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K.L. Ramakumar
INTRODUCTION
Any mathematics student knows Pythagorean Theorem and Pythagorean triples.
Pythagorean triples are any three numbers a, b, c such that square of the largest number is
equal to sum of the squares of the other two numbers. For example the three numbers 3,
4, and 5 are Pythagorean triples as 32 + 42 = 52.
Given below are simple procedures to find out Pythagorean triples either from an
even or from an odd number. To find out Pythagorean triples from a given even number,
I will define a theorem:
e.g.1: Let the number be 4. To get the remaining two Pythagorean triples:
Square of 4 = 4 x 4 = 16
16/4 = 4
Second Pythagorean triple = 4-1 = 3
Third Pythagorean triple = 4 + 1 = 5
So the three Pythagorean triples are 3, 4, 5
e.g.2: Let the number be 8. The remaining two Pythagorean triples are:
Square of 8 = 8 x 8 = 64
64/4 = 16
Second Pythagorean triple = 16 – 1 = 15
Third Pythagorean triple = 16 + 1 = 17
The Pythagorean triples are 8, 15, 17
For completion sake, I am giving a method below, to find out Pythagorean triples from an
odd number.
Case 1
Divide the product thus obtained into two numbers in such a way that the difference
between them is 1.
Subtract 1 from the product. Divide by 2.
Quotient is one number and quotient + 1 is another number
You get a set of Pythagorean triples
Case 2
If the selected odd number is not a prime (A prime number is solely divided only by itself
other than 1), then we can have more than one set of Pythagorean triples for that number.
Find out the factors for this number. You will get small odd numbers. Follow the
procedure given in Case 1. You will end up different sets of Pythagorean triples.
Now find out the factors for 15. These are 3 and 5
For 3, using the procedure given in case 1, the Pythagorean triples are 3, 4, 5. Multiply
each number by 5 to get another set of Pythagorean triples as 15, 20, 25.
For 5, using the procedure given in case 1, the Pythagorean triples are 5, 12, 13. Multiply
each number by 3 to get yet another set of Pythagorean triples as 15, 36, 39.
We, therefore get three sets of Pythagorean Triples with one of the numbers as 15. These
three sets are:
(a) 15, 112, 113 (b) 15, 20, 25 (c) 15, 36, 39
Check the result for correctness. I leave it to the readers.
After finding out the Pythagorean triples as mentioned above, multiply each number by
any other number to get another set of Pythagorean triples.
Any set of Pythagorean triples, when multiplied by any same number will give
another set of Pythagorean triples.
Thus we have two types of Pythagorean triples. One category, we can call them
primary Pythagorean triples and are generated using (i) the procedure outlined for even
numbers or (ii) the procedure mentioned in case 1 for odd numbers. The other category,
we can call them secondary Pythagorean triples and are generated from primary
Pythagorean triples by multiplication with a number.
1. If any given number ‘a’ is even, then the Pythagorean triples are
2 2
a2 a2 a a
a, 1 , 1 OR a, 1 , 1
4 4 2 2
2. If any given number ‘a’ is odd, then the Pythagorean triples are
a2 1 a2 1
a, ,
2 2
Any set of Pythagorean triples, when multiplied by any same number will give
another set of Pythagorean triples.
There will be only one set of Pythagorean triples if the smallest among them is a
prime number.
If the smallest of the Pythagorean triples is a prime number then the other
numbers in the set are successive numbers.
If the smallest of the Pythagorean triples is not a prime number but an odd
number, then one set of Pythagorean triples has two successive numbers.
All primary Pythagorean triples with even number as the smallest, has the other
two members of the set differing by 2.