CIVILIZATIA 1.

United Kingdom The official name of the country we usually call England and occasionally Great Britain is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. The U. K. is situated on the group of islands lying just off the mainland of northwestern Europe. Great Britain consists of England, Scotland and Wales. The southern part of Ireland is the Republic of Eire. Great Britain is separated from the continent by the English Channel, the narrower part of which is called the Strait of Dover. The British Isles are surrounded by the shallow waters of the Irish Sea and the North Sea, the Norwegian Sea, the North Channel and the Atlantic Ocean. Britain is comparatively small, but there is hardly acountry, in the world where such a variety of scenery can be found. There are wild desolate mountains in the northern Highlands of Scotland - the home of the deerand the eagle. The Pennine Range in northern Englandand the Cambrian Mountains in Wales are much lower. In the extreme south of England are the famous chalk hills,some of which form the Dover Cliffs. The southern and south-eastern parts of the island lie in varied lowlands. The rivers of the region are short and of no great importance as waterways. The longest of them is the"Father of London", the Thames. Britain's principal ports are London, Liverpool,Manchester, Hull, and Glasgow. Thanks to climatic conditions, Britain in truth looks like one great well-ordered park with its old trees, green meadows and hedges.

3. Climate and Nature of Great Britain

The climate in Great Britain is generally mild and temperate due to the influence of the Gulf Stream. The south-western winds carry the warmth and moisture into Britain. The climate in Britain is usually described as cool,temperate and humid.British people say: "Other countries have a climate, in England we have weather." The weather in Britain changes very quickly. One day may be fine and the next day may be wet. The morning may be warm and the evening may be cool. Therefore it is natural for the people to use the comparison "as changeable as the weather" of a person who often changes his mood or opinion about something. The weather is the favorite topic of conversation in Britain. Rainfall is more or less even throughout the year. In the mountains there is heavier rainfall then in the plainsof the south and east. It seldom snows heavily in winter, the frost is rare. January and February are usually the coldestmonths, July and August the warmest. Still the wind maybring winter cold in spring or summer days. Sometimes itbrings the whirlwinds or hurricanes. Droughts are rare.So, we may say that the British climate has three main features: it is mild, humid and changeable. That means that it is never too hot or too cold. Winters are extremely mild. Snow may come but it melts quickly. In winter the cold is humid cold, not the dry one. This humid and mild climate is good for plants. The trees and flowers begin to blossom early in spring.

4.Customs and traditions in UK

Almost every nation has a reputation of some kind. The English are reputed to be cold, reserved, rather haughty people. They are steady, easy-going and fond of sports. There are certain kinds of behavior, manners and customs which are peculiar to England. Britain is a nation of animal lovers. In Britain pets cansend Christmas cards to their friends, birthday cards. Every Englishmen spends his weekend different: those who live in cities and towns like to go out of town. They may go to stay in the country to admire the bright sun and fresh air where no crowds of people, just silence and leisure are. There are some traditions concerning food. English cooking is heavy, substantial and plain. The Englishman likes a good breakfast. To him a good breakfast means porridge with, fish, bacon and eggs, toast and marmalade, tea or coffee. Tea is part of the prose of British life, as necessary aspotatoes and bread. Seven cups of it wake you up in the morning; 9 cups will put you to sleep at night. The English have a popular specialty known as fish and chips. They are bought at special fish and chips shops.

2. London-capital of Great Britain

The capital of Great Britain is London. It's political,economic and commercial center of the country. The heart of London is the City, its financial and business center. Numerous banks, offices and firms aresituated there, including the Bank of England, the Stock Exchange and the Old Bailey. Few people live here, but over a million people come to the city to work. There are some famous ancient buildings with in the City. Perhaps the most striking of them in St. Paul's Cathedral, the greatest of British churches. Another important monument of London is The Tower of Londonwhich was used for many purposes: as a royal palace, an observatory, an arsenal, a state prison and it is now a museum. For many visitors the principal attraction is The Clock Tower, whichcontains the hour-bell called Big Ben, is known the world over. Buckingham Palace is the official residence of the Queen. Trafalgar Square is the geographical center of London. On the north side of Trafalgar Square is the National Gallery and the National Portrait Gallery. Not faraway is the British Museum - the biggest museum in London. The West End is the richest and the most beautiful part of London. Only reach people live there. But in the same time The East End is the poorest district of London. There are a lot of factories, work shops and docks here. The streets are narrow, the buildings are unimpressive. This is the place of living of the working class. So after all we can say that the UK is one of the most powerful countries with great culture and it would be very exiting to visit it.

5.New Year's Day in UK

The celebration of New Year's Day varies according to the district. In the south of England, the festival of Christmas, lasting 12 days from December 25th, runs on well into the New Year. The decorations of colored streamers and holly, put up round the walls, and of course the fir-tree, with its candles or lights, are not packed away until January 5th. On the evening of December 31st, people gather in one another's homes, in clubs, in pubs, in restaurants, and hotels, in dance halls and institutes, to "see the New Year in". On New Year's Day all English school children make New

Year resolutions. They make up lists of shortcomings which they intend to correct. The children, their mothers and fathers, and their friends laugh and have a good time when they read them. The children promise to keep them.In the north, and in Scotland, particularly, the Yearknown as Hogmanay is very well kept up. The ceremonies are similar, but they have an added called"first foot". This means opening your door to any one who knocks it after midnight, and who will then enter the house, carrying a piece of coalor wood, or bread. The visitor is entertained with cakes and ale.Considerable quantities of good Scotch whiskey are consumed during these celebrations.

Sundays.Most of the "Sundays" contain more reading matter thandaily papers, and several of them also include "colorsupplements"- separate color magazines which containphotographically-illustrated feature articles. The British are one of the biggest newspapers-readingnations in the world.

8.Museums and Art Galleries of London

London is very rich in museums and art galleries. If you are fond of painting you'll go to the Tate Gallery. There are about 300 oils and 19000 watercolors anddrawings. There are many works by the English painterWilliam Turner there. There are a lot of paintings by the16-th century English artists and paintings by foreignartists of the 19-20th centuries, such as Pablo Picasso'spaintings. There are many interesting sculptures there of Henry Moor's The British Museum is the largest and richest of itskind in the world. It comprises the national museum of archaeology and ethnography and the national library. The present building was built in 1852. It contains booksand manuscripts: Greek, Roman, British and Orientalantiques. It has a department of Ethnography. Thiscollection is so vast that only a very small percentage of it is on show to the public. There's also a department of prints and drawings. There're departments devoted tomaps, coins, medals and philately. Those who come tothe British museum can see a fascinating array of clocksand watches.Cultural life of London would be impossible withoutthe Royal Albert hall, the Royal Festival hall, the Nationaltheatre and a great number of museums: the Victoriaand Albert museum, the Geological Museum, theMuseum of Mankind, Natural history museum and others.

6. Places of interest
There are a lot of places of interest in London. They are all worth seeing. On the north side of Trafalgar Square stands one of the world's greatest art galleries. The National Gallery represents all schools of Western painting from the Italian Primitives to the early 20th century. Portraits by Reynolds and Gains borough can be seen here.Since the time of William the Conqueror the Tower of London has served as a for tress, a royal residence,treasury, mint and prison. Here many people were imprisoned and beheaded. Now it's a museum.St. Paul's Cathedral is the largest and the most magnificent church of the city. The High Altar forms amemorial to those who died in the two World Wars. The Victoria and Albert Museum represents the finest examples of the applied and decorative arts of all kinds.It has collections of furniture, jewellery, costumes,musical instruments and metal work. The Barbican centre was opened by the Queen in1982. It includes a concert hall, the home of the London Symphony Orchestra, two theatres, three cinemas and an art gallery.Piccadilly Circus is one of London's busiest road- junctions. It's always full of cars, people as there are many theatres, shops and restaurants there. The statueof Eros is in the middle of Piccadilly.One of the beautiful things in London is Madame Tussaud's museum. It represents wax figures of the famous and infamous people of the past and present. The Chamber of Horrors is of particular interest and also Company and the Royal Ballet.

9. The houses of Parliament

The house of Parliament in London, known also asthe Palace of Westminster is the place where members of Parliament (M.P.) gather to make laws. The members of each House meet in sessions whichbegin at the end of October and last for about onehundred and sixty days. The sittings usually begin at 10o'clock in the morning and end in the late afternoon; butif Parliament is discussing an important question sittingsmay go on till late at night. All the time Parliament is insession, a flag can be seen over the building, and whenthe House of Commons is still sitting after dark, there is alight over the face of Big Ben. The members of the House of Commons sit on twosides of the hall. The Speaker is the chairperson at all thedebates in the House of Commons, and it is duty to keeporder. The Speaker is elected by all the members of theHouse of Commons. He belongs to one of the politicalparties in Parliament, but he never votes are equal hevotes with the government. The chairperson of the House of Lords is LordChancellor. He sits on the Woolsack, a large bag of woolcovered with red cloth. If shows that wool made Englandrich

7.Press in Britain Probably in no other country are there such greatdifferences the various national daily newspapersin the type of news they report and the way they report it. On the one hand, there are the "quality" newspapers: The Times, The Independent, The Guardian, the Financialtimes and the Daily Telegraph. These concern themselves, as far as possible, with factual reports of major national and international events, with the world of political and business and with the arts and sport.On the one hand, there are the "populars" and"tabloids", so-called because of their smaller size. Thetabloids- the most widely read of which are The DailyMail, The Daily Express, the Daily Mirror, The Sun and theDaily Star- concentrate on more emotive reporting of stories often featuring sex, violence, the Royal Family,film and pop stars, and sport. It is often said that thepopular press aims to entertain it's rather than informthem.In addition to the 12 national daily newspapers thereare nine national papers which are published on

10.Political system of United Kingdom

Great Britain is a parliamentary monarchy. It meansthat there is a Queen (or King) and the Parliament. TheQueen has almost no power in the country. Her powersare limited by the Parliament. Laws are made by theParliament. The

Queen is only a formal ruler: she reigns but doesnot rule. In fact everything that she does is done on theactive of her ministers, who are responsible for the royalacts. Thus, most of her functions are symbolic. TheQueen's residence in London is Buckingham Palace. The British Parliament consists of two cambers: theHouse if Lords and the House of Commons. There aremore than 1000 members in the House of Lords. Manyseats are hereditary. The House of Commons has 635 members. They areelected by a general election (secret ballot). The government is headed by the Prime Minister,who is the leader of the party that has won the election.In Great Britain there are three main political parties:the Conservatives, the Labour Party and the Liberals.

whenhe composed "The Messiah". "Judas Maccabeus" and'The Music for the Royal Fireworks" Like Chaucer andmany other great artists. Handel is buried in WestminsterAbbey.Another famous London figure is one of England'sgreatest seamen. Admiral Lord Nelson. He has a veryspecial memorial in Trafalgar Square. Equally famous isthe general who led the army at the battle of Waterloo in1815. This was the Duke of Wellington. His house standsat Hyde Park Comer. It is sometimes known as NumberOne, London. Like Admiral Nelson, the Duke of Wellington is buried in St.Paul's Cathedral.

14.Youth organizations in Great Britain

Youth and youth movement have become importantfactors in the life of the country. There are about 60 youthorganizations in Great Britain. All youth organizations canbe divided into three large groups: 1.non-political organizations; 2.youth organizations associated with politicalparties;3. youth organizations controlled by religious bodies. The two largest non-political youth organizations arethe associations of the Boy Scouts and the Girl Guides. The Scout movement was intended for boys from 11to 14, but in 1916 Baden Powell introduced a program foryounger people. He called them Wolf Cubs. They hadspecial uniforms, badges, a special training system andthe motto "Do your best!" There are some other non-political organizations: theCombined Cadet Force, Sea Cadet Corps, the WoodcraftFolk, the Youth Hostels Association, the NationalFederation of Young Farmers Clubs, Greenpeace. Youth Organization Greenpeace deals with mosturgent ecological problems. It protests against nuclearweapon tests, sea and soil pollution, etc.Sport clubs are characteristic youth organizations inthe UK. They unite people who are interested inbasebaii, football, golf, etc.Religious young organizations and groups aim athelping to elderly people or working in hospitals.Many of these organizations have done and still aredoing useful work in providing leisure facilities for youngEnglish people.

11.Sightseeing London
The Tower of London is the most famous of all thehistorical buildings in London. In the past the Tower of London served both as a palace and as a state prison,but it is only a museum today. Trafalgar Square is in the centre of the West End of London. On the north side is the National Gallery; in thenorth-east corner is the National Portrait Gallery, and inthe centre is Nelson's Column with the figure of the greatseamen. Trafalgar Square is the place where mass meetingsand demonstrations for peace and for working people'srights take place."Big Ben" is the name of the great bell which strikesthe hour. It is in the clock Tower of the Houses of Parliament.Westminster Abbey is the historic building in Londonto which every visitor sooner or later goes. Many of GreatBritain's famous men are buried in Westminster Abbey.Piccadilly Circus is a square in the central part of London. London's best-known theatres and cinemas andmost famous restaurants are on Piccadilly Circus. HydePark is the largest park in the West End of London. In the19th century it became a popular place for publicmeetings. The British Museum is one of the largest museums inthe world. It consists of the National Library and Museumof History, Archaeology, Art and Ethnography.

12. Some facts about London

London has been home of many famous Englishmen.Some were born there. Some lived there all their lives.Others lived in London only for a short time but all gavesomething to this great cityOne of the first names of importance is that of Geoffrey Chaucer, the poet. He lived most of his life inLondon. He knew the courts of King Richard II d KingHenry IV. His most famous work, 'The Canterbury Tales",opens at the Tabard Inn, in Southward.William Shakespeare also lived in London. He livedthere for more than twenty years. He acted at the Globe Theatre and wrote his plays in London. But London'sfamous men are not only writers. Sir Christopher Wren,the architect, spent most of his life in London. Hedesigned many beautiful churches, including St. Paul'sCathedral. He also designed palaces and fine houses.Music is represented by a very interesting figure. This is George Frederick Handel. He came to Londonfrom Hanover in 1710After some success and somefailure he at last became famous. This happened

15. Vegetation and wildlife

Britain was originally a land of vast forests. Mainlyoak and beech in the Lowlands and pine and birch In theHighlands, with great stretches of marshland and smallerareas of moors. Extensive forests remain in eastern andnorthern Scotland and in south-eastern and westernEngland. Oak, elm, ash, and beech are the commonesttrees in England, while Scotland has much pine andbirch. The fauna or animal life of Britain is much like that of north-western Europe, to which it was once joined. Manylarger mammals such as bear, wolf have been hunted toextinction, others are now protected by law. There aremany foxes. Otters are common along rivers andstreams, and seals live along much of the coast.Hedgehogs, hares,rabbits, rats and mice are numerous. Deer live in some of the forests in the Highlands of Scotland and England.Some 230 kinds of birds live in Britain, and another200 are regular visitors, many are songbirds. The mostnumerous are blackbirds, sparrow and starling. RobinRedbreast is the national bird of Britain. The

number of ducks, geese and other water fowl has diminished duringrecent years.

18. Buckingham Palace

Buckingham palace is the official London residenceof Her Majesty The Queen and as such is one of the bestknown and most potent symbols of the British monarchy. Yet it has been a royal residence for only just over twohundred and thirty years and a palace for much less; andits name, known the world over, is owed not to amonarch but to an English Duke. Buckingham House was built for John, first Duke of Buckingham, between 1702 and 1705. It was sold to theCrown in 1762. Although King George III modernized andenlarged the house considerable, the transformations thatgive the building its present palatial character werecarried out for King George IY by Nash, by Edward Blorefor King William IY and Queen Victoria in the end, and by James Pennethoooorne.In the reign of King Edward Yll, much of the presentwhite and gold decoration was substituted for the richlycolored 19th century schemes of Nash and Blare; and inthe 1920s, Queen Mary used the firm of White Alum toredecorate a number of rooms. The rooms open to visitors are used principally forofficial entertainment .These include Receptions and StateBanquets, and it is on such occasions, when the rooms arefilled with flowers and thronged with formally dressedguests and liveried servants, that the Palace is seen at itsmost splendid and imposing. But of course the Palace isalso far more than just the London home of the RoyalFamily and a place of lavish entertainment. It has becomethe administrative centre of the monarchy where, amonga multitude of engagements, Her Majesty receives foreignHeads of State, Commonwealth leaders andrepresentatives of the Diplomatic Corps and conductsInvestitures, and where the majority of the Royal Household, consisting of six main Departments and a staff of about three hundred people, has their offices.

16.Holidays in Great Britain

English are proud of their traditions and carefullykeep them. English people celebrate Christmas on the25th of December. It's the season of good will. It's themost beautiful time of the year - the time of love, joy andhopes. There are some traditions on New Year's Day. One of them is the old First Footing. The first man to come intothe house is very important. The Englishmen believe thathe brings luck.Another best-loved holiday is St.Valentine's Day onthe 14th of February - the holiday of love and affection,the day of sending and giving presents to those you love.In England, Easter is a church holiday. A custom isdecorating eggs for children. Halloween is the day orevening before all Saint's Day. Children dress up inHalloween costumes and masks over their faces.According to the Act of Parliament of 1871 there are4 bank holidays Easter Monday, whit-Monday, Des 26thBoxing Day. Other public holiday are Good Friday, MayDay, Also there is a Pancake Day, April's Fool Day,Mother's Day.

17.Educational system in Great Britain

The educational system of Great Britain is extremelycomplex and bewildering. It is very difficult to generalizeabout particular types of schools as schools differ fromone to the other.Primary education takes place in infant schools forpupil's ages from 5 to 7 years old and junior schools(from 8 to 11 years). Some areas have different systemsin which middle schools replace junior schools and takepupils ages from 9 to 11 years. Secondary education hasbeen available in Britain since 1944. It is compulsory upto the age of 16, and pupils can stay at school voluntarilyup to three years longer.At the age of 16 pupils take school-leaving examinationsin several subjects at the Ordinary level. Thisexamination could also be taken by candidates at afurther education establishment. This exam was calledthe General Certificate of Education (GCE). Pupils of comprehensive school had taken the examination calledthe Certificate of Secondary Education either with orinstead of the GCE. A GCE of Advanced ("A") level wastaken two years after the Ordinary level exam. The private sector is running parallel to the statesystem of education. There are over 2500 fee-chargingindependent schools in GB. Most private schools aresingle-sex until the age of 16. There are over 90 universities in GB. They are dividedinto three types: the old universities (Oxford, Cambridgeand Edinburgh Universities), in the 19th centuryuniversities, such as London and Manchester universities,and the new universities.Full courses of study offer the degree of Bachelor of Art or Science. Most degree courses at universities lastthree years, language courses 4 years. Medicine anddentistry courses are longer (5-7 years).Most students live away from home, in flats of halls of residence. There are not only universities in Britain but alsocolleges. Colleges offer courses in teacher training,courses in technology and some professions connectedwith medicine.

19. Media in Great Britain

The media play a central role in Britain's daily life,informing and educating, questioning and challenging -and of course - entertaining. In recent years theavailability of more radio frequencies, together withsatellite, cable and microwave transmissions, has alreadymade a greater number of local, national and internationalservices possible. The transition from analogue to digital transmission technology is now expanding this capacity enormously. Broadcasting in Britain has traditionally beenbased on the principle that it is a public service accountable to people.While retaining the essential public service element, itnow also embraces the principles of competition andchoice: -the BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation), whichbroadcasts television and radio programs; -the ITC (Independent Television Commission), whichlicenses and regulates commercial television services,including cable and satellite services; -the Radio Authority, which licenses and regulatescommercial radio services, including cable and satellite; The three bodies work to broad requirements andobjectives defined and endorsed by Parliament, but areotherwise independent in their daily conduct of business.Cable services are delivered through undergroundcables and are paid for subscription. Cable

franchiseshave been granted covering areas comprising 83 per centof all homes and nearly all urban areas in Britain. In mid -1999 there were about 12.1 million homes able to receivesuch services, and 3 million subscribing homes. Digitaltechnology is being introduced which will support up to500 television channels. Cable also has the capacity forcomputer - based interactive services, such as homeshopping and email. Satellite television and cable servicesare funded mainly by subscription income. Television viewing is by far Britain's most popularleisure pastime: over 97 per cent of households have atleast one TV set. British television productions are soldworld - wide

20. European Union

The establishment of the EU intended to work towardcommon goals of European countries. The EU was established after 2nd World War. Franceofficially undertook the establishment of the EU proposingto create "the first concrete foundation of a European federation". On May 9, 1950 the EU was created andinitially six European countries joint to the EU: Belgium,Germany, France, Italy, Luxemburg, and the Netherlands. Then other countries joint to the EU and today the numberof the member countries is 27. The requirements for thecountries willing to become member of EU are the following: Member countries must be a stable democracy,respecting human rights, the rule of law, and theprotection of minorities;Member countries must have a functioning marketeconomy; The EU has such a structure that there are 5institutions and each of them is responsible for arespective objective:European Parliament - The main functions of thisinstitution is to exercise the issues related to thelegislation, implementing foreign and security policy,monitor the budget.Council of the European Union This is the mostinfluential institution in decision making process. Themain function of this institution is to exercise the issuesrelated to the legislation, to suggest and monitor theinternational agreements, implementing foreign andsecurity policy.European Commission - It is mainly responsible forcreating the initial outline of legislation, implementingthe legislation to assure that law is property applied, andrepresenting the EU in international scope and signingtrade and cooperation agreements.Court of Justice -checks whether laws are in theaccordance with the justice or notCourt of Auditors - Its major function is to checkwhether all the Union's revenues and expenditures aregoing in a regular manner, according to the EU budget. Today EU became driving force into the internationalmarket for member countries. Such kind of economiccommunities are needed to increase today's economicgrowth and make countries better off.

viewpoints on the development of world politics. On the one hand, politicians from manycountries believe that any active actions to preserveworld order must be organized only by United Nations.On the other hand, the United States is pushing forwardits aggressive unilateral policy that is based only onWashington's understanding of the current internationalsituation. This US strategy was clearly demonstrated in Iraq.Now, after two and a half years of the war, the questionmust be asked if this policy achieved its goals. Did itbring a peace and stabilization in the post Sad amcountry? Yes, the military operation itself was a success.Despite the military successes, this strategy did notproduce desirable results. The USA cannot stabilize thesituation, and the Iraqis continue to organize attacksagainst the US and coalition forces.It is possible that the USA will not be able to continueits unilateral policy anymore because it goes againstobjective processes in the world economy andinternational relations. The political regimes in Europeancountries are very close to American, so any militaryconfrontations are very unlikely at this point. But aneconomical competition would be intense. It could besaid that the other war, between the euro and the dollar,is already on, and the dollar is loosing so far. There is another potential threat to the USA. Only afew years ago, a dollar was almost equivalent to gold.People and businesses all over the world tried to keeptheir savings in dollars. Now, when a dollar is gettingcheaper, many try to get rid of it and buy euros. Whatwould happen if all this dollar cash came back to theUSA? India, Japan, and Russia will probably also try tomake their influence on the world politics comparablewith their economical potential.One thing is clear, however, the future of the countrydirectly depends on today's policy.

22. Geographical position of USA

The United States of America is the fourth largestcountry in the world (after Russia, Canada and China). It moccupies the southern part of North America andstretches from the Pacific to the Atlantic Ocean. It alsoincludes Alaska in the north and Hawaii in the PacificOcean. The total area of the country is about nine and ahalf million square kilometers. The USA borders onCanada in the north and on Mexico in the south. It alsohas a sea boarder with Russia. The USA is made up of 50 states and the District of Columbia, a special federal area where the capital of thecountry, Washington, is situated. The population of thecountry is about 250 million. The highest mountains are the Rocky Mountains, theCordillera and the Sierra Nevada. The highest peak is Mount McKinley, which is located in Alaska.America's largest rivers are the Mississippi, theMissouri, the Rio Grande and the Columbia. The GreatLakes on the border with Canada are the largest anddeepest in the USA. The climate of the country varies greatly. The coldestregions are in the north. The climate of Alaska is arctic. The climate of the central part is continental. The southhas subtropical climate. Hot winds blowing from the Gulf of Mexico often bring typhoons. The USA is a highlydeveloped industrial country. It is the

21. Role of the USA in the world politics

It is impossible to discuss a future role of the UnitedStates of America in the world without understanding theglobal processes that have been taken place in the worldover the last several years. September 11, without doubt,was a break point event in these processes. First, itshowed people a danger of an international terrorism.Second, the event brought about a confrontationbetween two different

world's leadingproducer of copper and oil and the world's second producer of iron ore and coal. Among the most importantmanufacturing industries are aircraft, cars, textiles, radioand television sets, armaments, furniture and paper. The largest cities are New York, Los Angeles, Chicago,Philadelphia, Detroit, San Francisco and others. The United States is a federal union of 50 states,each of which has its own government. The seat of thecentral (federal) government is Washington, DC.According to the US Constitution the powers of thegovernment are divided into 3 branches: the executive,headed by the President, the legislative, exercised by theCongress, and the juridical. The Congress consists of theSenate and the House of Representatives. There are twomain political parties in the USA: the Republican and theDemocratic

23. Scotland
Scotland is administrative division of the kingdom of Great Britain, occupying the northern third of the islandof Great Britain. As a geopolitical entity Scotland includes186 nearby islands, a majority of which are contained inthree groupsnamely, the Hebrides, also known as theWestern Islands, situated off the western coast; theOrkney Islands, situated off the northeastern coast; andthe Shetland Islands, situated northeast of the OrkneyIslands. The largest of the other islands is the Island of Arran. Edinburgh is the capital of Scotland as well as amajor industrial area and seaportNotable among the lakes, which are especiallynumerous in the central and northern regions, are LochLomond (the largest), Loch Ness, Loch Tay, and LochKatrina. The longest river of Scotland is the Tay; theClyde, however, is the principal navigational stream, siteof the port of Glasgow.Like the climate of the rest of Great Britain, that of Scotland is subject to the moderating influences of thesurrounding seas The most common species of treesindigenous to Scotland are oak and conifers chiefly fir,pine, and larch. The only large indigenous mammal in Scotland is thedeer. Both the red deer and the roe deer are found, butthe red deer, whose habitat is the Highlands, is by far themore abundant of the two species. Other indigenousmammals are the hare, rabbit, otter, ermine, pinemarten, and wildcat. Game birds include grouse,blackcock, ptarmigan, and waterfowl.Both agriculture and industry are important in theeconomy of Scotland. The chief exports are petroleumand natural gas and manufactured goods, especiallyburlap, clothing, machinery, textiles, and whiskey. The chief imports are food and iron The most populous city in Scotland is Glasgow. Otherimportant industrial cities are Dundee and Aberdeen.Scotland is governed as an integral part of GreatBritain. It is represented by 72 members in the House of Commons and by 16 Scottish peers in the House of Lords.

the cities in Greece sent their bestathletes to Olympia to compete in the Games. For theperiod of the Games all the wars stopped. So the OlympicGames became the symbol of peace and friendship.In 394 AD the Games were abolished and were notrenewed until many centuries later.In 1894, a Frenchman, Baron Pierre de Coubertin,addressed all the sports governing bodies and pointedout the significance of sports and its educational value. Two years later the first modern Olympic Games tookplace. Of course, the competitions were held in Greece tosymbolize the continuation of the centuries-old tradition.In 1896 the International Olympic Committee was set up.It is the central policymaking body of the Olympicmovement. It is formed by the representatives of allcountries which take part in the Olympic Games. The International Olympic Committee decides uponthe programmed of the games, the number of theparticipants and the city host for the Games.Over one hundred and fifty countries are representedin the International Olympic Committee now. Besides,each country has its National Olympic Committee.Summer and Winter Games are held separately. There are always several cities wishing to host theGames. The most suitable is selected by the InternationalCommittee. After that the city of the Games startspreparations for the competitions, constructs new sportsfacilities, stadiums, hotels, press centers. Thousands of athletes, journalists and guests come to the Games, andit takes great efforts to arrange everything. There is always an interesting cultural programmer of concerts, exhibitions, festivals, etc., for each Games. The next summer games will be held in Beijing,Republic of China.

25. Holidays in USA

The U.S. has no national holidays. Legal holidays -days on which banks, schools, or other public institutionsand most places of business are closed. Memorial Day is a legal holiday, observed annually onthe last Monday in May in most of the United Independence Day is an annual holidaycommemorating the formal adoption by the ContinentalCongress of the Declaration of Independence on July 4,1776, in Philadelphia. Although the signing of theDeclaration was not completed until August, the Fourth of July holiday has been accepted as the official anniversaryof United States independence and is celebrated in allstates and territories of the U.S. The Fourth of July is traditionally celebrated publiclywith parades and pageants and public speeches. Thanksgiving Day,a legal holiday in the U.S.,was first celebrated in early colonial times in NewEngland. President Abraham Lincoln appointed a day of thanksgiving, and since then each president has issued a Thanksgiving Day proclamation, generally designating the fourth Thursday of November as a holiday. New Year's Day is the first day of the year, January 1 in the Gregorian calendar. Christmas is an annual festival, held on December 25,to celebrate the Nativity, or birth of Christ. TheChristmas tree, an evergreen trimmed with lights andother decorations, is derived from the so-called paradisetree, symbolizing Eden. Saint Valentine's Day,

24. Olympic Games

The Olympic Games have a very long history. Theybegan in 777 BC in Greece and took place every fouryears for nearly twelve centuries at Olympia. Theyincluded many different kinds of sports: running, boxing,wrestling, etc. All

a holiday honoringlovers, is celebrated on February 14. There is a custom of sending greeting cards or gifts to express affection. St.Valentine has traditionally been regarded as the patronsaint of lovers.

26. Washington
Washington is the capital city of the United States. Itis located on the north bank of the Potomac River. It wascalled after George Washington, the first President of theUSA, Washington is one of the most beautiful andunusual cities in the United States. It has little industry,and only one million people. One reason Washingtonlooks different from other cities is that no building in thecity may be more than 40 meters tall. There are noskyscrapers, because they would hide the city's manymonuments from view. One can easily find a park, asquare or an open area there. The most impressive andthe best-known ones are the Lincoln Memorial and theWashington Monument. The heart of Washington is the Capitol, which isconnected with the White House by PennsylvaniaAvenue. It dominates the city of Washington. All thetourists begin sightseeing from the Capitol and see theSenate Chamber, the Hall of Representatives, theStatuary Hall and some others. The Washington Monument, the tallest stonestructure in the USA, is in the Potomac River. It wasopened to the public in 1888. It is 555 feet tall, is calledthe "Pencil" because of its shape. It is three blocks southof the White House. There is an elevator, which will carryyou to 500-foot level observation windows. The LincolnMemorial is in the west of the Washington Monument. Itis designed like a Greek temple. The dominant figure isthe realistic figure of Abraham Lincoln seated in thecentre of the open temple. The Jefferson Memorial isworth seen, too. It is situated south of the Washingtonmonument near the Potomac River. The Library of Congress contains millions of books and manuscripts. The Washington Cathedral is on Massachusetts Avenue,and the Arlington National Cemetery is outside the citylimits just across the Potomac River near the Pentagon inVirginia. The famous Tomb of the Unknown Soldier isvisited by millions of people every year.Washington is the place where mass demonstrationstake place against unemployment and racism, fordemocracy and civil rights.

exclusively devoted toopera.Now "Covent Garden" in busier than ever, it is one of the few well-known opera houses open for 11 months of the year and it employs over 600 people both of theOpera company and the Royal Ballet. Theatres are very much the same in London asanywhere else; the chief theatres, music halls andcinemas are in the West End. If you are staying inLondon for a few days, you'll have no difficulty whateverin finding somewhere to spend an enjoyable evening. You'll find opera, ballet, comedy, drama, revue, musicalcomedy and variety. The best seats at theatres are thosein the stalls, the circle and the upper circle. Then comesthe pit, and the last of all the gallery where the seats arecheapest. Boxes, of course, are the most expensive.At the West End theatres you can see most of thefamous English actors and actresses. As a rule, the playsare magnificently staged - costumes, dresses, scenery,everything being done of the most lavish scale.

28.Famous people of America

There are many outstanding people in United States.America produced statesmen, thinkers, explorers,musicians, writers, scientists and other people who arewell known around the world. Samuel Langhorne Clemens, is known to mostpeople as Mark Twain.While he worked as a reporter he began to sign hisarticles "Mark Twain". From then on Clemens used Mark Twain as his pen-name.While he spent his summers on his farm, he wrote"The Adventures of Tom Sawyer", published in 1876."The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn", "Tom Sawyer"and "Huckleberry Finn" are among the most popularbooks ever published in the United States. Among Mark Twain's other books are "Joan of Arc", "Life on theMississippi".

29.Education in USA
The general pattern of education in the USA is aneight-year elementary school, followed by a four-yearhigh school. There are eight years of elementary schooling. Theelementary school is followed by four years of secondaryschool, or high school. Often the last two years of elementary and the first years of secondary school arecombined into a junior high school.Admission to the American high school is automaticon completion of the elementary school. During the four-year high school program the student studies four or fivemajor subjects per year, and classes in each of thesesubjects meet for an hour a day, five days a week. Inaddition, the student usually has classes in physicaleducation, music, and art several times a week. If he failsa course, he repeats only that course and not the work of the entire year. Students must complete a certainnumber of courses in order to receive a diploma, or acertificate of graduation.Usually there is no admission examination requiredby a state university for those who have finished highschool within the state. Sometimes a certain pattern of high school studies is necessary, however, and somestate universities require a certain scholastic average, oraverage of high school grades.It usually takes four years to meet the requirementsfor a Bachelor of Arts or Bachelor of Science degree. AMaster of Arts or Master of Science degree may beobtained in one or two additional

27. Theatres in Great Britain

One peculiarity of the theatres in Great Britain is afollows: there are two kinds of seats, which can bebooked an advanced (book able), and unbootable oncehave no numbers and the spectators occupy them on theprincipal: first come - first served. And ancient time'splays were acted inside churches and later on the marketplaces. The first theatre in England "The Backfires" buildin 1576, and "The Globe" build in 1599, which is closelyconnected with William Shakespeare. Speaking about ourtimes we should first of all mention "The English Nationaltheatre", "The Royal Shakespeare Company" and"Covent Garden". The first "Covent Garden theatre" wasbuilt in 1732. It was burnt down in 1808 and rebuildsexactly a year after. It opened in September 1809, withShakespeare's "Macbeth". Since the middle of the lastcentury "Covent Garden" became

years. The highestacademic degree is the ! Doctor of Philosophy. It maytake any number of years to complete the originalresearch work necessary to obtain this degree.In general, higher education in the USA may bedivided into two broad fields: liberal arts andprofessional. Each of these fields may be furthersubdivided into undergraduate and graduate levels. Theliberal arts program, on the undergraduate level, may bea two-year junior college course, or a four-year courseleading to a degree of Bachelor of Arts or Bachelor of Science. The four-year course is usually subdivided into alower division (which may be called the junior college),consisting of the two first years, and the upper division,which is the last two years. The first two yearscontinue the general education and specialization beginsin the third year.

30. Fast Food of America

Have you ever enjoyed a hamburger, sitting on alawn? May be you're against all these hot dogs andcheeseburgers, because it's a junk food. Anyway, it isalways interesting to find out something about the originand history of such trifles, which make our life morecomfortable. They really make life more pleasant,especially outdoors, don't they? Pop CornIt's impossible to imagine American take-away food or snacks without popcorn. Clear as a day, it ismade from corn. But what about the first part of theword "pop". Actually, when you put a kernel of corn on afire, the water inside makes the corn explode. Thismakes a "pop" noise. That is why we call it popcorn. Butin 1945 a new machine was invented that changed thehistory of the product. The electric machine enabled topop corn outside the home. And soon movies startedselling popcorn to make more money. The famousAmerican habit of eating popcorn at the movies is well-known. Many people like to put salt or melted butter intheir popcorn, some peeper to have it without. Eitherway Americans love their popcorn Coca ColaCoca-Cola The world famous fresh drinkCoca-Cola first was an all-purpose medicine, made in1886 by a druggist from Atlanta, who made a brownsyrup by mixing coca leaves and cola nuts. The syrup wasn't a success and then another druggist, Jacobs, hadan idea of selling Coca-Cola as a soda fountain drink. Hemixed the syrup with soda water. Soon everyone wasgoing to soda fountains and asking for Coca-Cola. Andthe World War II helped to make CocaCola popularoutside America, when the Coca-Cola Company sentbottles of the drink to US soldiers fighting in Europe. Itbecame so popular with the soldiers that the US Armyasked the company to start ten factories in Europe. It's acurious thing but of 1903 coca leaves were no longerused in the drink. The exact ingredients and thequantities are not known - the Coca-Cola Company keepsits recipe a secret

differentmanner, each able to check and balance the others. The Executive Branch is headed by the President,who, together with the Vice President, is chosen innationwide elections every four years. The electiveprocess for a U.S. President is unique. The presidentialcandidate needs 270 electoral votes to be elected; if nocandidate has a majority, the House of Representativesmake the decision. Any natural-born American who is 35years old or older may be elected to this office. ThePresident proposes bills to Congress, enforces federallaws, serves as Commander-inChief of the Armed Forcesand, with the approval of the Senate makes treaties andappoints federal judges, ambassadors and othermembers of the Executive Departments The Vice President, elected from the same politicalparty as the President, acts as chairman of the Senate,and in the event of the death or disability of thePresident, assumes the Presidency for the balance of histerm. The Legislative Branch is made up of two houses: theSenate and the House of Representatives. Each stateelects two members of the 100-member Senate; aSenator's term of office is six years The Judicial Branch is made up of Federal DistrictCourts (at least one in every state), 11 Federal Courts of Appeals and, at the top, the Supreme Court. Federal judges are appointed by the President with the approvalof the Senate; to minimize political influences, theirappointments are for life. Federal courts decide casesinvolving federal law, conflicts between states orbetween citizens of different states.Every American citizen is allowed to vote from theage of 18.

32. Science in 20Th century

The 20th century began slowly, to the ticking of grandfather clocks and the stately rhythms of progress. Thanks to science, industry and moral philosophy,mankind's steps had at last been guided up the rightpath. The century of steam was about to give way to thecentury of oil and electricity.Charles Darwin's theory of evolution, only 41 yearsold in 1900, proposed a scientific basis for the notionthat progress was gradual but inevitable, determined bynatural law.And everybody thought that the development wouldcontinue in the small steps that had marked the progressof the 19th century. Inventions like the railroad or thetelegraph or the typewriter had enabled people to get onwith their ordinary lives a little more conveniently.No one could have guessed then that, in the century just beginning, new ideas would burst upon the worldwith a force and frequency that would turn this statelymarch of progress into a long distance, free-for-all sprint. Thrust into this race, the children of the 20th centurywould witness more change in their daily existence andenvironment than anyone else who had ever walked theplanet.Assassinations in Sarajevo in 1914 lit a spark that setoff an unprecedented explosion of destruction anddeath. The Great War did more than devastate ageneration of Europeans. It set the tone - the political,moral and intellectual temper - for much that followed.Before long the Great War received a new name -World War I. The roaring 1920s and the Depression yearsof the 1930s proved to be merely a prelude to World WarII. Largely hidden during that war was an awful truth thatcalled into question progress and the notion of humannature itself.But civilization was not crushed by the two greatwars, and the ruins provided

31. Political system of USA

The nation's capital, Washington, D.C., is the capitalof a federal union of 50 states. Therefore, in 1789, theyadopted a new Constitution establishing a federal unionunder a strong central government.Under the Constitution, the federal government isdivided into three branches, each chosen in a

the stimulus to build a wayof life again. To a degree previously unheard of andperhaps unimaginable, the citizens of the 20th centuryfelt free to reinvent themselves. In that task they were assisted by two profound developments - psychoanalysisand the Bomb.

33. Sports in USA

Americans pay much attention to physical fitness.Many sports and sporting activities are popular in theUSA. People participate in swimming, skating, squashand badminton, tennis, marathons, track-and-field,bowing, archery, skiing, skating etc. But the five majorAmerican sports are hockey, volleyball, baseball, footballand basketball. Basketball and volleyball have beeninvented in America. There is a large choice of sports in America. This canbe explained by the size and variety of the country.Another reason of the popularity of sports is the people'slove of competition of any kind. One more reason is thatAmericans use sports activities for teaching socialsvalues, such as teamwork and sportsmanship. All thisexplains why Americans have traditionally done well inmany kinds of sports.Some Americans like active games and others likequite games. I think that quite games, as golf andcrocket, intend for rich elite people. Most popular gamesin the USA are hockey, American football, baseball,basketball.Opportunities for keeping fit and playing sports arenumerous. Jogging is extremely popular, perhapsbecause it is the cheapest and most accessible sport.Aerobic exercise and training with weight-liftingmachines are two activities which more and more menand women are pursuing. Books, videos, and fitness-conscious movie stars that play up the glamour of fitnesshave heightened enthusiasm for these exercises andhave promoted the muscular, healthy body as theAmerican beauty idealAmerican sports are becoming more competitive andmore profit-oriented. As a result, playing to win isemphasized more than playing for fun. The obsessionwith winning causes some people to wonder whethersports in America should be such serious business

Supreme Court is the highest court in thenation and the court of last resort. It consists of a chief justice and eight associate justices, all of whom areappointed for life by the President with the Advice andConsent of the Senate. The duty of the Supreme Court isto decide whether laws passed by Congress agree withthe Constitution. The great legal issues facing theSupreme Court at present are Government involvementwith religion, abortion and privacy rights, and race andsex discrimination.

35.Sports in Great Britain

National sports in Great Britain... It is a veryinteresting question, because many kinds of sport havetaken the origin in England. The Englishmen love sports,they are called sports-lovers in spite of the fact thatsome of them neither play games nor even watch them. They only like to speak about sports. Some kinds of sportare professional in England. Many traditional sportingcontests take place in England, for example, cricket. It isplayed from May till September.Football, it has got a long history. Football wasplayed by the whole village teams in the middle ages inEngland. Now football is the most popular game inBritain. It is a team game. There are some amateurteams but most of the teams are professional ones inEngland. Professional football is a big business. Footballis played at schools too.Rugby is a popular game in England. There are manyamateur rugby teams in this country. It is a game that isplayed between two teams of players using an oval ballthat can be handled or kicked. The captain of the teammust be the oldest or best player. There are some tennis clubs in England, but if youplay there it is necessary to pay money for it. Englishmenlike playing tennis but many of them prefer to watch thisgame. Wimbledon it is the centre of lawn tennis.Englishmen pay much attention to swimming, rowingand walking. Usually the Oxford Cambridge Boat Racetakes place at the end of March or at the beginning of April. It is an interesting contest between the universitiesof Oxford and Cambridge. It is usually held on the Thames River. The first such race was held in 1820. There were a lot of people watching this race. There aresome racing competitions in England. They are motorcarracing, dog-racing, donkey-racing, boat-racing, horseracing. All kinds of racings are popular in England. It isinteresting to see the egg-and-spoon race. The runner,who takes part in this competition, must carry an egg ina spoon. It is not allowed to drop the egg. There are suchcompetitions as putting the weight, tossing the caberand others. The English are great lovers of sports.

34.The USA court system

The courts are the overseers of the law. Theyadminister it, they resolve disputes under it, and theyensure that it is and remains equal to and impartial foreveryone.In the United States each state is served by theseparate court systems, state and federal. Both systemsare organized into three basic levels of courts-trialcourts, courts of appeal and High Court or SupremeCourt. Trial courts bear the main burden in theadministration of justice. Cases begin there and mostinstances are finally resolved there. The trial courts in each state include: common pleascourts, which have general civil and criminal jurisdictionand smaller in importance municipal courts, countrycourts and mayor's courts The main job of courts of appeal is to review casesappealed from trial courts to determine if the law wascorrectly interpreted or applied. The Supreme Court of each state is primarily a_ courtof appeal and the court of last resort. The federal court structure is similar to the structureof the state court system. The trial courts in the federalsystem are the United States District Courts. The UnitedStates courts of appeal are intermediate courts of appealbetween the district courts and the United StatesSupreme Court. The USA

36. History of Great Britain

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and NorthernIreland is a country of great history rich in importantevents and entertaining legends connected with them.It's not enough to write several volumes to tell the fullhistory of the country. That's why we'll try to answer the question where theBritish come from and who they are. After 800 BC theCelts arrived from Central Europe and opened up a newimportant page of the British history. The name Britaincomes from the name of a Celtic tribe known as theBritons. Their influence was greatest in Wales, Scotlandand Ireland, as they were driven to these parts by

theinvaders who followed them. That's why these parts of Britain are very different from England in language,customs and traditions. However quite soon it wasattacked by Germanic tribes: People began to call thenew land of the Angles and Saxons England. Wales,Cornwall, the northern part of Britain and Irelandremained unconquered and preserved Celtic culture. Animportant event which contributed to the unification of the country was the adoption of Christianity in England in664. In the 9th century the Danes attacked England. Itwas Alfred who defeated the Danes making them sign apeace agreement. The last of the invaders to come to Britain were theNormans from France. The French language became theofficial language of the ruling class for the next threecenturies. This explains the great number of Frenchwords in English.However the final unification of Scotland andEngland took place in 1707 when both sides agreed toform a single parliament in London for Great Britain,although Scotland continued to keep its own system of law, education and have an independent church.Ireland was England's first colony, but even nowthere are problems there connected with religion.Recently, there have been many waves of immigrationinto Britain. NowBritain is a multinational society, which benefits from theinfluence of different people and cultures.

38. New York

New York City is the capital of USA It is the mostpopulous cityin the United States. For morethan a century, it has been one of the world's leadingbusiness, financial and cultural centers and its influencein politics, education, entertainment, sports,media, fashion and the arts all contribute to itsstatus as one of the major global cities. As the home of the United Nations,the city is a hub for international diplomacy. Residents of the city are known as New Yorkers.New York has five boroughs: Manhattan, Brooklyn,Queens, Staten Island and the Bronx. The Bronx isfamous for a zoo, which is situated there.Manhattan is the center of New York City. Near 1million people live here, but over than 5 million comehere to work from all parts of the city every day. Themain street, Broadway, is also here. And there are a lotof other famous streets which known nationwide. WallStreet is famous for finance. Madison Avenue meansadvertising, and Fifth Avenue is famous for world-classshopping. There is a famous crossing Times Square. Itfamous for Theatre district, there are more than thirtytheaters there, and every evening they play their plays.Most of New York's skyscrapers are located on theisland of Manhattan. There are such buildings as ArtDeco Chrysler Building and there were twin towers of theWorld Trade Center. One of the famous building in theworld is the Statue of Liberty. It was built in 1886. It wasa present from the people of France. It representsAmerica's symbol of freedom!In 2005, nearly 170 languages were spoken in thecity and 36 percent of its population was born outsidethe United States. New York is also known as "The Citythat Never Sleeps," not least because its subway systemoperates around the clock and because manyneighborhoods in Manhattan, such as Times Square, arebusy at all hours.

37.WilliamShakespeare
The last half of the 16th and the beginning of the17th centuries are known as the golden age of Englishliterature. It was the time of the English Renaissance,and sometimes it is even called "the age of Shakespeare". William Shakespeare, the greatest andmost famous of English writers, and probably thegreatest playwright who has ever lived, was born on the23d of April, 1564, in Stratford-onAvon. In sprite of hisfame we know very little about his life. At the age of sixhe was sent to school, but had to leave it at the age of 13. His father, John Shakespeare, was a glove-maker,and when he fell into debt, William had to help him.When Shakespeare was twenty-one, he went to London.We don't know why he left Stratford-on-Avon. There is astory that Shakespeare's first job in London was holdingrich men's horses at the theatre door. But nobody can besure that this story is true. Later, Shakespeare becamean actor and a member of a very successful actingcompany. It's highly probable that The Comedy of Errors,Romeo and Juliet and some other plays by Shakespearewere performed for the first time on this stage.Shakespeare's experience as an actor helped him greatlyin the writing of his plays. His knowledge of stage and hispoetical genius made his plays the most wonderful onesever written. Shakespeare wrote 37 plays: 10 tragedies(such as Hamlet, King Lear, Othello, Macbeth), 17comedies (such as As You Like It, Twelfth Night, Much), 10 historical plays (such as Henry 4,Richard 3). He also left 7 books of poems and sonnets.Most of Shakespeare's plays were not published in hislifetime. So some of them may have been lost in the firewhen the "Globe" burned down in 1613. Shakespearespent the last years of his life at Stratford, where he diedin 1616. He was buried in the church of Stratford. Amonument was erected to the memory of the greatplaywright in the Poet's Corner in Westminster Abbey.

39.Australian culture.
Since 1788, the primary basis of Australian culturehas been Anglo-Celtic, although distinctive Australianfeatures had been evolving from the environment and indigenous culture. Over the past 50 years, Australianculture has been strongly influenced by Americanpopular culture (particularly television and cinema),large-scale immigration from non-English-speakingcountries, and Australia's Asian neighbors. The vigor andoriginality of the arts in Australia literature, cinema,opera, music, painting, theatre, dance, and crafts have achieved international recognition.In 1973, Patrick White was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature, the only Australian to haveachieved this; he is recognized as one of the greatEnglish-language writers of the 20th century. Australian English is a major variety of thelanguage; its grammar and spelling are largely based onthose of British English, overlaid with a rich vernacular of unique lexical items and phrases, some of which havefound their way into standard English. Sport plays animportant part in Australian culture, assisted by aclimate that favors outdoor activities; 23.5% Australiansover the age of 15 regularly participate in organizedsporting activities. At an international level,

Australia hasparticularly strong teams in cricket, hockey,netball, rugby league, rugby union, andperforms well in cycling, rowing and swimming. Nationally, other popular sports include Australian rules football, horse racing, football (soccer) and motor .acing. Australia has participated in everysummer Olympic Games of the modern era, and every Commonwealth Games. Australia hosted the 1956 Summer Olympics In Melbourne and the 2000 Summer Olympics In Sydney,and hasranked among the top five medal-takers since2000Televised sport is popular; some of the highestrating television programs include the summer Olympic Games and the grand finals of local and internationalfootball (various codes) competitions

CREATIVITATEA
Acest capitol contine 40 de teme libere inspirate derealitatea inconjuratoare, din viata de fiecare zi.

1. Problems of the youth

Youth is the time when a person is trying to find hisplace in the worldOne of the problems is a generation gap. Everygeneration is unique in its experience. It has its ownideals and a system of values concerning every aspect of human life. Adults always complain that the young arenot what they were. These words are repeated fromgeneration to generation. The young know what theywant. They prefer to make their own mistakes ratherthan to listen to the warnings of the adults. The pastexists to help the young to avoid unnecessary blurs. Butthey do want to have them. The young want to live theirown life. They want to overcome their own difficultieswithout turning back. Unfortunately the life of the youngis frequently determined by the adults. The adults startthe war but the young die in it. And the solution to thisproblem is that both the young and adults should betolerant and patient to each other.Another problem of the youth is the relationship of the young people with their friends and beloved. The problem of love is very important for the young.It is regrettable, but the young are not always ready tohave stable relations. For a happy family life two peoplemust understand and respect each other. It should besaid that the young have other problems as well. Theyare concerned with education, money, employment,hobby, spending their free time, communication, and thelike. And of course one of the most urgent problems isthe accommodations problem. Few young people in ourcountry have their own apartments. In the main theyshare the apartments with their parents even aftergetting married.In general all the problems of the youth are linked withthe present rather then with the past or future.

command. Thereforethere are a lot more free time facilities than in ruralareas.Cities are also centers of education. Many youngpeople move to cities because there are moreopportunities for continuing their education there.Usually country's largest and best universities arelocated in big cities.Another advantage it better living conditions. In thecity people live in more modern houses which need lesswork doing to them. That saves a great part of their timeand effort. Among the disadvantages there are crime,pollution, high prices, enormous traffic jams and over crowded streets and subway and of course thethreat of the present - terrorism. From the point of viewof ecology cities are not the best place to live in.Garbage and sewage are two major problems of cities aswell as air and water pollution.Besides it's not safe in terms of crime. For example,it is dangerous in big cities to walk back home late in theevening. One can either get robbed of their purse, jewelry or mobile phone or even get attacked, forexample. One has to watch out for pickpockets even inthe daylight. Of course city life has a lot of advantagesand disadvantages, but if you get tired of social life, it isalways a great pleasure to go to a country side with abeautiful and green view The atmosphere of rural life isalso great as when you get there it seems that time goesby slowly and there is no need to hurry.

3.A question of taste. Fashion

Fashion is something we deal with everyday. Evenpeople, who say they don't care what they wear, chooseclothes every morning that say a lot about them and howthey feel that day.However, we definitely get fashion ideas from musicclips, videos, books and television. Movies also have abig impact on what people wear. For example it is knownthat more sunglasses were sold in America after themovie Man in Black.Depending on their attitude towards clothes andfashion, people can be divided in three groups: -fashion slaves, spending all their money on the latestclothes even if they don't look good in them; -fashion fans, who enjoy wearing modern clothes but notobsessed by them; -people that just do not care the way they look;Of course there are big companies tha< do not allowpeople to come at work in what they want, they have torespect the dress code, registered in the policy of eachbig company. According to the dress code, an employeeis not allowed to wear certain items of clothing to work.For example, men are supposed to wear ties andbusiness suits, and nobody is allowed to wear jeans,except on Fridays. Women's clothes are not supposed tobe skintight, too short and too open. All of the shirts aresupposed to have collars. Clothes also can't be toobright, the colors should correspond to the corporatecolors - dark blue and white.

2.City life-advantages anddisadvantages of living incities

Every now and then we ask ourselves whether it'sbetter to live in a city our in a countryside.City life has its advantages and disadvantages. Firstof all, it is easier to find work in the city than in thecountry, besides, salaries are much higher and one has alarger variety of jobs to pick from. Moreover, cities arethe centers of culture and social life. Living in a city onehas all sorts of museums, theatres, exhibitions, movietheatres, pubs, restaurants at their

4. Love means different things todifferent people

The subject of love is one that has inspired poets,writers, those lucky in love and those who have beenpassed over by Cupid...Love has been defined as wise,silly, profound, bitter, funny...It seems as if each and oneof us has a different understanding of love, or at leastthe attitude to love varies greatly from person to person..It may be a surprising revelation to some of us, becauselove has

traditionally been considered to be somethingthat unites people( at least that's what I've beentaught).And yet, there's no use denying the fact that lovehas as many definitions as there are human beings onthis planet. And it doesn't necessarily mean that love no longer unites people. It justmeans that love has different dimensions, different sidesthat reflect our understanding of life.But personally, I can't let myself be cynical about love.Maybe I'm too young and inexperienced, but I believe it'sa great feeling. Some say that love is the true meaning of our life, that love is all it's cracked up to be. They also say that "love is the master key that opensthe gates of happiness". I can't but agree. Love issomething that makes us tender, and affectionate, andcaring...It's when another person's needs become moreimportant than yours and you don't see it as a burden. It'swhen you do your best to make each other's livessomewhat easier in this troublesome world...Love is a feeling that makes you stronger and helpsyou get through a crisis. It's something I can't imagine mylife without.

And they areforced to study the subjects they are not interested in andit takes them too much time to learn the subjectsunnecessary for their future life. They could spend thistime working on the subjects which will be needed fortheir future profession.Besides, every day we have two breaks of 10 minutesand two breaks of 15 minutes at school. But 15 minutesis not enough to have a lunch for the pupils. They arealways in a hurry eating their lunch. It causes diseasesconnected with stomach. It should be mention that ourlessons start at 8 o'clock. But the pupils have tocome to school ten minutes to 8 to domorning exercises. I think there is not necessary todo them because on the one hand some pupils do suchexercises at home every morning and on the other handit is not comfortable to do exercises in our school clothes.I think too many pupils study in everyclass. Most of them sit far from the blackboard. Andsometimes they can'tKeep your wrists in a natural, unforced, straight position.

5. Books in our lives

Despite the increase in TV watching and thedeveloping of World Wide Web, reading is still veryimportant. So I don't think books need to be rescued.Reading both entertains and educates people. Books helpus to discover new things and explore new ideas. The book is the surest way to bring nations together.It gives us an insight not only into the past, but also intothe future. The book is a faithful and undemanding friend:it can be put aside and taken up again at any moment.Reading is the perfect way to relax and spend your freetime. Books portray life in its richness, so they developreader's imagination and arouse curiosity, admiration. Sometimes they even can help to solve difficult problemsof life.I become very keen on literature early in life. Thisprobably happened because we had a very good andwidely read library in home. Books stirred my imagination,expanded the boundaries of the familiar world and filledmy life with great expectations of joy and happinessI'm fond of reading and I've read a lot of books of different genres. And certainly I have my favorite book. It is the story by Agatha Christie - "The murder of RogerAckroyd". Some critics say that Agatha Christie introduceda novelty in this work, because the murder is a storyteller.In the "The murder of Roger Ackroyd" the main charactersand environment are typical for 1920th in England. Theaction takes place in a country house. The author showsus its owner with his habits, relatives and neighbors. Allthis is presented vividly and brightly. One of the mainheroes of the book Hercules Poirot gets over a lot of problems before catching a murder.Excitement, suspense, horror, revenge, andextraordinary talent, astounding calmness of HerculesPoirot fill this book. "The murder of Roger Ackroyd" hasmade a great impression on me. And nowadays it makesreally unforgettable impressive reading.

9. Homeiessness
Homelessness is a huge problem in the whole world.In poor countries, so called "third world countries" youcan meet homeless people on every corner. That's whygovernment of "third world counties" tries to solve thisproblem by building more homes and shelters.Ministry of Health encountered with many strangediseases caused by unsanitary conditions of living.Homeless people eat from dirty waste, drink from notclean creeks or even puddles. Huge wave of sicknessgrabbed streets of India, Nigeria, Nepal, Somali andmany, many other "third world countries"Unfortunately diseases and viruses is not onlyproblem caused by homelessness. Statistic shows thatlevel of crimes is much higher in those countries andcities where the major issue is homelessness. Sohomeless people don't have places to work, governmentpays not enough money for living. Charities anddonations also to not enough to live a good life, that'swhy homeless people go the wrong way to get somemoney for living. People steel money from those who'sricher than they are. Sometimes robberies end up withserious injuries or even homicide. Crime is anotherproblem caused by homelessness and homeless people.Government has all power to help homeless peopleand solve the problem with homelessness. Governmentdoesn't have to make more charities for homeless people,but it should make more activities, which involveshomeless people themselves. Build more houses andshelters or even temporary places of living, it'll help tosolve the issue with living place. It is for sure that civilvolunteers will help with money and many otheractivities.I don't know. But problem of homelessness must besolved! People must not loose their conscience and helptheir brothers and sisters on the streets.

6. Things I dislike in my school

I like my school very much because I have spent thebest years of my short life there. But in spite of it Idislike the whole system of education. What concerns my school the pupils are notfree in their choice of the subjects.

10. Computers and Health

Within the past two years, substantial media attentionhas been directed at potential adverse health effects of longterm computer use. People that spend most of thetime working at computers should pay attention at thefollowing factors:Light and glare- Eyestrain, headaches, and

impairedvision are often a product of improper illuminationresulting in glare, which is light within the field of visionthat is brighter than other objects to which the eyes areadapted. A NIOSH study recommends 200-500 lux for generaloffice work; other sources suggest 500-700 lux for lightcharacters on dark monitors and somewhat more for dark-on-light. If documents are not sufficiently illuminated, desklights are recommended in preference to ceiling lights,which increase reflections from video screensBreaks and exercises- Working in the same positionfor too long causes tension buildup and is thought toincrease the risk of repetitive motion injuries, such ascarpal tunnel syndrome. Remedies include changingpostures frequently, performing other work interspersedwith computing (some studies recommend a 10-15minute break from the keyboard every hour), and doingexercises such as tightening and releasing fists androtating arms and hands to increase circulation.In summary we may say that we hear a lot abouthazards associated with working with computers, andlearn from experience that long hours at the keyboardcan bring on eyestrain and various aches and pains.Fortunately, there are measures that really do work:Use the minimum force necessary to press the keys.Vary your tasks during the day to avoid sitting in oneposition for several hours or performing the same handmotions without interruption. Take periodic breaks.Keep your wrists in a natural, unforced, straightposition

12.Role of woman in society

The ongoing changes in social, political andeconomic spheres of the country entails not only theraise of women's role in society, in addition they areaccompanied by breaking of stereotypes to treat humanbeings by sex that had been shaping through decades.Free economic relations and democratization of allspheres of life create the basis for eventual equal socialrights for any human being regardless of six-foot both of men and women.'From a legal point of view, a man and a woman inour country are equal. However, in practice, there are noreal mechanisms of women's rights fulfillment as well asfor their active participation in social life.Housework, chores and raising children are generallyconsidered to belong to a woman's domain. Despite thefact that birthrates in the country have been falling,children are obstacles in the labor market. It isunderstandable that women decide to defer havingchildren later or do not have children at all. Along withthat, there is a lack of knowledge about moderncontraception and a correspondingly large number of abortions. However, the number of women taking part inthe country's political, economic and civic life shows thatwomen are restricted in the spheres of politics andgovernment. Women's salaries are on average lowerthan men's, and women are likewise far more likely tofall victim to violence and unemploymentSo, the main goals are protection of women's rightsand elimination of discrimination in society; wideningwomen's participation in policy decision-making processes on the local, regional and national levels;support for cooperation between women's organizationson the national and international arenas; widening accessto international resources and experience of women'sorganizations on an international level.

11.A Child
A child is the charming creature. He is the sense of our life. We cannot imagine our being without him andtherefore we guard him by day and by night. But whoknows what vices can be grown up in this innocent soul.It's possible him to be a great misfortune or even adisaster. There a lot of such experienceNo, I'm not talking about the children becomingcriminals but about the "normal" children making life withthem completely intolerable. They bother, disturb, shout,cry, run around you don't giving even a minute for rest. Their curiosity and plays could cause the terribleconsequences. The electricity often attracts children. They like toshove fingers into the socket, to cut the wires, to shakethe lustres, to twist the electrical lamps, etc. "Daddy,Show me how computer works", - said the son shoving byscrewdriver into the system block. "What have you done?It costs a small fortune", - cried poor daddy looking at theblack clouds of smoke rising above the system block. "Heis just a child", -explains mother her son's behavior.Everything starting by deodorants and finishing bythe video's remote control presents a danger in children'shands. It seems for them that everything what they see isthe toys and of course want to play.But the "toys" sometimes could be by no meansharmless. For example, mentioned above deodorant canexplode in the fire or just in the strong sun and cause thesevere injures. By paper, by simple paper a child can cuthis soft flesh and cause the hemorrhage. Because of thatwe have to protect them from theirs own curiosity.Prevent a misfortune! That should be our device.After all a Woman and a Child are only for which isworthy to live

13. It is science that does us good ordoes it bring disaster?

To answer the question whether science does usgood or does it bring disaster isn't a simple task. Weshould take into consideration many facts. On the onehand a lot of outstanding discoveries made the life of thepeople more comfortable and pleasant. Without scientificdiscoveries and inventions no progress would be possible. Thanks to discovery of electricity we can listen to theradio, watch TV, see films, people learned how to producesteel and metal alloys -now we use railways andairplanes.Development of chemistry led to new synthetic fibersand people got more clothing and food. People learned touse scientific achievements in curing incurable earlierdiseases.But on the other hand such outstanding discoveriesof the 20th century as atom fission led to creation of theweapons of mass destruction. We should say that sciencehas a potential for both good and evil.Alfred Nobel invented a new explosive (dynamite) toimprove the peacetime industries of road building, butsaw it used as a weapon of war to kill and injure his fellowmen.His greatest wish, however, was to see an end towars, and thus between nations, and he spent much timeand money working for this cause, until his death in1896. His famous will in which he left money to provideprizes for outstanding discoveries in Physics, Chemistry,Physiology, Medicine, Literature and Peace, is a memorialto his interests and ideals.Medical men use laser to

cure and investigatediseases and the same time laser can be used fordestruction.Achievements of biology and chemistry are also usedto cause damage to people.All this shows that science can take good forms andevil forms. What form does it take depends on the waypeople work with science. It is impossible to stopprogress, to stop people to investigate and explore theworld. But people should care it wouldn't be led in wrongdirection.

14. Global Warming

"Global warming" has been introduced by thescientific community and the media as the term thatencompasses all potential changes in climate that resultfrom higher average global temperatures. Hundreds of scientists from many different countries are working tounderstand global warming and have come to aconsensus on several important aspects. In general,Global warming will produce far more profound climaticchanges than simply a rise in global temperature.An analysis of temperature records shows that theEarth nas warmed an average of 0.5C over the past 100years.For the past 150 years, though, the atmosphericconcentrations of these gases, particularly carbondioxide, nave been rising. As a result, more heat is beingtrapped than previously, which in turn is causing theglobal temperature to rise. Climate scientists have linkedthe ncreased levels of heat-trapping gases in theatmosphere to luman activities, in particular the burningof fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas for heating andelectricity; gasoline for transportation), deforestation,cattle ranching, and rice "'arming.As the Earth's climate is the result of extremelycomplex nteractions, scientists still cannot predict theexact impact on the earth's climate of these rising levelsof heat-trapping gases over the next century. Thecurrent best estimate is that f carbon dioxideconcentrations double over preindustrial levels,according to the scientific possible scenarios, anatmospheric doubling of carbon dioxide could occur asearly as 2050.

educationalchannels. In the conclusion we may say, TV mostdefinitely plays a very important part in people's life, butis this a good thing or a bad one? Don't we go out lessoften, and then we used to? Don't we read less?What are the functions of advertisements? The firstone to mention is to inform. The second function is to sell. The products areshown from the best point of view and the potentialbuyer, on having entered the store, unconsciouslychooses the advertised products. One buys this washingpowder or this chewing gum, because the colorful TVcommercials convince him of the best qualities of theproduct. Thus despite our dissatisfaction when beingbombarded by all the advertisers' information we mustadmit that they do perform a useful service to society,and advertisements the same as TV are an essential partof our everyday life.

16. Books
Except for a living man there is nothing morewonderful than books. They teach us and open theirhearts for us. We learn many things by reading books. They make the world much larger for us. They tell us howgreat and wonderful man is. Books expand theboundaries of the familiar world for us.Some books arouse our interest, delight, feelings of curiosity and admiration, some make us think which isvery important and demand great erudition on the partof the readers, some entertain, amuse us giving pleasureand delight. We can hardly read some books and storiesfor laughing and some dramas and romances for tears.Books arouse different emotions in us; theypenetrate deep into our souls and hearts. We love andsuffer, feel sympathy or indignation, cry or laugh,struggle and reach success together with the charactersof the books. Books have a great impact on ourcharacters. We are influenced by good examples, theyadd to molding of our characters and forming our moralvalues. Books give food for our mind and warmth for oursoul. We should love books as they are the sources of knowledge and can make us strong, intelligent, and welleducated. There are different kinds of books, which appeal todifferent kinds of readers. They are science-fiction andfantasy stories, detective and spy stories, tales and fairytales, books about animals and nature, adventure booksand Dooks about travels, humorous stories, historicaldramas, Diographies and autobiographies, essays. It's sonice to read ooems which gradually are unfolding andrevealing their rich inner self, as one reads them againand over again.Readers can be divided into some groups. The mostpopular group is people who read fantastic stories.Another not so popular, but a very interesting group ispeople who prefer romantic and detective stories. Andthe last group is people who like to read non-fictionliterature. There are many other small groups, but thosethree is bigger than others.

15. Advantages and disadvantages of TVand

Advertisements We talk to various people from different countriesabout their attitudes about TV and advertisement. Does TV educate or stimulate? Or it is a drug or tranquilizerused to control the population. TV is a very expensivemedium and many countries don't have the technologyand the money to make their own television programs. The result is that most countries are dependent on TV of Britain and America. How do people usually answer thequestion: "What are you going to do tonight?" or "Whatare you going to do at the weekend?" In other words howdo people spend their free time? Some 20 or 30 years ago the usual answers used tobe "We are going to the theatre" or "We are going to theparty" or "We are having some friends round". Now youare very often hearing "We are going to stay at home andwatch the television". Modern TV offers viewers several programs ondifferent channels. In addition to regular newscasts yousee plays and films, operas and ballets and watch allkinds of contests, quizzes and sporting events. You canalso get a lot of useful information of the

17. Smoking
Smoking is a big social issue in many countriesnowadays widely discussed in newspapers, radio and TV-shows. The practice of smoking tabacco originated among Native Americans in eastern NorthAmerica, where tobacco is native. It was adopted by many Europeans following the colonization of the Americas.

According to the World Health Organization,it is most common in East Asia, where as many as two-thirds of all adult males smoke tobacco.Because of concern over the health effects of tobacco smoking, the practice has rapidly declinedin recent years in the United States, Canada and western Europe. However, statistics show that atleast a quarter of people even in these regions continue to smoke, and there is no indication smoking will go away completely. Tobacco may be smoked in several forms,themost common being the cigarette, the cigar, and the pipe. Cigarette smoking is the most common. Pipes and cigars are less common, and some stereotype these as exclusivelyfor men.The hookah or water pipe is used in the Middle East.Medical research has found that smoking is amajor contributing factor towards many human health problems, especially lung cancer, heart attack, and other disorders. Smoking is notsupported by many people in the world, for the most partby the nonsmokers.In addition, in many countries some jurisdictions impose restrictions on where smoking isallowed. Several European countries such as the Republic of Ireland, Norway, Sweden, Italy,Spain and Scotland have legislated against smokingin public places, often including bars and restaurants.Still, many people continue smoking. People start smoking for different reasons. Some say they smoke inorder to relax, rest and distract from their daily stress. Ithink that most of the minors smoke in order to be like everybody else, to be cool and become a grown up.I am very tolerant towards smokers as long as theydon't smoke in my presence and it's of no harm to me. Of course it's very harmful for them, but it's their own lifeand their own choice.

prepared to admit it - could learn a thing or two from their children.One of the biggest lessons they could learn is tha tenjoyment is not "sinful". Enjoyment is a principle onecould apply to all aspects of life. It is surely not wrong to enjoy your work and enjoy your leisure; to shedrestricting inhibitions. It is surely not wrong to life in the present rather than in the past or future.

19. Childhood is certainly not thehappiest time of your life

It's about time somebody exploded that hoary oldmight about childhood being the happiest period of yourlife. Childhood might certainly be fairly happy, but itsgreatest moments can't compare with the sheer joy of being an adult. Who ever asked a six- year old for anopinion? Children don't have opinions, or if they donobody notice. Adults choose the clothes their childrenwill wear, the books they will read and the friends theywill play with. Mother and father are kindly but absolutedictators.For all the nostalgic remarks you hear, which adultwould honestly change places with a child? Think of theyears at school: the years living in constant fear of examinations and school report. Every movement youmake, every thought you think is observed by somecritical adult who may drawunflattering conclusions about your character. Think of the curfews, the martial law, the times you had to goearly to bed, do as you were told, and eat disgustingstuff that was supposed to be good for you. Rememberhow "gentle" pressure was applied with remarks like "if you don't do as I say, I will..." and a dire warning wouldfollow.What a relief it is to grow up. Suddenly you regainyour balance; the worlds open up before you. You arefree to choose; you have your own place to live in andyour own money to spend. You do not have to seekconstant approval for everything you do. You are nolonger teased, punished or ridiculed by heartless adultsbecause you failed to come to some theoretical kind of standard. And if on occasion you are teased, you know how todeal with it. You can simply tell other adults to go to hell:you are on yourself.

18. The younger generation knows best

Old people are always saying that the young are notwhat they were. The same comment is made fromgeneration to generation and it is always true. It hasnever been truer that it is today. The young are bettereducated. They have more money to spend and enjoytheir freedom. They grow up more quickly. The old always assume that they know best from thesimple reason that they have been around a bit longer. They don't like to feel that their values are being questioned or threatened. And this is precisely that theyoung are doing. They take leave to doubt that the older generation has created the best of all possible worlds. What they reject more than anything is conformit. Office hours, for instance, are nothing more than enforced slavery. Would not people work better if theywere given complete freedom and responsibility? And what about clothing? Who said that all the men in theworld should wear dull grey suits and short haircuts? If we turn our minds to more serious matters, why have theolder generation so often used violence to solve their problems? Why are they so unhappy and guilt-ridden intheir personal lives, so obsessed with mean ambitious and the desire to amass more and more material possessions? Can anything be right with the ratrace? Haven't the old lost touches with all that it is important inlife? These are not questions the older generation can shrug off lightly. Their record over the past forty years orso hasn't been exactly spotless. Traditionally the young have turned to their elders for guidance. Today the situation might be reversed. The old- if they are

20. TV in my life
TV is very important thing in our life. We can say that TV is our eyes because TV helps us to know more aboutthe world, about the others counties, about the eventsthat happened in the world. TV even helps you to knowmore about yourself. I like to watch TV very much. I cando that all day, that's why sometimes my mother makesme turn off TV. We have a lot of TV channels, they are:NTV, MTV, ORT, TVR1, TVM, PROTV and others. I alsohave few KOSMOS TV's channels, for example: Cartoonnetwork, Discovery channel, TVE, and BBC. I like some of them and hate others. So here are some words about thechannels that I like. So, my favorite channel is MTV. MTVis a music channel. 24 hours a day of music, can youbelieve it? I like to listen music very much, andsometimes I even make myself the music, that is why Ienjoy watching MTV. I also like NTV. I also like severalforeigner channels, especially Euro sport. And you knowwhy! Cartoon network is not bad, but I think that it'sbetter for children - not for me.I think that all teenagers of my age like to watch MTVor other

entertainment channels. But I have to say that Ilike also the channels that show news, I watch also inorder to get informed with all that is happening in mycountry but also abroad. I think that adults usually like towatch more informational channels rather than channelswith cartoons or music...Usually adults like Euro news or BBC channels, whichis one of the best information's channels in the wholeworld. The Bush house is a headquarters of the BBCWorld Service. Form this building the BBC broadcastsradio programmers to the whole world. All news in theBBC are checked at least twice before it is broadcasting. That's why the World Service is not always popular withgovernments.Cause of our different tastes, sometimes my familyhas a problem with choosing channels. Somebody thinksthat TV is bad, but I don't think so. I believe that in thefuture TV will be better and everyone will like it.

21. Medicines and health.

You have a sound mind in a solid body, as an OldLatin saying goes. The English proverb "Sickness in thebody brings sickness to the mind, expresses the similaridea, but from the different point of view.Physical exercises are good pastime. That is true thatgood health is better than the best medicine. If you doearly exercises you feel refreshed you have a goodposture and that makes you felled so pay attentions tothe way you stand waken sit. Here some rules for goodhealth. 1. Take long walks in the open air as often as youcan. 2.Keep your body clean. 3.Keep your teeth clean. 4.Wear clean clothes. 5.Sleep with your window open. There is nothing more unpleasant than being takingill. If you are running a temperature, have a splittingheadache feel dizzy or cough you go and see a doctor orsend for him at once. Certainly, he or she will prescribesome medicine which you can get made up at chemists[drug-store] At chemist's shop you can get differentkinds of medicines: pulls, tablets, ointments and manyother things. I remember one of my most seriousillnesses. It was four years ago. Illness started unexpectedly. Early in the morning I wokeup and felt dizzy and feverish. I had a splitting headacheand terrible cough. My nose was running. I was sneezingall the time. I could hardly recognize my own voice.Besides I was running a high temperature. The doctorasked me to strip to the waist, then sounded my lungs,felt my pulse, examined the throat. I had phenomenaand I was to be taken to the hospital. I had to stay for amonth there and obliged to get a lot of penicillininjections. In the long run I recovered of course. But mostof all I'm afraid of visiting a dentist. Toothache can't becompared with anything else. Extracting a tooth orhaving a tooth field is quite common things but nowpainful.

safe drinking water. It lookslike the end of civilization on the Earth. For hundreds of thousands of years the human race has thriven in Earth'senvironment. But now, at the end of the 20th century,we are at a crucial turning point. We have upset nature'ssensitive equilibrium releasing harmful substances intothe air, polluting rivers and oceans with industrial wasteand tearing up the countryside to accommodate ourrubbish. These are the consequences of the development of civilization. United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) concentrates its activities on theseissues. Acid Measures are to be taken. We have only afew years to attempt to turn things around. We mustreview our wasteful, careless ways, we must consumeless, recycle more, conserve wildlife and nature, act according to the dictum think locally, think globally, actlocally. To my mind, we are obliged to remove factories andplants from cities, use modern technologies, redesignand modify purifying systems for cleaning and trappingharmful substances, protect and increase the greeneryand broaden ecological education. These are the main practical measures, which must he taken in order to improve theecological situation. Some progress has been already made in this direction. 159 countries-members of the UNO have set up environmental protection agencies. They hold conferences discussing ecological problems,set up environmental research centers and take practicalurgent measures to avoid ecological catastrophe. There are numerous public organizations such as Greenpeace that are doing much to preserve environment. The 5th of June is proclaimed the World Environmental Day by the UNO and is celebrated every year.

23. Traveling.
Modern life is impossible without traveling.Millions of people all over the world spend theirholidays traveling. Such people are very fond of travelingand have the sense of adventure. They travel to seeother continents and countries, modern cities and theruins of ancient towns. They travel to enjoy picturesqueplaces or just for a change of scene. It's alwaysinteresting to discover new things, different ways of life,to meet different people, to try to different food, to listento different musical rhythms.People travel by boat, by train, by plane or on foot.All means of travel have their advantages anddisadvantages. And people choose one according to theirplans and destinations. If we are fond of traveling we seeand learn a lot of things that we can never see at home,though we may read about them in books andnewspapers, or on TV. Traveling by air is more popular inour days than other ways of traveling. You can see manycontinents and oceans, countries and rivers, cities andlakes.I enjoy staying at a hotel. It is more comfortable tostay there. You can enjoy being alone, to take a hotshower, to sleep in warm bed and many otheradvantages. Some people enjoy camping in tents. Of course, the weather must be good for that. There isnothing worse than camping in rain. If you want to travel,first, you must look through some advertisement. Somepeople like to go on one place and spend their holidays there. The place may be aninteresting city, a picturesque village or some other attractive place. Others believe in seeing as much aspossible in the time they have.I think that our education becomes richer when you travel, meet new people, because you can

22. Nature protection

Computers project that between now and the year of 2030 we are going to have increase of the averagetemperature between 1,54,5 Degrees C. Sea levelswould rise by several meters, flooding coastal areas andruining vast tracts of farmland. Water contaminationcould lead to shortages of

see new things which you never seen in your life before andbesides by traveling and sightseeing we can get to knowthe world around us.

24. My favorite holiday

Every nation has its own customs and long-livedtraditions. There is a great number of exciting eventswhich are held in every country throughout the year.Such events of national importance unite people, makethem feel proud of their nation. Each family is like a littlecountry with its own traditions. So we celebrate allholidays in a very special way and it keeps our familytogether in spirit. Our most favorite holiday is Christmas.We celebrate it on the 25th of December. Preparation forChristmas are always pleasant: buying gifts, sendingChristmas cards and decorating Christmas tree withsmall, bright-colored lights and small colored glassornaments. The cookies and cakes are very special notonly because of the cream but also because of their formand color. For example, they look like Christmastrees,funny smiling faces, or teddy-bears. When the meal isready the real Christmas comes with the big familydinner, gifts, candles, sweets and illumination. In ourfamily this dinner is very important, all the membersshould be present. I believe that on this day if you makea wish staying next to the Christmas tree it willundoubtedly come true, just because it is Christmas.Usually we celebrate this holiday in a family circle butsometimes we invite our relatives and close friends tothe party. Next morning after Christmas we all arelooking for the sweets which the Santa puts into theChristmas stoking. I don't really believe in Santa but Ibelieve that Christmas is a very unusual holiday whenthe wonders happen and all dreams may come true. My family strongly believe in rules and traditions. All my lifeis filled with traditions which have been set by my grandgrandparents long ago. We have traditions in fashion, in food,in behavior and in all other aspects of life.

understands thatthe beauty of nature is extremely fragile and peoplemust obey the unwritten laws of nature. Governmentsmust be prepared to take action against pollution. Airpollution could be reduced if plants and factories weremade to fit effective filters on chimneys and carexhausts.

26.Hippie fashion
Today, the fashion world has once again discoveredthe wonderful styles from the '60s. We've come full circleand clothes are not the only part of hippie Dom toresurface for the new millennium. It's a symbol of the resurgence of hippie values in their culture.In the '60s, without warning, hippies turned fashionupside down and inside out. They brought a tsunami of new styles and colors into fashion like never before. Fromthe Haight-Ashbury to London to Katmandu, the hippiestook fashion on an eyepopping psychedelic journey.Many new fashions emanated from San Francisco andLondon to some extent. The fashion leaders were theicons of our day. Rock 'n roll stars like Jimmy Hendrix and The Beatles appeared in public and on record albums inall sorts of colorful costumes. The elements that wentinto the hippy wardrobe were only limited by theirpsychedelic imaginations. Bellbottoms ruled the day,from striped, to blue jeans to patchwork, to hip huggers,even leather pants were popular. Women wore saris fromIndia and sarongs from Bali and Java. Velvet, leather,batik, denim, Indian cotton and silk were all popularfabrics. Accessories included love beads, bandannas,leather vests, jackets with frills, and granny glasses. Jewelry, especially if made of silver from Mexico, India orMorocco was essential. The typical hippy vehicle was aVW bus or van or bug. Small campers and even schoolbuses were converted into living space for one to adozen people. These were often painted .Food is animportant part of every culture. Hippies developed theirown cuisine, a mishmash of Indian, American, MiddleEastern, Mexican, Italian and Asian with an emphasis onvegetarian. Hippies influenced not only clothes but awide range of ideas and attitudes thus changing societyin the process.

25.Ecological problems
The Earth is the only planet in the solar systemwhere there is life. If you look down at the Earth from aplane you will see how wonderful our planet is. You willsee blue seas and oceans, rivers and lakes, high snow-capped mountains, green forests and fields. But now thesituation changed..One of the most important pollution problems is theoceans. Many ships sail in the ocean water- fishing ships,some ships carrying people, some carrying oil. If a shiploses some of the oil in the water, or waste from theships in put into the ocean, the water becomes dirty.Many sea birds die because of the polluted water. Manyfish are dying in the sea, others are gettino contaminated. Fishermen catch contaminated fish whichmay be sold in markets, and people may get sick fromeating them.Another important problem is air pollution. Cars andfactories pollute the air we use. Their fume also destroysthe ozone layer which protects the Earth from thedangerous light of the Sun. The other problem is that ourforests are dying from acid rains. Deforestation, especially destruction of tropical forests, affects thebalance of nature in many ways. It kills animals, changesthe climate and ecosystem in the world.What can be done to protect nature? I believe thatenvironment disasters can be avoided if people broadenecological education and every person

27. The philosophy should meet thechallenge of the new millennium.

Everyone lives his own life relying on some ideas,thoughts and some beliefs. Some people call such ideas"philosophy" of life. Even if a person says that he doesn'tlive according to some rules or ideas, he defines himself as a follower of such "never-care" philosophy. Throughout the history people have got to knowfamous people, called philosophers, who "taught" peoplehow to live. The main thing for people became choosing which"philosophy" to follow. They missed one thing: the mainthing was to choose which philosophy was RIGHT. Today we see many different people who live indifferent places, in different cultures, be longing to different groups following different teachings. Each of such people believes that he follows the right philosophyand those who live differently are wrong. Very few of them try to understand others' philosophy of life. Most of them try to criticize others' ideas, claiming that onlytheirs are true. The philosophy should meet the

challenge of the new millennium... The new millennium is not so much different from theold one. People are still quarrelling, killing, lying anddying. People are still in need of the most essential thingto rely on: they are in need of LOVE, the only thing thatwill save the world. The philosophy must teach people tolove each other. Not that love that Sigmund Freud told usabout, I'm talking about REAL LOVE, when people don'teven think about quarrelling, deceiving, killing andenvying just because they love each other. People todayare not aware of that enormous lack of love in theirhearts - they are too busy living their life full of hatredand rudeness. The philosophy should meet the challengeof the new millennium... There should be at least one person to start livingaccording to "new" philosophy, one day he will be noticedand taken for example. Who is that person?

28. Identity. I am who I am.

Personal identity-it deals with questions about ourselves qua people (or persons). The most commonquestion is what it takes for us to persist from one timeto another. What is necessary, and what is sufficient, forsome past or future being to be you? But there are otherquestions of equal interest and importance. Many arefamiliar thoughts that occur to everyone at some time:What am I? When did I begin? What will happen to mewhen I die? Philosophical discussions of personal identitygo right back to the origin of the discipline, and most major figures have had something to say about it. There is no one problem of personal identity, but arange of loosely related problems. Discussions that go bythe name of personal identity are most often aboutquestions like these: Who am I? - We often speak of one's"personal identity" as what makes one the person one is. Your identity in this sense consists roughly of thoseattributes that make you unique as an individual anddifferent from others. Or it is the way you see or defineyourself. Your individual psychological identity is aproperty that you might have for a while and then lose. You could acquire a new identity, or perhaps carry onwithout one.Person hood- What is it to be a person? What isnecessary, and what is sufficient, for something to countas a person, as opposed to a non-person? What would ittake for a chimpanzee or a Martian or an electroniccomputer to be a person, if they could ever be? What matters- What is the practical importance of facts about our identity and persistence? Imagine thatsurgeons are going to put your brain into my head, andthat neither of us has any choice about this. Will theresulting person (who will think he is you) be responsiblefor my actions, or for yours? Or both? Or neither? That completes our survey. Though these questionsare related, they are different, and it is important not torun them together. What they have in common thatmakes them all questions about personal identity isdifficult to say.

or "his taste isbad". This means that all of us have some kind of a taste,which is determined by the way we were brought up, bythe time when we were growing. It also depends on theculture we are living in, on our age and on the people weare surrounded by. Moreover, it depends on the socialclass we belong to and even on our profession.People are so different and what we suppose is goodfor us, what seems beautiful and tasteful to us, may be just the contrary for other people. Therefore it is said"Tastes differ". Tastes differ even within one country. Each of usperhaps remembers quarreling with one of our friendsover what tastes better: fried potatoes or macaroni withmeat, chocolate or ice-cream, porridge or omelet Tastes differ even among people belonging todifferent sex. Recently American medical journalPsychology and Behaviour published the results of a very interesting research. They used the Web to survey 277 male and female participants in order to find out whatkind of food they prefer. They found that women aremore prone to eat comfort foods high in fat and sugar,such as cakes and icecream. Men, on the other hand,are more likely to turn to soups, pasta and steaks.It is obvious that every country and nation has itsown taste and way of thinking but to my opinion thatmakes each nation special and interesting in themeantime!

30. Learning foreign languages

It is necessary to learn foreign languages. That's whypupils have got such subject as a foreign language atschool. Everybody knows his own language, but it isuseful to know foreign languages somebody said:"English is a language that came from nowhere toconquer the world..." These words are really true! Themost important contribution was made by WilliamShakespeare. Shakespeare's influence on everydayEnglish speech is great, people all over the world quoteShakespeare. The English language arrived in Britain onthe point of a sword. That is why there are so many loansin English language. Now I would like to tell you aboutStandard English and Regional accents. Received Hi pronunciation is the form of British English pronunciationused by many educated people in every part of Britain. Itis thought of a standard form and is often used by theBBC. It is also used in teaching English in many parts of the world. Accent is the sound of a person'spronunciation of the language. It shows where a personcomes from and what class he or she belongs to.Cockney is the way of speaking English and it is knownas the London dialect. Rhyming slang is a way of speaking, ordinarily popular among cockneys in which arhyming phrase, or a part of it, is substituted for astandard word. There is a standard form of the languageand some dialects in our country too. To my mind, everycountry needs a standard form of the language becauseof the contact between people of this country. But thereare a lot of loanwords in every language nowadays.Every day for example in advertisements we can hearand see new, incomprehensible, bad words, and theybecome widespread among the population. In conclusionI would like to say that now there are more than 60countries that speak English as the dominant or officiallanguage. My purpose is to show you why the English is aworld language. The present day world status of Englishis the result of two factors: the expansion of

29. Tastes differ

The word "taste" has several meanings. One of themis a physical sense of perception, as, for example, in "Ittastes so sweet, try it!" Taste may also be defined as aesthetic feelingtowards something or understanding, for example "shedeveloped a taste for music" - which means that shebecame fond of music.We often hear people say "this thing is tasteful ortasteless" or "this person has good taste"

Britishcolonial power, which peaked towards the end of the19th century, and the emergence of the US as theleading economic power of the 20th century. English isthe chief language of international business andacademic conferences, and the leading language of international tourism. English is the main language of popular music, advertising, home computers and videogames. Most of the scientific, technological and academicinformation in the world is expressed in English.

31. Problems of unemployment

I think that the problem of youth employment is veryactual and must be solved as quickly as possible. They allgo to institutes or universities and even academies, inorder to get a degree and serve to the society. The mostserious problem is that of finding working places for sucha great number of specialists. Every year thousands of students graduate the high schools but uncertain of theirfuture, as very few of theme do find a good paid job withgood conditions .When students enter the high schoolsthey all want for sure to become good specialist and allwant to work and give the best from theme in order tohelp the society to become richer, better and that peoplebe grateful to theme. But after graduating and finding a job is very hard most of theme are very disappointed andprefer to go abroad and work instead staying here. TheFederal Government should do something about thisproblem. Creating those places for young people is theburning question now. There must be a lot of new plants,factories, hospitals and other enterprises to give jobs toall the graduates. But there is one more problem whenpeople who leave one or institutions are not satisfiedwith the working conditions and work as other specialists.As a result they have only their diplomas but they do notwork according to their professions. And it is also verybad. But these students are glad to find a job and workeven if it has nothing to do with the specialty they learnfive years for in our country young people are still a littlesuppressed, they have complexes but abroad the life isquite different. Young people begin to work very earlyfrom the point of view of age, get more and moreexperience out of their work and have more possibilitiesto realize themselves.I think that our state has to give more attention toeducational system and the employment system if wewant to achieve better results and get to be seen atinternational level. All this can be achieved only withgood specialists and professionals

toexplore your choice of occupations from every angle,collect as much information as you can. But above all youmust evaluate yourself. Find out where your interestsand talents lie. First start with you, make a list of yourinterests, talents and abilities. Most people have a lot of these, but at the beginning they are undeveloped andmay not seem outstanding. By concentrating on a few, or Hi on one you may surprise yourself at how good you canget.Unemployment especially hits poor and workingclass families the hardest, not because this people aremore likely to be unemployed, but because they don'thave financial resource to fall back on. Unemployment exists primarily for two reasons: first - the existence of millions of unemployed people tends to present most of those working from asking for higher wages since theycan be replaced easily, second -in their search for profits,corporations are interested in finding the cheapest labor. The problem of unemployment is also connected with theeconomic crisis in our country. And I think when thiscrisis comes to an end the problem of unemployment willnot be so urgent. But on the other hand if you studied alot during school and high school years then you will finda good, well paid job for sure as society need and willneed always good specialists in every sphere of activity.

33. The importance of English language.

English is a West Germanic language originating in England, and the first language formost people in Australia, Canada, the Commonwealth Caribbean, Ireland, New Zealand, the United Kingdom and the United States of America (also commonly known as the Anglosphere. Modern English is sometimes describedas the global lingua franca. English is the dominant international language in communications, science, business,aviation, entertainment, radio and diplomacy. English is one of six official languages of the Nations.Over 309 million people speak English as their firstlanguage, as of 2005. English today is probably thethird largest language by number of native speakers,after Mandarin Chinese and Spanish. The countrieswith the highest populations of native English speakersare, in descending order: United States , United Kingdom,Canada, Australia , Ireland, South Africa ,and NewZealand Countries such as Jamaica and Nigeria alsohave millions of native speakers of dialect continuums ranging from an English-basedcreole to a more standard version of English. Of thosenations where English is spoken as a second language,India has the most such speaker's .Following India is the People's Republic of China. Because English is sowidely spoken, it has often been referred to as a "global language", the lingua franca of themodern era. While English is not an official language inmost countries, it is currently the language most oftentaught as a second" language around the world.Among non-English speaking countries, a largepercentage of the population claimed to be able toconverse in English in the Netherlands , Sweden ,Denmark Luxembourg, Finland , Slovenia ,Austria , Belgium, and Germany Norway and Iceland also have a large majority of competentEnglishspeakers. Books, magazines, and newspaperswritten in English are available in many countries aroundthe world.

32. World of jobs

It is certain the fact that every person since childdream to continue the studies and enter a goodUniversity, to graduate it and apply the knowledgeaccumulated. We spend great part of our lives at our jobs, so choosing a right career is one of the mostimportant decisions you will make in your life. Manystudents finish high school and begin college without aclear idea of what they want to do in future. Part of theproblem is the size of the job market itself. With so manykinds of jobs (2000) how can you tell which will interestyou? Some of occupations are already overcrowded. Inold industries there may be little need for new workers,while new and growing industries will offer jobs now andin the future. Therefore, it is extremely important

34. Highway to happiness

Most of us want to be happy. But what is happiness?Is it something that you feel at a fleeting moment or doesit has to last a certain amount of time before it canofficially be called "happiness"? While the thought of blazing through the sky after jumping out of a plane mayspell utter bliss for some, others may shiver at the meremention of it. What one person defines as something thatkeeps them smiling may be just the thing that makesanother person miserable.Experts say that happiness is an emotion, and justlike any emotion, it comes and goes. Also like anyemotion, some people simply seem to experience it morethan others. It is even believed by some that everyonehas a "happiness baseline." If this is true, then no matterwhat happens in our life, we will always return to ouroriginal level of happiness after a certain amount of time.Of course, there are many other things that cancontribute to our happiness other than those listedabove. Although this may come as a surprise to many,money does not account for much when it comes tohappiness. Once people accumulate wealth, they are notany more satisfied with their life than those who can onlyafford to meet their most basic needs.In the search for happiness, we often look to othersto make us happy. Then when we find ourselves anythingless than pleased, we play the blame game and holdthem responsible for the cause of our feelings. However,only we can be held accountable for our own happinessbecause only we have the power to change the situationwe are in When it comes to achieving happiness, it's importantnot to forget the small stuff. By concentrating too muchon being happy, you may be missing out on the "littlethings" that are right in front of you every day that cancause enjoyment. Simply appreciating the little things inlife and learning to love, forgive, laugh, and live can leadto lifelong satisfaction. Now that we're armed with themap to happiness, we may be wondering where to start.As with anything, happiness does not magically appearovernight.

turn onthe television and wonder what celebrities like ParisHilton, and Nicole Ritchie do for a living. And the answeris nothing. They don't have to work because they werelucky enough to be born with money. The thought of the"easy life" ties hand in hand with the power of a dollarand people in a modern society fight for that life.So it is very difficult to live out the firstcommandment in a modern society. Money is toopowerful of a tool for it not to diminish the morals andvalues of many Americans. It is held too high in society.In a modern society, money is the equivalent to the airwe breathe. Everything depends on money. It's the onething the majority of society will agree they couldn't livewithout. Money is the god that many place above God.

36. Man and Woman in the society

The relationship between man and woman in thesociety has always been subject to a longstandingcontroversy, particularly in the society. It is the majorityof the ordinary people that hold wrong ideas about therole of both man and woman in the society and thoseideas are the cause of the imbalanced relationshipbetween man and woman in the society.Women constitute half of the society and in somesocieties the proportion exceeds that percentage, as isthe case in our Yemeni society. Nevertheless, it is foundeven among the intellectuals that some of them do notrecognize her importance other than a housewife raisingchildren and taking care of them and the entirehousehold. The family as the most important componentof the society, and the most significant establishment init, the major role in running it is upon the shoulders of thewoman. And the man is incapable to have the samepatience and endurance the woman entertains in runningthe affairs of the family. In addition to that sacred rolethe woman also plays a recognized role outside thefamily sphere as she proved to be successful teachers,doctors, engineers and in other areas of socialdevelopment activities. She is the mother of the societyand does more than one role; her job as a housewife andher role in the development of the society whereasman's role is mainly outside the family sphere.Moreover ever the successes scored by man areimprints of women who help in their ideas andencourage them in the accomplishment of thosesuccesses. And thus in many cases she is behind hissuccess. Her great responsibility in providing stable andhappy life inside the family is in itself an effective factorin man's success. She is an indispensable energypossessing an indispensable role.Our glorious history has abundance of examples of great women successful in various aspects of life; inpolitics, religion, education and fighting beside theirbrother's men. The intelligentsia and sociologists have to do theirhardest job in enlightening the society about the mutualrole played by both men and women in building an advanced society where both men and women are equalin importance and roles played in life.

35. Importance of money in modernsociety.

ONE: 'You shall have no other gods before Me.' Thisis the first commandment of God's 10 Commandments.In my opinion this would be the hardest commandmentto follow in a modern society that is so enamored withmoney. The power of a dollar is a leading concept in amodern society. Many organizations and businesses inmodern society revolve around money. It's almost to thepoint where money can be seen as its own entity whichwould place itself above God in many cases. Money issomething that everyone, atheists and religious leadersincluded, are able to see eye to eye on. The importanceof money in today's society is rather large. Money findsitself everyone across society. I've personally seen manyrelationships go sour over disputes involving money.Cash has the ability the transform even the best peopleinto greedy savages. Modernity is a society that lustsmoney. Money determines many things in society. Peoplegot through many years of schooling with the hope thatthey will graduate making six figures. Money determinesones social position in society. The more money you havethe easier life is for you. Those born in money seem tohave to work less than those bom without it. We

37. The impact of migration on thesociety

Immigration is a highly sensitive political issue in allthe Member States of the European Union. Politicians andsociety in general need to accept the fact that themajority of EU Member States have become

immigrationdestinations. Large-scale migration will continue to haveprofound economic, political, social and culturalconsequences within the EU. Migration has a profoundimpact on people's everyday life, but also stronglyinfluences the economical and political arena more thanever before in the modern era. Immigration will not onlycontinue, but will also increase inside the Union.Multidimensional consequences in the social economic,political and cultural area of receiving societies maximizethe demand for effective and comprehensive policies onimmigration and integration of migrants. The progressiveestablishment of a common EU framework for theintegration of migrants has therefore become a toppriority. At official level, the successful integration of legally residing third-country nationals, and theirdescendants, is seen as a paramount goal for the benefitof EU social cohesion and economic welfare, as well asthe Lisbon Strategy. At present, the nature of integrationprograms and the type of integration measures thatshould be provided are heavily being debated. Anotherkey issue is whether such measures should be mandatoryor not, and if non-compliance might lead to legal andfinancial consequences, including a possible impact onthe migrant's residential status. Migration is a sensitivesubject among populations in general. Politicians shouldbe very clear in explaining their ideas to the wider publicand the beneficial effects that immigration brings to oursocieties. Migration has always remained a delicate topic.Especially in periods of economic recession migrants arean easy scapegoat. They are often seen as 'those othersinvading our economies, looking for our jobs'. In the past,most migrants were unskilled workers who took up roughpoorly paid jobs which local workers refused to do. Butthis situation has been complicated further by theincreasing immigration of high-qualified people. Peoplemight see this as a threat to their own situation andsafety.

andanxious, and to have slower cognitive development.Violence at teenagers.Many people believe that violence towards childrenreaches its peak in the lives of teenagers. While this istrue for some of the more extreme forms of violence,other types of violence actually begin to recede duringthe teenage years. The risk of being a victim of sexual assault,aggravated assault, and robbery also increases as teensget older.In conclusion it can be said that most of the policyand data collection related to violence in children's livestends to focus on a single type of violence (such as childabuse or media violence), a particular social context(such as the family, school, or neighbourhood), or aparticular group (such as teens or inner-city children).But the main responsibility it lies of course onparents, the ones that are the most indicated to takecare and protect their children and assure all goodconditions in order to grow up good and elevatedcitizens.

40. Health care in Republic of Moldova

According to the latest researches estimates, aperson born in the Republic of Moldova in 2003 canexpect to live 67 years on average: 71 years if femaleand 63 years if male. Life expectancy in the country isabout 11 years lower than the Europa average of 79years. However, despite being the second poorestcounty in the European Region, the life expectancyestimate is 2-5 years higher than similar estimates for anumber of considerably richer regional countries.As the length of life increases, older people canrespond with lifestyle changes that can increase healthyyears of life. Correspondingly, health care systems needto shift towards more geriatric care, the prevention andmanagement of chronic diseases and more formal longterm care. Since people are living longer, measures toimprove health and prevent disease need to focus onpeople of working age.Health outcomes of Republic of Moldova areinfluenced by various factors that operate at individual,household and community levels. Obvious factors are,for example, diet, health behavior, access to clean water,sanitation and health services.Education tends to enhance an individual's jobopportunities. In so doing, it can improve income, whichin turn affects health positively. Education can also givemore access to knowledge about healthy behavior andincrease the tendency to seek treatment when needed. Alower level of education - independent of individualincome - is correlated with the inability to cope withstress, with depression and hostility and with adverseeffects on health. There is an income gradient affecting health: thepoor generally suffer worse health and die younger thanpeople with higher incomes. For instance, the latter arebetter able to afford the goods and services thatcontribute to health, for example, better food and livingconditions. People are considered to be inabsolute poverty if their incomesare not sufficient to purchasevery minimal goods and services. In these conditions the migrationincreases and a lot of people goabroad to earn money in order toassure the normal level of life.And it is the Government's taskto ensure good life and healthconditions to the citizens. As longas we will be confronted withthese problems, we will have tofight against poverty, diseasesand migration.

39. Violence is a part of every child

Violence is a part of every child's life. Violenceoriginates in many places-self, family, peers, thecommunity and the media-and violence affects childrenand youth at every age, even newborn. Children and youth are witnesses and victims, and some become perpetrators. All are affected, though not all are affected equally. Media ViolenceMost children are exposed to media violence at somelevel on a daily basis through television, video games, ormusicChildren in middle childhood watch more televisionand are therefore, presumably, more exposed totelevision violence than children who are younger orolder.47 Rates of reported physical abuse are about thesame for children in middle childhood as for youngerchildren.Domestic violenceMany children who live in household are oftenexposed to domestic violence. Compared with children inother households, children who have been exposed todomestic violence often suffer from insomnia and havetrouble with bed-wetting. They also are more likely toexperience difficulties in school and to score lower onassessments of verbal, motor, and cognitive skills. Also,they are more likely than other children to exhibitaggressive and antisocial behaviour, to be depressed