Cardiovascular

The circulatory system is also referred to as

the cardiovascular or vascular system
Controls the steady circulation of the blood through

the body by the heart and blood vessels (veins and arteries )
It consists of the heart, arteries, veins and capillaries

for the distribution of blood throughout the body

The Cardiovascular system works well with:

The Respiratory system The Lymphatic system

Main functions
Transportation Transport oxygen, nutritive materials, water to cells, carbon dioxide and other waste products to the organs of excretion. Protection Protect through the action of white blood cells and through the production and transportation of antibodies. Maintenance Maintain constant internal environment of the body. Regulation Regulate body temperature, water and other substances in the body and co-ordinate the body through the distribution of hormones from endocrine system to the cells which they influence.
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Systemic and Pulmonary circulation

With each beat, the heart pumps blood into two closed

circuits;
SYSTEMIC and PULMONARY (lungs)

SYSTEMIC
SYSTEMIC LEFT SIDE OF THE HEART
RECEIVES FRESHLY OXYGENATED BLOOD FROM THE LUNGS.
Left ventricle ejects blood into the aorta and the blood then

flows into separate streams distributing all organs throughout the body except for the air sacs in the lungs.

PULMONARY
PULMONARY; RIGHT SIDE OF THE HEART The pump for pulmonary circulation RECEIVES DEOXYGENATED BLOOD returning from the systematic

circulation. Blood ejected from the right ventricle flows into the pulmonary trunk, which branches into pulmonary arteries that carries blood to the left and right lungs. Blood unloads Carbon Dioxide (CO2) which is exhaled and picks up Oxygen (O). The freshly oxygenated blood then blows into pulmonary veins and returns to the left atrium.

The Heart
A muscular, cone shaped organ that keeps the blood moving within the circulatory system It is often referred to as the bodys pump It is enclosed by a membrane known as the pericardium

The heart
Is a muscle (cardiac The heart has four

muscle) which is approx the size of a clenched fist. It weighs approx 250g and is located in the chest cavity In a normal resting state the heart beats 72 to 80 times per minute

chambers. Two atria ( upper chambers )

right atrium & left atrium
Two ventricles (lower chambers)

Right ventricle & left ventricle

The sides of the heart are

divided by the septum

 Valves between the chambers allow the blood to flow

in only one direction. Pulmonary circulation TO THE LUNGS Deoxygenated blood enters the heart from 3 sources Superior and Inferior vena cava and the coronary sinus to the right atrium.

PULMONARY CIRCULATION
Blood passes from the RIGHT ATRIUM into the

RIGHT VENTRICLE through a valve called the TRICUSPID VALVE 3 point.

Right Ventricle blood passes from the Right Ventricle

through the pulmonary semi lunar into a large artery called the PULMONARY TRUNK which divides into the right and left pulmonary arteries.

 Systemic circulation FROM THE LUNGS

Oxygen rich blood FLOWS from the lungs via

pulmonary veins and returns to the LEFT ATRIUM and then passes through the bicuspid valve into the left ventricle where it is ejected into the AORTA.

Systole
Systole; the term systole means contraction

Is when the atria or the ventricles of the heart contract.

Diastole
Diastole means dilation or expansion. Is when the atria or ventricles of the heart relax,

expand or dilate.

The difference between systole and diastole

Systole- Contraction of the atria or ventricles Diastole- Expansion or relaxation of atria or ventricles

Blood vessels
The blood vessels transport the blood around the body and can be divided into three main types: 1. Arteries 2. Capillaries 3. Veins

Blood vessels
Arteries
Are thick-walled, muscular,

Veins
Are thin-walled blood

flexible tubes. Carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the capillaries (except pulmonary artery). The largest artery in the body is the aorta Do not have a valves. Have a pulse

vessels that are less elastic than arteries. Carry blood containing waste products from the various capillaries towards the heart (except pulmonary veins). Have valves to prevent back flow Do not have a pulse.

Capillaries
Capillaries are minute, thin walled blood vessels that

connect the smaller arteries to the veins.

Arterioles the smallest arteries. Venules the smallest veins They bring nutrients to the cells and carry away waste

materials They connect arterioles to venules Capillaries have no valves.

Blood
Adult human body contains 4-5 litres of blood 1/20 of the

bodys weight. Blood is approx. 80% water. It is a sticky & salty substance, with a normal temperature of 36 degree Celsius . Blood consists of blood cells (45%) and blood plasma (55%). Blood cells include:
red blood cells white blood cells Platelets Plasma haemoglobin.

Blood cells Red blood cells White blood cells

Also called Red corpuscles Also called White

or Erythrocytes. Are produced in the red bone marrow. Contain haemoglobin, a complex iron protein that gives the blood its bright red colour. Main function is to carry oxygen to body cells and tissues. Women have slightly lower haemoglobin levels that men.

corpuscles or Leukocytes. Produced in bone marrow, lymph tissue and spleen. Main function is fight infection by absorbing and digesting disease-causing organisms. Some white blood cells produce antibodies. Antibodies are proteins that attach to foreign materials which enter the body.

Blood Cells
Platelets
Also known as Thrombocytes Platelets are the blood parts that

Plasma
Consists of 90% of water and

form clots to stop bleeding. When an injury tears open a blood vessel, platelets stick to the vessel wall around the opening. Fibrinogen then sticks to the platelets forming a tangled web of thin fibres. The fibres catch more platelets and blood cells, forming a clot. The clot plugs the opening and stops the bleeding.

10% dissolved materials. Clear yellowish fluid that carries nutrients to the body. Contains Fibrinogen, the protein that assists platelets in blood clotting. Main function is to carry food and secretions to the cells and to remove carbon dioxide away from the cells.

Red blood cells

White blood cells

Platelets and Fibrinogen

Composition of Blood
Blood Plasma (55%) Blood cells (45%)

Water (90%)

Dissolved substances (10%)

Red cells

White cells

Platelets

Proteins

Mineral salts

Food Materials (glucose, amino acids, fatty acids, glycerol)

Waste products (carbon dioxide, urea)

Hormones

Antibodies

Hormone

Clotting proteins

Homework/revision
Name the functions of the heart. What are the 4 chambers of the heart called? What is Systole and Diastole? Which side of the heart does de-oxygenated blood flow into? Draw a simple flow chart of the blood circulation from when it enters into the right Atrium 6. How is the blood carried around the body? Name 3 blood vessels 7. Name 2 differences between Arteries and Veins 8. What is blood made up of? 9. What is the percentage of blood cells to plasma? 10. What does plasma consist of? Name the percentages and the components of plasma
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.