defined as Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP): is a protocol specification for exchanging structured information in the implementation of Web Services in computer networks. It relies on Extensible Markup Language (XML) for its message format, and usually relies on other Application Layer protocols, most notably Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) or Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP), for message negotiation and transmission. - Service-Oriented Interface Language (SOIL): is a new XML-based language, which has been designed to enable efficient creation of user interfaces for SOA services and applications. - Adaptable SOA Interface System (ASIS): is a universal solution, which supports creation of adaptable user interfaces for different application domains.

- Service-oriented architecture (SOA): is a set of principles and methodologies for designing and developing software in the form of interoperable services. These services have welldefined business functionalities that are built as software components (discrete pieces of

code and/or data structures) which can be reused for different purposes. SOA design principles are used during the phases of systems development and integration. - Service-oriented architecture (SOA): allows different ways to develop applications by combining services. The main premise of SOA is to erase application boundaries and technology differences. As applications are opened up, how we can combine these services securely becomes an issue. - Mobile Interfaces for Learning Systems (MILES): which is an extension to an e-learning platform developed in a European LLP project Web 2.0 ERC. - The Web 2.0 ERC European Union funded project is designed to help educators who find ICT confusing to have a simple and secure environment to use ICT in their work and in their classes. - Lifelong Learning Programme (LLP): The new European Union Life Long Learning Programme supports learning opportunities from childhood to old age in every single life situation. - Learning Management System (LMS): is a software application for the administration, documentation, tracking, reporting and delivery of education courses or training programs. - Learning content management system (LCMS): is a related software technology that provides a multi-user environment where developers, authors, instructional designers, and subject matter experts may create, store, reuse, manage, and deliver digital e-learning content from a central object repository. - Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS): is a widely used communications protocol for secure communication over a computer network, with especially wide deployment on the Internet. Technically, it is not a protocol in itself; rather, it is the result of simply layering the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) on top of the SSL/TLS protocol, thus adding the security capabilities of SSL/TLS to standard HTTP communications.

- Transport Layer Security (TLS) and its predecessor, Secure Sockets Layer (SSL), are cryptographic protocols that provide communication security over the Internet. TLS and SSL encrypt the segments of network connections at the Application Layer for the Transport Layer, using asymmetric cryptography for key exchange, symmetric encryption for confidentiality, and message authentication codes for message integrity.