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CourseCode CourseTitle AssignmentNumber Assignment Marks Weightage LastDates forSubmission : MCS-013 DiscreteMathematics MCA(1)/013/Assign/201 2 100 25% 15th October,2012 (ForJuly 2012 Session) 15th April, 2013 (ForJanuary 2013 Session) Thereare eight questions in this assignment, which carries 80 marks. Rest 20 marks areforviva-voce. voce. Answerall thequestions. You may useillustrations and diagrams to enhancetheexplanations. Pleasego through theguidelines regarding assignments given in theProgramme ogramme Guidefortheformat of presentation. Question 1: Maketruth tableforfollowings: i) a.Maketruth ~p (q _ r) _ p _ ~q Marks (4 + 3 +4) : : : : :

_ q _ ~p _ r b.What What areconditional connectives? Explain useofconditional connectives with an example. ii) ~p ~r

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c.Writedown suitable mathematical statement that can berepresented bythe followingsymbolic properties. i) ( _x) ( _ y) ( _ z) P ans :

(there exist for only x statement)(for all of Y statement)(for all of Z statement) ii) (x) ( y) ( z) P [there exist for only(for X)](for all of Y statement)(for all of Z statement) Question 2: Marks (3 + 3+3)

a.What is proof? Explainmethod of direct proofwith thehelp of one example. In mathematics,a proofis a demonstration that if some fundamental statements (axioms) are assumed to be true, then some mathematical statementis necessarily true.[1][2] Proofs are obtained fromdeductive reasoning, rather than from inductiveorempiricalarguments; a proof must demonstrate that a statement is always true (occasionally by listingallpossible cases and showing that it holds in each), rather than enumerate many confirmatory cases. An unproven proposition that is believed to be true is known as a conjecture.Proofs employ logicbut usually include some amount of natural language which usually admits some ambiguity. In fact, the vast majority of proofs in written mathematics can be considered as applications of rigorous informal logic. Purely formal proofs, written in symbolic language instead of natural language, are considered in proof theory. The distinction betweenformal and informal proofshas led to much examination of current and historical mathematical practice,quasi- empiricism in mathematics, and so-calledfolk mathematics (in both senses of that term). Thephilosophy of mathematicsis concerned with the role of language and logic in proofs, and mathematics as a language.

Direct proof
Main article: Direct proof In direct proof, the conclusion is established by logically combining the axioms, definitions, and earlier theorems.[11] For example, direct proof can be used to establish that the sum of two even integers is always even: Consider two even integersxandy. Since they are even, they can be written asx=2aandy=2brespectively for integersaandb. Then the sum. From this it is clearx+yhas 2 as a factor and therefore is even, so the sum of any two even integers is even. This proof uses definition of even integers, as well as distribution law.

b.Show whether 11is rational or irrational. Suppose sqrt(11) were rational. Then, sqrt(11) = p/q for some integers p and q.

(Assume the fraction p/q has been reduced to lowest terms.)

Now, 11 = p^2/q^2. And so 11*q^2 = p^2. This means that p^2 is divisible by 11. Hence, p is also divisible by 11. And so p^2 is divisible by 11*11 = 121.

Since 11*q^2 = p^2, we get that q^2 = p^2/11. Since p^2 is divisible by 121, we can divide q^2 by 11 without remainder. That is, q^2 is divisible by 11. And so, q is divisible by 11.

In summary, we have learned that both p and q are divisible by 11. This is a contradiction, because p/q was assumed to be in lowest terms. Hence, sqrt(11) is irrational. c. Provethat A -(A - B) : A B (because A-B=A-(A =A-[ A-(A =A-A+(A =(A B) Question 3: B)] B) Marks (4 + 4+ 4) B))

a. Set X has 10 members, how manymembers do P(X) has ? Howmanymembers ofP(X)areproper subset of X? the number of members of ~P is 2^10 or 1024. This is the number of members in the set of subsets. That number could be 1023 or 1022 depending on whether you count the empty set. X is not a proper subset of itself A proper subset of X is just (by definition) a subset of X

which is not equal to X So the answer is 1023. The empty set is a subset of every set, and nd it is a proper subset of every set except of itself. If P(X) is the power set of X, and Q(X) the set of all proper subsets, then |Q(X)|=|P(X) |Q(X)|=|P(X)-1|. 1|. one member, namely the empty set.

b. Establish the equivalence: (P _Q) _ (P _ Q) _ (~P +Q) _ (Q _ P) c. If p an q arestatements, show whetherthestatement [(~pq) _(q)] (p is a tautologyornot.

_ q)

Question 4: Makelogiccircuit forthe following Boolean expressions: a.Makelogiccircuit i.(x.y+z) (x.y+z) +(x+y+z) +(x+y.z) ii) (x'+y).(y+ z).(y.z+x)

Marks (4 + 3 +3)

b. What is dual of aBoolean expression? Find dual of boolean expression ofthe output of the followinglogiccircuit

c. Set A,Band C are: A ={1, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,6,9,19,15}, B ={ 1,2,5,22,33,99 } and C { 2, 5,11,19,15}. Find thefollowings i.A-(A-B) Ans: {1, 2, 3, 4, 5,6,9,19,15} 5,6,9,19,15}-({1, 2, 3, 4, 5,6,9,19,15}-{ { 1,2,5,22,33,99 }) ={1, 2, 3, 4, 5,6,9,19,15} 5,6,9,19,15}-(3, 4, 6,9,19,15) ={1, 2,5} ii. A B C

iii. A\B Question 5: a.Draw Draw aVenn diagram to represent followings: Marks (4+4 +2)

i.

(A

_B)

(CB)

(A_B)(B _ C)

b.Givegeometric Givegeometric representation forfollowing i.R x { 3}

c.Explain Explain the concept of counterexamplewith thehelp of an example.

Marks (5+4)

Question 6: a.What is inclusion-exclusion exclusion principle? Explain inclusion inclusion-exclusion principle with an example.

Find inverseof thefollowingfunctions i) x3 x _3 f(x) = __ _ 5 x __ 2 x _3 ii) f(x) = x3 ___ 7 x2 _ 4

Question 7:

Marks (3 + 3 + 3)

a. Find how many3 digit numbers areeven? How many3 digit numbers arecomposed ofodd digits.

______&_!' __$%_!' __$_ __!%_)____(__&"_#'&_________&__&__ #____%_______ _&_&___#"%_&_"!_"_______$%&_#______)____!_#'&__!*_____&_ ___!"&___ "&__$)_%___&_)____!"&_________&_!' __$__%"__*___)_*% __$__%"__*_ _&_&___#"%_&_"!_"_____%__"!__#______)____!_#'&__ ________*__ _ )_*%___ _&_&___#"%_&_"!_"_____&__$__#______)____!_#'&__ ______"$______ _*__)_*%___ %"__&"&___!"__"_ ____&____________ _"&___!"__"__&_$_______&__(_!_!' __$%____

Howmanydifferent 20 persons committees can beformed eachcontainingat least 2 Professors and at least 3 Associate Professorfrom aset of 10 Professors and 42 AssociateProfessors. Ans. 2 professors and 18 associate professor = C(10,2)*C(42*18)=45* 3professors and 17 associate professor = C(10,3)*C(42*17)= 4professors and 16 associate professor = C(10,4)*C(42*16)= 5professors and 15 associate professor = C(10,5)*C(42*15)= 6professors and 14 associate professor = C(10,6)*C(42*14)= 7professors and 13 associate ssociate professor = C(10,7)*C(42*13)= 8professors and 12 associate professor = C(10,8)*C(42*12)= 9professors and 11 associate professor = C(10,9)*C(42*11)= 10 professors and 10 associate professor = C(10,10)*C(42*10)= TOTAL================================ TOTAL=====================================_______way c. Provethat foreverypositiveinteger n, n3 +n is even.

Question 8:

Marks (4 +4 +2)

a.What What is Demorgan_s Law? Explain the use ofDemorgen_s lawwith an example?

b.

Howmanyways arethereto distribute10 district object into 4 distinct boxes with i.At At least two emptybox. ii) No emptybox.

c.In In afiftyquestion true falseexamination astudent must achieve twentyfivecorrect answers to pass. If student answerrandomlywhat is theprobabilitythat student will fail.