PROPERTY, OWNERSHIP & ITS MODIFICATIONS TITLE I: CLASSIFICATION OF PROPERTY 1. Definition of Property in Civil Code 2.

Definition of Property as Subject in Law Course 3. Thing distinguished from Property 4. Classification of Things 5. Classification of Property 6. Characteristics of Property Article 414: Classification of Property into immovables and movables CHAPTER I: IMMOVABLE PROPERTY Article 415: Definition of immovable property; real properties CHAPTER II: MOVABLE PROPERTY Article 416: Various kinds of personal property Article 417: Other Kinds of personal property; money merchandise Article 418: Consumable and non-consumable properties CHAPTER III: PROPERTY IN RELATION TO PERSON TO WHOM IT BELONGS Article 419: Property classified according to ownership: Article 420: Public dominion Article 421: Patrimonial Property Article 422: Conversion of public dominion to patrimonial property Article 423: Properties of political subdivisions: public use & patrimonial property Article 424: Various kinds of properties of political subdivisions Article 425: Private properties Article 426: Immovable and movable things include; muebles TITLE II: OWNERSHIP Chapter I: Ownership in General Article 427: Ownership defined; kinds Article 428: Rights of owner; actions to recover; limitations: police power/taxation/eminent domain Article 429: Doctrine of self-help Article 430: Fencing of land and tenements Article 431: No injury to rights of 3rd persons Article 432: State of Necessity Article 433: Disputable presumption of ownership

2 Article 434: Requisites in an action to recover Article 435: Eminent domain Article 436: Police power: seizure; abatement of nuisance; due process Article 437: surface right of land owner; restriction; regalian doctrine Article 438: hidden treasure Article 439: requisites in definition of hidden treasure CHAPTER II: RIGHT OF ACCESSION Article 440: Accession defined; classification SECTION 1: ACCESSION DISCRETA Article 441: Right to the fruits Article 442: Technical meaning of fruits Article 443: Duty of recipient of fruits to reimburse necessary expenses Article 444: crops and animals: manifest or born SECTION 2: RIGHT OF ACCESSION WITH RESPECT TO IMMOVABLES Article 445: Accession industrial (Building, Planting, Sowing) Article 446: Presumption that BPS made by landowner Article 447: Rules when O builds on his land with materials of another; rights of owner of materials Article 448: Rule when another builds on land of person in good faith or bad faith; right of landowner before he makes the choice; or refuses to make one; etc. Article 449: Effect of BPS in bad faith; loss of object without indemnity Article 450: Rights of landowner if Builder in bad faith Article 451: Landowner entitled to damages from Builder in bad faith Article 452: Reimbursement for necessary expenses to preserve the land Article 453: Bad faith of both parties: as if both in good faith Article 454: Owner in bad faith; builder in good faith: Rule 447 Article 455: When 3 parties are involved Article 456: Good faith may co-exist with negligence Article 457: Forms of Accession Natural: alluvium Article 458: land adjoining ponds and lagoons Article 459: Avulsion Article 460: rule on uprooted trees Article 461: change of course of rivers Article 462: Rule if new river bed is on private estate Article 463: Rule if river divides itself into branches Article 464: Islands formed on seas, lakes and navigable rivers Article 465: ownership of islands Section 3: Right of accession with respect to movable property Article 466: Adjunction Article 467: Principal and accessory

3 Article 468:Test which is principal or accessory Article 469: Rule when there can be separation without injury Article 470: Rules in case of bad faith in adjunction Article 471: Indemnity; how paid Article 472: Rules in case of mixture Article 473: Articles governing mixture; kinds; rules; mutual bad faith or consent Article 474: Specification Article 475: Consideration of sentimental value Chapter 3: QUIETING OF TITLE Article 476: kinds of action; cloud; rights of owner; prescription Article 477: Necessity for title of the plaintiff Article 478: 2 instances where action may be used Article 479: duty of plaintiff to make certain reimbursement; equity Article 480: Principles of general law Article 481: Rules of procedures by Supreme Court Chapter 4: RUINOUS BUILDINGS AND TREES IN DANGER OF FALLING Article 482: Rule Article 483: Rule with respect to large trees about to fall TITLE III: CO-OWNERSHIP Article 484: Co-ownership defined Article 485: Shares in benefits and charges; taxes Article 486: Right to use property owned in common Article 487: Right of co-owners to bring an action in ejectment Article 488: Expenses for preservation; exemption; renouncing; reimbursement Article 489: rule as to necessary repairs Article 490: perpendicular co-ownership; condominium act-RA 4726 Article 491: Alterations; replacements Article 492: Administration and better enjoyment Article 493: Right with respect to ideal or proportionate share Article 494: Reason for allowing partition, as a rule, at any time; prohibition; Rules in case of succession or inheritance; prescription Article 495: Partition of an essentially indivisible object Article 496: Classification of the various kinds of partition Article 497: rights of creditors with respect to partition Article 498: Procedure for the legal partition Article 499: Protection of third persons rights Article 500: Effects of partition Article 501: reciprocal warranty; how co-ownership extinguished TITLE IV: SOME SPECIAL PROPERTIES Chapter 1: WATER Section 1: Ownership of Waters

4 Article 502: Nature of public waters Article 503: Private waters? Section 2: Use of Public Waters Article 504: Rules that govern use of public waters Article 505: Concession without prejudice to third persons Article 506: Extinguishment Section 3: Use of Waters of Private Ownership Article 507: Conversion of waters when they leave private lands; riparian ownership Article 508: Prohibition to construct injurious works Article 509: Private property cannot be entered without permission Article 510: Owners of lower estate should not be prejudiced Article 511: Right to construct reservoirs for rain waters Section 4: Subterranean Waters Article 512: Explorations for subterranean waters Article 513: Waters artificially brought forth Article 514: Effect of abandoning waters to their natural course Section 5: General Provisions Article 515: Repair of dangerous defensive works on anothers land Article 516: Clearance of dangerous matter Article 517: Proportional contributions for the needed expenses Article 518: In case of conflict between civil code and special laws; civil code prevails PD No. 1067: Decree instituting Water Code CHAPTER 2: MINERALS Article 519: Minerals; mineral lands CHAPTER 3: TRADEMARKS & TRADE NAMES Article 520: Trademark, trade name and service mark; infringement Article 521: Goodwill Article 522: Applicability of special laws TITLE V: POSSESSION CHAPTER I: POSSESSION AND THE KINDS THEREOF Article 523: Possession; elements; classes Article 524: Names under which possession may be exercised Article 525: Concept of owner or holder Article 526: Possession in good faith or bad faith Article 527: Presumption of good faith Article 528: When possession in good faith converted to possession in bad faith Article 529: Continuity of the character of possession; some presumptions

5 Article 530: What may or may not be possessed CHAPTER 2: ACQUISITION OF POSSESSION Article 531: How is possession acquired Article 532: Acquisition of possession from viewpoint of who possesses; Negotiorum gestio Article 533: Acquisition of possession thru succession mortis causa Article 534: Some effects of acquisition of possession thru succession Article 535: Acquisition of possession by minors and incapacitated persons Article 536: Modes through which possession cannot be acquired (force, tolerance, Secrecy); how to recover possession Article 537: Acts of tolerance or secrecy Article 538: General rule regarding possession as a fact CHAPTER 3: EFFECTS OF POSSESSION Article 539: Right to be respected in possession Article 540: Possession in the concept of owner Article 541: Presumption that possessor has a just title Article 542: Presumption of possession of movables found in an immovable Article 543: Exclusive possession by a previous co-owner Article 544: right of possessor in good faith to fruits already received Article 545: rights re: pending fruits; sharing of expenses and charges Article 546: Necessary expenses defined (gastos necesarios) Article 547: Right to remove useful improvements; meaning of damage Article 548: Expenses for pure luxury; ornamental expenses Article 549: rights of possessor in bad faith Article 550: Costs of litigation Article 551: Improvements caused by nature or time Article 552: Liability for loss or deterioration Article 553: Improvements which have ceased to exist Article 554: Presumption of possession during intervening period Article 555: Ways of losing possession: abandonment, assignment, possession by Another, destruction, total loss and withdrawal from commerce Article 556: When possession of movables is lost or not lost Article 557: Loss of immovables with respect to third person Article 558: Acts of mere holder Article 559: When possession of a movable is equivalent to title Article 560: Possession of wild animals; domesticated or tamed animals Article 561: Lawful recovery of possession that had been unjustly lost TITLE VI: USUFRUCT Chapter 1: Usufruct in general Article 562: 3 fundamental rights appertaining to ownership; usufruct Article 563: Classification of usufruct as to origin Article 564: Classification of usufruct according to quantity or extent Article 565: rules governing a usufruct

Chapter 2: Rights of the Usufructuary Article 566: Fruits to which a usufructuary is entitled Article 567- Pending natural or industrial fruits Article 568: Rule when usufructuary leases property to another Article 569: ownership and accrual of civil fruits Article 570: rule as to certain rights (rents, pension, benefits, etc.) Article 571: Increases in the thing held in usufruct Article 572: rights with reference to the thing itself/usufructuary right itself Article 573: Abnormal usufruct on things that deteriorate Article 574: Abnormal usufruct on consumable things; quasi-usufruct Article 575: usufruct on fruit bearing trees and shrubs Article 576: effect of a calamity on the trees and shrub Article 577: Special Usufruct over a Woodland Article 578: Usufruct of an action to recover through the courts Article 579: Useful and luxurious improvements Article 580: Right to set-off improvements Article 581: Alienation by naked owner Article 582: Usufructuary ofa part of common property Chapter 3: OBLIGATIONS OF THE USUFRUCTUARY Article 583: Obligation re the inventory and the security Article 584: usufruct of donor or of parents Article 585: Effect if no one will be injured Article 586: Effects of failure to give security (unless exempted);administration Expenses; retention of property by naked owner; interest on cash Proceeds of sale Article 587: Caucion juratoria (promise under oath) Article 588: Retroactive effect of the security given Article 589: Duty of usufructuary to take care of property Article 590: Liability of usufructuary for acts of the substitute Article 591:Usufruct on livestock Article 592: Duty to make ordinary repairs Article 593: Duty of naked owner to make extraordinary repairs Article 594: Kinds of extraordinary repairs Article 595: Constructions, improvements and plantings by the naked owner Article 596: what charges or taxes the usufructuary must pay Article 597: taxes which are imposed directly on the capital Article 598: when usufructuary has to pay for the debts of the naked owner Article 599: rules on usufruct of a matured credit Article 600: Usufruct of mortgaged immovable Article 601: when notification by the usufructuary is required Article 602: Liability for expenses and costs CHAPTER 4: EXTINGUISHMENT OF USUFRUCT

7 Article 603: Death of usufructuary ends the usufruct; Exceptions Article 604: Effect of partial loss Article 605: Usufruct in favor of entities Article 606: Usufruct for the time that may elapse before a third person reaches a certain Age Article 607: Usufruct on a building and/or the land concerned Article 608: Payment of insurance on the tenement held in usufruct Article 609: Rules in case of expropriation Article 610: Effect of bad use of the property held in usufruct Article 611: Rules in case of a multiple usufruct Article 612: rights and obligations at the termination of the usufruct TITLE VII: EASEMENTS OR SERVITUDES Article 613 707 TITLE IX: REGISTRY OF PROPERTY Article 708 711 BOOK III: DIFFERENT MODES OF ACQUIRING OWNERSHIP Article 712 - 773