MMJ1323 COMPRESSIBLE FLOW

TUTORIAL & ASSIGNMENT 2

NAME : HAZIMI BIN ISMAIL

STUDENT ID: MM111165

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Solution Q1:................................................................................................................................................................................ 1
Solution Q2 ................................................................................................................................................................................. 4
Solution Q3:................................................................................................................................................................................ 7
Solution Q4:.............................................................................................................................................................................. 11
Solution Q5 ............................................................................................................................................................................... 16
Solution Q6 ............................................................................................................................................................................... 19
Solution of No.2 Assignment 2 ......................................................................................................................................... 24

ii

QUESTION 1
P1=30 kPa

P4=300kPa

T4=288K

T4=288K

SOLUTION Q1:
The speed of sound,a is same at 1 and 2.
a1=a2=

=340.2 m/s
Strength of shock wave and expansion wave, which are pressure and velocity should be equal in the
region between 1 and 2. Then, P3 = P4.
First try and error approach, let
P3 = P4= 150kPa
First Step: Consider expansion wave
P3/P1 = [
0.5 = [

]
]

Step 2: Consider flow across the shock wave.

P4 = 150kPa
P4/P2 = 150/3 =5

Step 3 : Use Table Appendix C (Normal Shock Tube) or use software,

From Table where, P4/P2 =5,

By interpolating,
M2 = 2.11 , M4 = 0.56062 , T4/T2 = 1.7789
From M2 = 2.11,
M2 = V2 or Vs/a
M2 = Vs/a2
Vs = M2 x a2
= 2.11 x 340.2
= 717.82 m/s

From T4/T2 = 1.7789(table)

T4 = 1.7789 X T2
= 1.7789 x 288
=512 K
From equation M4 = (Vs V4)/a4
V4= Vs M4a4
V4= 463.7
The comparing V4=463.7m/s and V3=340.2 m/s , obvious difference between those values which
should be the same. Then, these steps above repeated and iterated using Excel. The data of
iterations are shown in Table 1 below.
Summarized solution : P3 =P4 = 85.5kPa , V3 = V4=277 m/s

Table 1 : Data of iteration to solve trial and error approach.

Assumption

From table Appendix C

p3=p4
(kPa)

p4/p2

M2

M4

T4/T2

T4 (K)

a4(m/s)

vs

v4

v3

v4-v3

150

2.1044

0.56062

1.774192

510.967296

453.1077792

715.91688

461.8955968

160.3640471

301.5315498

80

2.666666667

1.558475

0.681367

1.359538

391.546944

396.6403435

530.193195

259.9355541

292.6848644

-32.74931038

90

1.647480519

0.6546829

1.4210425

409.26024

405.5129646

560.472873

294.9904689

268.7878622

26.20260676

85

2.833333333

1.60346

0.6674139

1.3903665

400.425552

401.1121873

545.497092

277.7892427

280.4349559

-2.645713195

88

2.933333333

1.6299566

0.6596525

1.40876972

405.7256794

403.7580686

554.511235

288.1712362

273.3784746

14.79276152

85.5

2.85

1.607986157

0.6660721

1.421398262

409.3626995

405.563722

547.036891

276.902209

279.2442023

-2.341993385

From the iteration of trial and error approach, it is found that the value of P3 and P4 is estimated 85.5kPa and the velocity at region of 3
and 4 is around 277 m/s (276.90 < V3 or V4 < 279.24).

QUESTION 2
P1=100kPa

P4=500kPa
T4=293K

T4=293K

SOLUTION Q2
The speed of sound in the undisturbed air which is in section 1 and 2 is given by

The strength of the shock wave and expansion wave must be such that the pressure and velocity in
the region between the shock wave and the expansion wave is everywhere the same. In other
words,
and
.
By using the simplest approach which is try and error approach, let

First consider the expansion wave. Across this wave

(

)[

( )

For the specified conditions

Hence for

, this equation gives

(

)[

Next consider the flow across the shock wave. For

For this pressure ratio, from Appendix C (Normal Shock) gives (by interpolating)

However,

is the shock Mach number

Hence for the guessed pressure

Also
( )
Hence

But

from which it follows that

Hence, when it is guessed that

.

, it is found that

and

Calculations of this type have been carried out for a number of other values of the guessed
pressures, the result of some of these calculations being given in the following table.

Table 2 : Data of iteration to solve trial and error approach.

GUESS VALUE

FROM INTERPOLATION

p3=p4

p4/p2

m2

m4

t4/t2

a4/a2

a4

Us

V4

V3

V4-v3

150

1.50

1.19500 0.84500 1.12500 1.06066 363.913 410.005 102.498 271.079 -168.58

300

3.00

1.64748 0.65468 1.42104 1.19207 409.001 565.251 297.485 120.73

225

2.25

1.43924 0.72375 1.28017 1.13144 388.199 493.804 212.844 184.942 27.9015

210

2.10

1.39383 0.74236 1.25072 1.11836 383.708 478.224 193.377 199.954 -6.5769

213

2.13

1.40304 0.73845 1.25666 1.12101 384.618 481.383 197.361 196.880 0.48111

176.755

By interpolation between these results it can be deduced that

when
and that at this pressure
which the pressure and velocity of air between the mobbing shock wave and the moving expansion wave are 213kPa and 197
m/s respectively

QUESTION 3
A shock tube containing air has initial pressures on two sides of the diaphragm of 400 kPa and
10 kPa, the temperature of the air being 25 C in both sections. If the diaphragm separating then
two sections is suddenly ruptured, find the velocity, pressure, and temperature of the air between
the moving shock wave and the moving expansion wave that are generated.

P1 = 400kPa
T1 = 25 C

4
Vs
T1 =
25
C

P2 = 10kPa
T2 = 25 C

SOLUTION Q3:
In section 1 & 2 :

T1 T2 25 C
298K

a1 a2

RT
1.4(287)(298)
346.03 m .
s
We know that P3 P4 & V3 V4 based on the graph theory of shock tube.
We assume P3 P4 100 kPa

..

P3 100
=
=0.25
P1 400

P3

P1

1 V3
= 1

2 a
7

0.25

1.4 1

2 1.4

1.4 1 V3
= 1

2 346 .03

0..820 = 1 0.2

0.2

V3
346.03

V3
= 1 0.820
346.03
= 0.18
0.2V3 = 0.18(346.03) = 62.285

V3 =

62.285
0.2

= 311.43 m

.. V3 V4 311 .43 m , P3 P4 100 kPa

s

In shock wave region, 2 & 4 :-

Vs V4

Vs

P4 100
=
=10
P2 10

refer shock wave table :P4

10
P2

M2

Vs
a

M2 = 2.95, M4 = 0.478,

Vs M 2 a
8

T4
2.623
T2

= 2.95(346.03)
= 1020.79 m .
s
T4
2.623
T2

T4 2.623T2
= 2.623(298) = 781.65K

a4 RT4
= 1.4(287)(781.65) = 560.4 m
s

M4

Vs V4
a4

0.478 =

..

1020.79 V4
560.4

V4 1020 .79 (0.478 560 .4) = 752.9 m

Hence, when it is guessed that P3 P4 100 kPa , it is found that V 3 = 311.43 m

and

V 4 = 752.9 m .
s

Calculations of this type have been carried out for a number of other values of
guessed pressures, the result of some of these calculations being given in table below.

Table 3 : Iterations Data

P4
P2

M2

M4

a4
a2

a 4 (m ) V ( m )
s
s
s

V4 ( m )
s

V3 (m )
s

V4 V3 (m )
s

100

10.0

2.95

0.478

1.620

560.4

1020.8

752.9

311.4

441.5

80

8.0

2.65

0.501

1.512

523.2

915.2

653.1

355.4

298

60

6.0

2.30

0.534

1.395

482.7

795.5

537.7

410.7

127

47

4.7

2.04

0.570

1.312

454.1

705.90

447.06

456.36

-9.3

45

4.5

2.00

0.577

1.299

449.5

692.0

432.6

463.8

-31

40

4.0

1.89

0.598

1.265

437.7

654.0

392.6

484.9

-92

P3 P4 (kPa)

By interpolation between these result, the pressure and velocity of air between the
moving shock wave and the moving expansion wave are :-

P3 P4 47 kPa

V3 V4 452 m

The temperature of air between the moving shock wave and the moving expansion
wave is :-

T3 P3
=
T1 P1

1.4 1

1 .4

47
=

400

T3
= 0.542
T1
T3 = 0.542 T1 = 0.542 (298) = 161.5K
10

QUESTION 4
The air pressures in the high and low pressure sections of a constant diameter shock tube are 600
kPa and 20 kPa respectively. The temperature in both sections are 30 C. After the diaphragm
that separates the two sections is ruptured, a shock wave propagates into the low pressure section
and an expansion wave propagates into the high pressure section. Find the air velocity and
temperature between the two shock waves and the velocity of the shock tube.

P1 = 600kPa
T1 = 30 C

4
Vs
T1 =
25
C

P2 = 20kPa
T2 = 30 C

SOLUTION Q4:
In section 1 & 2 :

T1 T2 30 C
303K

a1 a2

RT

1.4(287)(303)
348.92 m .
s
We know that P3 P4 & V3 V4 based on the graph theory of shock tube.
We assume P3 P4 300 kPa

..

P3 300
=
=0.5
P1 600

11

P3 2
1 V3

= 1

2 a
P1

0.5

1.4 1

2 1.4

1.4 1 V3
= 1

2 348 .92

0..906 = 1 0.2

0.2

V3
348.92

V3
= 1 0.906
348.92

= 0.094
0.2V3 = 0.094(348.92) = 32.798
V3 =

32.798
0.2

= 163.99 m

.. V3 V4 163 .99 m , P3 P4 300 kPa

s

In shock wave region, 2 & 4 :-

Vs V4

Vs

P4 300
=
=15
P2 20

refer shock wave table :P4

15
P2

M2 = 3.605, M4 = 0.447,

12

T4
3.461
T2

M2

Vs
a

Vs M 2 a

= 3.605(348.92)
= 1257.86 m .
s
T4
3.461
T2

T4 3.461T2
= 3.461(303) = 1048.68 K

a4 RT4
= 1.4(287)(1048.68) = 649.12 m
s

M4

Vs V4
a4

0.447 =

..

1257.86 V4
649.12

V4 1257.86 (0.447 649 .12 ) = 967.7 m

Hence, when it is guessed that P3 P4 300 kPa , it is found that V 3 = 163.99 m

V 4 = 967.7 m .
s

13

and

Calculations of this type have been carried out for a number of other values of
guessed pressures, the result of some of these calculations being given in table below.
Table 4: Iterations of trial and error approach
P4
P2

M2

M4

a4
a2

a 4 (m ) V ( m )
s
s
s

V4 ( m )
s

V3 (m )
s

V4 V3 (m )
s

300

15.0

3.605

0.447

1.860

649.12

1257.86

967.7

163.99

803.71

200

10.0

2.952

0.478

1.620

565.10

1030.01

759.89

254.71

505.18

100

5.0

2.104

0.561

1.332

464.73

734.13

473.42

393.95

79.47

88

4.40

1.978

0.581

1.292

450.90

690.16

428.19

418.36

9.83

87

4.35

1.968

0.583

1.289

449.75

686.50

424.30

420.97

3.33

86

4.30

1.957

0.585

1.286

448.60

682.84

420.41

423.58

-3.17

82

4.1

1.912

0.593

1.272

443.83

667.14

403.95

432.11

-28.16

80

4.0

1.890

0.598

1.265

441.35

659.46

395.53

436.74

-41.21

50

2.5

1.51

0.697

1.152

402.09

526.87

246.61

521.75

-275.14

P3 P4 (kPa)

By interpolation between these result, the velocity of air between two waves is :-

V3 V4 422 m

The velocity of the shock wave, V s = 682.84 m

The temperature of air between two waves is :-

T3 P3
=
T1 P1

1.4 1

1 .4

86
=

600

14

T3
= 0.573
T1

..

T3 = 0.573 T1 = 0.573 (303) = 173.62K

a4 RT4
448.60 1.4(287)T4
..

T 4 = 500.85 K

15

QUESTION 5
P4=8 atm or
810kPa

T4=300K

P1=0.05 atm or
5.066 kPa
T4=300K

SOLUTION Q5
The speed of sound,a is same at 1 and 2.
a1=a2=

=347.189 m/s
Strength of shock wave and expansion wave, which are pressure and velocity should be equal in the
region between 1 and 2. Then, P3 = P4.
By using try and error (Check Table 5), the P4 and P3 is found around 38kPa and the velocity V3 and
V4 is 615m/s.
M2=2.563635
M4=0.5070847
T2/T4= 2.201253108
P3=P4= 38kPa
V4= 615 m/s
To find T4,
T4 = 2.2013 x 300K
= 660.39 K
To find speed of sound at region 4,
a4 =

=515.12 m/s
To get V4, V2 has to be determined first
16

V4 = V2 M4a4
V2 = M2 x a2
=2.56 x 347.189
=888.88 m/s
Then,
V4 = 888.88 0.5071(515.12)
= 627.586 m/s
V4 = V3 = 627.586 m/s
To get T3, it can be deduced from the equation
[( )

[(

M3 = 2.7408
From M3 = V3/a3
a3 = V3/M3

T3 = 130.49 K
Summarized solution, P3= P4= 38kPa , T3= 130.49K , T4 = 660.39K, V3=V4=627.586 m/s

17

Table 5: Iteration for trial and error for Question 5

Assumption

From table Appendix C

p3=p4 (kPa)

p4/p2

M2

M4

T4/T2

T4 (K)

a4(m/s)

vs

v4

v3

v4-v3

30

5.92183182

2.284436051

0.5362932

1.932582333

556.5837119

472.9009785

777.165145

523.5515476

651.8797492

-128.3282016

35

6.90880379

2.462650319

0.5166476

2.100784663

605.0259829

493.0511535

837.793639

583.0599345

627.7421808

-44.68224627

37

7.303592578

2.530412904

0.5101216

2.167793317

624.3244753

500.8528468

860.84647

605.3506144

618.9096447

-13.55903039

40

7.89577576

2.628797484

0.501421

2.2680818

653.2075584

512.3073267

894.316904

637.4352464

606.3992795

31.03596686

37.1

7.323332017

2.5337545

0.5098108

2.171138336

625.2878408

501.239119

861.983281

606.4461526

618.4788557

-12.03270307

38

7.500986972

2.563635

0.5070847

2.201253108

633.9608951

504.703366

872.148627

616.2212862

614.645903

1.575383168

18

QUESTION 6
P1=20kPa

P4=600kPa
T4=300K

T4=300K

SOLUTION Q6
The speed of sound in the undisturbed air which is in section 1 and 2 is given by

The strength of the shock wave and expansion wave must be such that the pressure and velocity
in the region between the shock wave and the expansion wave is everywhere the same. In other
words,
and
.
By using the simplest approach which is try and error approach, let

First consider the expansion wave. Across this wave

(

)[

( )

For the specified conditions

Hence for

, this equation gives

(

)[

Next consider the flow across the shock wave. For

19

For this pressure ratio, from Appendix C (Normal Shock) gives (by interpolating)

However,

is the shock Mach number

Hence for the guessed pressure

Also
( )
Hence

But

from which it follows that

Hence, when it is guessed that

.

, it is found that

and

Calculations of this type have been carried out for a number of other values of the guessed
pressures, the result of some of these calculations being given in the following table.

20

Table 6 : Data of iteration to solve trial and error approach.

GUESS
VALUE

FROM INTERPOLATION

p3=p4

p4/p2

m2

m4

t4/t2

a4/a2

a4

Us

V4

V3

V4-v3

150

7.50

2.56347 0.50710 2.20109 1.48361 515.108 890.037 628.826 274.318 354.508

60

3.00

1.64748 0.65468 1.42104 1.19207 413.888 572.005 301.04

453.657 -152.62

80

4.00

1.88980 0.59764 1.59999 1.26491 439.176 656.137 393.67

399.858 -6.188

82

4.10

1.91234 0.59324 1.61757 1.27184 441.582 663.965 401.999 395.137 6.86224

81

4.05

1.90112 0.59540 1.60879 1.26838 440.382 660.07

397.865 397.485 0.37971

By interpolation between these results it can be deduced that

when
and that at this pressure
which the pressure and velocity of air between the mobbing shock wave and the moving expansion wave are 81kPa and 397
m/s respectively.

21

By using try and error (check table 6), the

is 397 m/s.

is found around 81kPa and the velocity

In order to find

To find speed of sound at region 4

To get

has to be determined first since

Thus

Then,

is

22

Summarized solution,

23

ASSIGNMENT NO. 2 (METHOD OF

CHARACTERISTICS)

SOLUTION OF NO.2 ASSIGNMENT 2

24