Annexure II

CLASS XII
CHAPTER 5 Theorem 5 (To be inserted on page 173 under the heading theorem 5)
(i) Derivative of Exponential Function f(x) = ex. If f (x) = ex, then

lim f '(x) = x 0

f ( x + x) f ( x) x

e x +x e x = lim x 0 x ex 1 = e lim x 0 x
x

eh 1 = e 1 [since lim = 1] h 0 h
x

Thus,

d x (e ) = e x . dx

(ii) Derivative of logarithmic function f(x) = logex. If f(x) = logex, then f '(x) = lim

log e ( x + x) log e x x 0 x

x log e 1 + x = lim x 0 x

x log e 1 + 1 x lim = x0 x x x
=

1 log e (1 + h) [since lim = 1] h0 x h

Thus,

d 1 log e x = dx x

14

CHAPTER 7 7.6.3.

( px + q)

ax 2 + bx + c dx.

We choose constants A and B such that

2 px + q = A ( ax + bx + c) + B dx

= A(2ax + b) + B Comparing the coefficients of x and the constant terms on both sides, we get 2aA = p and Ab + B = q Solving these equations, the values of A and B are obtained. Thus, the integral reduces to

A (2ax + b) ax 2 + bx + c dx + B ax 2 + bx + c dx
= AI1 + BI 2 where I1 =

(2ax + b)

ax 2 + bx + c dx

Put ax2 + bx + c = t, then (2ax + b)dx = dt So Similarly, I1 = I2 =

3 2 (ax 2 + bx + c) 2 + C1 3

ax 2 + bx + c dx

is found, using the integral formula discussed in [7.6.2, Page 328 of the textbook].
2 Thus ( px + q ) ax + bx + c dx is finally worked out.

2 Example 25 Find x 1 + x x dx

Solution Following the procedure as indicated above, we write

1 + x x2 + B x = A dx
= A (1 2x) + B Equating the coefficients of x and constant terms on both sides, We get 2A = 1 and A + B = 0 Solving these equations, we get A =

1 1 and B = . Thus the integral reduces to 2 2

15

2 x 1 + x x dx =

1 1 2 (1 2 ) 1 + + 1 + x x 2 dx x x x dx 2 2
1 2 1 I2 2
(1)

= I1 + Consider I1 =

(1 2 x)

1 + x x 2 dx

Put 1 + x x2 = t, then (1 2x)dx = dt Thus I1 =

2 (1 2 x) 1 + x x dx =
1 3 2 2 2 t dt = t + C1 3

3 2 2 2 = (1 + x x ) + C1 , where C1 is some constant. 3

Further, consider Put x

I2 =

1 + x x dx =
2

5 1 x dx 4 2

1 = t. Then dx = dt 2
I2 =

Therefore,

5 2 t dt 2

1 5 2 1 5 1 2t t t + sin + C2 2 4 2 4 5
1 ( 2 x 1) 5 1 5 2x 1 ( x ) 2 + sin 1 + C2 2 2 4 2 8 5

1 5 2x 1 (2 x 1) 1 + x x 2 + sin 1 + C2 , where C2 4 8 5
is some constant.

Putting values of I1 and I2 in (1), we get

3 1 1 2 2 2 (1 + ) + (2 x 1) 1 + x x 2 x 1 + x x dx x x = 3 8

+
C =

5 2x 1 sin 1 + C, 16 5
C1 + C 2 is another arbitrary constant. 2

where

16

Insert the following exercises at the end of EXERCISE 7.7 as follows: 12. x x + x 2 Answers 12.
3 1 2 (2 x + 1) x 2 + x 1 1 2 ( x + x) + log | x + + x 2 + x | + C 3 8 16 2
3 1 x 3 2 3 2 (2 x + 3) 2 + 2x2 + 3 + log x + x 2 + + C 6 2 4 2

13. ( x + 1) 2 x 2 + 3

14. ( x + 3) 3 4 x x 2

13.

14.

3 1 7 1 x + 2 ( x + 2) 3 4 x x 2 2 2 (3 4 x x ) + sin +C + 3 2 2 7

CHAPTER 10 10.7

r r r r r r r r (b c ) , i.e., a (b c ) is called the scalar triple product of a , b and c in this order and is denoted by rrr r r r [ a , b , c ] (or [ a b c ]). We thus have
[ a , b , c ] = a (b c ) Observations 1. Since (b c ) is a vector, a (b c ) is a scalar quantity, i.e. [ a , b , c ] is a scalar quantity.

Scalar triple product Let a , b and c be any three vectors. The scalar product of a and

r r

r r r

r r

r r

r r

r r r

2. Geometrically, the magnitude of the scalar triple product is the volume of a parallelopiped formed by adjacent r r r sides given by the three vectors a , b and c (Fig. 10.28). Indeed, the area of the parallelogram forming the base of the parallelopiped is b c . The height is the projection of

r r r a .(b c ) i.e., r r . So the required volume of the parallelopiped (b c ) r r r a .(b c ) r r r r r is r r | b c | = a .(b c ) , (b c )

r r r a along the normal to the plane containing b and c which is r r r the magnitude of the component of a in the direction of b c
Fig. 10.28

3.

r r r , b = b i then + a2 If a = a1i j + a3k 1 + b2 j + b3 k and c = c1i + c2 j + c3 k ,

17

 i j r r b1 b2 b c = c1 c2

k b3 c3

= (b2c3 b3c2) i + (b3c1 b1c3) j + (b1c2 b2c1) k

and so

r r r a.(b c ) = a1 (b2c3 b3c2 ) + a2 (b3c1 b1c3 ) + a3 (b1c2 b2c1 )

a1 = b1 c1
r r

a2 b2 c2

a3 b3 c3
r

4.

If a , b and c be any three vectors, then

[ a, b , c ] = [ b , c , a ] = [ c , a, b ] (cyclic permutation of three vectors does not change the value of the scalar triple product). r r r , b = b i + a2 Then, just by observation Let a = a1i j + a3 k 1 + b2 j + b3 k and c = c1i + c2 j3 k . above, we have

r r r

r r r

r r r

a1 r r r = b1 [ ab , ,c] c1

a2 b2 c2

a3 b3 c3

= a1 (b2c3 b3c2) + a2 (b3c1 b1c3) + a3 (b1c2 b2c1) = b1 (a3c2 a2c3) + b2 (a1c3 a3c1) + b3 (a2c1 a1c2)

b1 b2 b3 = c1 c2 c3 a1 a2 a3 r r r = [ b, c, a ]
Similarly, the reader may verify that = [ a, b , c ] = [ c , a, b ] Hence 5. [ a, b , c ] = [ b , c , a ] = [ c , a, b ] In scalar triple product a .(b c ) , the dot and cross can be interchanged. Indeed,

r r r

r r r

r r r

r r r

r r r

r r r

6.

r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r a .(b c ) = [ a , b , c ] = [ b , c , a ] = [ c , a , b ] = c .( a b ) = ( a b ). c r r r r r r = [ a , b , c ] = [ a , c , b ]. Indeed
18

= [ a , b , c ] = a .(b c ) = a .( c b ) = ( a .(c b ))
= a,c ,b r r r 7. [a , a , b ] = 0. Indeed r r r r r r [a , a , b ] = [a , b , a , ] r r r = [b , a , a ] r r r = b .( a a ) r r r r r = b .0 = 0. (as a a = 0) Note: The result in 7 above is true irrespective of the position of two equal vectors. r r r

r r r

r r r

r r

r r r

10.7.1 Coplanarity of three vectors r r r r r r Theorem 1 Three vectors a , b and c are coplanar if and only if a (b c ) = 0 . r r r Proof : Suppose first that the vectors a , b and c are coplanar. r r r r r r r r If b and c are parallel vectors, then, b c = 0 and so a (b c ) = 0 . r r r r r r r r If b and c are not parallel then, since a , b and c are coplanar, b c is perpendicular to a . So a (b c ) = 0 .

r r

r are both non-zero, then we conclude that Conversely, suppose that a (b c ) = 0 . If a and b c a r r r r r r r r and b c are perpendicular vectors. But b c is perpendicular to both b and c . Therefore a and b r r r and c must lie in the plane, i.e. they are coplanar. If a = 0, then a is coplanar with any two vectors, in
particular with b and c . If (b c ) = 0 , then b and c are parallel vectors and so, a , b and c are coplanar since any two vectors always lie in a plane determined by them and a vector which is parallel to any one of it also lies in that plane. Note: Coplanarity of four points can be discussed using coplanarity of three vectors. Indeed, the four uuu r uuu r uuu r points A, B, C and D are coplanar if the vectors AB, AC and AD are coplanar. r r r r r r , b = i . + 2 j + k and c Example 26: Find a .(b c ), if a = 2i + j + 3k = 3i + j + 2k

r r

r r

r r

2 1 3 r r r Solution : We have a .(b c ) = 1 2 1 = 10. 3 1 2

r r r , b = 2i and c are +3 j 4k Example 27: Show that the vectors a = i 2 j + 3k = i 3 j + 5k coplanar.

1 2 3 r r r Solution : We have a .(b c ) = 2 2 4 = 0. 1 3 5

19

Hence, in view of Theorem 1, a , b and c are coplanar vectors. r r r , b = 2i and c are coplanar. Example 28: Find if the vectors a = i +3 j+k j k = i + 7 j + 3k r r r r r r a Solution : Since a , b and c are coplanar vectors, we have , b , c = 0 , i.e.,

r r

1 3 1 2 1 1 = 0.

3
1 ( 3 + 7) 3 (6 + ) + 1 ( 14 + ) = 0 = 0.

Example 29: Show that the four points A, B, C and D with position vectors , ( ), 3i and 4( i ) , respectively are coplanar. +5 +9 + 4i j+k j+k j + 4k j+k uuu r uuu r uuu r Solution : We know that the four points A, B, C and D are coplanar if the three vectors AB, AC and AD are coplanar, i.e., if uuu r uuu r uuu r AB, AC, AD = 0 uuu r ) (4i ) = 4i ) +5 6 Now AB = ( j+k j+k j 2k uuu r ) (4i ) = i +9 +5 +4 AC = (3i j + 4k j+k j + 3k uuu r ) (4i ) = 8i + +5 and AD = 4( i j+k j+k j + 3k

Thus

4 6 2 uuu r uuu r uuu r AB, AC, AD = 1 4 3 = 0. 8 1 3

Hence A, B, C and D are coplanar. r r r r r r r r r a Example 30 : Prove that + b , b + c , c + a = 2 a, b , c . Solution : We have r r r r r r r r r r r r a + b , b + c , c + a = ( a + b ).(( b + c ) ( c + a )) r r r r r r r r r r = ( a + b ).(b c + b a + c c + c a )
r r r r r r r r r r r (as c c = 0 ) = (a + b ).(b c + b a + c a ) r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r = a .(b c ) + a .(b a ) + a .(c a ) + b .(b c ) + b .(b a ) + b .( c a )

r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r = a , b , c + a , b , a + [ a , c , a ] + b , b , c + b , b , a + b , c , a

20

r r r =2 a ,b,c

(Why ?)

r r r r r r r r r r a Example 31 : Prove that , b , c + d = a , b , c + [a , b , d ] Solution We have r r r r r r r r a , b , c + d = a .(b (c + d )) r r r r r = a .(b c + b d ) r r r r r r = a .(b c ) + a .(b d ) r r r r r r = a , b , c + a, b , d EXERCISE 10.5 r rrr r , b = 2i and c = 3i + j 2k 3 if a = i a b c 2 j + 3 k j+k Find (Answer : 24) 2. 3. 4.
r r r , b = 2i and c are coplanar. +3 Show that the vectors a = i 2 j + 3k j 4k = i 3 j + 5k ,3i and i are coplanar. (Answer : = 15) + + Find if the vectors i j+k j + 2k j 3k r r r Then + c2 Let a = i + j + k , b = i and c = c1 i j + c3k

1.

(a) (b) 5.

If c1 = 1 and c2 = 2, find c3 which makes a , b and c coplanar (Answer : c3 = 2) If c2 = 1 and c3 = 1, show that no value of c1 can makes a , b and c coplanar.

r r

r r

Show that the four points with position vectors

, 2i , 3i and 5 i are coplanar. +8 +4 +5 +8 4i j + 12k j + 6k j + 4k j + 5k

6. 7.

Find x such that the four points A (3, 2, 1) B (4, x, 5), C (4, 2, 2) and D (6, 5, 1) are coplanar. (Answer x = 5) r r r r r r r r r Show that the vectors a , b and c coplanar if a + b , b + c and c + a are coplanar.

21

MATHEMATICS