COCCO Giuseppe Capitalismo Cognitivo Trabalho Redes e Inovação 2

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2010
Bases conceituais em
pesquisa, desenvolvimento
e inovao:
Implicaes para polticas no Brasil
ISBN - 978-85-60755-27-1
8:+s|||+ ||
.010
Bases conceituais em
pesquisa, desenvolvimento
e inovao
|m||c+ocs+|+o||t|c+sno||+s||
Centro de G esto e Estudos Estratgicos ( CG EE)
Bases conceituais em pesquisa, desenvolvimento e
inovao: Implicaes para polticas no Brasil
ISBN - 978-85-60755-27-1
Presidenta
Lucia Carvalho Pinto de Melo
Diretor Executivo
Marcio de Miranda Santos
Diretores
Antonio Carlos Filgueira Galvo
Fernando Cosme Rizzo Assuno
Edio / Tatiana de Carvalho Pires
Designer Grco / Eduardo Oliveira
Capa / Mayra Fernandes
Diagramao / Gabriela Alves
Centro de G esto e Estudos Estratgicos
SCN Q d 2, Bl. A, Ed. Corporate Financial Center sala 1102
70712-900, Braslia, DF
Telefone: ( 61) 3424.9600
http://www.cgee.org.br
Esta publicao parte integrante das atividades desenvolvidas no mbito do Contrato de G esto CG EE 15
Termo Aditivo/Ao/Subao: Bases conceituais em P& D e inovao /M CT/2009.
Todos os direitos reservados pelo Centro de G esto e Estudos Estratgicos ( CG EE) . O s textos contidos nesta
publicao podero ser reproduzidos, armazenados ou transmitidos, desde que citada a fonte.
Impresso em 2010
C389b
Bases conceituais em pesquisa, desenvolvimento e inovao:
Implicaes para polticas no Brasil Braslia: Centro de G esto e Estudos
Estratgicos, 2010.
214 p.; il.; 24 cm
ISBN 978-85-60755-27-1
1. Bases conceituais em pesquisa. 2. pesquisa, desenvolvimento e
inovao Brasil. I. CG EE. II. Ttulo.
CDU 5/6( 81)
Bases conceituais em pesquisa,
desenvolvimento e inovao
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Superviso
^nton|o C+:|os |||guc|:+ +|vio
^nton|o |+utc: 1co|o |oc|+
Consultores
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^|css+no:o |+|+ ||n|c|:o
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Equipe Tcnica CGEE
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Sumarlo
!. Lt oiar/o t utt novt taoaotcrt ot inovt/o. cooaorntots rtat
o orat+r !!
||z-|c,+nc |ssbc:nc:
z. lnoictooars or inovt/o r ctri+ttisto cocni+ivo !!
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!. Os sravios or 1l r t inovt/o oo srcuto z!. nrcrssiotor or utt novt
tcrnot rtat t raoou/o or inoictooars 69
Alessandro Maia Pinheiro
Paulo Bastos Tigre
4. lnoictooars or inovt/o. oitrnsors arttciontots t trarnoiztcrt !!9
Jos Eduardo Cassiolato
Fabio Stallivieri
. A itroa+tncit ots in+rators rtat t inovt/o r t ausct roa
inoictooars !6
^nnc-|+:|c |+cu|+n
6. lnovt/o, t+iviotor inovt+ivt r aU nt trcistt/o. utt tn/tisr
cotrtat+ivt oos concri+os trctis r suts itrtictors !87
Maria Tereza Leopardi Mello

Apresentao
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o+|+s|o|m+socc+tu|+|c+v+||+|css+s+t|v|o+ocs|csoc+occ+o+oc+,ooumcs|o|ocont|nuo
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o+ocsc|cgu|+||o+ocsconcc|tu+-|osc|+bo|+|mctooo|og|+soc+|c||ioc+v+||+ioctccm|sso+s
o||t|c+soc|nov+ioco||cmo||scoocsc|cm|nocu+s|nsuc|cntcsou+|no+ocscus|csu|t+oos
niosc|cm|ocnt|c+oosocnt|oocumu+o|ooc|c|c|cnc|+s+ocu+oo
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ioOsocb+tcscnt|coscscc|+||st+ss|n+||z+m+|+oc+|+tc||nc||cntcou|cst||too+socn|ocsc
c+tcgo||z+ocso+s|nov+ocs+oot+o+snosm+nu+|suco||cnt+m+s||nc|+|ssurveysc+smcto-
oo|og|+s+|++c|+bo|+iooc|no|c+oo|cssob|c|nov+iocmumg|+nocnumc|ooc+|scs|nc|u-
s|vco||+s||+||cocu+iocst+|cct|o+n+s+tu+|s+gcno+sgovc|n+mcnt+|socv+||os+|scscnos
|og|+m+stcm+t|cosoos||nc|+|scvcntos|ntc|n+c|on+|so++|c+oc|no|c+oo|csco||t|c+soc||
c|nov+io(Blue Sky|c||cEuropean Network of Indicator Designers,||||)
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mu|tos|o|+mos+v+nos|c+||z+oosn+c|+bo|+iooc|no|c+oo|cs^cs+|oo|mcnso|cg+oooccstu-
ooso||g|n+oosn+s||nc|+|scsco|+soco|c+o+s+otcm++|no+|o,cmu|t+ssio+so|cu|o+ocsocsc
+|ccnoc|os|cnomcnos+ssoc|+oos+|nov+io^|ccnoc|o|occssooc|nov+iocc|scgu||um
+|vomovc||nov+-sc|o,coc|o|m+o||c|cntcoccomosc|nov+v+no+ss+oo|ctcct+|+st|+ns|o|-
m+ocsuccstioscm|cno+ss+oococscn|+|o||t|c+s+|+occn+||ouccst+no|utu|oco
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|oc|+sconso||o+o+sm+sumcon,untooc|ccxocsucs|n+||z+m+|+ucstocs|c|cv+ntcsn+|o|mu-
|+iooco||t|c+cucoocmsc|v||+|+o||cnt+|+c|+bo|+iooc|utu|+scsu|s+sm+|s+|o|un-
o+o+ssob|cotcm+|+t+-sc+u|oc|n+ugu|+|um+nov+t|+,cto||+oc|nvcst|g+iooucngcno|+|o
|n|c|oocum+|oo+o+occstuoosccsu|s+sv|s+noo|cv|s|t+|c+tu+||z+|o+|c+bouoconcc|tu+|c
mctooo|og|cosub,+ccntc+c|+bo|+iooc|no|c+oo|cscoco||t|c+soc|nov+io^ss|mocs|ov|o+
o+|ntcnioocc|+bo|+||oost+sconso||o+o+s+|++|oouiooc|no|c+oo|csoc||c|nov+-
io+csu|s+buscou|ocnt|c+|novoscnu+o|+mcntostco||coscmctooo|og|cos+|+|co||cnt+|
+c|cciooos|occssoscnvo|v|oosncss+s+t|v|o+ocsbcmcomo|+n+||no+g+ocsuc|++m
+v+n+|ocon|cc|mcntosob|cotcm+
|+|+ cx|o|+| +s nov+s b+scs concc|tu+|s o+ |oouio oc |no|c+oo|cs oc csu|s+ c ocscnvo|v|-
mcntoc|nov+io|o|+mconv|o+ooscsu|s+oo|csoc|ccon|cc|o+comctcnc|+nosscus|cscc-
t|vosc+mosoc+tu+io||cscont||bu||+mcomumcon,untoocsc|snot+stccn|c+ssob|co||c|cn-
tcs+scctosootcm+uc|o|+mt|+ns|o|m+o+scmc+|tu|osocst+ub||c+ioioc|cs||z-|c,+nc
|ssbc|nc| uc t+mbcm o|g+n|zou cst+ ub||c+io C|uscc Cocco ^|css+no|o ||n|c||o |+u|o
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O||mc||oc+|tu|ov|s+t|+zc|+ton++s|oc|+sconucntcsco|vc|gcntcscncont|+o+snosc+|tu-
|os subscucntcs c||+zcnoo um sob|cvoo c|os tcm+s +|cscnt+oos n+s u+t|o not+s tccn|c+s
Cum||noot+mbcmo+c|ocm+++|++|c|tu|+oost|+b+||oso||mc||oc+|tu|ocontcmum+
|ntc||ct+io||v|ccst+noo+ss|msu,c|t++cvcntu+|socscom+ssoscom|oc|+sc+bo|o+gcnsocscn-
vo|v|o+sc|os+uto|cs Oscgunooc+|tu|oc|+bo|+ooo|C|usccCocco +|cscnt+um+no-
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no |cg|mc oc +cumu|+io uc c+|+ctc||z+ + +bo|o+gcm oo c+|t+||smo cogn|t|vo ocst+c+noo +
ucstiooos|nt+ng|vc|sco+s|o|m+soct|+b+||on+s|cocs
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os |ntcns|vos cm con|cc|mcnto cm +|t|cu|+| os |c|+c|on+oos + |oouio oc so|tw+|c uc sio
|o,c tcm+s ccnt|+|s ocv|oo +o otcnc|+| uc octcm oc |omovc| c o||uno|| |nov+ocs no tcc|oo
|oout|vo^sucstocssioocsoob|+o+scmsugcstocs+|++c|+bo|+iooc|no|c+oo|csm+|s+|o-
||+oos+|+cssct|oocsc|v|oc+|++c|+bo|+iooco||t|c+sno||+s|||ou+|toc+|tu|o|osc
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v|oosn+|nov+io++|t||o+cont||bu|iooc+|gum+so+s||nc|+|svc|tcntcsoocns+mcnton+
+|c+ ^|cm o|sso |c+||z+m um cxc|c|c|o +n+||t|co com um con,unto oc |n|o|m+ocs |ct||+o+s o+
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+|cno|z+gcmn+scm|cs+scoocscmcn|o|nov+t|vocm|ooutoc|occsso|o|mos+uto|cs
+ont+msugcstocs+|++c|+bo|+iooc|no|c+oo|csoc+|cno|z+gcmcc|cmcntos+|+o||t|c+s
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|+^nnc-|+||c|+cu|+nnou|ntoc+|tu|oo|scutc+s+tu+|st|+ns|o|m+ocs|c|+c|on+o+s+s|o|m+s
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+|sucstocscnvo|v|o+sn+c|+m+o+|nov+io+bc|t+(open innovation)^+uto|+c|+m+++tcnio
+|++s|m||c+ocsocss+smoo+||o+ocsoc+t|v|o+oc+|++s|o|m+soc+|o||+iooos|csu|t+oos
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cocscnvo|v|mcntono||+s|||||mc||+mcntcsio+|cscnt+oosc+n+||s+oososconcc|tos+oot+oos
n+st|cs|c|sb|+s||c||+s|c|+c|on+o+s+otcm+u+|ssc,+m+|c|oc|nov+io(|c|+o,;,;o|)+|c|oc
|n|o|m+t|c+(|c|+o+;o;.oo+)c+c|+m+o+|c|oo|cm(|c|+++,o;.oo,)|mscgunoo|ug+|sio+n+-
||s+o+ssob+c|scct|v+oos|m+ctossob|c+|nov+io+s|m||c+ocs,u||o|c+so+smuo+n+sn+
cont+b|||o+ocoos+t|vos|nt+ng|vc|s|nt|oouz|o+sn+|c|o+s;^c|+|c|n++o,s;.oo;^cs+|oo
c+|+tc|o||c|cnc|+oooosocm+|sc+|tu|osocstuoosc|cvcstcocsubst+nc|+||mo|tnc|++mco|o+
cmuc|nvcst|g++scscc|c|o+ocsoo+mb|cntc|nst|tuc|on+|o+o||t|c+ocCb|+s||c||+coss|b|-
||t+um++v+||+iooct+||+o+ooocscmcn|oo+so||c|cntcso||t|c+sub||c+soc|nov+io
Lucia Carvalho Pinto de Melo
||cs|ocnt+ooCC||
!!
Bases conceituais em pesquisa, desenvolvimento e inovao
Em direo a uma nova abordagem da inovao: coordenadas para o debate
1. Em direo a uma nova abordagem da inovao:
coordenadas para o debate
Liz-Rejane Issberner
1
1.1. Introduo
2
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Cincia, Tecnologia e Inovao
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t|+nsm|t|oosct+mbcmonocscocscnvo|vcmo||c|cntcs|o|m+soc+|cno|z+gcmCc|t+mcntccss+
c+tcgo||+niocst+sc+|+o+o+||mc||+ôcont|+||oc|+cst+|uno+mcnt+o+nossc|v|osucoio
|unc|on+||o+oc+s|cocscc|m|tcmoc|+|umcno|mccon,untooct+|c|+scscc|+||z+o+s|o|c|+-
o+snomb|too+s|cocs|sob|cc|+ucsc|ioconst|u|oososo|vc|soso|sos|t|vosoccomun|c+io
coc||m|t+o+s+scs|c|+soc|ntc|+ocssc,+++|t||oc|cocs|o|m+|sou|n|o|m+|scm|cs+||+|s+c+oc-
m|c+sougovc|n+mcnt+|socblogsouu+|uc|out|+cnt|c+so|vc|s+smoo+||o+ocsoc|ntc|+io
^s|cocssiot+mbcmc+o+vczm+|scstuo+o+scomoum|mo|t+ntc+mb|cntcoc|nov+iocum+
|nstnc|+ oc +gcnc|+mcnto oc +|cno|z+gcm cv|ocnc|+noo uc no munoo +tu+| +|+ sc to|n+|
|nov+t|voo+|cno|z+ooc+|ntc|+t|v|o+oc|cc|s+m+no+|,untos|sscsoo|stcm+ssiot|+nsvc|s+|s
n+s+bo|o+gcnsuc|o|m+mocon,untoocstct|+b+||oscnoouct+|||v|c||cC+ss|o|+tot|+t+mo+
+|cno|z+gcmoc|o|m+m+|s+|o|uno+o+|sscs+uto|cs|nvcst|g+mcscc|c+mcntco+|cno|z+oo
vo|t+oo+|++|nov+ioocst+c+noo+n+tu|cz+|ntc|+t|v+uccss++t|v|o+ocvcm+ssum|noocm
|+cc+c|csccntccom|cx|o+occ||scoscnvo|v|oosncssc|occsso
^|ntc|+t|v|o+ocno|occssooc|nov+ioco|ocooot|+b+||ooc|+cu|+nocst+c+noouc,unt+-
mcntccomo+|cno|z+oo+s|o|m+soc|ntc|+iotcmscuocscnvo|v|mcnto|o|tcmcntc+ssoc|+o+s
+o|son|b|||o+oco+stccno|og|+so+|n|o|m+iocu,+|mo|tnc|+cst|+tcg|c+cst+n+oss|b|||o+oc
!!
oc|ntcg|+|conc|ct+mcntc+t|v|o+ocsoccsu|s+cs+c|+|mcntco|sc|s+s|csu|t+noon+|o|mu|+-
iooosconcc|tosoc|cocsoccsu|s+coc|cocsoccon|cc|mcnto
kevlsltando os lndlcadores de U8l
|+tcnt+t|v+ocscc|cg+|+s|+zocsc|+su+|sscocvcbusc+|novosc+m|n|os+|+c|+bo|+||no|-
c+oo|csoc||c|nov+io|o|+mc|cnc+oos+|guns+|gumcntosb+sc+oosnostcxtosoos+uto|cs
uc|o|ncccmcv|ocnc|+sou|no|c|os|mo|t+ntcs+|+css+com|ccnsio
Porque a noo de valor se transformou -niosct|+t++cn+socuc+s|c|c|cnc|+socv+|o|
muo+|+mm+sc+|o||+noioocv+|o|uc,+niocm+|s+mcsm+
Porque os indicadores que hoje existem foram moldados em outra poca-+smuo+n+scm
|c|+io+|+sc+ntc||o|c+s||nc|+|sc+|+ctc||st|c+so++tu+||+scooc+|t+||smocogn|t|vo
csu+stcnocnc|+s|cc|s+msc|+v+||+o+sv|s+nooo||cc|on+|+c|+bo|+iooc|no|c+oo|cs
+|++|c+sc||t|c+soo|occssooc|nov+io
Porque o setor servios hoje considerado o motor da economianocnt+ntoos|no|c+-
oo|csoc|nov+io+oot+oosnos||nc|+|ssurveys|o|+mc|+bo|+oostcnoocmcont+o
scto|m+nu|+tu|c||o
Porque ainda sabemos pouco sobre o papel do aprendizado na inovaoocon|cc|mcnto
cum|+to|-c|+vcoo|occsso|nov+t|vom+sc+bc|no+g+|uct|ooccon|cc|mcntosc
ocvcbusc+|cgc|+|+|cmoosc|cnt|cosctccno|og|cosComoscobtcmcon|cc|mcntos
Comucmsc+|cnoc|cnt|oo+|o||+o|g+n|z+ioComc||cntcsCom|o|ncccoo|cs
|+|no+ocuc|o|m++ssurveys+|ccnocmo|occssooc+|cno|z+oo
Porque a interao e colaborao vm ganhando importncia ante o esquema tradicional
linear de se conceber o processo inovativo-+s|cocsoc|n|o|m+iob+sc+o+sn+|ntc|nctc
+c|+m+o+|nov+io+bc|t+(open innovation)oioumnovoscnt|oocs|gn|c+oo+s|c|+-
ocscnt|c+c|cnc|++tccno|og|+ccon|cc|mcntosocout|+n+tu|cz+
^n+tu|cz+o+st|+ns|o|m+ocso+cvo|uio+|++mut+io
|oc+|tu|o.Coccoscoco|c++t+|c|+ococscn|+|osconto|nosoo+no|+m+contcmo|nco
con|o|m+nooum++|s+gcmoc|oc|+ssob|c+u+|cns+|+|nov+ioscus|no|c+oo|csco||t|c+s
O+uto|t|++umccn+||oucsc+|m+++|t||ocum+c||scoov+|o|ouooucsc||+o+o|iooc
|c|c|cnc|+oov+|o||+|+o|scut||o|occssoocv+|o||z+ioocnt|oooc+|t+||smocontcmo|nco
!4
Coccomontouumcsucm++n+||t|coucscocscnvo|vcnocnt|cc|uz+mcntoocou+s||n|+soc
|ccxio oc um |+oo o c+|t+||smo cogn|t|vo uc c+tu|+ v+|o| ocnt|o o+s o|nm|c+s cogn|t|-
v+s(c||scooontoocv|st+ooc+|t+|)csoc|co+oco|cn(c||scooontoocv|st+oot|+b+||o)
|ostc|mosuc|csu|t+mocss+oc|+iotcmosum+nov+c|scct|v+sob|cov+|o|v+|co|zc|
nio+cn+soouccv+|o||z+oom+s+|o||+noioocv+|o||ss+|csu|t+ntcc+n+||s+o+sobum
ontoocv|st++nt|oo|og|cocmucov+|o|coc||v+ooo+c++c|o+ococc||+|s|gn|c+oosouoc
c||+|munoos|mscgu|o+sccncont|+um+tcnt+t|v+oco|mc|oocum+gu|+|c|cscnt+|cstc
csucm++n+||t|co
CAPITALISMO
COGNITIVO
capital
SOCIEDADE PLEN
trabalho
VALOR
noo dc v+|o:
MODELO ANTRO
POGENTICO
produo oo |omcm
|lgura !. Lsquema analltlco da noo de valor
|css++bo|o+gcmocon|cc|mcntoc+c|+vc+|+cx||c+|omooooc|oouiocontcmo|nco
|+|+cssc+uto|ocon|cc|mcntoc|+,+um|+to|-c|+vcnoc+|t+||smoos-|o|o|st+uc+ntcccocu
omooc|ov|gcntcm+scst+v+|c|+c|on+oooc|o|m+o||c|cntccom+|oouioocmc|c+oo||+s|o
mooc|o+ss+oo+|oouioocmc|c+oo||+ssco+o|mc|ooocon|cc|mcntoousc,+ocon|cc|-
mcntocummc|o||g+oo+um+n+||o+oc|oouz||bcns|+noc+|t+||smo+tu+|ocon|cc|mcnto
c|m+ncccscnooummc|om+s+ssou+sc|t+mbcmummousc,++|c|+iooc|oouiouc
gc|+v+|o|c+go|+|oouiooccon|cc|mcntoo|mc|ooccon|cc|mcnto
|+|mo|tnc|+|cnov+o+oocon|cc|mcnto-cnu+ntomc|ooc|oouiocn+||o+oc|oout|v+
- oc||v+ + ocnom|n+io oc c+|t+||smo cogn|t|vo |nt|ct+nto ncss+ +ss+gcm oo c+|t+||smo o
!
con|cc|mcntoc|ocuoscu+o|iooc|c|c|cnc|+ocv+|o|ucc|+mosbcnsm+tc||+|s|oouz|oos
o|scu|ntc|mco|oOv+|o|niocst+no|oouto||s|cooucc|cv+|coccnococumccn+||o(ou
munoo)|o|,+oo+|+oscuusoouconsumo|css+c|scct|v+ov+|o|cgc|+oo+mco|o+uco
s|gn|c+oo+ssoc|+oo+umbcm||s|cosc|o+g+n+s|cocsoc|ntc|+io
|oc+|t+||smocogn|t|voot|+b+||+oo|oocon|cc|mcntoccntcno|oocomooc||+oo|ocmunoos
(|||^||.oo,+uoCOCCO)ocs|gn|c+oos+|+osbcns||s|cos|+|+||ust|+|csscontoCocco
scv+|cocumcxcm|o|ct||+oooo|c|+to||o|cvy-|ouyct(.ooo)|c|+t|vo+cm|cs+no|tc-+mc||c+n+
|||conocoscustosoc|+b||c+ioooss++toscso|t|vossiocst|m+ooscmniom+|soouc|/oo
|coocvcno+tot+|^+|cc|+|cst+ntccu|v+|c+|cmunc|+iooosscus+t|vos|m+tc||+|sousc,+
m+|c+scsu|s+s+tcntcsknow how, ctc
^v|+o+tc|cc|||z+ioco+tc|c|+||z+io
Com+n+||o+ococ+n+||s+|+st|+ns|o|m+ocso++tu+||+scooc+|t+||smoc|o|+oooot|+b+||o
Coccocm|cg+otc|motc|c|+||z+io+|+sc|c|c|||+o+v+noooscto|tc|c|+||oouocsc|v|os
sob|cosocm+|s
|
|ss+noiocst+|mb||c+o+com+octc|cc|||z+iooossc|v|oscomotcnocnc|+
c|csccntc o+s |c|+ocs oc t|+b+||o onoc t|+b+||+oo| c cm|cg+oo +ss+m + sc| cnt|o+ocs ocs|-
ocnt|c+o+s O o|vo|c|o cnt|c cm|cgo c t|+b+||o s|gn|c+ uc o t|+b+||+oo| cst+ submct|oo +
um+|c|+iocomocm|cg+oo|b+sc+o+n+|cst+iocsso+|(tc|cc|||z+o+)ocsc|v|ouco|su+
vcz+||mcnt+o|occssooctc|c|+||z+ioOusc,+ocm|cg+oooocc|oc|oscuv|ncu|ocm|c-
g+t|c|om+sm+ntc|oscut|+b+||ocomotc|cc|||z+ooou+utonomoCocco+sscgu|++|no+uco
+v+noooscto|tc|c|+||on+cconom|+(tc|c|+||z+io)|m||c+uc+s|c|+ocsoc|oouioscto|n+m
|c|+ocsocsc|v|osnosc|oo+su+|s+s|c|+ocscsso+|sg+n|+mc+o+vczm+|s|c|cvnc|+|ost+
cm|+t|c+t+|o|nm|c+v+|mob|||z+|+|++su+oc|+c|on+||z+iocc|t+s|+b|||o+ocsoot|+b+||+-
oo|||nc|+|mcntccomun|c+t|v+||ngu|st|c+c+|ct|v+(comovocc+|ct+c;ouc+|ct+oo)ucsco+
n+s|cocsoc|ntc|+io
|m uc csc o +v+no oo |occsso oc tc|c|+||z+io n+ |co|g+n|z+io |oout|v+ +tu+| +|no+ nio
cstiosuc|cntcmcntcocscnvo|v|oososcsucm+soc|c|cscnt+ioc+smctooo|og|+soc|nvcst|g+-
ioo+|nov+ioncsscscto||oc+|tu|o,||n|c||oc|g|c|ocnt|c+|+m+|cc+||co+oco+smcto-
oo|og|+soccsu|s+o+OC||ucno|tc|+m+s|n|c|+t|v+so+m+|o|+|tcoos+|scssub||n|+noo
4 | |m,o:t+ntc cons|oc:+: uc + tcm+t|c+ oo +v+no oo scto: tc:c|+:|o n+ cconom|+ c o scu ,otcnc|+| t:+ns|o:m+oo: |o| |ocnt|-
c+o+ c cstuo+o+ ,o: +uto:cs como |:|tz |+s||u, (19.). |+n|c| 8c|| (19). |+:c |o:+t (19). ,o: vo|t+ oos +nos 190 ôot+noo
o||c:cntcs ocnom|n+cs ,+:+ +ss|n+|+: + cmc:gcnc|+ oc um novo ccn+:|o. t+|s como cconom|+ oo con|cc|mcnto. soc|co+oc ,os-
|noust:|+. ctc. t+|s +uto:cs cont:|bu|:+m ,+:+ |ocnt|c+: +s c+:+ctc:|st|c+s oo scto: tc:c|+:|o. scu t+m+n|o :c|+t|vo. bcm como +s
,:|nc|,+|s t:+ns|o:m+cs n+ cs|c:+ ocu,+c|on+| c ,:oout|v+
!6
uccont|nu+m|m|cgn+o+socum+conccioocv+|o|b+sc+o+cmbcns||s|cost||c+mcntco+
|+scooc+|t+||smo|noust||+|^sconscucnc|+socsscv|cso+scsu|s+ssc|cctcmo||ct+mcntc
nos|cssuostoso+so||t|c+socC|+oot+o+smunoo+|o|+
^s|cocsocco|+bo|+io
^s|cocs,+vcmscnoout|||z+o+scomoum+b+scoc|nov+io|++|gumtcmosc,+cm|o,ctos
c|cnt|cosoutccno|og|cosocc+|+tc|comc|c|+|ou+c+ocm|com+s+|no+sioumocs+o+|+um+
+t|v|o+ocucsc|+z|+t|+o|c|on+|mcntc|nt|+mu|oscmmu|tosc+soscc|c+o+ocscg|coo
|+|+|+|+|o+|mo|tnc|+o+s|cocsn+c||+ioocv+|o|Cocco|+|+o+soc|co+oco|cnut|||z+noo+
+n+|og|+o+|oouioocmc|c|+s+bc||+scmuc+o|g+n|z+ioco|occssoocco||c|t+oomc|
sio mcnos |mo|t+ntcs oo uc + o||n|z+io o+s o|cs +|+ o ocscnvo|v|mcnto o+ +g||cu|tu|+ c
o+so|cst+s|+|+o+uto|ot|+b+||o|m+tc||+|c|c|+c|on+|oc|oouioo||o+g+ioocs|gn|-
c+oos(oumunoosnosu+|soconsumooc|ooutosg+n|+scnt|oocv+|o|)cmu|tom+|s|ntcn-
s|vocm|nov+iocc||+t|v|o+ocooucot|+b+||oo||cto(m+tc||+|)c|nst|umcnt+|oc|oouiooc
suo|tcsm+tc||+|sobcss+|og|c++s|cocsoc|ntc|+iocco|+bo|+iosiocomo|+b||c+socc||+io
ocs|gn|c+ooscscnt|ooucsc+g|cg+m+osbcns||s|cosucsc|ioconsum|oos
^noioocs|stcm+soc|nov+io+oot+o+o|C+ss|o|+toct+|||v|c||coc+|gum+|o|m+com+t|vc|
com+noiooc|cocsoc|nov+iocmbo|++cn|+scocss++bo|o+gcm||v||cg|cm+|s+|nucnc|+
s|mu|tnc+ oc |+to|cs o|g+n|z+c|on+|s |nst|tuc|on+|s c cconom|cos no |occsso oc |nov+io |+
mco|o+cmuc+s|cocs|ntcns|c+mouxooc|n|o|m+ioc+s|ntc|+ocsc|+soctcmumcno|mc
otcnc|+|oc|omovc|o+|cno|z+ooc+gc|+iooccon|cc|mcntos
Ousoo+s|cocsno|occssooc|nov+iococst+c+ooo||+cu|+ncomoumtcm+cmc|gcntcuc
t|+z +|+ o ocb+tc ucstocs como + csco||+ o+s o|g+n|z+ocs com uc sc |ctcnoc cooc|+| os
|+to|csucoss|b|||t+m+s|ntc|+ocsosob,ct|voscscc|cos-c+svczcscon|t+ntcs-oos+to|cs
ocnt|oo+s|cocs+govc|n+n+o+s|cocsoccsu|s++smoo+||o+ocsoc+|o||+io+scono|ocs
oc+||c+b|||o+oco+|o||co+oc|ntc|cctu+|
obout|+c|scct|v+||n|c||oc|g|cocst+c+mo+c|o+s|Cn+congu|+iooc|cocsocco|+-
bo|+io+ss|n+|+nooucscmcss+|n||+cst|utu|++stccno|og|+so|g|t+|suc+ux|||+mo|occssooc
|nov+iom+|so||ct+mcntc+cxcm|ooossoftwares+|+designnioooc||+mm+tc||+||z+|scug|+noc
otcnc|+|u+|sc,+ooc|ntcg|+|c|ntcns|c+|o|occssooc|nov+iocmn|vc|sscm|cccocntcs
!7
|c|+tocssc|occssooct|+ns|o|m+ioco|ct|voccont|nuooccon|cc|mcntos|oc|+scscnt|oos
ucoco||cn+s|cocs|+zcomuc+ssum+mc+o+vczm+|sostatusoclocusocgc|+iooccon|c-
c|mcntoco|t+ntooc+|cno|z+oo|c+|gum+|o|m+css+noiocont||bu|+|+ocntcno|mcnto
oo|occssooc|nov+iocom|cmcnt+noooconcc|tosc|umctc||+noucocncucolocus
o+|nov+ioc+|m+o|sc+|m+uc|cv+osnovos|ooutosousc|v|os+omc|c+ooonocsc|io
ouniov+||o+oos
ô|nm|c+o++|cno|z+gcm|cc|c|+noocon|cc|mcntos
^+|cno|z+gcmcumtcm++bo|o+ooc|ocon,untooc+uto|csocssct|+b+||om+scssc+ssunto
+ou||cccnt|+||o+ocnot|+b+||oocC+ss|o|+toct+|||v|c||noc+|tu|o|cgunooos+uto|cs++|-
t||occstuoos|cccntcsnocontcxtoo+|nov+iocoss|vc|c|ccbc|ucotcm+oo+|cno|z+oo
tcms|oom+|s|nvcst|g+ooooucooocon|cc|mcnto|+scss+o|mcnsioccnt|+|oo|occssooc
|nov+io+|no+niocncont|+suo|tcmctooo|og|coc+n+||t|co+ocu+oo+|o|cu|o+occcx|css+
c|os+uto|csu+noocnunc|+m+|gunstcm+sucocvc||+msc|t|+t+oosn+busc+o|umcon,unto
oc|no|c+oo|csoc+|cno|z+gcm+|+o||+s||Comot|+t+|+s+t|v|o+ocsc|ccu|sos|nt+ng|vc|suc
c+|+ctc||z+mosnovosscto|csc+|n|o|m+||o+oc|cscntcncsscs+|scs(sc|v|oso|cxcm|o)
ob+c|scct|v+ooc+|t+||smocogn|t|vo+|cscnt+o+o|Cocco+|oouiooccon|cc|mcntoo|
mc|ooccon|cc|mcntocongu|+umc+m|n|ooc+|cno|z+gcmucsc|o+g+gc|+nooscm|c
nov+s|o|m+svc|socsv+||+ocso+b+scoocon|cc|mcntooconocsco||g|nou|mbo|+o+uto|nio
|++out|+s|c|c|cnc|+scx||c|t+s+o|occssooc+|cno|z+gcmnoscut|+b+||ooc+|gum+|o|m+c|c
cncont|+-scsub,+ccntcn+cx||c|t+iooocsucm+oc|oouio;|o+g+iooccon|cc|mcntos
^+|t||o++n+||scocCocco|csumc-scuc++|cno|z+gcmc+|nov+iosc,unt+mocnt|oocum+
o|nm|c+co|ct|v+oc|oouioocmunoos|nu+ntosc|o+g+mnomb|too+s|ntc|+ocsoco|-
||o+sn+s|cocsosvc||oscon|cc|mcntosso||cmmut+ocssuccss|v+socumcontcxto+|+out|o
+g|cg+nooc|ccomb|n+noos+bc|csO+uto|cx||c+uconovocon|cc|mcntonio+cn+socvc
|c|oouz||oscuinput(ocon|cc|mcnto+ntc||o|)c|cocvcvo|t+|+gc|+|su+s|o||+s|cm|ss+s
|cconst|u|noo+scono|ocsocumnovo|n|c|oooc|c|o|oout|vo
^ss|mm+ntcm-sc+t|v+s+scono|ocsuc,ust|c+m+|o+g+iooocon|cc|mcntocscunovo
usocmcontcxtosucsioscm|co||c|cntcs|ssoo|uco|+to||oout|vo(con|cc|mcnto)nio|o|
consum|ooc|ousocomo+contcccn+|oouioocmc|c+oo||+so|mc|oocmc|c+oo||+sonoco
outputocvc|co|oinputuc|o|ocst|u|oon+|oouioocumbcm||s|co|css+|o|m+coss|vc|
!8
cntcnoc| + |coc como um+ vc|o+oc||+ us|n+ oc |cc|c|+gcm cm uc o con|cc|mcnto +ntc||o| c
m+tc||+-||m+oonovocon|cc|mcntouco|t+ntonioscocgcnc|++ocont|+||oc|ccgc|+ooc
|cgcnc|+oonummotocont|nuo
cmouv|o+|ocnt|c+|+sc+|+ctc||st|c+soo|occssooc+|cno|z+oocsu+|c|+iocom+|nov+io
t|+z novos ocs+os concc|tu+|s c mctooo|og|cos |+|+ cx||c|t+| o +c| o||c|cnc|+oo oo +|cno|-
z+oon+|+sc+ntc||o|cm|c|+io+oc+|t+||smocogn|t|vooc|o,c|o|c|+bo|+ooocsucm+cst|||-
z+oo+scgu||nou+|o|mc|oo+sgu|+s.c,sccv|ocnc|+o+|cno|z+oot||coocc+o+um+s
ocss+sou+sct++s
|+ |+sc +ntc||o| oo c+|t+||smo (gu|+ .) + |nov+io cnvo|vc um +|cno|z+oo vo|t+oo csscnc|+|-
mcntc+|++c|+bo|+ioocumbcm||s|cooucs|gn|c+uccst++ssoc|+oo+c++c|o+ococ|o,c-
t+||ooutosc|occssosnovos(|nc|us|vc++|t||oc|nvcst|mcntoscm||)cnoocomon+||o+oc
um novo bcm ||s|co o +|cno|z+oo cnvo|vc o con|cc|mcnto sob|c + m+n|u|+io c oc|+io oc
m+tc||+s-||m+scout|osbcns||s|cos+|cmoc+scctoscogn|t|vosc|c|+c|on+|s|+gu|+,uc|c|c-
scnt+o+o|nm|c+ooc+|t+||smocogn|t|voo+|cno|z+oocnvo|vcb+s|c+mcntc+t|+ns|o|m+iooc
con|cc|mcnto+nt|gocmcon|cc|mcntonovoousc,+ocon|cc|mcntocum|nsumouco|mc|o
oo+|cno|z+ooo+scsso+sc|m|tc+gc|+ioocnovoscon|cc|mcntoscnoocomon+||o+oco
|nt+ng|vc|(con|cc|mcntonovoouumscnt|oonou+|umbcm||s|co||+sc+g|cg+|)o+|cno|z+oo
cst++ssoc|+oo+um+t|+ns|o|m+ioucsco+n+cs|c|+oo|nt+ng|vc|oucs|gn|c+ucc|+cngcn-
o|+um|occssooccomun|c+iocnioocm+n|u|+iocomon+|+sc+ntc||o|ooc+|t+||smo
Con|cc|mcnto
^nt|go
8cm ||s|co novo
PRODUTO
FABRICAO
INSUMO
APRENDIZAGEM
|lgura z. Ulnamlca de aprendlzagem tlplca do processo de lnovao no capltallsmo lndustrlal
!9
Con|cc|mcnto
^nt|go
Con|cc|mcnto
|ovo
PRODUTO
COMUNICAO
INSUMO
APRENDIZAGEM
|lgura !. Ulnamlca de aprendlzagem tlplca do processo de lnovao no capltallsmo cognltlvo atual
O|m+tc||+|
Oc+|t+||smocogn|t|votcmcomoum+ocsu+sc+|+ctc||st|c+s+|conoc|nc|+oot|+b+||oco+
|oouiooo|m+tc||+|nomb|toooucCoccoocnom|n+oc|+b||c+oo|m+tc||+|^sc+|+ctc||st|-
c+so+|+b||c+oo|m+tc||+|niogu+|o+mscmc||+n+scom+socum+|m+m+ssc+|ox|m+m+s
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cst+t|st|c+soccm|cs+smu|t|n+c|on+|socnt|cout|osC+ss|o|+toct+|||v|c||ocst+c+muc+o||-
g|n+||o+ococss+c|cciocst+no|+toocuc|cvc|++occnocnc|+o+|nov+ioocout|os|+to-
|cs uc nio sio t||c+mcntc oo +mb|cntc c|cnt|co |m+ |m||c+io |mo|t+ntc uc sc ooc
ocouz|| ocssc onto |cv+nt+oo c|os +uto|cs c oc uc nio c so com o||t|c+s oc C| uc sc
|omovcm|nov+ocs
Os +uto|cs oc cc|t+ |o|m+ com+|t|||+m +|gum+s |oc|+s oo g|uo oc ^+|bo|g u+noo mcnc|o-
n+muc+|+c|csocon|cc|mcntocum|ccu|soccnt|+|cum|+to|ococscnvo|v|mcntom+so
ucm+|s|mo|t+c+c++c|o+ococ|oouz|-|oo|sscm|n+-|ocut|||z+-|oousc,+++|cno|z+gcm
+mbcmmc|cccocst+uccx||c+iooos+uto|cs|c|+c|on+o+como|no|c+oo|occ++c|o+ococ
+bso|io ocscnvo|v|oo c|o g|uo oc ^+|bo|g uc cx|css+ + oss|b|||o+oc oc os +|scs +bso|-
vc|cm os uxos oc |n|o|m+io c oc con|cc|mcnto Os cstuo|osos ocss+ csco|+ ocncm + c++-
c|o+ococ+bso|iocomo+c++c|o+oco+|m+oc|ccon|ccc|nov+s|n|o|m+ocs+ss|m||+-|+sc
+||c+-|+s + ns comc|c|+|s |cv+noo-sc cm cont+ cssc concc|to c +|no+ o oc c++c|t+io soc|+|
(^||^|OV|z|+,so)C+ss|o|+toct+|||v|c||+|cscnt+mum+t|+,cto||+o+c|+bo|+iooc|no|-
c+oo|csoc|nov+ioo|o||c|cntcs+uto|csc|nst|tu|ocscmuccoss|vc|c|ccbc|ucou+stcn-
ocnc|+s|conoc|+m+uc|+cmucos|no|c+oo|cs|ccon|cccmcv+|o||z+m+noios|stcm|c+c
co|+bo|+t|v+c+o|mcnsioo++|cno|z+gcm
ô+n+||s+|os+v+nosocscnvo|v|oosnomb|too+||^s|g|+ooo|gioc|+vcocCoo|c|no
|n|ooC+ss|o|+toc+|||v|c||+tcst+m+|mo|tnc|+ooscto|ocsc|v|osn+cconom|+|||tn|c+O
scto|gc|+scgunooos+uto|csm+|soc;,/oov+|o|+o|c|on+ooouctcmmot|v+oonov+s|nvcs-
t|g+ocssob|c+|nov+ionoscto|oossc|v|osmost|+noocomo+|nov+io+contcccn+scm|c-
s+sccomo+o||t|c+ooc+,uo+|+suc|+|osobst+cu|osuccn||cnt+m^+|t||ooonto|cv+n-
t+ooc|os+uto|cscoss|vc|const+t+|uco|c|no|n|oo+ss|mcomo+||+n+
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+o|ccon|ccc|cm
+|mo|tnc|+oo+v+noooscto|sc|v|ocstio+oot+noo|n|c|+t|v+svo|t+o+s+|++|nov+ioncssc
scto| c su+ mcnsu|+io Com |sso c oss|vc| |m+g|n+| uc o +o|io oc comct|io ncssc scto|
tcnoc+sc+c|||+|no|utu|ou+noot+|so||t|c+s+|cscnt+|cm|csu|t+oosm+|ssubst+nt|vos
^+|t||oom+c+mcntoootcm+o++|cno|z+gcmn+||tc|+tu|+|cccntccn+s+gcno+soos||nc|-
+|sg|uosoccsu|s+cm|nov+ioC+ss|o|+toct+|||v|c||+|cscnt+mummooc|ocx|o|+to||o
uccomo+oosobt|oos++|t||o+||ntccco+||^
o
|ocnt|c+moscono|c|on+ntcsoo|occssooc
|nov+iooc|ooutococ|occssoComo|csu|t+ooos+uto|csvc||c+|+muco+sv+||+vc|suc
5 V|oc :c|c:cnc|+ +o :c|+to:|o |c|+to:|o |cvy-|ouyct (.00)
6 ||ntcc |csu|s+ oc |nov+io 1ccno|og|c+ c ||^ |csu|s+ |noust:|+| ^nu+|. +mb+s oo |8|
z6
c+t+m + |ntcns|o+oc oos |occssos oc +|cno|z+gcm +cn+s + +|cno|z+gcm |ntc|n+ + cooc-
|+iovc|t|c+|c+cooc|+iocomC|nucnc|+moocscmcn|o|nov+t|voo+scm|cs+s|c|+-
c|on+oo+|nt|oouioocnovos|occssos|o|out|o|+oo++n+||scsob|c+|nov+iocm|ooutos
most|ouuc+sv+||+vc|s|c|+c|on+o+s++|cno|z+gcm|nucnc|+mos|t|v+mcntc+|ob+b|||o+oc
oc+scm|cs+so++most|+|nt|oouz||cm|nov+ocscm|ooutos
^|no+ucn++v+||+iooos|o||os+uto|csot|+b+||ocons|st+cmumcxc|c|c|ocx|o|+to||onio
scnooob,ct|vooomcsmocsgot+|+m+tc||+ncmmcsmo|o|nccc||no|c|osocn|t|vossob|c+|nu-
cnc|+oos|occssosoc+|cno|z+gcmnoocscmcn|o|nov+t|voo+scm|cs+sc|ctcmomc||to
cnt|c out|os oc +|cscnt+| uc c oss|vc| v|s|umb|+| c+m|n|os uc oss+m sc| scgu|oos +|+ o
mc||o|cntcno|mcntoocsscs|occssos
As lnteraes e a colaborao no processo lnovatlvo
|c|o|m+gc|+|os|no|c+oo|csoc|ntc|+iousu+|sniooiocont+o+scscc|c|o+ocsco+o|vc|s|-
o+oc oc cxc||cnc|+s uc |cv+m + |nov+io C|+noc +|tc oc|cs |o| ocscnvo|v|o+ + +|t|| oc um+
c|scct|v+o+|nov+iocomoum|occsso||nc+|onocg+n|+mocst+uc+so|vc|s+s|o|m+soc
u+nt|c+|+sco|+bo|+ocscnt|ccsu|s+oo|csn++|c+c|cnt|c+c+c+ocm|c+
+|s+bo|o+gcnsscmost|+m|nsuc|cntcsc+tc|n+ocu+o+s+|+t|+t+|o+snov+s|o|m+soc|nov+-
iob+sc+o+scm|ntc|+ocscco|+bo|+ocscnt|c+to|cssoc|+|so|sc|soscmv+||osontosocum+
|coc^so||c|cntcscongu|+ocsoc|cocsoc|oouioconsumo|nov+iocsu+s|mb||c+ocssio
+|o|m+b+s|c+oco|g+n|z+ioooc+|t+||smocogn|t|voouctcmmot|v+ooumnumc|oc|csccntc
oc+uto|cs+|nvcst|g+|+n+tu|cz++sc+|+ctc||st|c+sc+sn+||o+ocso+s|cocs
^||tc|+tu|++ont+uc+s|nov+ocssio|o,cb+sc+o+scmo|vc|s+smoo+||o+ocsoc|cocs|oc+|s
n+c|on+|s c |ntc|n+c|on+|s v||tu+|s |cscnc|+|s cscc|+||z+o+s ou tcm+t|c+s +b|+ngcntcs |cst||t+s
un|vc|s+|sgc|cnc|+o+s+uto-o|g+n|z+o+stcmo|+||+sc|m+ncntcscnt|cout|+s^|cmo|ssosio
|omov|o+so||nst|tu|ocsgovc|n+mcnt+|scniogovc|n+mcnt+|scm|cs+s+ssoc|+ocsoco|vc|-
s+sn+tu|cz+scsso+sctc^|o|usioocnovosmooc|osocco|+bo|+iocm+t|v|o+ocsoc|nov+-
iocst++ssoc|+o++umcon,untooc|+to|cs|nc|us|vc+os+|tos||scoscnvo|v|oosno|occssoc+o
||tmoc|csccntcoc|nt|oouiooc|nov+ocsn+cconom|+t+|||v|c||cC+ss|o|+to|css+|t+muc+s
cm|cs+snio|nov+m|so|+o+mcntcm+sgc|+|mcntco|+zcmnocontcxtoocums|stcm+oc|cocs
oc|c|+ocso||ct+sou|no||ct+scomout|+scm|cs+scom+|n||+cst|utu|+occsu|s+ub||c+c
z7
||v+o+com+s|nst|tu|ocsoccns|noccsu|s+com+cconom|+n+c|on+|c|ntc|n+c|on+|ccomo
s|stcm+no|m+t|vocumcon,untoocout|+s|nst|tu|ocs
^s|cocsoc|nov+iosiot+mbcmcons|oc|+o+scomoum+|o|m+oco||u||os+|toscustoscnvo|-
v|oos n+ +|cno|z+gcm c n+ +ss|m||+io oc s+bc|cs cscc|+||z+oos c +v+n+oos |cuc||oos +|+
o oom|n|o oo con|cc|mcnto cm +|c+s c||t|c+s ou cst|+tcg|c+s ^|cm o|sso + cnt|+o+ oc novos
+to|csg|ob+|snot+o+mcntc+C||n+noccn+||oo+comct|io|ntc|n+c|on+|co|ocoucmxcuc
+c++c|o+ococ+s|m+s|nov+oo|+scu|oc|+scno|tc-+mc||c+n+s+|c+|cmcom||scos+ssoc|+-
oos+|nov+iocm+|t|cu|+|u+noosccons|oc|+osc|c|tos+ovc|soso+c||scn+ncc||+sob|c+
cconom|+ocss+s|cg|ocs
^noiooc|nov+iocomoum|occsso|ntc|+t|voocco|+bo|+iocmu|t||os+to|csoccomc-
tcnc|+so||c|cnc|+o+svcmsco||uno|oonoscstuooso+c|+m+o+|nov+io+bc|t+
;
|c+co|oocom
|+cu|+nomooc|on+sccocum+|ccxiosob|c+g|ob+||z+ioo+|nov+io+|ntcns|c+iooouso
oc||cxtc|no+|mo|tnc|+o+s|nov+ocsocscnvo|v|o+sc|osusu+||os+|ntcg|+iocom|o|nc-
ccoo|csc+smu|t||+soss|b|||o+ocsoccomc|c|+||z+iocxtc|n+o+tccno|og|+
|ccon|cccnoo+|nsuc|cnc|+oos+tu+|smcc+n|smosoc|otcioo+|nov+io+|t|cu|+|mcntcno
mb|too+co|+bo|+ion+s|cocsco+|nov+io+bc|t+oscstuo|osossco|v|ocmu+nto+|cg|t|m|-
o+occ+ncccss|o+ococsc|cnov+|os|nst|umcntos|cg+|soc+|o||+iooos|csu|t+ooso+cs-
u|s+|c|+tootcm++tu+||z+m+socnt|oocnovos+|mct|os++nt|g+ucstiosob|cou+nto
oc|otciocncccss+||++|+cst|mu|+|+|nov+iog+|+nt|noobcnc||c|os+o|nov+oo|scmcom|o-
mctc|+o||usioco+v+nooocon|cc|mcnto
|mmc|o+oocb+tcC|csb|oug|cons|oc|+cm|+cc+s||m|t+ocsoos+tu+|smcc+n|smosoc|otc-
io+sg|+nocscm|cs+suc|c+||z+m||c+|nov+io+bc|t+|cc|s+mcncont|+|nov+smoo+-
||o+ocsocv+|o||z+ioooscon|cc|mcntosgc|+oosn+s+t|v|o+ocsoccsu|s+|o|out|o|+ooVon
||c|(.oo.)|oc+noon+ucstioo+co|+bo|+ioo+scm|cs+scomosusu+||osscooc++|o||+-
iooocon|cc|mcntoos|c|on+noo-scoc|o|m+|+vo|+vc|+su+||v|cc||cu|+iocomoumfree good
Conslderaes nals e questes para ruturas pesqulsas
Os t|+b+||os +|cscnt+oos c|os +uto|cs o|c|cccm um +no|+m+ b+st+ntc ||co c +tu+||z+oo o+s
ucstocscm+ut+n++|c+o+|nov+io^c+|+ctc||z+ioooccn+||ocontcmo|ncoooc+|t+||smo
7 1:+ouio oo tc:mo cm |ng|cs open innovation. uc vcm g+n|+noo s|gn|c+oo + ,+:t|: o+ ob:+ oc | C|csb:oug| (.00!)
z8
su+s|o|m+soc|oouio|c|+ocsoct|+b+||ococgc|+ioocv+|o|sc|vcoc+nooc|unoo+|+
o|scut|| t|cs tcm+s ccnt|+|s n+ +|c+ o+ |nov+io + +|cno|z+gcm +s |o|m+s oc co|+bo|+io c +s
cscc|c|o+ocsocum++|c+ocont+ocnt|oooscto|m+|so|nm|coo+cconom|+oocsc|v|os
|csmocons|oc|+noo+so||c|cntcsvc|tcntcsoccns+mcntooos+uto|cscmsu+m+|o|+|tc+s
v|socssioconvc|gcntcscomonosscgu|ntcsontos(+)+occnocnc|+o+|nov+iocm|c|+io+
um+couc+iob+s|c+ocu+||o+oc(b)+|mo|tnc|+oossc|v|osco++|+oox+||+|t+oc|nst|u-
mcntos+|++|c|||c+v+||+|+|nov+ioncsscooscto|o+cconom|+(c)+|nsuc|cnc|+oosm+n+|so+
OC||+|+||o+|comos|nt+ng|vc|s(o)ocsgot+mcntooosmcc+n|smosoc|otcio+|nov+io
(c)+cmc|gcnc|+o+s|cocsoc|ntc|+iocsu+|mo|tnc|++|++|nov+iooooscsscsontossio
c|cmcntos+sc|cmcons|oc|+oosn+c|+bo|+iooc|no|c+oo|csc|o|mu|+iooco||t|c+sub||c+s
con|o|mcconst+non+|ocssc|tcm
|m+ucstio+sc||css+|t+o+cuc+s+bo|o+gcns+tu+|s-cnio+cn+soos+uto|csuc+u|co|+-
bo|+|+m-sob|cmooc|osoc|ntc|+iocco|+bo|+iocm|cocsoc|nov+ioc+|cno|z+gcmocum+
|o|m+gc|+|niosc+|o|uno+msob|c+const|uiocgc|cnc|+mcntooosc+n+|soccomun|c+io
cnt|coso||c|cntcs+to|cscsu+scscc|c|o+ocsco|st|nocs
|c|+toniosccncont|+ocscnvo|v|ooumco|otco||coooucscooc||+c|+m+|ocum+m|c|o-
cconom|+o+|oouion+s|cocscnvo|vcnoo+scctos+ssoc|+oos+|oouio+|nov+io+s|c|+-
ocsoct|+b+||octcocnt|oocsscs+mb|cntcsuccc|t+mcntcgu+|o+mo||c|cn+s|mo|t+ntcs
cm|c|+io+s|m+s^|guns+uto|cs,+vcm+o|t+nooucstocsucs|n+||z+mncss+o||ciocomo
|unov+||(+,,s)c|ov||ov+(.oo|)|unov+||ocst+c+o|cxcm|oucouxo|cgu|+|oc|n|o|m+-
ocscnt|cum|oouto|cumusu+||osooco||cu+noosiocst+bc|cc|oosc+n+|soccomun|c+io
+t|+vcsoosu+|s+s|n|o|m+ocsc||cu|+m^c||+ioocsscsc+n+|sconst|tu|um|nvcst|mcnto|ntcn-
s|vocmtcmooco|c+oo++|cno|z+gcmcnvo|vcnoot+mbcmum++|cc|+occustos(t+nto+|+
su+ const|uio como +|+ + su+ ocs+t|v+io) c ||scos (como|t+mcntos oo|tun|st+s ucb|+ oc
s|g||octc)u+ntom+|sosc+n+|soccomun|c+iosiout|||z+oosm+|sc|ct|v+tcnoc+sc|+t|+ns-
m|ssio oc |n|o|m+ocs ^ cont|nu|o+oc ocssc |occsso ocnom|n+oo oc learning by interacting
o||unov+||(ibidem)+c+b+|c|o|+noo+cc|cnc|+o+t|+nsm|ssiooc|n|o|m+ocsconso||o+noo
osc+n+|soccomun|c+ioco|m|nu|noooscustosoct|+ns+io
Osc|cmcntosc|t+oos+ntc||o|mcntc+cn+s||ust|+mucstocsuc|cc|s+msc|+|t|cu|+oosocnt|o
ocumcsucm+concc|tu+|mctooo|og|coc+n+||t|co|o||o+|++s|cocscontcm|+noo|nc|us|vc
osocsoob|+mcntos+|+otcm+o++|o||+ioo+|oouiooccon|cc|mcntosncssc+mb|cntc
co|ct|voc|ntc|+t|voo+s|cocs
z9
Osto|cos+scgu||sio||utoocum+|ccxio|o||+sob|c+tcm+t|c+o+|nov+ion+contcmo|+-
nc|o+ocm+s||nc|+|mcntc|cctcm+|gunsoosontost|+t+oosc|os+uto|csnosc+|tu|osuc
scscgucmioc|cs
O capitalismo cognitivo e a velha economia
|omb|too+o|nm|c+|oout|v+ooc+|t+||smocogn|t|vo+|no+niocst+c|+|ocomosco+v+
+|nsc|ioo+|oouioocbcnst||coso+|+sc+ntc||o|ooc+|t+||smoonoc|coom|n+v++
|oouioocmc|c+oo||+so|mc|ooccon|cc|mcnto(cmcont|+os|io+|+sc+tu+|oc|o-
ouiooccon|cc|mcntoo|mc|ooccon|cc|mcnto)Ousc,+como|o|mu|+|cst|+tcg|+soc
|nov+io+|+o|cxcm|obcnsocc+|t+|m+u|n+s+|+|oouioocm+u|n+sou|nsu-
mosb+s|cosCc|t+mcntco|m+tc||+|cst+|nco|o|+ooncsscs|ooutossc,+n+|o|m+oc||
sc,+nodesignn+|o,ciocomc|c|+|o+m+|c+ctcm+s+tcucontoov+|o|ocss+|oouio
occnocouccono|c|on+o+c|+c||+ioocmunoosouocs|gn|c+oos
O papel das interaes nas inovaes
|css++|c+o+s|ntc|+ocs+|++|nov+io+|cccuc+|no+cx|stcum|ongoc+m|n|ooc|nvcs-
t|g+ioCons|oc|+noouc+|nov+ioscv+|coc|o|m+c|csccntco+s|cocsoc|ntc|+iocco|+-
bo|+io c+bc |no+g+| cm uc mco|o+ t+|s |occssos oc comun|c+io oocm sc| |nouz|oos
o|o|cxcm|oo||t|c+sub||c+s|ooc||+|+vc|o|sto|ocsu+noonio|csu|t+mo|cxcm-
|oocum+|n|c|+t|v+csontnc+ooscto||oout|vo|oss|vc|o||c|cnc|+|u+|st|osoc|ntc-
|+ocs+umcnt+mootcnc|+|oc|nov+ioo+scm|cs+sc+s|ntc|+ocscst|vc|cmoc|+to
oco||cnoocomonoc+sooccm|cs+scun|vc|s|o+ocsc|+scstio|cv+noo+um+umcntoo+s
|nov+ocsComosio+bc|tosc+n+|soccomun|c+iou+|+|ntcns|o+ocoousooosc+n+|s
Inovaes abertas
|ss+moo+||o+ococ|nov+ioo||g|n+||+oos|st+oos|n|ooscm|unioooscustosc|cv+oos
o+csu|s+vcmg+n|+noo|cc|cussioc|csccntcnos+mb|cntcs+c+ocm|cosccm|cs+||+|s
cm tooo o munoo c|+ + |nov+io +bc|t+ um+ cst|+tcg|+ +ocu+o+ +o contcxto b|+s||c||o
^tcucontov+|c+cn+o||cnt+|+so||t|c+soc|nov+io+|+css+o||ciou+|ssc||+mos
c|c|tososs|vc|socsscmooc|o,unto+scm|cs+sb|+s||c||+s
Novos parmetros de pesquisa para a Pintec
^|oost+oom+nu+|ocOs|ovc|sio,oc+c||c|o+|+concc|tu+iooc|nov+ioo|g+n|z+-
c|on+|cs+t|s|+to||+ouc|cc|so|cnov+|ocs|o|o+|+oc||m|t+|comm+|s|cc|sio+s||ontc|-
|+scnt|coso||c|cntcst|osoc|nov+ion+scsu|s+s|+|scscc|c+mcntc++bc|tu|+oo
concc|tooc|nov+iooc|occsso|oout|vo+|+o||c|cnc|+|+|og|st|c+cout|+s+t|v|o+ocsoc
+o|ocs+t|s|+to||+ousccon|unoccomosconcc|toscnt|c|nov+iooc|occssoco|g+n|z+-
c|on+|Comoo||c|cnc|+|mc||o|osconcc|tosoc|nov+iooc|ooutocmarketingOu+|no+
scgunooC+ss|o|+toct+|||v|c||coss|vc|c;ou|+ct|vc|+v+n+|n+const|uioocsurveyscsc-
c|cos+|+c+t+|+so|mcnsocs+n+||t|c+socsc,+o+s(sc|v|os+g|oncgoc|osctc)
!0
Aprendizagem, educao, capacitao
Coccocons|oc|+uccn+t|+ns|o|m+iooovc||ocon|cc|mcnto+|+onovocon|cc|mcnto
uccst++|nov+io|+soucot|+b+||+oo|cogn|t|vo|cc|s+con|ccc|ou+|cnoc|+|+|c+||-
z+|css+t|+ns|o|m+io|mum+mb|cntcocc||+ioco|ct|v+como|ocnt|c+||+cun+sn+c++-
c|t+iooc|ccu|sos|um+nos+|++|nov+iouco||t|c+oc|o|m+iooc|ccu|sos|um+nos
+oot+|cgunoo||n|c||oc|g|c+couc+io|o|m+|+|no+cumcnt|+vc+|nov+iono||+s||Os
+uto|cs|ccomcno+mucnomc|c+ooocsoftwareocb+|xov+|o|+g|cg+oo+so||t|c+socvcm
sc conccnt|+| n+ cs|c|+ couc+c|on+| (||nc|+|mcntc no n|vc| tccn|co-|oss|on+||z+ntc) Os
+uto|cs const+t+|+m uc + |+|t+ oc c++c|t+io |o| + v+||+vc| c||t|c+ |ocnt|c+o+ cm |+t|c+-
mcntctoo+s+scm|cs+scnt|cv|st+o+sc+ss|m+ovc|tcmospolicy-makersn++|c+oc|nov+io
sob|c+ncccss|o+ococmon|to|+|niosomcntcos|no|c+oo|cst|+o|c|on+|sm+|so||ct+mcntc
v|ncu|+oos+c|cnc|+tccno|og|+c|nov+iom+s|gu+|mcntc+uc|csucoocm|n|o|m+|+|go
sob|c+|cno|z+gcmccomctcnc|+socscnvo|v|o+snos|stcm+n+c|on+|oc|nov+io
|oc+|t+||smocogn|t|voov+|o|o+smc|c+oo||+scst+c+o+vczm+|s||g+oo+o|nt+ng|vc|ou
sc,+n+uc|++|cc|+uc|o||+b||c+o+++|t||oc|oc|+sconcc|tosocv|o+m+|c+scoscus|m-
bo||smoc|+ntc+soc|co+oc|cssccontcxto+|nov+io+ss++cst+|mu|to|ox|m+o+|oc|+
oc c||+t|v|o+oc c||+ + c||+t|v|o+oc um c|cmcnto v+|o||z+oo c|o s|stcm+ couc+c|on+| b|+s|-
|c||o|m+|scmucmco|o++cu|tu|+|nov+t|v+oocsc||omcnt+o+c|os|stcm+couc+c|on+|
Comoscooccst+bc|ccc|o||t|c+s+|+|nov+ionomb|tocouc+c|on+|
Redes e infraestrutura
Cons|oc|+noo uc +s |cocs sio + |n||+cst|utu|+ o| cxcc|cnc|+ oo c+|t+||smo cogn|t|vo onoc
sco++|oouioc|o+g+ioooscon|cc|mcntos|oss|vc|cons|oc|+|um+govc|n+n+o+s
|cocsv|s+noocst|mu|+|+|nov+ioOuc|cv++|gum+s|cocs+|unc|on+|cmbcmcout|+snio
Apropriao privada de conhecimentos
|mummunooonoc+|nov+io+ss+++ssum||c+|+ctc||st|c+socc||+ioco|ct|v+conoc+
+|o||+io||v+o+ooscon|cc|mcntoscc+o+vczm+|sco|oc+o+cmxcuccomo+so||t|-
c+soccst|mu|o+s|nov+ocsooc|io||o+|comb+||c||+s|most+sc|+|cg|s|+iob|+s||c||+o+
|o||co+oc|ntc|cctu+|
Em busca de tipologias de inovao
^c|+bo|+iooct|o|og|+s+|+o||cnt+|+gc|+iooc|no|c+oo|csc+|o|mu|+iooco||t|c+s
oc|nov+ionocontcxtoooc+|t+||smocogn|t|vo+|cccmoccnoc|oocntcno|mcntoo+s
o|nm|c+soc|oouiooo|m+tc||+|C+ss|o|+toct+|||v|c||sugc|cmuc+|no+g+iooccomo
t|+t+|+s+t|v|o+ocsc|ccu|sos|nt+ng|vc|succ+|+ctc||z+mosnovosscto|csc+|n|o|m+||o+oc
|cscntcncsscs+|scs(sc|v|oso|cxcm|o)ocvco||cnt+|csu|s+s|utu|+sncssctcm+
Con|o|mc c|t+oo no tcxto oc Cocco c t+mbcm mcnc|on+oo +ntcs no |cscntc c+|tu|o o
cxcm|ooo|c|+to||o|cvy-|ouyct|c|+t|vo+cm|cs+|||cucocsco|+ocustooc|oouio
ocums++tocso|t|vo(|/)oocustooo|m+tc||+|(,o/)oocsc|um+|st++|+sccomc+|
!!
+o|scut||t|o|og|+soc|nov+iocom+t|vc|scom+noioocc+|t+||smocogn|t|vo^st|cs
g|+nocsc+tcgo||+ssugc||o+sc|o|c|+to||o(os|nvcst|mcntostccno|og|cosos||g+oos+o|m+-
g|n+||oosgc|cnc|+|s)oocmconst|tu||-sccmumcmb||iooct|o|og|+^ss|mum||mc||o
cxc|c|c|osc||+busc+|occomo|os|tcnsoccustosocumbcmouocc+tcgo||+socbcnsoc
mooo+cnxc|g+|+s+|tcsm+tc||+|sc|m+tc||+|socc+o+umoc|csc+ss|msuccss|v+mcntc+tc
ooc||ocnt|c+|osc|cmcntosuccomocmo|m+tc||+|+|cst|+tcg|+oct|+b+||oc|m|t|||+
o|cxcm|oucos|nvcst|mcntocm|nov+iouocsscmsc|m+|s|oc+ooscmcomoncntcs
comm+|o|otcnc|+|ocgc|+ioocv+|o|oun+uc|cscons|oc|+ooscst|+tcg|cos
kerernclas
^8|^|OV|1z. | C+ct||ng u,. |o:g|ng +|c+o. +no |+|||ng bc||no ournal or Lconomlc llstory. |cw :o:|.
v oo. ni. , ,s,-|oo. +,so
^|U||||. ^ |nnov+t|on su:vcy |no|c+to:s +ny ,:og:css s|ncc +,,o O: |ow to +oo:css t|c O|so ,+:+oox
wc scc |nnov+t|on su:vcys cvc:yw|c:c but w|c:c |s t|c |m,+ct on |nnov+t|on ,o||cy |n O|C| 8|U|
:|: || CO||||||C| v|^1 ||||C^1O|: |O| :C|||C|. 1|C||O|O: ^|| |||OV^1|O| |O||C||:
Ott+w+. C+n+o+ iooo Annals Ott+w+. C+n+o+ iooo
8^|||. C| :cnsc +no nonscnsc o| :81 ,:oouct|v|ty |no|c+to:s Sclence and ubllc ollcy Vo| is. n |.
i,,-ioo. ioo+
8|||. | le comlng or post-lndustrlal soclety |cw :o:| 8+s|c 8oo|s. +,;o
C||:8|OU|. | !c c:+ o| o,cn |nnov+t|on Ml1 Sloan Management kevlew. v ||. n,. ioo,
______ v|y com,+n|cs s|ou|o |+vc o,cn bus|ncss mooc|s Ml1 Sloan Management kevlew. v |s. ni. ioo;
COCCO. Mundobraz. o devlr-8rasll do mundo e o devlr-mundo do 8rasll. ||o oc |+nc|:o |cco:o. ioo,
||||||. | von Sources or lnnovatlon ||1 |:css. +,s,
______ O,cn sou:cc ,:o,ccts +s |o:|zont+| |nnov+t|on nctwo:|s - by +no |o: usc:s Worklng aper
4!66-0z. iooi
|^:1||:. |||. |||:. |||. ^|8^||. : |no|c+oo:cs o+ cconom|+ c soc|co+oc o+ |n|o:m+io.
con|cc|mcnto c +,:cno|z+oo |n V|O11|. |8. |^C||O. || (|o) lndlcadores de clncla, tecnologla e
lnovao no 8rasll C+m,|n+s |o|to:+ o+ Un|c+m,. , ,,,-,;s. ioo,
|^zz^|^1O. | ^s kevolues do capltallsmo ||o oc |+nc|:o C|v|||z+io 8:+s||c|:+. iooo
!z
||V:. |. |OU:|1. |-| |cconom|c oc ||mm+tc:|c| |+ c:o|ss+ncc oc ocm+|n kapport de la comlsslon sur
leconomle de llmmateerlel |+:|s ||n|stc:c oc ||conom|c ct ocs ||n+nccs. iooo
|U||V^||. 8-^ |nnov+t|on +s +n |ntc:+ct|vc ,:occss |:om usc:,:ooucc: |ntc:+ct|on to t|c |+t|on+|
|nnov+t|on :ystcms |n |O:|. . |||||^|. C. |||:O|. ||. :||V||8||. . :O|1|. | (|os) 1ecbnlcal
Cbange and Lconomlc leory |onoon ||ntc: |ub||s|c:s. +,ss
|^C||U|. | le productlon and dlstrlbutlon or knowledge ln tbe Unlted States C||c+go Un|vc:s|ty o|
C||c+go |:css. +,oi
|^|O||. 1. :^1|:. |. 8|||^|||. | le lnrormatlon tecbnology revolutlon Ox|o:o Ox|o:o Un|vc:s|ty
|:css. +,,|
||||:. | |+ttc:ns o| |nnov+t|on |n sc:v|cc |noust:|cs l8M Systems ournal. v |;. n+. ioos
|OV||OV^. | ||:ms o: nctwo:|s |n sc+:c| o| t|c |ocus o| |nnov+t|on |n ||U|| ^C^|||: v||1||
ioo, ||| CO||||||C| O| |||U:1||^| |VO|U1|O| ^|| |:|^||C:. ^+|bo:g. |cnm+:|. ioo|
Annals ^+|bo:g. |cnm+:|. ioo|
|O|^1. | le lnrormatlon economy ocn|t|on +no mc+su:cmcnt v+s||ngton. |C. +,;;
||OU||O|. |-| ^ ,:o,:|co+oc c um :oubo c out:os csc:|tos +n+:u|st+s L8M |oc|ct |o:to ^|cg:c
+;i , ioo+
!!
Indicadores de inovao e capitalismo cognitivo
2. Indicadores de inovao e capitalismo cognitivo
Giuseppe Cocco
8

2.1. Introduo
|+|+cns+|novos|no|c+oo|csoc|nov+io|cc|s+mos+|t||o+c||scoov+|o|cooscn|gm+scocs+-
osuccssct|ooccns+mcntooctc|m|n++|+too+s+stcnt+t|v+socu+nt|c+io^|nov+io
ocvcsc|cns+o+n+c|scct|v+ooscs|o|osoc|cocn|iooosc||tc||osoc+v+||+ioo+||ucz+(oo
|||o|cxcm|o)coot|+b+||o|ssos|gn|c++|t||o+sc+|+ctc||st|c+sooc+|t+||smocontcmo|-
ncog|ob+||z+oon+ncc||occogn|t|vo
O+c|oocon|cc|mcntomuoou|+o|c+|mcntco|um|+ootoo++mooc|n|o+oc|noust||+|scm-
|c|o|b+sc+o+nouso|ntcns|vooocon|cc|mcntoo|out|o++ss+gcm+omooooc|oouioo+
os-mooc|n|o+oc|m||c++ss+|mosoousooocon|cc|mcnto+|++|oouioocbcns(|oouio
ocmc|c+oo||+so|mc|ooccon|cc|mcnto)+ousooocon|cc|mcnto+|+|oouz||out|ocon|c-
c|mcnto(|oouiooccon|cc|mcntoo|mc|ooccon|cc|mcnto)^cconom|+o||t|c++n+||s+o
con|cc|mcntoooontoocv|st+oos|nvcst|mcntosnc|c|c+||z+oosos|nvcst|mcntoscm||o+s
|m+soc+|t+||um+no+ssoc|+oo+ot|+b+||ou+||c+ooot|+b+||ouc|oouzcon|cc|mcnto
(ot|+b+||oo+s|ossocs||bc|+|soosc|cnt|st+soosmanagersctc)cstuo+t+mbcm+smc|c+oo||+s
ucsiot|oc+o+s,unt+mcntc+oscucontcuoooccon|cc|mcnto,ust|c+noo+|oc|+o+s+tcntcs
co+sm+|c+suc+||n|+m+|o||co+ocoocon|cc|mcnto+oosbcnsm+tc||+|suoo|ssoc|mo|-
t+ntc m+s +c+b+ o| oc|x+| oc |+oo o cc|nc oo |ob|cm+ sc o con|cc|mcnto c o |ccu|so c|+vc
sob|cou+|scb+sc|++|oouiocontcmo|nc+csomcntc+|ssouc|cc|s+mosnos+tc|tcmos
uc+|ccnoc|+s|o||co+ocsc+mb|gu|o+ocsoocon|cc|mcntocnio+uc|+sooc+|t+|+||c+oo
cmcon|cc|mcntooot|+b+||ouc|oouzcon|cc|mcntoouo+smc|c+oo||+suco|nco|o|+m
||cc|s+moso|s|+|+|oomooocomoocon|cc|mcntoscto|n+|ot+gon|st+oomunoo|c+|+tco
ontoocob||g+|+s|m+s+c+tu|+-|occx|o|+-|o
8 |usc,,c Cocco c oouto: cm ||sto:|+ soc|+| ,c|+ Un|vc:s|tc oc |+:|s |. c ,:o|csso: t|tu|+: o+ Un|vc:s|o+oc |coc:+| oo ||o oc
|+nc|:o (U|||)
Oob,ct|voocssct|+b+||ocb+||z+|+|gunsc|cmcntosoc|ccxiosob|ccsscocs|oc+mcnto|+|soo
ucsugc|||+u|um+nov+mct||c+ocmcnsu|+ioo+|nov+io|ctcnocmoso|um|+oom+c+|
+ c||sc o+ mct||c+ v|gcntc (+uc|+ |noust||+| - o+ |oouio oc mc|c+oo||+s o| mc|o oc con|cc|-
mcnto)co|out|ot|+b+||+|n+c|scct|v+ooframingo+ocn|ioocumm+|coocnt|ooou+|
scoss+o|g+n|z+|um+|ccxiom+|s+m|+sob|cosocs+osuc|cc|s+moscn||cnt+|+|+oc-
n||um+nov+mct||c++ocu+o++o+|+o|gm+(os-|noust||+|)o+|oouiooccon|cc|mcntoo|
mc|ooccon|cc|mcnto
Os tc|mos oo ocs+o cstio ocn|oos n+ mooc|n|o+oc |noust||+| o con|cc|mcnto |unc|on+v+
como um+ |+c|on+||o+oc |nst|umcnt+| vo|t+o+ + um m + |oouio oc bcns ^ ob,ct|v+io oo
con|cc|mcntocmumbcm|unc|on+v+como+o|ioocv+|o||osmcsmostc|mosot|+b+||ouc
c|+ocn|oocomo|oout|voc|++uc|cm+tc||+||oouto|ocm+|s-v+||+ocumbcmsc+|+ooo+
praxisocsu+|oouio
|+|oouiooccon|cc|mcntoo|mc|ooccon|cc|mcntoc|oc-sco+o|ioocv+|o|Ocon|c-
c|mcntoniocm+|s|nst|umcnt+|vo|t+oo+ummm+scontcmomocnt|ooc|cmcsmocomo
+t|v|o+oc |ccx|v+ o con|cc|mcnto ocvc |oouz|| su+ |o||+ s|gn|c+io c||+noo um munoo
world making|ss+oc|+ionioc+utom+t|c+|c|ocont|+||oc|++|cscnt+um+sc||coco|cu|-
o+ocs m+tc||+|s uc c|o mcnos cm +|tc cx||c+m os |o||os mcc+n|smos o+ c||sc n+ncc||+
oo c+|t+||smo g|ob+| ocss+ v||+o+ oc occ+o+ Os ccnt|os cst|+tcg|cos oc oom|n+io c+|t+||st+
tcm |cn+ consc|cnc|+ ocsscs ocs+os nio +cn+s u+noo o ||cs|ocntc no|tc-+mc||c+no |+|+c|
Ob+m+ occ|+|+ cm ,+nc||o oc .o+o uc uc| |ccuc|+| c+o+ ccnt+vo o+ +,uo+ ub||c+ o+o+
+os b+ncos m+s t+mbcm u+noo |cmos o |n|o|mc ub||c|t+||o o+ |o|s+ oc V+|o|cs oc io |+u|o
(|||-|ovcs+-|ov+|o|s+)cmum,o|n+|c+||oc+ocg|+noct||+gcm
,
z||o+^|nssu+v|o+v+|o-
||zoutoo++|um+n|o+occm|omcn+gcm+mco|c+s+n|t+||st+b|+s||c||+mo|t+ou|+ntcotc||c-
motoucocv+stouo|+|t|t+mbcmcm,+nc||ooc.o+o
+o
^|o+g+no+o+|OV||^+|gumcnt+
z||o+^|nsconsc||c||+o+|o|s+ocV+|o|csoc|+|sc^mb|cnt+|sc|ontcoc|ns||+io+|+tooos
nosOut|ocxcm|omu|to|o|tcscm|cncsscstc|mosc+|o+g+no+oo|+nco+nt+noc|uc
ut|||z+um+g|+noc|otooc|osc|un|o|||oc|o+O|Cc+||oc+uc+tu+n+|+vc|+ocV|g+||oCc|+|^
|o+g+no+nosconv|o++nos+ssoc|+|mos+omov|mcntoo|mc|ooo+ccsso+os|tcoo|+nco
mu|t|n+c|on+|n+cxtcnsiocmb|cm+t|c+ocv+|o|o+s|oc|+s
++
9 O |obo. 1 oc oczcmb:o oc .010

10 :||o nosso |n|+t|z+mos + g:+v|o+oc o+ o,c:+io. o|+ntc o+ cno:m|o+oc o+ t:+gco|+ |+|t|+n+. no uso o+ |m+gcm o+ :+n|t+:|st+
,+:+n+cnsc. uc conco::cu +o Osc+: o+ |+z cm .00 Um+ c+,tu:+ uc cx,||c|t+ + +mb|gu|o+oc oc too+s +s tcm+t|c+s o+ :cs,on-
s+b|||o+oc soc|+|
11 |o:n+| O |obo. oc m+:o oc .010
!
C||scoov+|o|cnovo+|+o|gm+
|m+bo+m+nc||+ocsc+|ccnoc|osocs|oc+mcntos+|+o|gm+t|cosooc+|t+||smocontcmo|nco
cc|uz+|mos|n|c|+|mcntcou+s||n|+soc|ccxiosob|coocs|oc+mcntoccmscgu|o+co|oc+|mos+s
|no|c+ocsuccss+oc|+io|oouzn+c|scct|v+ocum+|ccxiocmtc|mosoc+nt|oo|og|+
^sou+s||n|+soc|ccxiouc|ctcnocmosc|uz+|sio+uc|+suc+|ccnocm+muo+n+oc+|+-
o|gm+o|um|+oocmtc|mosocc+|t+||smocogn|t|voco|out|o|+ooocsoc|co+oco|cn|nt|c
+sou+s||n|+scncont|+mosum|ntcnsoocb+tcc+o|tcs|cc||ocosômcsmotcmoc|+s|no|c+m
ou+sc|scct|v+so||c|cntcsum+||v||cg|++|ccnoc|+muo+n+ocsocoontoocv|st+ooc+|t+|
ousc,+ocumc||tc||oocv+|o||z+iouc+cs+|octoo+s+st|+ns|o|m+ocsm+ntcm-scscm|c
o mcsmo + out|+ ||v||cg|+ n+ +n+||sc o+ mcsm+ muo+n+ +|ccnoc| o ocs|oc+mcnto ocsoc
oontoocv|st+o+soc|co+ocuc|o|zc|oot|+b+||oC|uz+noo+sou+s||n|+sooc|cmos+ss|m
csucm+t|z+|+st|+ns|o|m+ocsoo|occssoocv+|o||z+iobcmcomoo+|o||+noioocv+|o|
Oocs|oc+mcntooou+|sct|+t+oco+|cont+c+uc|cuco|z|csc|to++ss+gcmocum|cg|mc
oc+cumu|+io(|oouio)ocmc|c+oo||+so|mc|ooccon|cc|mcntos+um|cg|mcoc+cumu-
|+io(oc|oouiocc||cu|+iom|stu|+o+s)occon|cc|mcntoo|mc|ooccon|cc|mcnto|+u|
uc |ctcnocmos |+zc| |ntc|v|| + c|scct|v+ |oo|c|on+o+ c|+ +nt|oo|og|+ cm um+ ||mc||+
|nstnc|+obv|+mcntc|ssosc,ust|c+c|o|+toocucocnt|oocss+st|+ns|o|m+ocs+|+o|gm+t|c+s
(+g|ob+||z+ioousogcnc|+||z+ooo+s|)+ss|st|moscomouc+um++cc|c|+ioo+st|+ns|o|m+-
ocs+nt|oo|og|c+sbcmnoscnt|oooouc+|m+||c|c|c||cs(.oo+)cm|om|ncsccnc|+nos
,+niosomosm+|sosmcsmos|omcns,+v|vcmosn+u+o|+scgu|ntc|mumscgunoomomcnto
ccomoconscucnc|+o|sso+|ntcns|o+oco+t|+ns|o|m+io+nt|oo|og|c+|cv++|gunscconom|st+s
(|^|^zz|.oos)+o|zc|ucn++ss+gcmooc+|t+||smo|noust||+|+|+oc+|t+||smocogn|t|vo
(oco|soo|ntc||cgnoos-|o|o|st+)|m+-scummooc|o+nt|oogcnct|coo|t|+so+|oouio
occon|cc|mcntoo|mc|ooccon|cc|mcntotcmosn+|c+||o+ocum+|oouiooo|omcmo|
mc|ooo|omcm|o|um|+ooo|ntc|cssco+mob|||z+ioo++nt|oo|og|+cu|tu|+|++|cccc|+|+-
mcntccmum+v+|o||z+ioucm|stu|++so|nm|c+s(+nt|oo|og|c+s)oc|oouioc|c|oouio
oo|omcm|o|out|oouc|ntc|css+nioc+cn+so+o|tco++nt|oo|og|+cmgc|+|m+socum+
+nt|oo|og|+c++zoc|ob|cm+t|z+|css+v+|o||z+io+nt|oogcnct|c+sob|ctuoonouco|z|cs-
c|to+su+s|m||c+ocs+nt|ooccnt||c+s
|os+ost+mosn+|ccxiosob|cum+nov+gc|+iooc|no|c+oo|csoc|nov+ioucocvcmob|||-
z+|um+nov+noiooc|nov+io|nov+ioo|mc|ooc|nov+io|sso+contccc+o|ongoocou+s
||n|+s + ||mc||+ como ,+ o|sscmos +c|m+ c +uc|+ uc c|m|tc |+zc| o t|+b+||o ocframing ou
!6
G iuseppe Cocco
sc,+co|oc+|o|ob|cm+o+|nov+ionom+|coo+ucstiom+|sgc|+|o+s|gn|c+iocoov+|o|+
scguno+c+uc|+uc+ssumccomoumtc||cnooc|nov+io,+o+oo+s|ccxocs+nt|oo|og|c+soc
V|vc||osocC+st|o(+,,.+,,,.oo..oo;+.oo;b.oos)sob|c+cosmo|og|++mc||no|+o+stc||+s
b+|x+soo||+s||Oframingo|z|csc|to+|o||+c||+ioocmunooo+u+|+|t|c|++|oouiooc
con|cc|mcnto^cosmo|og|++mc||no|+c|m|tcco|oc+|+|oouiooccon|cc|mcntonum+c|s-
cct|v++nt|oo|+g|c+ucu|t|++ssc+t|+o|c|on+|c||v+gcm+nt|ooccnt||c+(oc|ocnt+|cmooc|n+)
ucooccu|tu|+cn+tu|cz+
+.
O||mc||oc|xoco|t+ntooframingo+c||sc+c||scoov+|o|coc
tooosscus|no|c+oo|csOscgunooc|xoc+uc|cocum+|nov+iouc+ont++|+umocs+o+
+|m+ioootc||cnob|+s||c||o+mc||no|oocconso||o+ioocum++nt|oo|og|+s|mct||c+o+
c|cnc|+o+o||t|c+co+cu|tu|+bcmnostc|mos|oostoso|||uno|+tou|(+,,;++)u+nooc|c+
+|t|cu|+com++n+||sco+|o|||c|+iooc||b||oos(occu|tu|+cn+tu|cz+)comoconcc|toocco|ct|vo
|oouocsocn+tu|cz+s-cu|tu|+sucsco||c|cnc|+mo+ssoc|co+ocsoossoc|o|ogos(os|omcns
cnt|cs|)co+n+tu|cz+oos+nt|oo|ogos(+sco|s+scnt|cs|)
Comc+|cmoso|so|um+o|scussiosob|c+c||scccmscgu|o++ss+|cmos+o|scut||+s+n+||scs
cmtc|mosocc+|t+||smocogn|t|vocsoc|co+oco|cn
2.2. Apontamentos a partir da crise nanceira do capitalismo global
Novos borlzontes globals
^c||scn+ncc||+ooc+|t+||smog|ob+|o|c|cccumm+|cooc|c|c|cnc|+cc+z+|++o|scussiooos
novos+|+o|gm+scconom|cosComc|c|to+|ccnoc|+mccn|c+o+c||scscus|m+ctoscocs+-
osnosc|m|tc+t||bu||m+|soumcnos|o|++so||c|cntcs+bo|o+gcnsuco|scut|+m+st|+ns|o|-
m+ocsooc+|t+||smog|ob+|ncss+v||+o+ocsccu|oC+bc+u||csum||+|gum+s|no|c+ocsuc+
c||scnoso|c|ccc
+) num||mc||on|vc|oocmos+|m+|uccmtc|mosocgovc|n+n+g|ob+|+c||sct|+ou-
z|u-sccm+|gum+s+bc|tu|+s|ntc|css+ntcs|ccoo+|+t||+|conc|usocsm+scomcc|tcz+
nioco|||c||vc|+|gunsocs|oc+mcntosc|o||zontcs+bc|tosoCs|o|occ|+|+oomo||bunoo
12 ^ :c|c:cnc|+ + +nt:o,o|+g|+ ,o||t|c+ c bcm +uc|+ cnunc|+o+ ,c|o mooc:n|smo oc Osw+|o oc ^no:+oc. :cnov+o+ ,c|o t:o,|c+-
||smo c tco:|z+o+ ,c|+ +nt:o,o|og|+ oc |ou+:oo V|vc|:os oc C+st:o (.00.) c|+ co|oc+ cm scu cc:nc + c+,+c|o+oc uc os |no|os tcm
oc sc vc: como out:o |o m+n||csto +nt:o,o|+go. Osw+|o o|z|+ uc + +nt:o,o|+g|+ nos |+z |cmb:+: uc + v|o+ c ocvo:+io (COCCO.
.009) |ou+:oo cx,||c|t+ + +nt:o,o|+g|+ c o m+:co oc um+ vo:+c|o+oc |oco|og|c+. oc um+ mcsm+ ,:o,cnsio +bso:vc: o out:o
c. ncssc ,:occsso. +|tc:+:-sc. ocv|: |+:+ vo|t+: +o m+:co cs,cc|co oc noss+ :ccxio. o|:cmos uc o |un| c+:|oc+ c um+ |nov+io
+nt:o,o|+g|c+ .o+ mcsm+ m+nc|:+ uc + ucb:+ o+s ,+tcntcs oos :cmco|os cont:+ + ^||: c um+ ,o||t|c+ +nt:o,o|+g|c+
!7
|cst+vcznio+cn+sc|+sm+n||cst+ocsoc|u+comocmc+tt|ccCcnov+m+st+m-
bcm c|o os|c|on+mcnto oo m|n|st|o o+s |c|+ocs |xtc||o|cs Cc|so ^mo||m ou|+ntc
+ u|t|m+ cuu|+ (cm û||+ |t+||+) o C.o c +s +|t|cu|+ocs gcoo||t|c+s cnt|c os +|scs
c|+m+oos|||cs(||+s|||uss|+|no|+cC||n+),+|no|c+mumc+m|n|o+|tc|n+t|voocgovc|-
n+n+ mu|t|o|+| u+||c+o+ o| |o|tcs |c|+ocs |o||zont+|s u|-u| c o| um |+oo +
c||sc+m||c+o|o||zontc+|++so||t|c+socgovc|n+n+o+g|ob+||z+io+o|ongooo
c|xou|-u|o|out|o|ssonos|no|c+ucniocst+moscnt|+noocmncn|um+|+scoc
ocsg|ob+||z+ioc|cvc|siooos|occssosoc|ntcg|+iomuno|+|o+s|cocsoc|oouio
c|c|oouio^g|ob+||z+iocont|nu+nonosso|o||zontcm+ssu+govc|n+n+cs|gn|-
c+ioc+mcom|ct+mcntc+bc|t+sc|noctc|m|n+o+s+b|c-sc+|++cconom|+b|+s||c||+
csu+scm|cs+sum|o||zontcnovoocoo|tun|o+ocs
b) ocm+nc||+m+|scst|utu|+|+s|c|+ocsu|-u|tcmc|+||cntc+oss|b|||o+occt+mbcm
oocs+ooc+|m+|c+m|n|osocc|csc|mcnto+|tc|n+t|vos+uc|cuc|cgcmon|z+v+
+g|ob+||z+ionco||bc|+|cn+ncc||+|csscscnt|oooocmoscns+|uc+c||sco|c|ccc
oo|tun|o+ocs +|+ o ||+s|| sc cm+nc|+| +|no+ m+|s um ouco o+ os|io uc ocu+
n+ o|v|sio |ntc|n+c|on+| oo t|+b+||o |o| um |+oo |+ o cs+o +|+ |omc|mos com +
o|v|sio|ntc|n+c|on+|oot|+b+||oucsobooom|n|oo+|c|+iocnt|cC||n+c^mc||c+
(C||mc||c+)cst+v+o|t|+socummooc|oocc|csc|mcntog|ob+|uc+|t|cu|+v+osuc|-
consumo+c|co|tooos|st+oos|n|oos+suc||oouiocomoc+ios+|+||+|c||ncs+c
ossuperavitscomc|c|+|scmcommodities+g||co|+scocm|nc||oo+^mc||c+|+t|n+(||n-
c|+|mcntcoo||+s||)|o|out|o|+oo|+cs+o+|+uccss+|cocn|ioo+||c|+|u|+
cconom|c+g|ob+|sct|+ouz+nio+cn+scomoo|sscmosn+|c|o|mu|+iooom+|coo||-
t|coo+govc|n+n+(oC.oos|||csum+|cocn|ioooscu|||b||osocooc|no|||c
noConsc||ooccgu|+n+o+O||)m+st+mbcmcmum+|cvo|uioo+sconvcnocs
soc|+|sucsustcnt+|+mcsscmooc|ooc+cumu|+iocst+mos|+|+nooo+sconvcnocs
oo consumo (no|tc-+mc||c+no) c oc cm|cgo |noust||+| (c||ncs) uc sc t|+ouz||+m cm
|occssos gc|+|s |mco|+t+mcntc g|ob+|s oc |n+io oc c|co|to (+|+ sustcnt+| o con-
sumo)coc+ios+|+||+|(+|+cont|o|+|+|oouio)
c) |oocmos+v+n+|+||otcscocuc+c||scn+ncc||++ocont|+||oooucsuun|+m
+s+n+||scsucvccmnc|++oo|tun|o+ococum+|couioo+sn+n+scnu+ntocs|c|+
ct|c|+ sc+|+o+ o+uc|+ |c+| (o+ |oouio) +c+b+ tcnoo conscucnc|+s v|o|cnt|ss|-
m+ssob|cos|cs|ouosoc|noust||+||smoucsob|+v+mocnt|oooc+|t+||smog|ob+|c
cogn|t|vo|ongcoc|m||c+|+vo|t+ooscto||noust||+|(o+cs|c|+|c+|)+c||scoctc|m|n+
umu|tc||o|+|o|uno+mcntoo+so|mcnsocscogn|t|v+sc|m+tc||+|so++cumu|+io|sso
|m||c+o|um|+oouc+sustcnt+ioooc|csc|mcntoc||ncsocvc|+cncont|+|c|cmcn-
tosoccu|||b||o|ntc|nos(noc|csc|mcntooomc|c+oooomcst|co)coctc|m|n+|+,unto
+mu|t|||c+ioo+s|ut+sco+s|cvo|t+s+su+|s,+cst+mos+ss|st|noo-+ncccss|o+ococ
+ss+| + to|c|+| +s |cssocs s+|+||+|s o| out|o o cn||+ucc|mcnto oss|vc| o+ |cssio
!8
G iuseppe Cocco
ncg+t|v+ sob|c os s+|+||os muno|+|s (gc|+o+ c|+ ||c|cx|o|+io oos g|g+ntcscos con-
t|ngcntcs oc |o|+s oc t|+b+||o c||ncs+s) ooc t|+ouz||-sc no +|o|uno+mcnto c gcnc-
|+||z+io|nc|us|vcn+C||n+-oosc|cmcntoscogn|t|vosc|m+tc||+|so+|oouiocoo
consumo ^ c||sc |no|c+ um +|o|uno+mcnto o+s o|mcnsocs cogn|t|v+s c |m+tc||+|s oo
|o||o|occssoocv+|o||z+io
|moosc|xosoc|ccxiosob|conovom+|co|c|c|cnc|+|ocum+o||t|c+oc|nov+io|cunco|s
csscst|csmomcntosoc|ccxiosob|c+c||scn+ncc||+ooc+|t+||smog|ob+|
o+|s|gn|c+io+g|ob+||z+ioousc,+const|u||ummunoo
o+c|uco||+s||oocv||+tc|n+|cocn|ioo+o|v|sio|ntc|n+c|on+|oot|+b+||o
||o+|como|+touc+c||scoctc|m|n+um++cc|c|+iooos|occssosococsm+tc||+||z+io
o+|oouiooccon|cc|mcnto
Crlse do valor
Comc|c|too|o||zontccst++bc|toc|noctc|m|n+oo|m+o+soss|b|||o+ocsucscco|oc+o|z|cs-
c|to+|cocn|ioo+convcniouc||g+t|+b+||occm|cgo|o|cg|mcoc+cumu|+ioo+g|+noc
|noust||+t|+b+||occ+|t+|cst+v+mnum+|c|+iooc|ntc|occnocnc|+o|+|ct|c+c|+o+|+ooxooo
soc|+||smon+|uss|+os-|cvo|uc|on+||+onoc|cn|nuc||+com+t|b|||z+|ossov|ctcs(+ocmoc|+-
c|+ocb+scoosconsc||os)com+c|ct||c|o+occot+y|o||smouc|o|zc|com+o|sc|||n+o+g|+noc
|+b||c+û|+convcniouc||g+ot|+b+||o+ocm|cgo(|noust||+|)o|z|csc|to+um+|c|+io
soc|+|oc|oouiouccomb+scnoo||c|to+bso|utoo+|o||co+occst+t+|(ou||v+o+)coocon-
t|o|csc+|+oo(c|ost|+b+||+oo|cs|ntc|cctu+|s)o+c|cnc|++||c+o++tccn|c+|+zcomucot|+b+-
||ov|vo(oc+|t+|v+||+vc|)+|+scto|n+||oout|votcn|+ucscsubo|o|n+|+oc+|t+|xo(m+u|-
n+||+tccno|og|+t|+b+||omo|tocc|cnc|+)|sscct+mbcmo+|+ooxoo+ssoc|co+ocs+ucntcs
comoo|z|+||C+|b|+|t|(+,o+)u+noo+ont+v+o|+toocucnc|+sc|cc|so|oouz||bcns|nutc|s
+|+ ooc| o|st||bu|| |cno+ o|s c o cm|cgo uc |unc|on+ como o|sos|t|vo oc o|st||bu|io o+
|cno+ô+ssoucnoss+cnc|g|+|oout|v+()sc|vc+c||+ioocbcnsocouc+ut|||o+oc|o-
outosoosu+|sc|cc|sosusc|t+|+|t|c|+|mcntc+ncccss|o+oco|mc|oocg|+nocs|nvcst|mcntos
scmosu+|sc|csniosc||+mmcsmoocm+no+ooso|occssooc|oouioconsc|v+u+sc|ntc-
g|+|mcntcscuc+|+tc|ocu|gcnc|+cnu+nto|ontcoc|cno+Onocco|omcmun|o|mcns|on+|oc
|c|bc|t|+|cusc
13
ucoom|n+ot|+b+||ov|voocvcsubmctc|-sc+oc+|t+|xo+|+tc|+ccsso+
|cno+co|s|ntcg|+|-scsoc|+|mcntcc|oconsumo(m+ss|c+oocscmu+||o+oc)
13 |cns+oo: o+ csco|+ oc |:+n||u:t
!9
^ss|mnomc|oo+c||scoossubprimes (.oos-.oo,)+|+s+|v+|ocm|cgoo+|noust||++utomo-
b|||st|c+ogovc|noc||+subs|o|os(o|cxcm|o|couz|nooo|||)+|+ucscm+ntcn|+ou+umcntc
+|oouioocc+||osuc+|cmoccont||bu||+|+oc|c|tocstu|+c+|iocng+||+|+oosn+sc|o+ocs
congcst|on+o+s+comc+|o|io|+u|oonoc+m+|o||+oc|csc|oouz|o+cc||cu|+Os+|+ooxos
sion+|c+||o+oc|ncv|t+vc|soctc|m|n+oosc|+cont|+o|iocnt|cv+|o|cconom|cocs|gn|c+io
soc|+|o+mob|||z+io|oout|v+Omcc+n|smo|uno+mcnt+|ocsscucb|+-c+bc+c+convcnio
uc nos |moc |couz|| o t|+b+||o (+t|v|o+oc oc |oouio soc|+| oc s|gn|c+io) +o cst+tuto oc
cm|cgo+ss+|+||+oococcnocntc|ssooctc|m|n++|couioo+s|gn|c+iosoc|+|+oo|sc|cmcntos
o|+|ct|cosos+|+||o(custo+sc||couz|oo)co|uc|o(ob,ct|vo|nst|umcnt+|+sc|m+x|m|z+oo)ô|n-
m|c+o+|nov+iococsu+mcnsu|+iot+mbcmcoctc|m|n+o+o|cssc|o||zontc
|oscgunooos-guc||+ou|+ntc+|cgcmon|+oo|o|o|smocss+sou+so|mcnsocscncont|+v+m
su+s|ntcscn+o|nm|c+ooconsumocst+t+|cm|||t+|noc+sooos+|scssoc|+||st+sm|||t+|coc
consumonoc+sooob|ocooc|ocnt+||+|scst|utu|+|mcntcot|+b+||ov|vo(c+|t+|v+||+vc|)nio
s+b|+comoto|n+|-sc|oout|voscmsc,unt+|+oc+|t+|xo(|osscoo+g|+noc|noust||+cst+t+|ou
o+sg|+nocsmu|t|n+c|on+|s)c+omcsmotcmo+o|nm|c+ocscus+|+||o|c+|(|csu|t+oomcsmo
ocss+subo|o|n+io)|unc|on+v+noc+soo+scconom|+soc|ocnt+|soono|tc-comooc|o+|t|cu-
|+oo|(c|cg|t|m+oo|)cnt|c+|oouiocmm+ss+coconsumocmm+ss+|o+|+o|gm+|noust||+|
o|um|+ooot|+b+||oocv|+sc+|+|-sco+v|o+o+csso+(oot|+b+||+oo|)+|+scx+|n+sgu|+s
c|o|m+soocm|cgo+ss+|+||+oo(c+|t+|v+||+vc|)sobocom+nooo+tccn|c+(oot|+b+||oc||st+||-
z+oon+m+u|n+||+c+|t+|xo)|o|out|o|+ooocm|cgonou+|++t|v|o+ocoot|+b+||+oo|sc
x+v+c|o|+su+|c|+io+osob,ctosc+omunoo+ss+noo+occnoc|(cnu+ntoc+|t+|v+||+vc|)
o+s|gn|c+iotccn|c+cmo|+|ucoc+|t+|(xo)||c+t||bu|+^|oouioocbcnsc|nov+ocs
tccno|og|c+s++|cc|+como|occssooctc|m|n+ooo||og|c+ssc+|+o+so++t|v|o+ocucos|o-
ouz|++|+ot|+b+||+oo|obcmucc|c|oouz|+c|++cn+somc|ooc+ccoc|+ums+|+||o+o
+ssouc+tccno|og|+||c++|cc|+comocvo|uion+tu|+|sob+s|o|m+so+s|c|so+cc|cnc|+co+
conco||cnc|+c+|t+||st+Osu,c|toscm+nt|n|+sc+|+ooooob,ctoo+mcsm+m+nc||+uc+cu|-
tu|+scm+nt|n|+sc+|+o+o+n+tu|cz+
|oc+|t+||smocogn|t|vog|ob+||z+ooot|+b+||o|o|s+|nooooc|iooc|+b||c+scocsco|+noooo
cm|cgoccom|ssoc|ocnoosu+c++c|o+ococ|unc|on+|como+o|ioocmcnsu|+io(tcmo
oct|+b+||ocustooot|+b+||o)o+s+t|v|o+ocs|oout|v+scocconsumo|ssosct|+ouz|ucomo
s+bcmoscmc|o+ss+|+||+|scoco||c|tosoost|+b+||+oo|cs(cn||+ucc|mcntoo+so|g+n|z+ocs
s|no|c+|so|m|nu|ioo++|tcooss+|+||ossob|c+|cno+tot+|+umcntoooocscm|cgoco+|c-
c+||co+oc)|+ss+|nooo+|+b||c+ot|+b+||oc|ocuotcnc|+|mcntc-+uc|+subo|o|n+ioo|+-
|ct|c+uco|ocnt|c+v++ocm|cgo(+ss+|+||+oo)com+nt|n|+num+|c|+iooc|nucb|+nt+vc|
occnocnc|+comoc+|t+|
40
G iuseppe Cocco
|ctom+mosumouconosso|+c|oc|n|o+|nooooc|iooc|+b||c+ot|+b+||osco||unocnoso||c-
|cntcscst+tutosoocm|cgo(|n|o|m+||cc+||otcmo|+||o)cn+v|o+(u+nootcmosumcm|cgo
cnoss++|m+uccmob|||z+o+cu+nooniotcmosumcm|cgot|+b+||+mos-como+utonomos
o|cont+|o||+como|cst+oo|csocsc|v|oc;oucomoconsum|oo|cs)^|oouio+ss++sc
o|g+n|z+| ocnt|o o+s |o||+s |cocs oc c||cu|+io |o| |sso + ||v+t|z+io oos sc|v|os uc o|zcm
|csc|to+o|unc|on+mcntoo+s|cocsctio|mo|t+ntc+|+oc+|t+|-conco||bc|+||smo|o|ocssc
ontoocv|st++|cto||c+c+o||t|c+ocss+|nvcst|o+c+|t+||st+ocnoss+sv|o+s
+|
O uc c+|+ctc||z+ o c+|t+||smo cogn|t|vo n+ncc||o c g|ob+||z+oo c + ocsconst|uio o+ |c|+io

s+|+||+|comooc|+oo|oo|occssooc|oouioc+omcsmotcmosu+m+nutcniocomocon-
vcniocxtcnu+o+oc|ccon|cc|mcntoncccss+||+mcntc|nsuc|cntcoot|+b+||oo|um|+ooo
t|+b+||ocx|ooccmscmnumc|ooccst|||+oso|out|osooscst|||+osucm+ntcmum+|o|m+
cumcst+tuto|ox|moso++nt|g+|c|+iooccm|cgooioo||c|to+|cno+c|otciosoc|+|
^c||sccomobcms+bcmostcmcmscubo,ocss+cont|+o|iocst|utu|+|ot|+b+||occ+o+vcz
m+|so||usocos+|+||oc+o+vczm+|scst|||++oonocs+ocnotcmoso+|c|+ioococb|to-c|c-
o|toc|m|t|uocs|oc+|cssc|m+ssc+|+||cntccm+ntc|osn|vc|socconsumoncccss+||os+|c+||z+-
iooos|uc|osbcmcomo+m+ntc|+|cssioo+s|ut+ssoc|+|s+tcoontocmuc+bo||+oosub-
primes cstou|oun+c||sco+o|ioocv+|o|b+sc+oonot|+b+||o+ss+|+||+oo(notcmooct|+b+||o)
+c+b+++|cccnooc|ouccumsubv+|o|umsubprime'
|ncsscn|vc|uc+com+|+ioo+c||scoosubprime oc.oo;;.ooscom+uc|+ocWall Streetoc
+,.,nosc|m|tc+|ccnoc|+muo+n++|+o|gm+t|c+^sou+sc||scs|cv+m+um+g|+noct|+ns-
|o|m+io|oc|+uco|cg|mcoc+cumu|+iot+y|o||st+occnocu+|+cncont|+|su+govc|n+n+
(|cgu|+io)|+t+v+-scococn||u+|t|ooc|ntc|vcnioub||c+oo|+|cso|vc|ocn|gm+co|oc+oo
c|+ou|+o|mcnsioooss+|+||osoc|+||os
|o c+so oo c+|t+||smo cogn|t|vo o cn|gm+ c const|tu|oo c|+ ou|+ o|mcnsio oos sc|v|os uc
c|m|tc+ost|+b+||+oo|cscont|nu+|+sc|cmcm|cg+vc|s||toocout|+m+nc||++c||scocsob|c-
|oouio(oc+,.,)gc|ou-scoo|+toocucosoc|+||os(t|+b+||+oo|cs+ss+|+||+oosooc|ioo+s
g|+nocs|+nt+st+y|o||st+s)uc|oouz|+mosbcnsocconsumoou|+vc|s(osc+||os')nioo|su-
n|+m oos n|vc|s oc s+|+||o |c+|s uc ||c c|m|t|sscm +ou|||noo csscs bcns +|t|c|+| oo mov|-
mcnto oc v+||o+io soc|+| o+ m+|s-v+||+ |c|+t|v+ gc|+o+ c|os cno|mcs g+n|os oc |oout|v|o+oc
|oo|c|on+oosc|++||c+ioo+c|cnc|++ot|+b+||o|um+no^v+||+vc|cst|+tcg|c+o+c||scco+
s+|o+o+c||scc|+os+|+||ocnu+ntoumcustooc|oouioucocv|+sct|+nsmut+|cmvcto|o+
14 Vc: + +n+||sc ,:o,ost+ ,o: |ouc+u|t (.004) oos o:oo||bc:+|s +|cmics o+ occ+o+ oc 19!0
4!
ocm+no++bcmosucoNew Deal|oosvc|t|+no|o|cx+t+mcntc+|nst|tu|ioocum+cto+oc-
u+oo+so|uioocss+cu+io++||+n+cnt|cgovc|nocs|no|c+tosv|s+v+const|u||um+|cssio
gc|+|sob|cc+o+c+|t+||st+|no|v|ou+|+|+uccstc+ss+ssc+cons|oc|+|oss+|+||osniom+|scomo
umcustooc|oouio(+sc||couz|oo+om|n|mon|vc|oss|vc|)m+scomoumvcto|o+ocm+no+
(+sc|v+|o||z+oo+om+x|mooss|vc|)^|nst|tu|ioo+|ut+oc|+||+sob|cos+|+||oc|m|t|++ss|m
+s|stcm+t|c++ss+gcm(|cgu|+io)o+|og|c+m|c|oooc+|t+||st+|no|v|ou+|+|+o|ntc|csscm+c|o
o++cumu|+iocomoumtooo|+|cssiosoc|+|oooc|+||+ooucoctc|m|n++s|nov+ocs|nc|c-
mcnt+|succ|m|tcm+s|+b||c+st+y|o||st+scont|nu+mcntcscocs|oc+|cmoo|+ooo+m+|s-v+||+
|c|+t|v+|+|+mcntc||v||cg|+noo+sos|ocs|cnt|st+s(o+m+|s-v+||++bso|ut+)|csscomcc+n|smo
oomooc|oocc|csc|mcnto|cgu|+oouc|o|c|+m+oooc|o|o|smoousoo+cont|+o|iooc|+-
||osversus c+|t+|comomoto|ooc|csc|mcnto
+,
|m.oo;+c||scoossubprimestcvccomocsto|m+|nc++c|o+ococost|+b+||+oo|cs|cc+||os
|ntc|m|tcntcs|ntc||nos|m|g|+ntcsoccont|nu+|cm+g+noo+so|v|o+succ|cscont|+||+m+|+tc|
+ccsso+mo|+o|+suc||csocvcc|m|t||,unt+mcntccomout|ossc|v|oscomos+uoccouc+io
t|+nso|tc|ntc|nctctc|c|on|+cont|nu+|t|+b+||+nooocm+nc||+|cc+||+|ntc|m|tcntc|ntc||n+c
|n|o|m+|(ou+tc||cg+|noc+sooos|m|g|+ntcsscmv|stooct|+b+||o)Como,+co|oc+mosc+|no+
vc|cmosm+|s+o|+ntc+c||sctcmcomomcc+n|smo+|o||+o|nm|c+o+|oouioocumcon|c-
c|mcnto uc |o,c tcm ou+s c+|+ctc||st|c+s cscc|c+s c|c c o||uso c +ss|m m|stu|+ su+s |o|m+s
coo|c+o+sc+uc|+st+c|t+so||cmosucc|cc+nt|oo|+goc|cniocm+|s|unc|on+|+|oouio
ocob,ctosm+stcmcomom+|o||+|oouioocout|ocon|cc|mcntoc||cu|+|mcntco||cmos
ucc|csc|o+g+o|cont+g|ocmct+mo||osc
^cont|+o|ioucocuo|mu|so+c||sccscm|c+uc|+uccst+nocc|ncoo|o||omcc+n|smo
oc +cumu|+io ou sc,+ oo mooo cscc|co oc mob|||z+| (c cx|o|+|) o t|+b+||o |+s c|+ c +o
mcsmotcmocom|ct+mcntco||c|cntcc|o|+toucot|+b+||oscucontcuoocscusmooosoc
mob|||z+iosioo||c|cntcsot|+b+||oniocm+|scm|cg+oo(+ss+|+||+oo)coucc|c|oouzsio
sc|v|os(uc|o|+m||v+t|z+oosouuc||cssioc+o+vczmcnos+cccss|vc|scm|unioo+o|m|-
nu|io|c|+t|v+oosn|vc|ss+|+||+|s+niosc|ucc|c|cco||++oc|co|to)oosu+|soccnoc+||+ssu+
c++c|o+ococscm+ntc|t|+b+||+nooOt|+b+||oscto|nou|m+tc||+|ccogn|t|voc|cc|s+oossc|-
v|os+|+m+ntc|-sccomot+|Comovc|cmosocm|cgo|o|subst|tu|ooc|+cm|cg+b|||o+occ
+v+||+vc|oocusto(oot|+b+||os+|+||o)ccom|cmcnt+o+ou+tcsubst|tu|o+c|ouco|z|csc|to
oscustosoct|+ns+iooscustosniosiom+|s(ou+cn+s)|mut+oos+otcmooct|+b+||om+s
+|o||+|c|+iooct|+b+||oô+ssouc+|og|c+o+contcniooocustooot|+b+||o(oos+|+||o)
com||m|+otcmooct|+b+||oncccss+||o+uc|+o+contcniooocustooct|+ns+iocom||m|+
15 V|oc |usc,,c Cocco. 1:+b+||o c C|o+o+n|+. Co:tcz. 1999
4z
G iuseppe Cocco
+ |o||+ t|+ns+io uc| o|zc| nio m+|s oo s+|+||o m+s o+ |c|+io s+|+||+| |o| um |+oo +s |c|+-
ocs oc sc|v|o sio oc um+ c|csccntc com|cx|o+oc cogn|t|v+ (c |nov+oo|+ como ocmonst|+m
^|css+no|o |+|+ ||n|c||o c |+u|o |+stos |g|c no c+|tu|o scgu|ntc) m+s t+mbcm comun|c+t|v+
c+|ct|v+oot|+b+||o|cout|omooo+sc+|+iooot|+b+||ooocm|cgo|+zcomuc+|c|+io
ocsc|v|o+contc+nosmo|ocsocum+|cst+iocsso+|(tc|cc|||z+o+)uco|su+vcz|unc|on+
o|tc|c|+||z+io(+m||c+ioooscto|ocsc|v|os)c|cc|||z+ioctc|c|+||z+iosc+||mcnt+m
c||cu|+|mcntco||o+g+io
+o
Comc|c|to+c||scc|m|tc(ou+tcob||g+)um+|css|gn|c+ioo+|c|+iocnt|cconsumoc|oou-
iouc+ss+ncccss+||+mcntcc|ocn||cnt+mcntooocn|gm+oov+|o|ousc,+c|+|cocn|io
o+convcniouc,unt+o|+|ct|c+mcntct|+b+||occm|cgot|+b+||occ+|t+||ncsscscnt|oouc
+c||sccc||sco+||usion+ncc||+ouc+||usioniocst+oo|+oon+ncc||om+so+uc|cocum+
|oouioocbcnsucnioossu|m+|sum+o|ioob,ct|voocv+|o|(oucc|+otcmooct|+b+-
||o)co|ocu|+n+sn+n+s^sn+n+so|c|cc|+mum+ou|+||uso||+cncsscscnt|ooct|c|+
so|uio+m+nutcniooosn|vc|socconsumoo|mc|oo+cx+nsioooc|co|toc++|m+iooc
um+o|ioocv+|o||z+io+t|c|+oo+o|occssooct|t||z+io(o|+tooc|+t|+|os+t|vosocc|co|to
ccs+|m+-|osnos|stcm+b+nc+||omuno|+|mu|t|||c+noo+st|+ns+ocs++|t||ocum+mcsm+c
un|c+oc|+ioocc|co|to-ocb|to)ucsustcnt+v+css+cx+nsioooc|co|to
|o| t|+s o+ ||usio n+ncc||+ |+ +|go +|no+ m+|s ||uso||o um+ +cumu|+io c+|t+||st+ o|g+n|z+o+
o||ct+mcntcsob|c+cooc|+iosoc|+|csu+so|nm|c+scogn|t|v+sû|cuc+o|mcnsio+nt|oo-
gcnct|c+ooc+|t+||smocontcmo|nco(+|oouiooo|omcmo|mc|ooo|omcm)nosmost|+
umt|+b+||ocomo|o|m+socv|o+uc|oouzcmout|+s|o|m+socv|o+O+o|ioocv+|o|cst+
cmc||sco|uc+v+|o||z+ioocvccxc|cc|-sco||ct+mcntcsob|cum+cooc|+iosoc|+|uccs+-
c|+|mcntcnioc+bcm+|sn+|c|+ios+|+||+|ctcmo|+|mcntcnioco||csonocm+|s+otcmooc
t|+b+||om+sm|stu|+tcmoocv|o+ctcmooct|+b+||o|oouioc|c|oouio
^c||scob||g++cns+|out|+sconvcnocs|cc|s+moscns+|+|nov+iot+mbcmcmtc|mos|nst|-
tuc|on+|scocconvcnocsco|scn||cnt+|t+mbcmcsscsocs+os
|oocmosmob|||z+|ou+scxcm||c+ocsocss+c||sccomoc||sco+sconvcnocs+|+oco|svo|-
t+|mosocm+nc||+m+|so||ct++ucstioo+c||scoov+|o|como||n|+occont|+o|iocnt|cum
c+|t+||smo uc sc to|n+ cogn|t|vo (uc c+tu|+ v+|o| ocnt|o o+s o|nm|c+s cogn|t|v+s) c um+
soc|co+oco|cn(ucgc|+v+|o|ocnt|oo++|c+to||co+ococsu+so|nm|c+s|ntcg|+o+soc|oou-
iocc||cu|+io)
16 ^||+s. cm |ng|cs |+|+-sc oc outsourcing c +go:+ oc crowdsourcing + mob|||z+io o+ mu|t|oio oc s|ngu|+:|o+ocs (|owc. .00s-.009)
4!
^st|cscxcm||c+ocsucmob|||z+mossio
|um+|o|uno+mcntoo++n+||sco+scont|+o|ocscnt|ccm|cg+b|||o+occt|+b+||oo|um
|+ooco+|cto||c+oocusto-||+s||
||umocb+tcsob|c+cscc|c|o+oco+|oouiocu|tu|+|
|-Os+|+ooxoso+cm|cg+b|||o+occoocusto-||+s||
|o|cnu+nto+scm|cs+scmn|vc|muno|+|-cstio+|ovc|t+noo+c||sc+|++|o|uno+|c+cc-
|c|+|o|occsso|+mu|totcmocm+no+mcntooccnxug+mcntoo+|oouio|couz|noom+|s
+|no++om|n|mo+|c|+iooccm|cgocnco||cnoo+|no+m+|sum+|c|+ios+|+||+|uc,+|o|cst|||+-
+o+o|u+sct|csocc+o+socnco||bc|+||smouoo|sso+|ccctc|um+g|+v+ntcocnxug+mcnto
cst+|o,c+contcccnooscmncn|umn|vc|oc|ccst|utu|+io|nov+oo|+m+sscgunooum+|og|c+
oc+cumu|+io+bso|ut+ocm+|s-v+||+|o|um|+oocomov|mosumoos||mc||osc|c|toso+c||sc
cumu|tc||o|+|o|uno+mcntoo+|cc+||co+ocoocst+tutooot|+b+||o|o|out|occ|+|ouccssc
c+m|n|oniocv|+vc|o|sc|c+||mcnt+o|o||omcc+n|smoo+c||sc
|ocnt+ntoot|+b+||ocont|nu++ocsco|+|-scoocm|cgococm|cgocont|nu++to|n+|-sccomo
o|sscmoscm|cg+b|||o+ocOucc+cm|cg+b|||o+oc|m+t|+ns+iocnt|coc+|t+|uccom-
|++|o|+oct|+b+||ocot|+b+||+oo|uc+o|c|cccm+sucnunc+g+|+ntc+ovcnocoo|um
|cto|nocum+|otciocst+vc|sOvcnocoo|ocvcscm|ccst+|cmcono|ocsocsc|vcno|vc|
ou sc,+ cm|cg+vc| ^ t|+ns+io cst+ scnoo n+ tcnocnc|+ cont|nu+mcntc ncgoc|+o+ c |c+bc|t+
scnooucc|+|m||c+umcustoucoccnoco+scono|ocsoc|n|o|m+ioo+|ocu|+co+o|c|t+
ocmioocob|+ouccssccustocst+scnoo|c+ss+oo+|+o|o||ot|+b+||+oo|cocontcuooo+
cm|cg+b|||o+occcx+t+mcntc+o|mcnsiocogn|t|v+ccomun|c+t|v+ocumt|+b+||oucscto|n+
+|+oox+|mcntc|m+tc||+|Comc|c|toot|+b+||o|m+tc||+|o|z|csc|to+so|mcnsocscogn|t|v+s
comun|c+t|v+s|+s|ssonio|ssonios|gn|c+ucot|+b+||oscto|n+|ntc|cctu+|cmoos|io+o
m+nu+||c|ocont|+||oot|+b+||o|m+tc||+|o|z|csc|to+|ccomos|iooct|+b+||o|ntc|cctu+|c
m+nu+|n+so|mcnsocscomun|c+t|v+sc+|ct|v+socum++t|v|o+oc|oout|v+uc|m||c+t+mbcm+
|ccomos|ioo+mioco+mcntcousc,+um+nov+ccnt|+||o+ocm+tc||+|-ooco|ocomo
|+noucu|t|++ss++c||v+gcmcnt|ccss+sou+so|mcnsocs
O c|c|to |cto||co m+|s v|s|vc| (c m+|s v|s+oo) ocss+ noio c +uc|c uc ||v||cg|+ o o|scu|so sob|c
+ |n|o|m+io uc| o|zc| + +|m+io uc os ocscm|cg+oos sio n+ |c+||o+oc nio cm|cg+vc|s
44
G iuseppe Cocco
o|ucnios+bcmncmonoccncmucmcst+|ocu|+nooo|c|csounios+bcmoucocvc||+m
s+bc|+|+sc||ocu|+oosOocscm|cgoc+ss|m+t||bu|oo+os|o||osocscm|cg+ooscen pas-
sant+om+u|unc|on+mcntooomc|c+oo+so||t|c+sub||c+socvc||+m||noscnt|oooc|n|o|m+|
(|+zc|c||cu|+|+s|n|o|m+ocscom+s+gcnc|+soccm|cgo)c|o|m+|(comoscu|sosocc++c|t+io
|oss|on+|)+|+ucomc|c+oo|unc|oncmc||o||+soc|c|tom+tc||+|+uc|cm+|s|mo|t+ntcc
ucsc+t|+ns+iocumcustoomcno|custosc|++||go|-+uc|coct|+ns+ioncn|um+uc|
o|zc| oc um+ |c|+io oc cm|cgo (s+|+||+|) uc nio +contccc + nio sc| n+ |o|m+ o+ |cst+io oc
sc|v|on+cont|+t+ioocumt|+b+||+oo|+utonomoComo+ontou-comg|+noc+ntcc|+io
||c|c||ouc+u|tcmsu+s+u|+ssob|coNascimento da Biopoltica(.oo|+)+|ctc|onom|+ocvcmo|-
o+|-scocnt|oo++utonom|+Ot|+b+||o+utonomoc+|no+m+|ssubo|o|n+oooouco+ss+|+||+oo
|mout|+s+|+v|+so|um|+oooc+|t+||smocogn|t|voo|z|csc|to+mob|||z+ioo+s|o|m+soc
v|o+cmsu+s|o||+so|nm|c+ssoc|+|s|nc|us|vc|c|oout|v+s+v|o+scto|n+|oout|v+scmm+|s
+ss+|c|+|c|+ios+|+||+|ccon|c|c+oocscnvo|v|mcntoo+s|o|+s|oout|v+sum+otcnc|+nov+c
||bc|t+oo|+|o|out|o+|c|+ios+|+||+|(su+convcnio)cont|nu+cmv|go|b+sc+o+n+cont|nu|o+oc
o+|o||co+oc||v+o+coot|+b+||osubo|o|n+ooouccssct|+b+||osubo|o|n+oo-const|tu|oo
c|+s|o||+s|o|m+socv|o+cn+|c+||o+ocumt|+b+||ocu,+o|mcnsio|oout|v+,+co+o++ntcs
c|noccnocntcmcntco+|c|+ios+|+||+||ssosc|cso|vcno+|+ooxoucocscnvo|vcc|o+vcssoo
novootcnc|+|oc||bc|o+ocot|+b+||otcnoc+ocsco|+|-scoocm|cgom+scmt|oc+|couz-sc+
cxccuioocum|o,ctocu,+ou|+io|oc+|sc|+|nst+ntnc+'^|mcns+otcnc|+|oout|v+oot|+b+-
||osoc|+|sct|+ns|o|m++ss|mcmnov+m|sc||++|+ot|+b+||+oo||no|v|ou+|cu,ot|+b+||o-scm-
cm|cgoniocm+|s|ccon|cc|oo^+utonom|+to|n+-sco|+noocum+nov+|ctc|onom|+
O |+to oc + c||sc n+ncc||+ g|ob+| cst+| |+zcnoo +g+| scus c|c|tos +os t|+b+||+oo|cs |monoo o
|o||zontco+cm|cg+b|||o+ocnio+cn+scomoo|scu|som+scomocono|io|no|c+uc+c||sc
+|no+cst+o|+ntcocnoso|s+cm|cg+b|||o+occscuscustossccncont|+mcmscubo,oum
c+|t+|ucniocm|cg+m+|sn|ngucmnioconscgucm+|sscv+|o||z+|'ômcsmotcmonoocs-
|oc+mcnto oo t|+b+||o +|+ |o|+ oc u+|uc| t|+ns+io (o+ |c|+io s+|+||+|) n+ cxccuio oc um
|o,cto|nst+ntnco-o|succssccscm|cumcustoucocvcsc||couz|oo+zc|o-ootcnc|+|
oc||bc|t+iooot|+b+||ocncont|+um|o||zontctiootcntcu+ntoon|vc|ocsoc|+||z+io+uto-
nom+uc+ss++c+|+ctc||z+-|o
ô|ongoocum+occ+o+(+,,o)oconcc|tonco||bc|+|occusto-+|s,unt+mcntccomooccm|c-
g+b|||o+oc +utou +s o||t|c+s oc ||v+t|z+io c |ccst|utu|+io c o cn||+ucc|mcnto oos s|no|c+-
tosoc|+||os^|cmo|sso|couz||+m-scossc|v|osub||cos+mc|c+oo||+s+su+|ssc+ss+v++tc|
+ccsso(cniom+|so||c|to')comb+scnomc|c+oo(v|oco+|+g|+|ooco|c+oo+cconom|+c||m|n+|
4
no||ooc|+nc||o)|m|+c|on+||smo+bsu|oo+|m+v+uco+|s(o||+s||)c|+umcustocomouc
umcsomo|to+|++scm|cs+sucsc||+m+un|c+co|s+v|v+^cc|cnc|+oossc|v|osc+ssu-
m|o+cocn|o+++|t||oc+o|ocs+bst|+tos(o|cxcm|oos|no|c+oo|csoc|og|st|c+oo|+nco
|uno|+|)cniocm|unioo+s|gn|c+ioucos|occssosocmoc|+t|cos||c+t||bucmO+|+-
ooxot|+o|c|on+|o+|nvc|sioooscnt|ooo+|oouiooc||ucz+ot|+b+||ooosmu|tos(oc|+||os)
cocst|n+oo+os|ntc|csscs(|uc|os)o+scm|cs+s(osoucos)scocsoob|oucmn|vc|csu|zo||c-
n|co o |o||o +|s tcnoo c|c sc to|n+oo um custo ocvc sc| |couz|oo +tc c||m|n+oo c|+|o cm
nomc o+ cc|cnc|+' ^ss|m cm nomc oc tc|mos um+ mc||o| s+uoc ub||c+ ocvc|cmos +cc|t+| o
s|stcm+oc|otciosoc|+|cnco||c|
+;
^|ontco+||ucz+(o+|scsu+ou|+io)scto|n+umobst+cu|o+|+um++cumu|+ioucc|-
ocucom|ct+mcntcoscst||bosousc,+um+nco|+um+o|io+|+scuv+|o|
Os +|+ooxos oo mc|c+oo oo t|+b+||o no ||+s|| onoc cncont|+mos +|t+s t+x+s oc ocscm|cgo
+bc|to cmbut|o+s no cm|cgo |n|o|m+| oc b+|x+ u+||o+oc c +o mcsmo tcmo +s o|cu|o+ocs
oc cncont|+| octc|m|n+oos t|os oc |oss|on+|s sio cmb|cm+t|cos oo |+to oc uc + u+||o+oc
oot|+b+||o+c+b+occnocnooo+u+||o+ococv|o+|oc+|t+||smo|noust||+|c|+|cc|sotc|um
cm|cgo+|+comb+scn|ssotc|+ccsso+um+o|ioocconsumocsc|v|osccom|ssocouc+|
scus ||os c +|t|c|+| + |c|oouio oo c|c|o oc +cumu|+io (COCCO +,,, c .oos) |o c+|t+-
||smocontcmo|ncoc|cc|sotc|umtc|c|onccc|u|+|+|+concct+|-sct|+nso|tcsub||cosoc
u+||o+oc+|+c||cu|+|um+bo+couc+io+|++|t|cu|+|-scocm+nc||+cogn|t|v+ocnt|oo+s|cocs
oc |oouio c sc| cm|cg+vc| |cssc contcxto + ||+gmcnt+io soc|+| sc to|n+ um obst+cu|o
o +ccsso +os sc|v|os |oo|c|on+oo c|o mc|c+oo nio |unc|on+ + nio sc| oc m+nc||+ |ntc|m|-
tcntcc|+|o||+|og|c+oomcc+n|smoucc+|+ctc||z+++cumu|+ionoc+|t+||smocogn|t|vo|
oocb+tcsob|c|couz||g+stosoccustc|o+|++umcnt+||nvcst|mcntos|+|++|cmo+sucstocs
|cto||c+stcmos+|um+|ncv|t+vc|cont|+o|iocst|utu|+|num+cconom|+oot|+b+||o|m+tc||+|os
g+stoscmtc|mosocsc|v|osco|st||bu|iooc|cno+sio|nvcst|mcntoscmc+|t+|(|um+nosoc|+|
ctc)scmosu+|snio|+vc|++s|o|+soct|+b+||oncccss+||+s+cs+|ooocscm|cgocst|utu|+|
ucc+|+ctc||z+o||+s||^subst|tu|iooctuoo|ssoc|+|og|c+oomc|c+oo(+||v+t|z+iooossc|v|-
os)|cv+o||cto+|+o|m+ssco+c||scoossubprimesoc|co|to+c+b+scsubst|tu|noo+|cno+m+s
oocb|toscto|n+|m+g+vc|
Contuoo + c||sc c|m|tc vc| tuoo |sso c|o +vcsso ou sc,+ como ,+ o|sscmos n+ c|scct|v+ o+
c||sc oo +o|io oc mcnsu|+io c ncss+ mco|o+ o+ su+ |nsustcnt+b|||o+oc +s cm|cs+s (|c|+-sc
17 |m mb|to cm,:cs+:|+|. + mu|t|,||c+io oos c+sos oc su|c|o|os n+s g:+nocs cm,:cs+s |:+nccs+s c bcm cmb|cm+t|c+ o+ |oucu:+
uc cssc t|,o oc mcc+n|smo ,:o,+g+
46
G iuseppe Cocco
o c+|t+||smo contcmo|nco) cnt|+|+m cm c||sc c|+ |o||+ cont|+o|io cst|utu|+| (+ csu|zo-
||cn|+ uc +ont+mos +c|m+) gc|+o+ c|+ |og|c+ uc t|+ns|o|m+ +s b+scs o+ ||ucz+ cm custos
ucocvcmsc|o|m|nu|oos||+gmcnt+ooscst|||++oos|cccss+||+mcntc+|couiooocusto(+s
b+scso+||ucz+)t|+ouz|u-scn+|o||+c||sco+|c+||z+iooov+|o|c||sco+sbo|s+socv+|o|csco
to|n+|-sctox|cooos+t|vosn+ncc||osOucb|+-c+bc+t||cooosubocscnvo|v|mcnto(uc|o|zc|
um+|||+gcmo+ou|+ioco+n+tu|cz+uc+c+b+|couz|noo+s|o||+scono|ocsococscn-
vo|v|mcnto)++|cccunocc|ncm+|s+v+n+ooooc+|t+||smocontcmo|ncoouc+u|ouc
c|||+oococst|u|ooc+otcnc|+s|gn|c+ntco+||b||o|z+iooccu|tu|+(o|omcm)cn+tu|cz+n+
u+|cc|+u+|sccx|css+m+s|o|m+socv|o+
^+m||+ioocsmco|o+ooc|co|toocu+||usiooccu+c|on+|umocscom+ssoucn+|c+||o+oc
c|++cn+s+o|+oo(n+ncc|||z+oo)+|+oco|scstou|+|ocm+nc||++|no+m+|sv|o|cnt+Os|stcm+
nio|o|o||ctoo|+gu++b+|xosoo|ucosb+ncosccnt|+|s(os|st+oos)ocsc,+|+mnosmc|c+oos
m+|socum+oczcn+oct||||ocsocoo|+|csoc||u|oczucsc|++g+o|mu|tos|o|ucniosc|+|+
ncstcmomcntooccusto-cm|cs+occusto-b+ncooccusto-mc|c+oo-n+ncc||o|o|uc|ssos|g-
n|c+||+cg+|c|o+vcssooscustosoct|+ns+iosc+mc||o|t|+ns+iooss|vc|cnt|c|o|+s|o-
out|v+scc+|t+|c+uc|+occustozc|ouc|o|zc|+uc|+ucnio+contccccntioc|cc|souco
t|+b+||ov|vo(scmou+|u+|uc|v+|o||z+ioc|moss|vc|)contcn|+oc+|t+|(xo)||toocout|+
m+nc||+sc+|+oc+|t+|+t|+ns+iooccustozc|oc|+v|+b|||z+o+c|+su+n+ncc|||z+io(um+
+cumu|+io+uto||c|c|cnc|+|t+uto|og|c+uc+c||scnosmost|+cmtoo+su+nuocz)+|+ot|+b+-
||o|sso|unc|on+otcnc|+|mcntcc|o+vcssoot|+b+||oucscto|n+|oout|voscm+ss+|c|+
t|+ns+ioc+uc|cucconscgucsoc|+||z+|-scsc+ss+|c|+|c|+ios+|+||+|
O t|+b+||o (c+|t+| v+||+vc|) |ntcg|ou o c+|t+| xo uc| o|zc| + cooc|+io soc|+| o con|cc|-
mcntocx+t+mcntccomo+contcccnot|+b+||ocom+|t|||+ooo+s|cocssoc|+|sctccn|c+s||c|+c|
|+uwcns|+|+oo+c|o+s|+t|c+scmc|gcntcsoc|oouiocnt|c+|cs(peer-to-peer)uccons-
t|ocmcomb+scn++uto-+g|cg+ioo|mc|oocmot|v+ocs+ss|on+|s-comun|o+ocsuc|+-
t|c+m + |nov+io ||v|c c c|m+ncntc |ocu|+m + u+||o+oc +bso|ut+ c to|n+m obso|cto tooo o
t|ooccst|+tcg|+|o||ct+||+(.oo,+o)|c|owcmu|t|||c+oscxcm|osocncgoc|oso|g+n|z+oos
sob|c+cooc|+iocnt|c+|cscomo+sonline networks, communities+m||c+noooc|+m+oo
entrepreneurs ardor for crowdsourcing(.oos-,x|||)|+uwcns+c|co|t+uccss+s|+t|c+scmc|gcn-
tcscnt|c+|cs+|+oox+|mcntcs+|v+mcco|oc+mcmc||scos|stcm+c+|t+||st+Osoo|sconco|-
o+muccss+s|+t|c+s|nov+oo|+stcmcomob+scomov|mcntoooso|tw+|c||v|cousc,++|oou-
iouctcmcomob+sc+scomun|o+ocsoclikeminded peerscm+|sc||+t|v+oouc+o+sco|o-
|+ocslabor can often be organized more e ciently in the context of community than in the context
of a corporation(|owcs)|+wucns|+|+o+cmc|gcnc|+ocumnovot|ooccm|cs+s++|t||o+
47
co+||ziocnt|ccomun|o+ocs||v|csccnt|o+ocscm|cs+||+|scmt|onooc|+t+|o|m+sco|+bo|+t|v+s
ooosco|oc+mnocc|nco+muo+n++|c|+iooct|onovocnt|cot|+b+||ocos+|ctosTe best
persons to do a job is the one who most wants to do that job, and the best people to evaluate their
performance are their friends and peers (...).(|b|o)|+|+os+o|ogct|cosc+|||o|n|+noso+webtuoo
|ssosct|+ns|o|m+n+m+|snov+|o|m+ocncgoc|oO crowsourcingc+|t+||z+++|t||o+n+tu|cz+
|o|uno+mcntcsoc|+|o+cscc|c|um+n+(|owc+|)|+wucns+|m+a motivao passional (dos
trabalhadores das comunidades) ultrapassa em produtividade as motivaes de origem coercitiva
|cg|| c |+|ot (.oo,) |ccuc|+m cm |noz+ + noio oc +mo| como tc|cc||+ c m+|s +v+n+o+
|o|m+occon|cc|mcnto
Comc|c|to+t|+ns|o|m+ionioc||nc+|ncmoctc|m|n|st+c|ocont|+||oc|+|m||c+um+o|mcnsio
o||t|c+cm+|t|cu|+|nouco|z|csc|to+ucstioo+|o||co+oco|um|+ooco|ccon|cc|mcnto
o+o|mcnsio|oout|v+octooootcmoocv|o+uccssct|ooct|+b+||omob|||z+o|out|o
||cc|s+moso|socum+nov+mct||c+coc|nov+ocs,u||o|c+sc|nst|tuc|on+|sc++zcsococscn|+|
cconst|tu||um+cs|c|++ocu+o++o|ccon|cc|mcntoo+so|mcnsocsc||+t|v+socumt|+b+||ouc
contcmoc+|t+|v+||+vc|cxoO|+tooc+u,+n+cconom|c+b|+s||c||+o|+ntccocnt|oo+c||sc
occnoc|o+so||t|c+ssoc|+|snoso|c|cccumv+stoc+mooc|nvcst|g+io+n+||s+|os|m+ctosoo
|og|+m+oco|st||bu|iooc|cno+oogovc|no|coc|+||o|s+|+m|||+cmtc|mosoccconom|+|oc+|
c |nov+io (c nio +cn+s cm tc|mos u+nt|t+t|vos oc o|m|nu|io o+ ob|cz+ cxt|cm+ c o+ ocs|-
gu+|o+oc)cumoos|o||zontcs+|+sccns+|cm|no|c+oo|csoc|nov+io+ocu+oosuc|o|zc|
cm um+ nov+ mct||c+ O c|uz+mcnto com o||t|c+s ub||c+s m+|s cscc|c+s como +uc|+s oo
||og|+m+Cu|tu|+V|v+(os|ontosocCu|tu|+)oo||n|stc||oo+Cu|tu|+(||nC)noso+|+m+|sum
c|xooc|ccxio|nov+oo|
||-^csso+ct|c|+nomb|too+|oouiocu|tu|+|
A nova centralidade da comunicao
Oc+|t+||smocogn|t|vo|m||c+umou|oocs|oc+mcntooo+c|o+comun|c+io+ss|mcomoo
con|cc|+mosn+c|+|noust||+|ooconsumom+ss|c+oo|o|um|+oocomoo|sscmosot|+b+||osc
ocsco|+oocm|cgoc|sso|m||c+cmsu+c|csccntc||+gmcnt+iobcmcomon+|couioooso||c|-
tosoot|+b+||o(cn||+ucc|mcntoo+so|g+n|z+ocss|no|c+|socsmontco+|otciosoc|+|+m||-
c+ioo+|n|o|m+||o+occo+|cc+||co+ocoot|+b+||o)|o|out|ooun|comoooucoc+|t+||smo
48
G iuseppe Cocco
tcmoco|g+n|z+|+|oouioccont|nu+|||+gmcnt+noo+|c|+ios+|+||+|(uc|o|zc|mob|||z+nooo
t|+b+||oo||ct+mcntcn+s|cocsoctc|cc|||z+ioctc|c|+||z+io)coc|cco||c|ocm+nc||+|mco|+t+-
mcntc|oout|v++snov+stccno|og|+soc|n|o|m+ioccomun|c+ioocmooo+cst|utu|+|+|o-
ouioocnt|oo+|o||+c||cu|+io|c|ccntc+comun|c+iocncont|+um+nov+ccnt|+||o+oc
c|+nioocscmcn|++cn+sum+c|oc|c|oouioc|cg|t|m+ioo+s|c|+ocsoccx|o|+ioc
consumo(|o+g+no+)|o||+soo|occssooc|oouioo|s+s|c|+ocsoc|oouiocomoum
tooooccnocmo+comun|c+ioômcsmotcmo+s|cocs|ntcg|+o+socc||cu|+ioc|oouio
+t|+vcss+m+cs|c|+o+comun|c+iot|+ns|o|m+noo|+o|c+|mcntcscumooooc|unc|on+|^nov+
ccnt|+||o+oco+comun|c+io(o|+toocuctoo++|oouiooccnococsu+o|nm|c+)|m||c+
o|um|+ooucc|+scto|n+otc||cno|uno+mcnt+|occont|o|ccmob|||z+ioocumt|+b+||ouc
nioco|nc|ocm+|scomocm|cgoo|out|ouctooot|ooct|+b+||oscto|n+comun|c+t|voc
c+||cg+cons|goumotcnc|+|oc||bc|o+ocscm|cccocntc
Oocs+o|nst|tu||ot|+b+||oooso||c|tos
|m+c+m+n|+|cccntco+m|o|+cxcm||c+scmuc|c|ostc|mosocsscnovocmb+tcVc|cu|+noo
not|c|+s sob|c suost+s |||cgu|+||o+ocs oos +t|oc|n|os cu|tu|+|s o+ |ct|ob|+s um ,o|n+| oc g|+noc
t||+gcmoo||ooc|+nc||oub||cou+sm+nc|ctcs^cu|tu|+o+soncg+iooo+s+s+|tcscnvo|-
v|o+s no mc|c+oo o+s not+s sc+|s +|+ |cst+io oc sc|v|os cstio +g|noo |||cgu|+|mcntc +|+
cm scgu|o+ tc| uc +om|t|| |m|cs+s oc |oouio oc cvcntos uc t|+b+||+|+m +|+ |n|og|obo
ucco|t+os,o|n+|sO GlobocExtrat+mbcmscv+|c|+moccxco|cntcsoccont|+t+iooc|os-
s|on+|sucut|||z+|+mnot+soc|+vo|
+s
|oc+|o|o+o|cm|c++|guns|oouto|cscu|tu|+|s|+n+|+m
um mov|mcnto (|c-Cu|tu|+
+,
) c um m+n||csto |o| um m+|co |cgu|+to||o cscc|co o+ +t|v|o+oc
cu|tu|+|
.o
Co||ct+mcntcomov|mcnto+|m+uco|ob|cm+nioo|z|csc|to+cn+s+ucstocs
t||but+||+scsc+|sm+s+nov+s|c|+ocsoct|+b+||oOt|+b+||ooc|oouioo+comun|c+ioco+
cu|tu|+conto|n++omcsmotcmo+|cg|s|+iot|+b+|||st+ct||but+||+O|c-Cu|tu|+cntcnoc+|no+
uc+cs+|octc|su+scscc|c|o+ocs+ucstioo+cu|tu|+niocum+cxccio..c+|cg|+oo
|unc|on+mcntooctooosos+utonomosc|cc+||+oo|o|csscmot|voum+o+sucstocs||nc|+|s
oo|c-cu|tu|+cocsonc|+|+csso+||s|c+(+|cmo+scucn+scm|cs+ssuc|s|m|csctc)cnioso
n++|c+o+cu|tu|+|ccon|cccnoo-+como|ooncntccbcncc|+||+ocum+sc||coco||t|c+sub||c+s
+|++cu|tu|+scmncccss|o+ococ|ntc|mco|+||os(scmC|||scmnot+sc+|com|+o+scm|cc|bo
oc+utonomosuc|t+x+ooctc)Omov|mcnto|c-Cu|tu|+|ccon|cccucoucscto|n+|cc+||o
18 O |obo. . oc +gosto oc .009. ,, 1 c !. ncg:|tos nossos
19 |o mcsmo o|+. no mcsmo ,o:n+|. |+v|+ um |ongo +:t|go oc |V 8|||. ||, |o, c com,:om|sso
20 V|oc |tt,;;:c-cu|tu:+blogs,otcom;
49
|n|o|m+||ntc|m|tcntco|cm|c|t+o+c;ou|o,cto|cst+ioocsc|v|ooct|osc|v||cot|+b+-
||ocmgc|+|+omcsmotcmocmuctoooot|+b+||o+ssumcc+|+ctc||st|c+scu|tu|+|sccogn|t|v+s
|oc+|t+||smocogn|t|voot|+b+||oscsc+|+oocm|cgoc+ssumc+|o|m+ocum+|cst+io
ocsc|v|o+t|+so+u+|scm|c|+um+|cst+iocsso+|-o|um|+ooum+nov+|o|m+ocsc|-
v|oioco|out|oumotcnc|+|occ||+t|v|o+occ|nov+ioscm|cccocntcs|+|+moscmsc|v|oio
o|uc+cu|tu|+mob|||z+umt|+b+||oucco|nc|occom+|o||+v|o+(os+|ctos+s|+cu|o+ocs
||ngu|st|c+sccomun|c+t|v+s)scmuc|ssosc,+|ccon|cc|oo+niosc|n+s|o|m+socum+c|csccntc
|n|o|m+||o+occ|cc+||co+ocooso||c|tosoot|+b+||+oo||nos|c|c||mos+c||+t|v|o+occ|nov+io
otcnc|+|o|s+o|mcnsio|oout|v+ocssct|+b+||ooccnoco+|nsc|ioo+v|o+occ+o+umcm
|cocs uc c|m|t+m + |c+||z+io oc su+ +utonom|+ ||s um novo t|o oc con|to c|c nio ooc
m+|soc+|t+|+ot|+b+||oocnt|oooc||mct|oo+cm|cs+co+|c|+ios+|+||+|m+so|z|csc|to+
|o||+|o|m+occm|cs+cm+|scmgc|+|o+c|o+|m+|o|um|+ootcmos+moou|+iooos
||+gmcntos+m+nutcnioo+|o|m+cm|cs+soc+sscgu|+o+c|oscmnumc|osocmcc+n|smos
uc||coiosob|cv|o+bcmcomonoc+soo+snot+soc|+vo|(s|c)ucost|+b+||+oo|cso+cu|-
tu|+sioob||g+oos+tc|+|+scto|n+|cmum+ct|c|+csso+,u||o|c+|o|out|o|+oo+m+tc||+||-
o+ocoot|+b+||ooccnoco++m||tuoco+s|cocssoc|+|soccooc|+ioucnioc+bcnoom+|s
n+|o|m+cm|cs+co|nc|ocmcom|o||ocs+oub||coucocscn|++s|cocsmct|oo||t+n+s
oc|oouiocc||cu|+io
Omov|mcntoo+cu|tu|+ncsscscnt|oooococscmcn|+|um+c||uno+mcnt+|+mco|o+uc
nc|coocmoscnxc|g+|+snov+scono|ocsgc|+|soot|+b+||ocnio+ou|+cioo+cscc|c|o+oc
cu|tu|+|Ouc|cc|s+mos+|ccnoc|niocm+|soso||c|toscomo|csu|t+oooocm|cgom+sos
o||c|tos como cono|ocs +|+ uc + nov+ u+||o+oc (cu|tu|+| comun|c+t|v+ ||ngu|st|c+) oo t|+b+-
||oniosc||m|tc+|cnomcno|og|+ocum+nov+sc|v|oiom+s+tu+||zcscuotcnc|+|oc||bc|o+oc
ô||t|c+oos|ontosocCu|tu|+(ocscnvo|v|o+c|o||nCnomb|tooo|og|+m+Cu|tu|+V|v+)c
|onc||+||+nio+o|+ncn|um+cxcciom+s+mu|t|||c|o+ocoosmov|mcntoscu|tu|+|so|unoo
ub||co|ccon|cccuc+so|mcnsocs|oout|v+soosmov|mcntos,+cstioo+o+sOocs+ouc+u|
tcmosc+uc|coc+v+||+|+s|o|m+sc|no|c+oo|csoc|nov+iouccss+o||t|c+ooctc||omcnt+oo
o||ct+c|no||ct+mcntcn++|c+o+|oouiocu|tu|+|cn+|ntcg|+ioo+|oouiocu|tu|+|ocnt|oo+
|oouiom+|sgc|+|ocs|gn|c+io
|ctom+mosoc|soo|oc|t+oo+ntc||o|mcntc+onos|c|c|||mos+snot+soc|+vo|+|+ost|+b+-
||+oo|cso+cu|tu|+^t|+ns|o|m+ioct|c|+o+csso+||s|c+oot|+b+||+oo|cmcsso+,u||o|c+oc
um+cm|cs+ucniocx|stccst+|ongcocsc|csum||+m+|sum++ncoot+o+o|+|ct|c+o+m+|+n-
o|+gcmb|+s||c||+|c|ocont|+||ocst+mosnocc|ncoomcc+n|smoucc|m|t|u+const|uiooo
o||c|toub||coc||v+oo|mb+tcsucocsoco|n|c|o(n+|o+oc|co|+)cnvo|vc|+m+sobc|+n|+oo
0
G iuseppe Cocco
t|+b+||o+|t|st|cocm+|scmgc|+|+s+t|v|o+ocsocc||+ioc|nov+ioComc|c|too|ccu|so+c-
iouc|o|zc|++ss+gcmo+|m|t+ioo+n+tu|cz++c||+iooon+o+(ex nihilo)|o|ummomcnto
|uno+mcnt+|+|+++|m+ioocum+nov+gu|+,u||o|c+uc|o|zc|ocum+csso+ct|c|+(per-
sona cta)ucscocsoob|+o+csso+||s|c+|ss+csso+ct|c|+c||+o+oon+o+sc|+oot+o+ocum+
vc|o+occocum+v|o+|o||+comoum+co|o|+ioouum+cm|cs+
.+
Oucomc|c+ooo+s
not+soc|+vo|(oot|+b+||oo|cont+|o||+|n|o|m+|+utonomoctc)|ctcnoc+om|n|st|+|c
+ |moss|vc| sc+|+io o+ csso+ oo t|+b+||+oo| contcmo|nco (cu,o +|+o|gm+ c o t|+b+||+-
oo| cogn|t|vo sc,+ c|c o+ cu|tu|+ ou o+ csu|s+ c|cnt|c+ c tccno|og|c+) cm ou+s gu|+s +uc|+
n+tu|+| oo t|+b+||+oo| c +uc|+ (cu|tu|+|-ct|c|+) oo t|+b+||o sob |o|m+ oc |o|+ oc t|+b+||o
ocnt|oo+|m+|omooc|oo+|oouio+nt|oogcnct|c+o+|oouiooo|omcmo|mc|ooo
|omcmcomovc|cmos+scgu||+cionioooccncont|+|um|cg|mcocvc|o+oc(um+o|iooc
v+|o|)o|ucot|+b+||ov|vonioooc+|t||-sc(como+contcc|+nom+|coo+|c|+ios+|+||+|ouoo
t|+b+||oooso||c|os|co+s|ossocs||bc|+|s)scmc|oc|su+o|nm|c+comun|c+t|v+||ngu|st|c+
+|ct|v+^sc+|+iosocoss|vc|n+|o|m+o+soncg+iococum+cio||cg|t|m+|ssoo|uco
mcc+n|smosobc|+no|m||c+ucooco|on+tu|+|cmo|t+|oot|+b+||+oo|cnu+nto|omcm(in
quantum homo)scsc+|coco|oct|c|oc|mo|t+|o+cm|cs+cnu+ntoco|s+(in quantum rex)
..
^csso+,u||o|c+(+cm|cs+o|st+oo)o|um|+ooscooc+csso+||s|c+(ot|+b+||+oo|osu,c|to
oc|o+oio)cc|oout|o+|m++c|cn|o+oco+co|s+ub||c+(Res Publica: osco)^co|s+ub||c+
ucco|nc|occom+gu|+|mo|t+|o+sobc|+n|+ccx+t+mcntco|unooub||co(osco)co|su+
vczoovoucc|cgovc|n+oovocosconunc+mo||cm
.,
'|+scntio+c||scnosmost|+(c|+s
m+c|+s|ntc|vcnocsub||c+socsoco||o+osb+ncosc+scm|cs+s)ucocst+tutoo+csso+,u||-
o|c+(cnu+ntoco|s+)cst+o||ct+mcntc||g+oo+osco(+o+t||mon|ooo|st+oo)ccssccco|s+uc
niococn|ngucm(res nullius),+ucu+noococtoooscomoo|z|oussc+uco|ucniococn|n-
gucm-coosobc|+nocnu+ntoc|cco|v|not|+nsccnocntcOusc,+niococn|ngucmccont|nu+
scnoo+|o||+vc|bcmnostc|moso+b|+s||c|||ss|m+g|||+gcmo+stc||+socvo|ut+s
cmososoo|sc|cmcntoso+|n|o|m+||o+ocm+u|+o+c|+snot+ssc+|soc|+vo|ouc|o|cc+||o
cst+tutooost|+b+||+oo|cs+utonomoscm||mc||o|ug+|ot|+b+||ov|vonioc|m|tcncn|um+
+|t|io oc su+ |+x|s v|t+| (+|ct|v+ ||ngu|st|c+ comun|c+t|v+) com |c|+io +o |+zc| |nst|umcnt+|
ob,ct|v+oon+gu|+oot|+b+||om+nu+|subo|o|n+oo+os|stcm+o+sm+u|n+scmscgunoo|ug+|
+|o||co+ocoos|ccu|sosuccssct|+b+||omob|||z+c|oouzniosccnu+o|+n+c||v+gcmt|+-
o|c|on+|ub||coversus||v+ooo|soucc|c|oouzsio|o|m+socv|o+o|mc|ooc|o|m+soc
21 |:nst |+nto:ow|cz. !c :ovc:c|gnty o| t|c ^:t|st ^ |otc on |cg+| |+x|ms +no |cn+|ss+ncc !co:|s o| ^:t (191). t:+ouio
|:+nccs+. |n |:nst |+nto:ow|cz. |ou:|: ,ou: |+ ,+t:|c ct +ut:cs tcxtcs. .004. |+y+:o. |+:|s. ,1
22 | |+nto:ow|cz. C|:|stus-scus. |n O, C|t. , 9
23 ||scus non mo:|tu:. |b|o s1
!
v|o+Comoosmov|mcntosoocopyleftoosoftware||v|ccooCriative Commons|no|c+m+cs|c|+
oc+iooot|+b+||ocontcmo|nco(bcmcomonoc+soo+|oouiocu|tu|+|)nioscocncm+|s
comores nullius (co|s+ocn|ngucm)m+scomo+|gouccoctoooscommon+|gouccoctooos
o|uccoctooos|nocomumuc+|o+g+iooocon|cc|mcnto(o|mc|ooccon|cc|mcnto)
|omovcoworld makingscns+t+||b||o|z+iooccu|tu|+cn+tu|cz+'
2.3. Capitalismo cognitivo
Como,++ont+mosnoc+|t+||smocontcmo|ncoot|+b+||oc+t|+vcss+ooo|ou+s||n|+soc
t|+ns|o|m+io|m+c+||+gmcnt+iooocst+tutooocm|cgocm|unioocsu+o||usiosoc|+|
+|++|cmooc|iooc|+b||c+c+|++|cmoom+|co,u||o|cocont|+tu+|o+|o||+|c|+ios+|+||+|
ôut|+o|z|csc|to+o|+toucot|+b+||oscto|n+|m+tc||+|comun|c+t|vo+|ct|vo
.|
|ssonios|g-
n|c+o|zc|ucot|+b+||om+tc||+|ocs++|cccu+|no+mcnos|ocnt|c+|ot|+b+||o|m+tc||+|com+
|mo|tnc|+c|csccntco+smc|+s|unocs|ntc|cctu+|sou|nt+ng|vc|s|c|ocont|+||o+ccnt|+||o+oc
oo t|+b+||o |m+tc||+| |m||c+ n+ |ccomos|io - m+tc||+||ss|m+ - o+s +t|v|o+ocs |ntc|cctu+|s com
+uc|+sm+nu+|so+mcntccomoco|ocnosc|m|tcvc|ucsu+so|mcnsocscogn|t|v+ssiot+m-
bcm+|ct|v+sc||ngu|st|c+smuno+n+scnm
|o| uc sc |+|+ oc c+|t+||smo cogn|t|vo |o|uc + o|mcnsio cogn|t|v+ |+z cont|+onto com
+uc|+oc|n|o|m+io^cconom|+o||t|c+ncoc|+ss|c+mob|||z++noiooc|n|o|m+iocomo+|go
n+tu|+||m+tc||+|c|omogcncoucc||+umcon|cc|mcntoob,ct|vooo|c+|comob+scoc|c|c|cnc|+
+csco||+sucsc|ioocss+m+nc||+|+c|on+|sb+sc+o+scmumc+|cu|o|oc+|t+||smocontcmo-
|ncom+|c+ooo||ncc|tcz+cs|ngu|+||z+iooos|ooutosoos|oouto|cscoosconsum|oo|csos
mc|c+oos|gno|+m+|n|o|m+ioo|ucc|+csubst|tu|o+c|ocon|cc|mcnto+csco||+scto|n+o
|+toocum++t|v|o+oc|ccx|v+oc,u|g+mcntocnioum++|b|t|+gcm|nst|umcnt+|++|t||oos|c-
os^|n|o|m+ioc|m|t|+|nst+u|+|ummcsmomunooucos+to|cscom+|t|||+mcomb+scn+
mcnsu|+b|||o+occcu|v+|cnc|+gcnc|+||z+o++uc|+oos|cosOcon|cc|mcntoo|z|csc|to+um+
mu|t|||c|o+ococmunoosoucc+|+ctc||z+ocon|cc|mcntococsc|um+|oouio|oouiooc
munoosOc+|cu|o(u+nt|t+t|vo-|n|o|m+c|on+|)ocvc|+zc|+scont+scomo,u|g+mcnto(u+||t+-
t|vo-comun|c+t|vo)oss+bc|cssoc|+|s|ongcocsc|cmun|t+||osc|no|scut|vc|ssiomu|t||osccon-
t|ovc|t|oosc|+o|so,u|g+mcntoousc,+um++t|v|o+oc|ccx|v+ocworld making,uco|mc|o
oc su+ o|mcnsio comun|c+t|v+ ,unt+|+ + s|ngu|+||o+oc c o con,unto o v+|o| c o con|cc|mcnto
24 O concc|to oc t:+b+||o |m+tc:|+| |o| ,:o,osto. ocsoc o n+| oos +nos 19s0. ocnt:o oos ocb+tcs sob:c + mut+io oc ,+:+o|gm+.
n+ ,+ss+gcm oo :cg|mc oc +cumu|+io |o:o|st+ (b+sc+oo n+ g:+noc |noust:|+) +o ,os-|o:o|smo (b+sc+oo no con|cc|mcnto) V|oc
|cg:| c |+zz+:+to (.000)
z
G iuseppe Cocco
u+nooomc|c+oo|nc|u|+o|vc|s|o+ocu+||t+t|v+o+sob|+s|um+n+sc+o|vc|s|o+ocu+||t+t|v+
oosc||tc||osoc+v+||+io+csco||+tom++|o|m+ocum,u|g+mcnto(|^||||.oo;,s-o.
.,
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^s+bo|o+gcnsc|o|nt+ng|vc|umnovomooc|oocncgoc|o
|os u|t|mos +nos |ouvc |numc|+s csu|s+s sob|c o +c| oo |nt+ng|vc| c;ou oo con|cc|-
mcntoC+o+vczm+|scconom|st+scsoc|o|ogosscocb|u+msob|cosocs+osuc+mut+io
|m+tc||+|co|oc+cmtc|mosocc||tc||osoc+v+||+iocv+|o||z+iooot|+b+||ooos|nvcst|mcntos
co+|nov+io
.o
|nzo|u||+n|cxcm||c+ocm+nc||+contunocntc+mut+ioo|mc|oo++n+||sco+comos|io
oov+|o|oosbcnsocconsumoscum++|m+ioococu|oscust+;ocu|os+oconsum|oo|n+|scu
contcuoom+tc||+|c|gu+|nom+x|mo+sctccu|os(ov+|o|+go+|+b||c+oo|oouto|m+nu|+-
tu|c||o)|+sniosct|+t+soo|ssoco|oouto|m+tc||+||o|c||ncsocso|c|+t|vooocontcuoo
t+ng|vc|oocc+||+|+,,cu|os(+cn+s,,/oov+|o|tot+|)|+o||ciooost+sc++|m+iocon-
scguc+t|c|+|-sc+um+g|||cscuv+|o|n+|oocsc|mu|t|||c+ooo|oo|s(+|ocu|os)o+noo|ug+|+
um+m+|s-v+||+|ncomcnsu|+vc||st+moso|snomb|too+ocsmco|o+|conocvcmcsscsu|c-
mcntoocv+|o|+|+omcsmoob,ctoocconsumoComcc|tcz+niosct|+t+m+|so+t|+o|c|on+|
cxt|+ioocumtcmooct|+b+||ocxccocntc|io+cn+socontcuoot+ng|vc|cs++cn+s,++o/
oov+|o|+goc|oconsum|oo|n+|m+sc|cgc|+um+vc|o+oc||+guc||+cnt|cob|cs+|+oc|cn-
oc|+s+|tcsocm+nu|+tu|+(uc|oouzcmot+ng|vc|)ucscocs|oc+m+|+|ocu|+|m+ntc|cssc
c|ccntu+|ncssc+t+m+|oub+|x+-|ou|tc||o|mcntc(||||^||.oo|+,-|)
O|c|+to||oo+Com|ssiosob|c+|conom|+oo|m+tc||+|cncomcno+ooc|o||n|stc||oo+|+zcno+
||+nccs +|cscnt+ como cxcm|o + cm|cs+ no|tc-+mc||c+n+ Nike o custo oc |oouio oc scus
s++toscso|t|vosccst|m+oocmniom+|soc|/oo|coocvcno+tot+|o|cstoc|cmunc|+iooos
+t|vos|m+tc||+|s(m+|c+csu|s++tcntcscoknow-howo+cm|cs+)(||V||O||.ooo+.)
|oocmosmob|||z+|v+||osout|oscxcm|oso+|ncxiouccss+smuo+n+soctc|m|n+mcmtc|mos
ocmooc|oocncgoc|o
25 |+:,|| us+ o concc|to oc ,u|g+mcnto ,:o,osto ,o: | ^:cnot
26 V|oc ,o: cxcm,|o |oc|m+nn .00s
!
^tc|co||usio
|oc+soo+tc|co||usioum++|c||oocVcomtc|+oc|+sm+c,.o|cg+o+scust+(+gostooc
.oos)cc|c+oc|,+sooooousc,++.|cst+ocsoc|,+,oooccons|oc|+|mosucum++ss|n+tu|+
ocV+c+boous+tc||tcooccust+|(v+mos|+zc|+||otcsc+|b|t|+||+ocum+cotc|ntc|mco|+||o)
|,+ooooo|mcscc+|cu|+noouco++|c||oocVtcn|+c|omcnos+o+nosocv|o+tcmos
um++ss|mct||+|mco|+t++vcno+oocontcuoo|cnoc+.ooo|c+|sousc,+sc|svczcsm+|soouco
|o||o++|c||o|ssoscm|cv+|cmcont+++|tcoc|m+tc||+|uco|o||o++|c||ocontcm
^tc|c|on|+cc|u|+|
^tc|c|on|+cc|u|+||o|ncccm+|sumcxcm|o+o+ssoucos++|c||ossiocnt|cgucs|+t|c+mcntcoc
g|++cmt|oc+ocum+|c|+ioococ||o+oc+scom+n||+sg+n|+mn+cob|+n+oouso(osu|sos)
-um+cob|+n+ucniotcmncn|umc||tc||oob,ct|vocuco|t+ntosc+|ccccomum|mosto
O+ss|vo;+t|voo+V+||g
^|+|cnc|+o+ucc|++m+|o|cm+|s|cst|g|os+com+n||+oc+v|+ioc|v||b|+s||c||+t+mbcmnos
o|c|cccum+v|siooo|m+ctoo+muo+n+ocmooc|on+cst|utu|+cont+b||o+s|m+s+bcmos
uc+V+||g|o|occ||n+noo+osoucoscu+nooc|cgouomomcntoo+c||scc|+,+niot|n|+m+|s
+v|ocstooosc|+m+|ug+oos(cmleasing)Oucsob|ouoos+t|voso+V+||gob|+|+mos|nt+n-
g|vc|s+m+|c++sconccssocso+s||n|+s(+c|oo|tosctc)ogoodwill|+s|ssonioctuooOucc
+|no+m+|s|ntc|css+ntccucumoos|tcnsoo+ss|vo+o|v|o+comosc||cntcscmm|||+gcnsg+n|+s
com b+sc no |og|+m+ oc oc||o+oc (Smiles) |o| vcno|oo (+|+ + Co|) como sc |ossc um +t|vo
|v|ocntcmcntcouc+Co|com|ou(,unto+m+|c+)|o|um+b+c|+occ||cntcsum+|c|+iosoc|+|
|c+||z+nooum|nvcst|mcnton+|c|+ioocsc|v|o
O|+o|t|cvy-|ouyctsob|c+|conom|+oo|m+tc||+|
|+tcnt+t|v+oco|c|ccc|c|cmcntosocu+nt|c+iooo|m+tc||+|o|c|+to||o|cvy-|ouyct|ooc
um+ou|+u+||c+iooos+t|vos|m+tc||+|sc|m+tc||+|stccno|og|coso|zcnooucc|csscu+||-
c+mo|cst+|cm|c|+c|on+oos
+o|m+g|n+||oou
+o|g+n|z+io
4
G iuseppe Cocco
|o| su+ vcz o |c|+to||o |ooc um+ t+xonom|+ oos +t|vos c |nvcst|mcntos |m+tc||+|s cm t|cs
g|+nocsc+tcgo||+s
+) Os|nvcst|mcntos(tccno|og|cos)cm|csu|s+|cscnvo|v|mcntocnoocscnvo|v|mcnto
oc softwares sc t|+ouzcm +ss|m cm +t|vos oc +tcntcs know-how design c mooc|os c
obv|+mcntcsoftwares
b) Os |nvcst|mcntos (||g+oos +o |m+g|n+||o) oc |o+g+no+ c comun|c+io sc conso||o+m
cm|o||co+oc|ntc|cctu+|c+|t|st|c+cm+|c+s
c) Os |nvcst|mcntos (gc|cnc|+|s) cm couc+io c |o|m+io cont|nu+ c cm softwares c
out|+stccno|og|+so+|n|o|m+ioco+comun|c+iobcmcomo+socscs+socmarke-
ting,scconso||o+mo|zo|c|+to||ocmc+|t+||um+nob+scsoco+oosocc||cntcs|o|-
ncccoo|cs +ss|n+ntcs suo|tcs oc vcno+ cu|tu|+ gc|cnc|+| c |occssos cscc|cos oc
o|g+n|z+ioo+|oouio
Contuoo+st|cst|o|og|+sconscgucmo|st|ngu||m+|sos|nvcst|mcntosooucos|csu|t+ooscn+
|c+||o+oc+o|st|nioniocn|t|o++o+ssoucscus|csu|t+oossioo|c||mcntcu+nt|c+vc|sCom
c|c|too|c|+to||ooogovc|no||+nccssob|co|m+tc||+|+|m+c|+|+mcntc
Seria errado reduzir o imaterial a determinados setores (...). Com efeito, a lgica do imaterial (...) se
difunde para bem alm desses setores especcos e envolve hoje a quase totalidade das atividades
econmicas (LVY E JOUYET 2006:12).
|nzo |u||+n| (.oo,) t+mbcm |ns|stc + cconom|+ oos custos c oos |nvcst|mcntos o+uc|+ uc c|c
c|+m++|+b||c+oo|m+tc||+|o|z|csc|tonio+um+|m+m+s+um+c+oc|+|oout|v+|io+cn+s
o|o||o|u||+n||+o|c+||z+o|zcnoosomostooosg|+nocsoucucnosc+|t+||st+scogn|t|vos
uctcnt+mosmcsmoscmtc|consc|cnc|+o|ssoto|n+||cnt+vc|snossos|nvcst|mcntos+uc|cso+s
|+m|||+sn+couc+iooos||oso+s|m+scmcon|cc|mcntosoostc|||to||osnosassets cu|tu|+|s
c |n||+cst|utu|+|s +uc|c oo |st+oo uc |nvcstc cm csu|s+ c |nst|tu|ocs - tooos ,untos cnm
|nvcst|mosn+sm|o|+s|ntc|concct|v+scn++o|on|z+io+|t|c|+|ooscontcxtosocv|o+ct|+b+||o
|st+moso|s|+|+nooo+s|o||+s|c|+ocssoc|+|sco||t|c+sucocscn|+mostc|||to||os|oout|-
voscocum+muo+n+oc+|+o|gm+uccnvo|vc+sun|o+ocsocmco|o+uc+scont+b|||o+ocsoc
cm|cs+co+sn+ocst|+o|c|on+|mcntcut|||z+m
Apesar de seu carter central para a criao de valor e o crescimento, a dimenso imaterial
da economia esbarra no problema da medida, tanto no nvel das empresas quanto no nvel
macroeconmico (LVY E JOUYET 2006:13).

|ssosct|+ouzn+ocsconcxioc|csccntccnt|cov+|o|o+scm|cs+s(mc|c+oooos+t|vos)co|uc|o
(mc|c+oooosbcns)scgunoo+s+v+||+ocsocumcsc||to||ooc+n+||scn+ncc||+ocsooo|m+tc||+|
nosb+|+noso+s+.om+|s|mo|t+ntcsco|o|+ocscu|oc|+sc|cg+v+cm.oo|+;+/|csscs.+/
co||csonocntcs+conso||o+iooos+t|vos|nt+ng|vc|s(m+|c+s+tcntcsuot+socmc|c+oo)c,o/
+ogoodwillousc,+++|tcoov+|o|oos+t|vos(o+cm|cs+)ucniocncont|+|+st|ocmncn|um
t|oocc+|t+|sc,+c|cm+tc||+|ou|m+tc||+|'(||||CO||.ooo)
|u||+n|+t||bu|css+s|tu+io+um+|+ooxo(nosooc||+mos|+|+|m+|sm+|x|+n+mcntc-ocum+
cont|+o|iocst|utu|+|)cnt|co|+toucocon|cc|mcntoscto|n+occ|nco+|+b||c+oo|m+tc||+|
co|+touccss+|+b||c+scocsm+tc||+||z+cc|ocsu+o|nm|c+ocv+|o||z+io
Comocns+|ncssccontcxtoocc||scoo+o|ioocmco|o+novos|no|c+oo|csoc|nov+io|m
||mc||o|ug+|tcmosoccns+|c|ccns+|os|no|c+oo|csoc|nov+ionost|cst|osoc|nvcst|mcn-
tos|m+tc||+|scomo|n||+cst|utu|+(con|cc|mcntos)ucc|m|tcmsu+|oouioum+|oouio
occon|cc|mcntos|mscgunoo|ug+|tcmosuc+|ccnoc|+sconscucnc|+scosocs+osocum
|occssoococsm+tc||+||z+iooocon|cc|mcntocoot|+b+||oucnioccscc|co+umscgmcnto
ou+octc|m|n+oos+t|vosm+s+t|+vcss+ocon,untoo+cconom|+co+soc|co+oc|o|cxcm|osc
nos+n+||s+mos+cst|utu|+o+scxo|t+ocsb|+s||c||+stcmos|mco|+t+mcntc+|m|cssioocuc
o||+s||cxo|t+mu|tooucocmtc|mosoc|ooutosoc+|totco|tccno|og|cocoocmosocouz||
ucc|mo|t+ntc+umcnt+|os|ooutosm+nu|+tu|+oosco|m|nu||++|t|c|+io|c|+t|v+o+scom-
modities cuc|sso+ss+t+mbcmo|umcs|o|ooc|nvcst|mcntoscm|nov+io^contcccuc+s
commodities (uc com cc|tcz+ contcm ouco v+|o| +g|cg+oo) nio sio ncccss+||+mcntc o |csu|-
t+ooocmc|os|occssosoc|oouiom+tc||+|scscm|nov+io^|oouio+g||co|+(ou+cxt|+-
iom|nc|+|v|ococ+soo+stccno|og|+soccxt|+ioooct|o|cocm+gu+su|t|+|o|uno+scomo
noc+sooo|c-s+|)|ntcns|v+ccxtcns|v+t+mbcmoccnocoo|m+tc||+||nco|o|+oon+sm+u|n+-
||+s(ucost|+b+||+oo|csooc+moocvcm+ss+|+m+n|u|+|)cnoss+bc|csoc+g|onom|+ctcO
|cccntccn||cnt+mcntosoc|+|uc+b+|ou+^|gcnt|n+most|ouuc+smonocu|tu|+scxo|t+oo|+s
niosc|couzcmnoc+|t+||smocontcmo|nco+s+t|v|o+ocsocumun|+oooco||g+|c+s|+t||un-
o|+||os|c|ocont|+||octoooumscgmcntooc+t|v|o+ocsu|t|+mooc|n+s|m+tc||+|sc|nt+ng|vc|s
uccmob|||z+oo(nostc|||to||osn+s|cocs|og|st|c+sn+o|g+n|z+iocom|cx+-cg|ob+||z+o+-o+s
|o|m+s oc n+nc|+mcnto scgu|o c |csscgu|o) | c css+ comos|io soc|+| uc ++|cccu m+c|+-
mcntcn+s|u+s+|+oc|cnoc|scus|ntc|csscscconom|coscsoc|+|s
Comoum+o||t|c+oc|nov+ioooc|cv+|cmcont+csscocs+o^|csost+m+|ss|m|csooc||+
sc|+uc|+uc+t||bu|+|nov+ocscogn|t|v+s+m+|o|c++c|o+ococ+g|cg+|v+|o|ômcsmotcmo
ocogn|t|vooou+|cst+mos|+|+nooo|z|csc|to+sucstocso+s|gn|c+iooo|+zc|munoo||z-sc
o|suc+|oouiooccon|cc|mcntoo|mc|ooccon|cc|mcntocncccss+||+mcntcum|occsso
ocworld making
6
G iuseppe Cocco
|u||+n|(.oo|)cn|+t|z+sccvc|o+ocucc+o+m+nu|+tu|+co||c|cntccscoocsuo|uc+sm+nu-
|+tu|+soc+|tov+|o|+g|cg+ooscconccnt|+mnos+|scsoc+|toscustosoct|+b+||o|sson+o+muo+
o|+toocuc+un|c+|+b||c+ucc|cscccont|nu+mcntcc+uc|+oo|m+tc||+|Oc+|t+||smocog-
n|t|vocum|occssoc+o+vczm+|s+m|oococsm+tc||+||z+iooot|+b+||ocoosbcnscucsc
|o+g+ g|ob+|mcntc | cssc o moto| o c|xo sob|c o u+| sc +o|+m +s t|+ns|o|m+ocs m+tc||+|s
uc||cscstioconcct+o+sô|mcnsiocogn|t|v+oov+|o|oc||v+o||ct+mcntcoo|+toucoucsc
com|+cscvcnocc|uno+mcnt+|mcntcs|gn|c+iono|unc|on+mcntoo+soc|co+ocoocon|c-
c|mcntoo|z|u||+n||+um+ocm+no+ocs|gn|c+iouc|cc|s+mos|cconc|||+|com+o|c|t+oc
s|gn|c+ioucoc||v+oost|+b+||osoosconsumosoos+c|ssoc|+|socscmcn|+ooso|c+o+
um (|b|o+;) |+u||z|o |+zz+|+to (.ooo) ocnc o ocs|oc+mcnto cm tc|mos +|cc|oos +ss+mos
ocummooooc|oouio+um+|oouioocmunoosuc|o|zc|ocs|gn|c+ocsCom|+|
o s++to oc um+ octc|m|n+o+ m+|c+ o|z |csc|to + um s|stcm+ oc s|gn|c+ocs uc u|t|++ss+ +
o|mcnsio|unc|on+|occo|oc+|+|gonoc+|+ooc|mos+no+|^m+|c+o+cm|cs+su+|o+-
g+no+scu+t|v|smocu|tu|+|cocso|t|vonoso|c|cccmcomoo|sscmosummunoouc|o|zc|
ums|stcm+ocv+|o|csum+|o|m+ocv|o+|css+c|scct|v+oc+|t+||smocogn|t|voo|z|csc|to
o|um|+oo+um+|c|+ioo||ct+cnt|cv+|o|monct+||o(n|vc|oos|cosoctc|m|n+ioooscustos)
cov+|o|comos|gn|c+ioct|c+csoc|+|m+|s+m|+co|out|onos|cmctc+uc|cmooc|o+nt|o-
ogcnct|coonoc+|oouiooccon|cc|mcntoo|mc|ooocon|cc|mcnto++|ccccomo|oou-
iooo|omcmo|mc|ooo|omcmuc|o|zc|oc|o|m+socv|o+o|mc|ooc|o|m+socv|o+
C+bc+|o|uno+|umoucom+|souc+c+b+mosoc+|m+|n+knowledge-based economy+smc|-
c+oo||+ssio|oouz|o+sc|ousooocon|cc|mcntocomo|+to|||m+||o|uno+mcnt+|Ocon|c-
c|mcntocus+oonos|occssosoc|oouiocomo|+to|+utonomoccomocon|cc|mcnto|nco|-
o|+oon+scsso+snosob,ctoscnossc|v|osuccont||bucm+o|csu|t+oo|oout|voômcsmo
tcmoocon|cc|mcntoucsc|vc+|+|oouz||mc|c+oo||+scc|ct+mbcmum+mc|c+oo||+ou
sc,+um|ooutoucoocsc|com|+oocvcno|oonomc|c+ooo+mcsm+m+nc||+uctoo+s+s
out|+smc|c+oo||+s|ssos|gn|c+ucn+knowledge-based economy,ocon|cc|mcntoscto|n+como
+ont+mos+c|m++omcsmotcmoo||nc|+||+to||oout|vom+st+mbcmo||nc|+||oouto
uc os |occssos |oout|vos gc|+m |+t+-sc oc um |occsso c||cu|+| no u+| o output (o novo
con|cc|mcntoconscgu|oooo|occssocm+no+mcnto)ocvcvo|t+|+gc|+|su+s|o||+s|cm|ss+s
|cconst|u|noo+scono|ocsocumnovo|n|c|oooc|c|o|oout|vo|+s|+um+g|+noco||c|cn+o
novocon|cc|mcntonio+cn+socvcreproduziroscuinput(ocon|cc|mcnto+ntc||o|)m+s|+zc|
mu|tom+|socvc|nov+|+o+t+|ocscnvo|vc|ocon|cc|mcnto+ntc||o|+|+m+ntc|+t|v+s+scon-
o|ocsuc,ust|c+msu+|o+g+iocscunovousocmcontcxtosucsioscm|co||c|cntcs|sso
o|uco|+to||oout|vo(con|cc|mcnto)nio|o|consum|ooc|ouso(como+contcccn+|oou-
ioocmc|c+oo||+so|mc|oocmc|c+oo||+sonocooutputocvc|co|oinputuc|o|ocst|u|oo
n+su+|oouio)
7
^ |c|oouio oo con|cc|mcnto ocvc +contccc| +|+ |cgcnc|+| + |o|+ oc |o+g+io to|n+noo
oss|vc|+|ovc|t+|ocon|cc|mcntouctcmoscmusosscm|co|vc|soscscm|cm+|snumc|osos
c+o+ um oos u+|s ocm+no+ um+ +o+t+io um+ |c|nvcnio um+ cont||bu|io |nov+oo|+ uc
mcsmoucvcn|+oovc||osco|st+nc|+oc|c^|oouiooccon|cc|mcntoo|mc|ooccon|cc|-
mcntoco|t+ntoumc+m|n|ooc+|cno|z+gcmucsc|o+g+gc|+nooscm|cnov+s|o|m+s
vc|socsv+||+ocso+b+scoocon|cc|mcntooconocsco||g|nou^|nov+ioscgcnc|+||z+c+ss|m
c|oc scu cst+tuto oc cxccio |c||o| + cxccio sc to|n+ + |cg|+ c + |nov+io sc to|n+ o |o||-
zontcooo|++o|+m|stu|+noo+t|v|o+oc|ot|nc||+ccxt|+o|o|n+||+cmum+nov+mct||c+tc|cmos
+ |m|cssio +|+oox+| uc + |o+g+io o+ |nov+io (know-how +tcntcs scg|coos |noust||+|s)
+c+b+octc|m|n+nooscuocs++|cc|mcnto|u||+n|conc|u|o|ssoucn+|+b||c+oocon|cc|mcnto
onovocst+cmbut|oonovc||o+m+tc||+||m+oconocsccomc+c|o|ncc|o+o|con|cc|mcn-
tos+ntc||o|csucocm+o|sos|io|n|o|m+ocs|c|cscnt+ocsmctoooss|gn|c+ocs|n|c|+|s
iooscon|cc|mcntos+ntc||o|csucc|m|tcm|o|nccc|oscnt|oogc|+|+|ocu|+ocnov+sso|u-
ocsOs|ob|cm+s+sc|cm|cso|v|oosniosioo+oosm+socvcmsc|ocn|oosc||+t|v+mcntcc|os
su,c|toscnvo|v|ooso|mc|oocc|+bo|+ocscogn|t|v+suc|ntc||ct+m+scx|gcnc|+sosocsc,os+s
|ocnt|o+ocscos|cssuostossob|cosu+|socvcmscb+sc+|+socc|socs
uoo|ssotcm|m||c+ocsc|stcmo|og|c+s(cmtc|mosocv+||o+oc)ccconom|c+s(cmtc|mosoc
custosc|uc|os)Oscustosooscon|cc|mcntosoosu+|so|somossiocst|+t|c+oosnotcmoc
nocs+o+o|ongooctoo++suc|||c|ccobc|t+c|o|occssooc|o+g+iooosusosocon|cc|-
mcntooocsc||oouz|ooouus+ooo||no|v|ouos|so|+oosm+sc|+c|no|v|s|vc|oo|occssosoc|+|
|o||ssoo||cmosucocon|cc|mcntoniooocsc|conn+ooocnt|oooc||cu|to|o||ct+||ooc
c+o+|m+o|ssu+c++c|o+ococ|oouz||v+|o|occnococmooooctc|m|n+ntco+scxtc|n+||o+-
ocs(sc,++|+oscustosou+|+os|uc|os)(^|||O||||||O|^|C.oo;)
|ss+|no|v|s|b|||o+ocoos|occssoscogn|t|vos|o,ct+c+o++tocogn|t|von+||sto||+cn+soc|co+oc
ucsiosu+s|cm|ss+s|ssotcmum+sc||cocconscucnc|+s
+) +cconom|+oocon|cc|mcntocncccss+||+mcntcum+cconom|+occ+oc|+ouoc|cocc
nioo+|m+|so|+o+^|oouioocv+|o|niooocsc|+n+||s+o+non|vc|o+|m+m+s
somcntccx+m|n+noo-scoc||cu|tog|ob+|ucv+|oo|oouto|+osmu|tosusu+||oscuc
|nc|u|scm|cum+|u|+||o+ococcont||bu|ocsocontosocv|st+ocs|gn|c+ocsos-
s|vc|s^conscucnc|+ccmtc|mosoc|no|c+oo|csuc|cc|s+mos|ocu|+|+uc|csuc
oiocont+o+o|nm|c+u+||t+t|v+cu+nt|t+t|v+o+|coccnioo+|m+|so|+o+
b) ocon|cc|mcntocum|ccu|somu|t|||c+vc|ucnioscconsomcnomomcntooouso
Conscucntcmcntcoocsc||o+g+ooocsoc+c+oc|++|+um+b+c|+oct|+b+||o(um
octc|m|n+oo tc|||to||o |oout|vo) oc uso c+o+ vcz m+|s v+sto mu|t|||c+noo t+mbcm
8
G iuseppe Cocco
ov+|o||oouz|oo||cc|s+moso|soc|no|c+oo|csucoss+mmcnsu|+|osc|c|tosc||-
cu|+|csoc|o+g+io
c) +|+ |oouz|| v+|o| o| mc|o o+ |o+g+io oo con|cc|mcnto c |cc|so cm|ccnoc|
|occssosc||+t|vosuc|ntc||ctcmocon|cc|mcntococontcxtoonocc|cocvcsc|+||-
c+ooOs|occssosmc|+mcntc|c|oout|vosou+utom+t|cosniosiosuc|cntcs||c-
c|so+ocont|+||otc||m+g|n+ioc++c|o+ococ|nvcst|g+ioc+t|tuocs|ccx|v+sousc,+
mu|tom+|sooucumc+|cu|oocoo|tun|o+oc||cc|s+mosoc|no|c+oo|cso+s+t|v|o+ocs
|ccx|v+socframing oum+|scmgc|+|ocworld making
|u||+n||ou||c|-|out+ng|cg|||+zz+|+to|no|c+mucolevarageucgc|+|uc|ooc||v+oc+t|v|o+oc
occ+tu|+occxtc|n+||o+ocsuccmbo|+tcn|+ms|oo|oouz|o+sco|ct|v+mcntcsioc+tu|+o+s
o|+|tcocsomcntcumoos|oouto|csouoctoo+m+nc||+o|umm+|soouco|out|os|sso
o|uccomo+ont+mos+c|m++cconom|+oocon|cc|mcntoo|z|csc|to+|occssoscogn|t|vos
uc cnvo|vcm o con,unto oos +to|cs uc t|oc+m cnt|c s| o con|cc|mcnto ocnt|o o+s o||c|cntcs
|+scso+c+oc|++ss+nooo+|oouio+|+ousoc+|o+g+io|ssos|gn|c+uc+|cscn+oo
con|cc|mcntocomo|ccu|soc|+vco+|oouiomuo+oob,ctoo+cconom|++gc|+ioocv+|o|
niooocm+|ssc|obsc|v+o+non|vc|o+|m+|cc|s+mos+ssum||comonovoc+moocobsc|v+-
io+s|cocscogn|t|v+scscus|stcm+com|cxooc|c|+ocscnt|c|m+so||c|cntcsccom|cmcnt+-
|cs|+scomoo|sscmos+c+oc|+o+u+|cst+mos|+|+noocn+|c+||o+oc+uc|+o+s|cocssoc|+|s
coostc|||to||os|oout|vosucc|+sconst|tucmnocc|ncocss+t|+ns|o|m+ioostc|||to||os|o-
out|vosuc|cc|s+mosco|oc+|nocc|ncocnoss+s|cocu+ocssioostc|||to||osmct|oo||t+nos
|csum|nooocon|cc|mcntoniocconsum|ooc|ousom+ssc|o+g+cmc+o+usoocon|cc|-
mcntosc|cgcnc|+c|nov+to|n+noo-scm+|s||coocm+t|zcsv+||+ntcsoss|b|||o+ocs
+) oscustosoc|c|oouio;|o+g+iosiob+st+ntcb+|xos(com|c|+io+oscustosoc|o-
ouio|n|c|+|)osusosoocon|cc|mcntoniosio||v+|scnt|cs|
b) o|+toococon|cc|mcntotc|umocst|noocusooctc|m|n+oonio|mcococ+ou||||
out|oocon|cc|mcntocum|ccu|so|nn|to(,+m+|scn|to)
c) um+ vcz |oouz|oo o con|cc|mcnto nio c um |ccu|so csc+sso o|s scm|c ooc sc|
|c|oouz|ooc||+t|v+mcntcn+mco|o+ncccss+||+
|css+scono|ocsoc+uscnc|+oc||m|t+io+os|occssosoc|o+g+io+conscucnc|+cuco
|cooo|ccu|soniocsc+ssotcnoc+zc|ooooov+|o|gc|+ooc|ocon|cc|mcnto||++||mcnt+|+
|cno+ooconsum|oo|scmoc|x+|n+o++|+osoc|+oo|cso+c+oc|+
9
û||u||+n|+ont++cx|stcnc|+ocumcn|gm+comous+|omc|c+oo+|+o|v|o||ot|+b+||ooos
o||c|cntcsoc|+oo|cso+c+oc|+scos|cosoc||v|cconco||cnc|+siotioocs+||n|+ooscom|c|+io
+oscustosc+os|nvcst|mcntosuct|vc|+mucsuo|t+||+|+c|cc|cc|socns+|cmum+|cgu-
|+ioucoss+o|sc|||n+|+soss|b|||o+ocsocmu|t|||c+iooov+|o|scuc|cmosto|n+|sustcn-
t+vc|o|occssog+|+nt|noo+oso|vc|sosoc|+oo|cso+c+oc|+um+|cno++cc|t+vc|c|oscustosc
os|nvcst|mcntossuo|t+oosn+|oouio;|o+g+iooocon|cc|mcnto^cconom|+oocon|c-
c|mcntoccmout|+s+|+v|+sncccss+||+mcntcum+cconom|+|nst|tuc|on+|c|+|cc|s+oc|nst|tu|-
ocsuco|g+n|zcmoscomo|t+mcntosoossu,c|tosocmc|c+ooocm+nc||++to|n+-|os|cc||o-
c+mcntccom+t|vc|scmtc|mosoco|st||bu|iooo|csu|t+oo
2.4. O modelo da produo antropogentica e a sociedade plen
Omooc|o+nt|oogcnct|co
C|||st|+n|+|+zz|(.oos)|+|+o+cmc|gcnc|+ocummooc|o+nt|oogcnct|co|+|+c|c+|oouio
occon|cc|mcntoo|mc|ooccon|cc|mcntocn+|c+||o+ocummooc|ooc|oouiooo|omcm
o|mc|ooo|omcmnou+|+soss|b|||o+ocsooc|csc|mcntocnoogcnoccumu|+t|voo|zcm|cs-
c|tosob|ctuoo+oocscnvo|v|mcntoooscto|couc+c|on+|(|nvcst|mcntocmc+|t+||um+no)oo
scto|o+s+uoc(cvo|uioocmog|+c+b|otccno|og|+s)co+cu|tu|+(|nov+iocomun|c+iocc||+t|-
v|o+oc)uc|o|zc|os|+to|csocc|csc|mcntosio|mut+vc|so||ct+mcntc++t|v|o+oc|um+n+()
ousc,++|oouiooc|o|m+socv|o+co|sc||+ioocv+|o|+g|cg+ooucocnc+n+tu|cz+o+
+t|v|o+oc|um+n+(.oos)|ssov+|ct+mbcm+|++|nov+io||cc|s+mosoc|no|c+oo|csuc|cvcm
cmcont++s|nov+ocs|um+n+soframingoou+|tcmosuco+|cont+c+uc|cocum+b|occo-
nom|+(|||^C^|||.oo;)
O|+tocuccsscc|tcncc|+csscou+out|oscto|occm|cgoc|nvcst|mcntoniocm+|ssuc|cntc
+|+s|gn|c+|ov+|o|ômcsmotcmooucsc|+css+n+tu|cz+o++t|v|o+oc|um+n+
Omooc|o+nt|oogcnct|coo+|oouiooo|omcmc|o|omcmcc|+m+ooo|||c|c|c||csoc
|om|ncsccnc|++ss+moso+cvo|uio+|++mut+io|+m|||ocsoc+noso|zc||cso|occsso
o||g|n+| oc |om|n|z+io con|cccu o ||mc||o oc scus co|tcs u+noo |+b||c+noo |nst|umcntos
noscomc+mos+const|u||nossomc|o+mb|cntc()u+noocssc+mb|cntc|um+no+|c+nou
um+ocns|o+ocb+st+ntccom+ct++|+to|n+|-scummunoocms|c|c|nucnc|oucm|cto|no+
|o||+ou|+ioucot|n|+|oouz|ooscgunooumc||cu|ooc|ct|o+iouc|o,ccntcnocmos
60
G iuseppe Cocco
bcm|msum+nosconst|u|mosnossoco|oo|mc|ooos|ooutosocnossoco|oo|sosob,c-
tostccn|coso++|c||+m^ss|mscgunooc||cs+|om|n|z+iosc+|cccmcnos+cvo|uiov|t+|
uc+um+|oouio|o||+(||||.oo+oo)^conscucnc|+o+|om|ncsccnc|+cucnos,+nio
v|vcmosm+|s+smcsm+smo|tcsucsuo|t+v+mosocsocnoss+o||gcm(||||.oo++|)
|o|c+m|n|oso||c|cntcs|+|+zz|cc||csnos|cv+m+occ|ncooocs|oc+mcnto|mocs|oc+mcnto
cu,+scont|+o|ocscnov+s||n|+soccon|toc|csncmscm|c+ont+mcomc|+|cz+|m+|t|cu|+|
c|csnionoso|zcmn+o+sob|c+n+tu|cz+o++t|v|o+oc|um+n+ucsc||++|om|ncsccnc|+ou+|o-
ouio+nt|oogcnct|c+u+|cocst+tutoo+|c|+iocnt|c|um+nocnio|um+nocnt|ccu|tu|+c
n+tu|cz+|cmb|cmos|u||+n|cn|+t|z+uc+t|+ns|o|m+iooc+|+o|gm+o|z|csc|to+o|+touc
o+ |oouio oc mc|c+oo||+s o| mc|o oc con|cc|mcnto +ss+mos +|+ + |oouio oc con|c-
c|mcnto o| mc|o oc con|cc|mcnto - o con|cc|mcnto nio |csonoc m+|s +os mooc|os input/
outcomeco|occssoocv+|o||z+ioc|ocscu+o|io(osbcnsm+tc||+|s)oc|c|c|cnc|+|nst|umcn-
t+|Ocon|cc|mcntouccst+nocc|nco+muo+n+o|sniocm+|s+uc|c|nst|umcnt+|vo|t+oo+
ummm+sumoct|o|ccx|voonocosnscosmc|oscstioscm|c,untoscto|n+m|ncomcn-
su|+vc|s |+||| (.oo;) +|m+ uc +s cnt|o+ocs |ncomcnsu|+vc|s nio |mcocm ncm o |+c|oc|n|o
ncm++iom+s|m||c+mum+c++c|o+ococ+|ccnoc|osbcnscmsu+s|ngu|+||o+occ+o+|ntc|-
|ct+io|cu+||c+o|oouto(.oo;,s)
.;
|ncssc|o||zontcuc++|ccc+out|+o|mcnsioocum
con|cc|mcntoucsc|oouzo||o+g+ioc+s|gn|c+ioniocm+|scxtc|n+(om=obcm)
c|+|cc|s+sc||ntc|n+|m+ncntc+o|o||o|occssooc|o+g+io^go|+nomooc|o+nt|oogc-
nct|coocon|cc|mcntooou+|sc|+|+cn+|c+||o+oco|o||o|omcm|o|m+socv|o+uc|oou-
zcm|o|m+socv|o+|o|sbcm|ssonosco|oc+o|+touc+ucstioo+s|gn|c+iocncsscscnt|oo
o+|nov+ioo|z|csc|tocx+t+mcntc+ucstioo+|c|+iocnt|ccu|tu|+cn+tu|cz+ucomooc|o
+nt|oogcnct|coc+||cg+c+|+c|on+||o+oc|nst|umcnt+|t||c+o+mooc|n|o+ococ|ocnt+|(c|nous-
t||+|) nio |unc|on+ m+|s onoc cncont|+|cmos um +o|io oc v+|o| c s|gn|c+io oc um+ |c|+io
cnt|ccu|tu|+cn+tu|cz+ucscto|nouobso|ct+|+u|uctcmosostc|moso+ucstiocco|og|c+
c+mb|cnt+|c+||g+ioucc|cstcmcomosocs+oso+|nov+ionoc+|t+||smoou+|++|cm
ooc+|t+||smocogn|t|vo^cco|og|+niocum|ob|cm+oc||m|tccxtc|no(n+tu|+|)+oocscnvo|v|-
mcnto|um+no(cu|tu|+)m+soc|c|+io|m+ncntccocmoc|+t|c+cnt|cocscnvo|v|mcnto(cu|tu|+)
cmunoo(n+tu|cz+)+cco|og|+cum+ucstiooc|m+ncnc|+cvalor!
^s|ccxocssob|c+^m+zon|+ct+mbcm+uc|+ssob|c+|nsc|iooo||+s||nomunoo(COCCO.oo,)
nos|no|c+mucum+o+snov+sc|uno+mcnt+|s||n|+soccon|touc+t|+vcss+m+b|occonom|+
27 |+:,|| ocscnvo|vc um t:+b+||o o:|g|n+| c. +o mcsmo tcm,o ||m|t+oo. + mco|o+ uc c|c vc + s|ngu|+:|o+oc oo |+oo oo bcm c nio
oo t:+b+||o ^s s|ngu|+:|o+ocs sio |ncom,+:+vc|s. o consum|oo ,:ocu:+ + bo+.. s|ngu|+:|o+oc. + |o:m+ oc conco::cnc|+ ,c|+ u+||-
o+oc vcncc sob:c + conco::cnc|+ ,c|os ,:cos. o mc:c+oo c +o mcsmo tcm,o o,+co c |ncc:to c+:+ctc:|st|c+s uc o mc:c+oo ,+o:io so
|gno:+ Um+ out:+ tco:|+ c. ,o|s. ncccss+:|+ ,+:+ cx,||c+: o |unc|on+mcnto c + cvo|uio oo mc:c+oo o+s s|ngu|+:|o+ocs (.001)
6!
(coc+|t+||smocogn|t|vo)+b|cscusocscnvo|v|mcntos+nt|oogcnct|cos+um++|tc|n+t|v+|+o|c+|
cmtc|mosocs|gn|c+ioco|socconst|uiooc+o|ocsocv+|o|c|no|c+oo|csoc|nov+ioo|
um|+oonostc|cmosum|o||zontcnou+|+|oouio+nt|oogcnct|c+sc|couz+umnovot|o
oc+nt|ooccnt||smo|c|oouz|noo+c||v+gcmoc|ocnt+|cnt|ccu|tu|+cn+tu|cz+num+o|nm|c+
|nscns+t+ucto|n+|moss|vc|+|ccnoc|+|m+ncnc|+ocnoss+cono|iotc||cst|c+u|+c||scoo
v+|o|sc+|cscnt+comoc+t+st|o|cc|o+ocmunoo|csmou+noosc|+|+o+|otcioo+n+tu-
|cz+ n+ |c+||o+oc sc o |+z scgunoo o mcc+n|smo o+ t|+nsccnocnc|+ oc um+ cu|tu|+ (|otcio)
sc+|+o+o+n+tu|cz+(o|cst+)|o||ssosioos|no|gcn+scomscu+n|m|smo-ucmc||o|cons-
t|tucmo|o||zontcocum+out|+|c|+iocnt|ccu|tu|+cn+tu|cz+c+s|csc|v+s(sob|ctuoou+noo
sioocm+|c+o+socm+nc||+cont|nu+)+ssumcmum+o|mcnsiocom|ct+mcntco||c|cntcoouc
||cc|++t||bu|ooc|+|og|c+cst+t+||o|out|o|+oo+|o+g+io+nt|oogcnct|c+oocsc|cns+o+
como o +nt|oomo|smo +n|m|st+ oo c|scct|v|smo +mc||no|o (V|V|||O || C^|O .oo.
COCCO.oo,)|stcc|m|tccns+|+||b||o|z+iooccu|tu|+cn+tu|cz+bcmnostc|mosoosco|c-
t|vosuc|+b|t+m++nt|oo|og|+s|mct||c+oc|+tou|(+,,|)û|+c||scoov+|o|+b|c-sc+const|u-
ioocummunoocomoocs+oocmoc|+t|coocmob|||z+iooos||b||oosocn+tu|cz+ccu|tu|+
oos|um+noscoosnio|um+nos^+nt|oo|og|+o+cosmo|og|++mc||no|+oo||+s|||cnov+cm
tc|mos|nov+oo|csot|+b+||ouc+ctno|og|+ocscnvo|vcuocsoc+socc+o+soc+,ooc+,so+|+
+|ccnoc|+|u|+||o+oco+s|o|m+soct|oc+cont|++conccioo+cconom|+o||t|c+uc+|m+
omc|c+oocomoun|vc|s+|(|^||||.oo;..)
|omooc|o+nt|oogcnct|cooc|oouiooo|omcmo|mc|ooo|omcm+ont+ooo||+|+zz|
+stccno|og|+socooc|scto|n+mb|oo||t|c+ssc|co|g+n|z+mcomov|moscm|ouc+u|tc|+
|nvc|sioocsu+|c|+iocom+mo|tccc|+cmc|gcnc|+o+ou|+iocomonov+n+tu|cz++|t|-
c|+||o|um|+oooooc|sobc|+no+|c+|coucscocn|+comoumo||c|tooc|+zc|mo||c|coc
oc|x+|v|vc|g+n|+umnovos|gn|c+ooo|um+nov+tccno|og|+ocooc|oooc|ocscgu|+n+
umooc|oc|+zc|v|vc|coc|x+|mo||c||iom+|son+|cot|+co(uccxc|ccscuooc|ocmo|tc
scmcu|o+|occomo+ou|+ioob|cv|vc|+zmo||c|coc|x+v|vc|)m+s+sm|||c|+s(uc+|t|cu-
|+moooc|ocm+t+|com+|nvcst|o+oosmooosocv|o+o+sou|+ocs)|o|out|o|+ooscumc|o
+mb|cntcsu+n+tu|cz+c+ou|+iocu,ocs+o-tcmocconst|tu|ooc|+sconst|tu|ooo+s
-mcg+|oo|cscsu+s|o|m+socv|o+^b|occonom|+(cconom|+uc|nvcstcc+om|n|st|++|o||+
v|o+o+ou|+io(|||^C^|||.oo;)o|g+n|z+-sccmto|noo+s|c|+ocsocoom|n+ioooout|o
(oniooc|ocnt+|onio|um+no+n+tu|cz+)cscumcc+n|smo|uno+mcnt+|co+nt|ooccnt||smo
comob+scoc+|m+ioo+n+tu|cz+ocum++t|v|o+oc|um+n+ucn+|c+||o+ocnioo|zm+|s
|csc|to+|oouiooo|omcmo|mc|ooo|omcmm+s+um|occsso|o||zont+|c||zom+t|co
oc||b||o|z+iocnt|ccu|tu|+cn+tu|cz+û|+|nov+iocb|+s||c||++n|m|st+c+nt|oo|+g+oc|s-
cct|v|smo+mc||no|oc|+o|c+|mcntcnio+nt|ooccnt||co+o+ssouc++nt|oo|+g|+bcmnos
6z
G iuseppe Cocco
tc|mos |nov+oo|cs (o||t|cos c +|t|st|cos) oo Osw+|o oc ^no|+oc ocnc um +nt|oomo|smo
cu,+|o+g+iocu|++|tc|+ioOs|stcm+oc|nov+iooou+||cc|s+moscums|stcm++nt|o-
o|+g|cooc|nov+iocos+ucc+o+o|v++|c|+iooc+|tc|+iouc|+zoframingo+ucb|+o+s
+tcntcs(noc+sooos|cmco|os)oos+m|c+mcntocomob+sco+s+t|v|o+ocsocc||+motccno-
b|cg+(oc|c|cmoo|+|+)ofunk,oo||o(como,+cst|vc|+mn+sb+scsoot|o|c+||smo)^noiooc
|m+tc||+|o|z|csc|to+o|mcnsio|c|+c|on+|c||ngu|st|c+oot|+b+||oco|s+oscuto|n+|-sc|+x|s
+|++|cmo+o|+|ct|c+su,c|to-ob,ctocumooc|oco|s+c||+io+|t|st|c+uco|su+vczcst+
c+o+vczm+|s+|cccnoocom+c||+ioc|cnt|c+ucscm|c|o|t|+b+||+o+cm|cocumt|+b+||o
uc vocc t|+b+||+ cm c|m+ oo out|o uc cx|gc um ++|+to |nst|tuc|on+| com|cxo oc |oouio
|o||+mcntcco|ct|v+(V|V|||O||C^|O.oo;)
|cssccontcxto|+|+|oct|+b+||o|m+tc||+|s|gn|c++|ccnoc|+|ccomos|iom+tc||+||ss|m+o+
mcntcco+mion+o||ciooost++||c|+|u|c+cs|||tu+||z+iooomunoouco|og|cssooo
t|+b+||o m+tc||+| +||mcnt+v+ c|+ su+ |c|+io |nst|umcnt+| com + n+tu|cz+ Com c|c|to + |c|+io
su,c|to-ob,cto|omcm-n+tu|cz+scb+sc+v+n+subo|o|n+ioo+mio+mcntcooco|ooocxccu-
to|m+nu+|oct+|c|+ss|m|cs+occ|cb|oo+conccio|ntc|cctu+|oostcmoscmctooosooco|o
cocsu+c+|nc+ocs|||to|+c|on+|c+|tcs|+noOt|+b+||o|m+tc||+|tcmcomob+sctccno|og|c+ouc
C|||st|+n|+|+zz|us+nooom+n||cstoc|bo|gucoc|onn+|+|+w+yc|+m+ocCo|o|+u|n+
Ousc,++o|s,unt|v+uc+ocsm+tc||+||z+ioooc+|t+|xoc+t|+ns|c|cnc|+ocsu+s|unocs|oou-
t|v+sco|g+n|z+c|on+|snoco|ov|voo+|o|+oct|+b+||ogc|+mcucsc+|++|mo|tnc|+c|cs-
ccntcoot|+b+||ocogn|t|vo|oouto|occon|cc|mcntoco+s|o||+s|o|m+socv|o+comomcc+-
n|smos|uno+mcnt+|so+|oouiooc||ucz+c+omcsmotcmosu+ocsv+|o||z+iocmtc|mos
s+|+||+|scoccm|cgoô|s,unt|v+cst+nonio|ccon|cc|mcntoo||t|coo+mut+io(+subsunio
o+v|o+comoumtooo)+|+c|m|t||scucont|o|csoc|occonom|coO|+csscnio|ccon|cc|mcnto
o+o|mcnsio|oout|v+o+v|o++ss+c|+|mos|io|o|os+oocm|cgocomo|nst|tu|ioccnt|+|
uco|um|+oo||+gmcnt++s|o|+s|oout|v+s(cnt|ccm|cg+ooscocscm|cg+oosbcmcomo
cnt|coso||c|cntcscst+tutosoccm|cgo)cc|oout|om+ntcmc+m||c++sc+|+io|noust||+|
(mooc|n+coc|ocnt+|)cnt|ccu|tu|+cn+tu|cz+um+n+tu|cz+uc|cc|s+mosoom|n+|+|++||-
mcnt+|+s+t|v|o+ocs|noust||+|suc|oo|c|on+moctc|m|n+oosn|vc|soccm|cgoû|+ucs-
tioo+m+t||zo+scxo|t+ocs(o+c|o+scommodities+g||co|+scm|nc|+|s)oocsc||c+v+||+o+
scgunooumnovoc||tc||oocv+|o|+ionio+cn+socontcuootccno|og|co|nco|o|+oono|o-
outoc;ouno|occssom+sot|oocmunooucscv|s+const|u||
|+t+-sc oc o+| cont+ oc uc como o |o||o |+|x +ntcc|+v+ o |oouto oc|x+ oc sc| c||+oo
c|o t|+b+||+oo| |no|v|ou+| |mco|+to +|+ sc| |csu|t+oo m+|s oc um+ comb|n+io oc +t|v|o+ocs
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sioum+|oouiob|oo||t|c+uc|m||c+n+|c|+iosoc|+|+|c|+iocnt|c|omcmcn+tu|cz+^
6!
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|+b||c+) occnoc o+s o|nm|c+s tccn|c+s comun|c+t|v+s ||ngu|st|c+s +|ct|v+s ou sc,+ occnoc oc
+t|v|o+ocso+mcntcco+mioocumt|+b+||+oo|occ+|nccosso'||zc|ucot|+b+||oscto|nou
|m+tc||+|s|gn|c++|m+|ucnoos-|o|o|smosio+so|mcnsocs|c|+c|on+|soot|+b+||oucoctc|-
m|n+m+so|mcnsocsob,ct|v+s(o+|c|+iosu,c|to;ob,cto)t||c+soo|occssooct|+b+||o|noust||+|
Como scu +o|tc cscc|co + +nt|oo|og|+ ooc c|m|t|| um +|o|uno+mcnto ocss+ o|mcnsio
|c|+c|on+|||ngu|st|c+oot|+b+||o|ccuc|+nooc|nc|u|noonc|+um+nov+m+nc||+oc+|ccnoc|+
|c|+iocom+n+tu|cz+com+||sto||+comumuc+soc|co+occo+mb|cntcconst|tu||+mccons-
t|tucmum+||sto||+comumo+|oouiooc|o|m+socv|o+o|mc|ooc|o|m+socv|o+s|m+
|oouioucc|oouioocmunoosocnt|oocum|cuc+bc|toocoss|b|||o+ocs+|++|cmoo
+nt|ooccnt||smo ||cc|s+mos +u| +|ccnoc| +s |nov+ocs uc cstio n+s |csc|v+s |no|gcn+s nos
tc|||to||osoosu||ombo|+snosontosoccu|tu|+nostc|||to||oso+c|o+o+n|+nos+sscnt+mcntos
o+|c|o|m++g|+||+n+s|ncub+oo|+soccm|cs+sso||o+||+s|+||uc+res nullius(+stc||+socvo|ut+s)
sct|+ns|o|m+cmumcomumuc|nc|u|os+m|c+mcnto+m|x+gcmc+mcst|+gcm+nt|oo|+-
g|c+cnt|ccu|tu|+cn+tu|cz+umocv||^m+zon|+o+|nov+ioOworld makinguco+s|gn|c+io
+|o+g+iooocon|cc|mcntotcmnoocv||^m+zon|+oo||+s||cnoocv||||+s||oomunooum
novo|o||zontcn+c|scct|v+occomocns+|umnovot|ooc|no|c+oo|cs
^soc|co+oco|cncocomumcomonovo+o|ioocv+|o|
|o|+oooosgovc|nosmc|gu||+oosn+c||sc|sso+|ccco|g+n|z+|-sccmto|noooo|scu|soooc|cs-
c|mcntocco|og|c+mcntcsustcnt+vc|bcmnostc|mosooocb+tcuc+contcccuo|+ntco+|+|cn-
c|+oocon,untoo+smont+oo|+sno|tc-+mc||c+n+s+uc|+sucsob|cv|vc|io(g|+++|ntc|vcnio
cst+t+|) ocvc|io to|n+|-sc m+|s cnxut+s (com mcnos cm|cg+oos') c |oouz|| c+||os sustcnt+vc|s
(m+|scom+t|vc|scomocomb+tc+o+ucc|mcntog|ob+|)|ss++|cccsc|+o||cnt+iooo|cs|-
ocntc no|tc-+mc||c+no Ob+m+ |nc|us|vc nos |o|uns |ntc|n+c|on+|s onoc su+ +om|n|st|+io cst+
|cvc|tcnooo||ntc||o+os|iooos|st+oos|n|oosn+|ut+cont|+oc|c|tocstu|+|ssoo|z|csc|to
+ocn|ioocumnovomoto|occ|csc|mcntocsob|ctuooo+tcnt+t|v+oc|cst+bc|ccc|umc||tc||o
ocv+|o|+ou+|+nco|+|um+nov+o|nm|c+o++cumu|+io
|sscsocs|oc+mcntoscstio|ongcocsc|ocn|ooscst+vc|sc|cc|+ooscn+o+|no|c+uccss+|css|g-
n|c+iooss++contccc|scmum+|cocn|io|+o|c+|oos|o||os+||cc|ccsooc+|t+||smouc|
o|zc|o|cg|mc,u||o|coo+|o||co+oc||v+o+(mc|c+oo)cub||c+(cst+t+|)|o|ocn|io+|o-
cu|+ocum+cconom|+sustcnt+vc|niog+|+ntccms|ncn|um+o|ioob,ct|vo-n+tu|+|O|csc|to
64
G iuseppe Cocco
o+n+tu|cz+niooc|x+ocsc|o|ooutoocum+|+ziotio|nst|umcnt+|como+uc|+uc+g||oc
+ n+tu|cz+ |os oo|s c+sos o mooc|o +nt|oogcnct|co |c|oouz o +nt|ooccnt||smo oc|ocnt+| c
su+t|+nsccnocnc|+O|csc|too+n+tu|cz+n+tu|+|+c+b+co|oc+noo-+cmoos|io+so||t|c+s
soc|+|sco|um+n|smoscocsvc|+c|ouccum+nt|-|um+n|smo^cont|nu|o+oco+s+t|v|o+ocs
|co+to||+so+n+tu|cz+|c|oouzn+c||v+gcmcnt|ccu|tu|+cn+tu|cz+umo||c|toocoom|n+iooc
tuooucnioc|um+nouccomobcms+bcmos|o|o|nst|umcnto|uno+mcnt+|o+oom|n+io
oos|omcnssob|c+uc|cs+n|m+|s+nt|oomo||osucniot|n|+m+|m+ccu,+sv|o+sniomc|cc|+m
sc|v|v|o+sos|no|ososncg|ososc|g+nosos,uocusosmuu|m+nos
||cc|s+moso|soc|no|c+oo|csc++zcsoc|ccon|ccc|+so|mcnsocsu+||t+t|v+scsoc|+|so++t|v|-
o+occconom|c+co|sococsn+tu|+||z+|scus|ccu|sos(++gu+o|ogo+tc||+o+|)+|++|m+-|os
como+|tc|+tos||b||oosoccu|tu|+cn+tu|cz+|sscs+ss+m+sc|+t|+vcss+ooso|c||tc||osocv+|o-
|+iosoc|+||c|+c|on|st+sc|scct|v|st+s-ucnioc+bcmm+|sn+s|m|cscont+b|||o+ocooscus-
tos|c|ccntc+||v+t|z+iooooom|n|oub||cocomoo||c|to|||cst||toocusu||utoocumbcm
|cc|s+ sc| |o|uno+mcntc |cv|s+o+ |+ss+ + +contccc| com os bcns m+tc||+|s cx+t+mcntc o uc
,+cst++contcccnoocomosbcns|m+tc||+|s+|o||co+oc||v+o+tcmo|cu|o+oc+|+sustcnt+|
cconom|c+mcntc+sos|ocs+ou|||o+s(o|c+us+o|cxcm|oo+||+t+||+)cscto|n+(n+|o|m+
oocopyrightco+s+tcntcs)umobst+cu|o+o||t|c+sub||c+s(comonoc+soo+ucb|+o+s+tcn-
tcs oos |cmco|os +|+ + |ut+ cont|+ + ^|os) c +tc + |o||+ o|nm|c+ o+ cooc|+io c||+t|v+ (uc
cncont|+ nov+s |o|m+s oc |o||co+oc comum o copyleft o so|tw+|c ||v|c o criative commons)
Ocomumccu|tu|+cn+tu|cz++omcsmotcmonoss+|m+ncnc|+tc||cst|c
|oss+|c|c|cnc|+ocvcsc|oc+|+tc|ou|+mcntc+|t|c|+|o+convcniooc|o||co+ocoocon|c-
c|mcnto(oosbcnscon|cc|mcntoco+sob|+s+|t|st|c+s)|o|um|+oocss+o|mcnsio+|t|c|+|co
|+toocum+convcnio|um+n+ucniooccnococncn|um+ncccss|o+ocn+tu|+|m+socum+
no|m+,u||o|c+uc|cc|s+sc|+cc|t+|cg|t|m+o+|o|out|o|+ooc|+c+|t|c|+|c|o|+toococcn-
oc|oo+|tc|+to|um+noco|t+ntooog|+uococscnvo|v|mcntotccn|coocum+soc|co+oc+nn
|ou||c||out+ng(.oo,)|cmb|+uc+s|nvcnocso+|otog|++ooc|ncm+ootoc+-t+sctcscm|c
|cv+|+m+um+|cocn|ioooscom|om|ssos|nst|tuc|on+|sucsio+s+tcntcsoso||c|tos+uto-
|+|sc+m+|c+^sco|o|+ocsuct|n|+mconst|u|oosob|ccss+sno|m+ssu+|cno+tcnt+|+mcv|-
t+|+smuo+n+so|z|+m|+|+|cmnomcoos+uto|csm+s+|m+v+mscus|o||os|ntc|csscs|o,c
comoco|oc+mos+c|m+um+sc||coc|nov+ocstccn|c+socscst+b|||zouosmooc|oscconom|cosoc
|cmunc|+io(c||scoov+|o|)+muo+n+ucc||+|ob|cm+scoc+|+tc||no|v|s|vc|oobcmcon|c-
c|mcnto|omooc|o+ntc||o|c|+mosc|c|tosoccsc+|+(+mu|t|||c+iooos|c|to|csocum,o|n+|
o|cxcm|o)ucto|n+v+m|cnt+vc|sos|nvcst|mcntos|o,coub||cocconst|u|ooo||occssos
uc +ssoc|+m + comun|o+oc c + s|ngu|+||z+io os .,oooo comut+oo|cs com +ccsso +o Coog|c
6
mont+ooscm||n|+tcmumg|g+ntcscoooc|oco|g|t+||z+ioooscontcuoosOmarketingc+mc-
++ooc|+stccn|c+s+utom+t|z+o+socprolingoosc||cntcsuccx|o|+moscookies(mcmo||z+io
ooss|tcsv|s|t+oosc|os|ntc|n+ut+s)
^s|ngu|+||z+ioooconsum|oo|c|m|tccns+|sc|v|os+ncx+oos+os|ooutos+|o|+ocvcno+
ocvcto|n+|-scum+c++c|o+ococcscut+o+v|o+o+v|o+s|ngu|+||odata mining(+cx|o|+io
cmtcmo|c+|ooso+oos+monto+oossob|cousoo+|ntc|nct)ucsc+|t|cu|++out|osmcc+n|s-
mos|ntc|+t|vosuc|omovcm+cc+c|+o+s|cocso|mc|ooc|occssosbottom up|c|+ocsoc
|ox|m|o+oc c oc |o+g+io bcm como co|oc+mos n+ |oouio oo con|cc|mcnto o| mc|o
occon|cc|mcntoOconsumooocon|cc|mcntocn+|c+||o+ocum+co|oouioc+omcsmo
tcmooucc|oouz|oocouc,+|o|v+||o+ooo|umub||co-ub||cocstcuccom+|t|||+
scusgostosc+|ctoscc||+out|+s|cocsc|osblogsub||coocum+ob|+c|cocsoccon+n+cnt|c
|cst+oo|csocsc|v|o
||s+soc|co+oco|cnc+b+noon+|mos+smct+|o|+soot|+b+||o|um+nocomo+uc|+o+s|o|-
m|g+s(ouoo|+zc|o+sc|g+||+s)cocscnvo|vc|mos+uc|+o+co|mc|+ooc|cmosvc|uc+|cm
o+|oouiooocxccocntcocmc|(|n|c|+|mcntcocst|n+oo+o+utoconsumo+c||+ioo+s|+|n|+sc
o+s|utu|+s+bc||+sbcmcomo+o|uc|ooo+|cu|to|)+const|uioo+|cocm+tc||+|ooscom+|t|-
mcntoso+co|mc|+cmcc|+c+const|uioo+|coccogn|t|v+ootc|||to||oucsc|vc+co||c|t+oo
o|cnoco|cmo|uc|ntc|css+^+n+||sct|+o|c|on+|oov+|o|(co+|nov+io)sc||m|t++ooutput
oc mc| uc ooc sc| ncgoc|+oo no comc|c|o c o|s + um+ |+c|on+||o+oc |nst|umcnt+| vo|t+o+ +
umm(omc|)+|o||+vc|sob+s|o|m+soco||c|tooc|o||co+oc||v+o+ouub||c+(cst+t+|)O
ocs++|cc|mcntoo+s+bc||+so|c+us+oousoc+busooccst|c|o+smost|ouuc+o||n|z+ioc
|uno+mcnt+|+|+++g||cu|tu|+ct+mbcm+|++o|cst+sc|v+gcm|+|soouc|ssomcsmoc+|-
cu|+oocmtc|mosoc|oouio+g||co|+ov+|o|c||+ooc|ot|+b+||o|no||cto|m+tc||+||c|+c|on+|
oco||n|z+iocnvczcsm+|s|mo|t+ntcooucot|+b+||om+tc||+|(o||cto)oc|oouioocmc|
Ot|+b+||o|m+tc||+|c|c|+c|on+|oc|oouioo||o+g+iooocon|cc|mcnto-|o|m+socv|o+o|
mc|ooccon|cc|mcnto-|o|m+socv|o+cmu|tom+|s|oout|voocs|gn|c+ioc|nov+iooouco
t|+b+||oo||cto(m+tc||+|)c|nst|umcnt+|oc|oouioocsuo|tcsm+tc||+|s||ssouc+contcccn+s
|cocsn+tc|c|on|+movc|cocm+nc||+cxt|cm+mcntcn|t|o+n+|ntc|nctcot|+b+||oo|||st+
c|+t+|o|m+socc|+bo|+iocom+|t|||+o+cscc|+||z+o+(Sourceforge)oosocscnvo|vcoo|csocsof-
twares||v|csbcmcomo++t|v|o+ocoosclick-workers,ucoocm|c+||z+|su+|oouiocomb+sc
nofun(m|stu|+oc|+zc|,ogococs+ocooc|+t|vo)^t|v|o+ocscm|cocc|cg+m+sc|ocontcxto
oo|o||ot|+b+||oc|cnt|co+|+t+|c|+sucsc||+mmu|toocmo|+o+scomo|o|noc+soo+cons-
t|uioo+toon|m|+oos|+nct+sc|+|+s+^ss|st|moso|s+smu|t||+socc||n+ocsoopeer-to-
peerscgunooos||nc||oso+cogn|iocm|cocso|st||bu|o+s
66
G iuseppe Cocco
^+t|v|o+ococo||n|z+io++|ccccomoum+mu|t|oioocs|ngu|+||o+ocsuccooc|+mcnt|cs|sc
m+ntcnoocomot+|s|+s+o||n|z+ioniocum+cvo|uion+tu|+||+t+-scoc+|go+|t|c|+|c+tc
contre nature|ntc|cscc|c+ô||n|z+io|cc|s+o+s|nst|tu|ocsuc|ccon|c+mocom+|t|||+-
mcntocomumocum+|coc+|coccomores nulliusuccoctoooscoctoo+ssc,+mc|+s+comu-
n|o+oco+|ntc|nctou+|csc|v+|no|gcn+o+|+os+c||+ooo|cm|o|+|m+
|st+mosn+c|scct|v+oo+|t|go|onc||ooc|cn||c|(.oo,)u+nooc|cmost|+uc+|oouio
cm|cocconst|tu|um++|tc|n+t|v+|+o|c+|n+o|g+n|z+iooot|+b+||oOcomumo+|coc++|ccc
comoum++|tc|n+t|v++oub||co(cst+t+||o||co+ococtoooscocn|ngucm)c+o||v+oo(mc|-
c+ooo||c|to+bso|utooo+|t|cu|+|)^|nov+iocst+oo|+ooo|so+s|nst|tu|ocsuc|ccon|c+m
+cs|c|+oocomumc+tu+||zcmscuotcnc|+|n++ss+gcmocumcsucm+|o||ct+||ob+sc+oo
n+sc+|+b|||o+oc+|+umnc+oon+|no|v|s|b|||o+ococumcst|utu|+oocmto|noo+cxc|us|v|o+oc
c||v+||o+ocoouso+|+umusonio||v+|uc+|t|c|+o+|oouioo||o+g+io(|O|||||
|O|^|C.oo;)+|oouioc|nov+ioo||o+g+ioo||n|z+oo|+c+uc|+oocnx+mccnx+mc
occm|cs+stc|||to||+||z+o+s(^||s)cnx+mcocmov|mcntos(|ontosocCu|tu|+)cnx+mcsoctc|-
||to||osocc|o+o+n|+cnx+mcsocb+c|+soct|+b+||o|m+tc||+|n+smct|oo|cscnx+mcsoc|cno+(o
|o|s+|+m|||+)|cc|s+mosoc|no|c+oo|csoccnx+mc+mcntooc|nvcst|mcntosuc|ccon|c+m+
o|mcnsio|oout|v+c|o+g+oo|+o+o||n|z+iooco||t|c+sub||c+suc|ccon|c+m+o||n|-
z+iocnio+oc|xcmcsgot+|-sc
kerernclas
8Ûv||:. | |+ c:|sc oc ||mm+tc:|c|. |+ ,:oouct|on cnt:c ,+|:s (|i|) LCOkLv. |+:|s. ioo,
8OU1^|. |: Capltallsme Cognltlr ^mstc:+o+m. |+:|s. ioo;
______ |+ so:t|c ou c+,|t+||smc + b|cn commcncc LCOkLv. |+:|s. ioo,
COCCO. Mundobraz O ocv|:-8:+s|| oo munoo c o ocv|:-munoo oo 8:+s||. ||o oc |+nc|:o |cco:o. ioo,
COCCO. . :||V^. 1errltorlos produtlvos. ||o oc |+nc|:o ||8^. iooo
|OUCÛ|1. | Securlte, terrltolre, populatlon, cours au Collge de |rance, !977-78 |+:|s |o |+utcs
|tuocs. +|||m+:o. ioo|
______ Nalssance de la blopolltlque, cours au Collge de |rance, !978-79 |+:|s |o |+utcs |tuocs.
+|||m+:o. ioo|
67
|U|^^|||. ^ 8loeconomla e Capltallsmo cognltlvo |om+ C+::occ. ioo;
^|8|^|1|. || le a uent soclety 1:+o |:+nccs+ |c:c oc |o,u|cncc. C+|m+nn-|cvy. +,o+
|Ov|. | Crowdsourclng (z008-z009), wby tbe power or tbe crowd ls drlvlng tbe ruture or buslness. |cw
:o:| !:cc ||vc: |:css. s;o
|^||||. | Leconomle des slngularltes +|||m+:o. |+:|s ioo;
|^1OU|. 8 Nous navons jamals ete modernes, essal dantbropologle symetrlque |+:|s |+
|ccouvc:tc. +,,;
______ |+vcn|: oc |+ tc::c |m,osc un c|+ngcmcnt :+o|c+| ocs mcnt+||tcs Le Monde. | oc m+|o ioo;
|^zz^|^1O. | ^s :cvo|ucs oo c+,|t+||smo ||o oc |+nc|:o C|v|||z+io 8:+s||c|:+. iooo
|^|^zz|. C |+mmo:t+ncnto-oc|-co:,o-m+cc||n+ ||s,on|vc| cm |tt,;;mu|t|tuocss+m|zo+tnct;
^ccsso cm , out ioos
||||. ^. |^zz^|^1O. | 1rabalbo lmaterlal. ||o oc |+nc|:o ||8^. iooo
||||. ^. |^||1. | Commonwealtb. |+:v+:o-C+mb:|ogc. ioo,
||8|:COU|. ^ |+ ,c:tu:b+t|on oc |+ gouvc:n+ncc ,+: |cs |mm+tc:|c|s |n :||||^||O ||1|||^C|O|^|
C^||1^||:|O CO||1|VO CO|U||C^Ô. |||U^|| | 1|^8^||O. ||o oc |+nc|:o. iooo aper
apresentado ||o oc |+nc|:o CC88. iooo
|U||^||. | La rabbrlca delllmmaterlale |om+ C+::occ|. ioo|
______ La produzlone dl valore a mezzo dl conoscenza. ll amnuale cbe non c ioo, m|mco no ,:c|o
:||||:. | lomlnescence . le debut duneautre bumanlte |+:|s |c |omm|c:. ioo+
V|V|||O: || C^:1|O. | Arawete. os deuses canlbals ||o oc |+nc|:o |o:gc z+|+:;^n,ocs. +,so
______ reraclo a Arnt e Scbwartzman, Amaznla. um arteracto natural. |occo ||o oc |+nc|:o. +,,i
______ |nt:cv|st+ com |ou+:oo V|vc|:os oc C+st:o :cxt+-|c|:+. n |. ledra. :io |+u|o |n V|vc|:os oc
C+st:o. iooi
______ ^ lnconstancla da alma selvagem :io |+u|o Cos+c 8 |+||y. iooi
______ Unc gu:c |um+|nc ,cut c+c|c: unc +cct|on-,+gu+:. :c,onsc + unc ucst|on oc ||o|c: |uguct
|u|t|tuocs. n i|. , |+-,i. |+:|s iooo
68
G iuseppe Cocco
______ ||||+io |ntcns|v+ c +||+n+ ocmon|+c+ Novos Lstudos. n ;;. m+:o. :io |+u|o ioo;
______ |nt:cv|st+ ,o: |co:o Ccs+:|no c :c:g|o Co|n. kevlsta Azougue. :+uc;|+o|v+. n ++. ||o oc |+nc|:o
|:og:+m+ Cu|tu:+ c |cns+mcnto. ||nC ioo;
______ |cscnvo|v|mcnto cconom|co c :ccnvo|v|mcnto cosmo,o||t|co o+ ncccss|o+oc + suc|cnc|+ |n
:|||| || CO|OQU|O: CU|1U|^. 1|^8^||O | |^1U||z^ |^ |O8^||z^Ô. ||o oc |+nc|:o. ioos
alestra apresentada n+ |coc Un|vc:s|o+oc |om+oc |uno+io C+s+ oc |u| 8+:bos+. ||o oc |+nc|:o. +,
oc sctcmb:o. ioos
69
O s servios de TI e a inovao do sculo 21: necessidade de uma nova agenda para a produo de indicadores
3. Os servios de TI e a inovao do sculo 21:
necessidade de uma nova agenda para a
produo de indicadores
Alessandro Maia Pinheiro
28

e Paulo Bastos Tigre
29
3.1. Introduo
^|nov+iooosccu|o.+cst++ssoc|+o++umc|csccntcn|vc|occom|cx|o+oco+oouccnvo|vc
+|t|c|+ioocnovos|ot+gon|st+snov+s|c||+mcnt+snovos+||+n,oso|g+n|z+c|on+|sc|+t|-
c+sgc|cnc|+|sucoocmsc|ntcg|+|+|+gc|+|novosbcnscsc|v|osm+|s|ntcns|voscmmu|-
t||oscon|cc|mcntos
Os c|+m+oos c|v|os |m|cs+||+|s |ntcns|vos cm Con|cc|mcnto (Knowledge-Intensive Business
Services - |||) const|tucm +gcntcs ccnt|+|s n+ nov+ |conom|+ |+sc+o+ no Con|cc|mcnto c os
sc|v|osocccno|og|+oc|n|o|m+io(|)
,o
cm+|t|cu|+|siocons|oc|+ooscst|+tcg|coso||+zocs
t+|s como scu otcnc|+| oc o|sscm|n+| c |+b|||t+| |nov+ocs no tcc|oo |oout|vo cm|cg+| cs-
so+|u+||c+oocsc|+omcsmotcmo|oouto|||nc|+|com|+oo|cusu+||oocccno|og|+soc
|n|o|m+iocComun|c+io(|C)
|sso,ust|c++||o||z+iooossc|v|osoc|o|+|tcocgovc|nosocv+||os+|scs+cxcm|oo+
|o||t|c+oc|cscnvo|v|mcnto||oout|vo(|||)|+n+o+|cccntcmcntcno||+s||O|csu|t+ooocss+s
|ntc|vcnocstoo+v|+occnoco+mc||o|com|ccnsioo+o|nm|c+ococscnvo|v|mcntoo+|nous-
t||+oc||nc|u|noo+sc+|+ctc||st|c+socscu|occssooc|nov+io
28 ^|css+no:o |+|+ ||n|c|:o c oouto:+noo cm cconom|+ ,c|+ U|||. mcmb:o oo g:u,o oc ,csu|s+ cm |conom|+ o+ |nov+io oo
|nst|tuto oc |conom|+ o+ U||| c cconom|st+ oo |8|
29 |+u|o 8+stos 1|g:c c oouto: cm ,o||t|c+ c|cnt|c+ c tccno|og|c+ ,c|+ Un|vc:s|o+oc oc :usscx (|ng|+tc::+) c ,:o|csso: t|tu|+: o+ U|||
30 |c|c:|mo-nos +u| + sc:v|os oc 1|. c nio oc 1|C. cm :+zio oc o nosso |ntc:cssc ,:|nc|,+| :cc+|: sob:c os sc:v|os :c|+c|on+oos
com so|tw+:c. ou sc,+. um scto: oc +t|v|o+oc cm,:cs+:|+| oc sc:v|os (,:cst+oos + out:+s cm,:cs+s) |ntcns|vos cm con|cc|mcnto
ôcm+|s. cntcnocmos |noust:|+ como scto: oc +t|v|o+oc. nio como m+nu|+tu:+
70
Alessandro M aia Pinheiro e Paulo Bastos Tigre
|u|to sc tcm |oouz|oo n+ ||tc|+tu|+ +cc|c+ o+ c|csccntc |mo|tnc|+ oos sc|v|os n+ ccono-
m|++ss|mcomocx|stc|c|+t|vo|ccon|cc|mcntoooc+|+tc||nov+oo|ocv+||+socsu+s+t|v|o+ocs
|nt|ct+nto+|no+nio|+|ccxiosuc|cntcsob|c+o|nm|c+|nov+t|v+nosscgmcntosocsc|v|os
co+c|oossc|v|osnos|occssosoc|nov+ioo|soscstuooscont|nu+mconccnt|+oosn+s+t|-
v|o+ocsm+nu|+tu|c||+s
|oontoocv|st+o+|oouiooccst+t|st|c+sc|no|c+oo|csoc|nov+ioooc-sco|zc|ucossc|-
v|os+|no+siot|+t+oosoc|o|m+|nc||cntcsob|ctuoonouco|z|csc|to+obsc|vnc|+ocsu+s
cscc|c|o+ocs|nt||nscc+sco+g|+noc|ctc|ogcnc|o+oc|nt|+sscto|ocsc|v|osOmc||o|cntcno|-
mcntoocsscs+scctosbcmcomoocccu||+||o+ocsscto||+|so+|nov+iocont||bu|+|+mc||o|
|n|o|m+|o||t|c+soc|ntc|vcnio
Cum|cnioc|oc|ocv|st+o|+toocuc|occssosoc|nov+iooco|||oosno|ntc||o|o+s|m+s
sc |nsc|cvcm c;ou sc +||n|+m + out|+s o|mcnsocs como +s cst|+tcg|+s m+|s +m|+s o+s |o||+s
cm|cs+socscusc||cntcs|o|ncccoo|csccomct|oo|csuco|su+vcztcnocm+|ntc|+g||com
+scono|ocsoomc|c+oooo+mb|cntc|nst|tuc|on+|o+soo|tun|o+ocsct|+,cto||+stccno|og|c+s
co+os|io|coom|n+ntcocu+o+c|o+|s-co|octc|m|n+ooscto|oc+t|v|o+oc-n+o|v|sio
|ntc|n+c|on+|oot|+b+||o
cnoocsscsc|cmcntos|cscntcs|ocu|+|cmos+ont+|c+m|n|os+|+ocst+bc|cc|mcntoocum+
nov++gcno+oc|oouiooc|n|o|m+ioonoc|+nooc+|+ctc||st|c+sccu||+|csoos|occssosoc
|nov+iocmsc|v|os+|t|cu|+|mcntcoossc|v|osoc|no||+s||
^+n+||scm+|scscc|c+sob|c|nov+ionossc|v|osoc|no||+s||(u|t|moto|cooo|cscntcc+|-
tu|o)sc+o|+cmbo++|tcn+s|n|o|m+ocsco|||o+scmcsu|s+socc+moc|ctu+o+snocu|so
oos|o,ctos|cs+oscOo|tun|o+ocso+|noust||+oco|tw+|c+|++^mc||c+|+t|n+cClusters
ocSoftwareno||+s||cn+^|gcnt|n+
,+
+ss|mcomocmcnt|cv|st+s|c+||z+o+scomcsu|s+oo|csoo
Manchester Institute of Innovation Research(||o||)
,.
O tcxto cst+ cst|utu|+oo cm u+t|o to|cos |+ +|tc scgu|ntc |ocu|+mos c+|+ctc||z+| os

mooc|nos|occssosoc|nov+ioocst+c+nooo+c|ocscmcn|+ooc|+s|C^tc|cc||+scio
+n+||s+ o t|+t+mcnto o|scns+oo +os sc|v|os nos ||nc|+|s m+nu+|s;surveys oc |nov+io bcm
comoc+|+ctc||st|c+socscu|occsso|nov+t|vo|++|tcn+|como,++o|+nt+mos|nvcst|g+mos
31 |c+||z+oos ,c|o :u,o oc |csu|s+ cm |conom|+ o+ |nov+io o+ U|||. sob coo:ocn+io oo |:o|csso: |+u|o 8+stos 1|g:c
32 |st+s cnt:cv|st+s |o:+m :c+||z+o+s cm .009. cm |+nc|cstc:;|ng|+tc::+. |nsc:cvcnoo-sc cnt:c os ,:occo|mcntos mctooo|og|cos
+oot+oos ,o: um oos +uto:cs n+ su+ tcsc oc oouto:+oo no ||;U|||
7!
+|t|cu|+||o+ocso+|noust||+oc|+ont+nooc+m|n|os+|+ocst+bc|cc|mcntooc|no|c+oo|cs
com+t|vc|scomsu+o|nm|c+|nov+t|v+no||+s||
3.2. A inovao do sculo 21 e as tecnologias de informao e
comunicao (TIC)
ûto|cscomo||ccm+nc|c|cz(+,ss)||ccm+nc|ouc+(.oo+)c|c|cz(.oo,)tcm+n+||s+oo+sv+||+s
|cvo|uocstccno|og|c+socsocmc+oosoosccu|o+s+su+|svcm+com+n|+o+sc|+|o|m+iooc
clustersoctccno|og|+scmc|gcntcsnovos+o|ocsoc|nvcst|mcntocmuo+n+s+ssoc|+o+sn+o|g+-
n|z+iogc|cnc|+mcntoccm|cgo
|c|scct|v+s||sto||c+ssio|mo|t+ntcs
,,
n+cxtcnsiocmuc|+c|||t+mocntcno|mcntooc+scctos
|c|+c|on+oos + cumu|+t|v|o+oc t|+,cto||+s |ntc|occnocnc|+ cnt|c v+||+s tccno|og|+s (|nc|us|vc oc
coc+so|st|nt+s)+ssoc|+iocnt|cosu|g|mcntoocnov+stccno|og|+snov+s|+t|c+so|g+n|z+c|o-
n+|scnov+s|+b|||o+ocs|cuc||o+soost|+b+||+oo|cscoc+|+tc|t|+nsvc|s+|o+stccno|og|+s
Caracterlstlcas da lnovao do seculo z!
Oc|+m+oomooc|oocu|nt+gc|+io(,C)oo|occssooc|nov+iooc|ot|wc||(+,,|)cncc||+
um+c|scct|v+||sto||c+b+sc+noo-scn+|cm|ss+ocuccx|st|||+m+tccntioc|ncogc|+ocsoo
|occssooc|nov+io^st|cs||mc||+scst+||+mconccnt|+o+s||mo|o|+|mcntcn+s|ontcsoc|no-
v+io(mooc|os(+)b+sc+oocmc|cnc|+science-based;suppy driven-(b)ux+ooc|+ocm+no+
demand-pull-c(c)occ|oscmc+oc|+coupling-model)+o+ssouc+sou+su|t|m+sgc|+ocs
cst+||+mm+|scnvo|v|o+scomo|occssooc|nov+io(o)mooc|o|ntcg|+ooc(c)mooc|ooc|ntc-
g|+ioocs|stcm+sc|cocs)(|O|\|||+,,||O|CO|et al.oo..oo,)
|c|cscnt+nooum+|ntcns|c+ioc+m||+ioo+stcnocnc|+soomooc|oocu+|t+gc|+ioo,C
ocst+c+comm+|o|cn|+sccomoncntcst+|scomo(+)+c|oocon|cc|mcntoo+c||+t|v|o+occoo
+|cno|z+oocomo|ontcsc|csu|t+ooso+|nov+io(b)cx|b|||o+ocnetworkingc|occss+mcnto
oc|n|o|m+iocmtcmo|c+|(parallel information processing)c(c)|ntcg|+iocmmu|t||+s|o|-
m+scomo+uccnvo|vcbcnscsc|v|osn+gc|+ioocso|uocsocsc|v|o(service solutions)|sscs
33 ^ ocs,c|to o+s cont:ovc:s|+s cm to:no o+ ,:cc|sio :c|c:cntc +os ||m|tcs oc c+o+ |+sc c + cont:|bu|io :c|+t|v+ oc cc:t+s tccno-
|og|+s (|O|:O|. .00) |ot|wc|| (1994) c|+m+ +tcnio ,+:+ o |+to oc uc v+:|+s moo+||o+ocs oc ,:occssos oc |nov+io ,oocm
cocx|st|: ocnt:o oc um mcsmo ,c:|ooo |ss+ o|vc:s|o+oc cst+:|+ +ssoc|+o+ + |+to:cs como ,+o:cs scto:|+|s c n|vc| oc m+tu:|o+oc
oc um+ octc:m|n+o+ tccno|og|+
7z
comoncntcsscocscnvo|vcmsob|cum+b+scu+|sc,++|ntcns|c+iooousooc|C(|c||+mcnt+s
o|g|t+|s)nos|occssosoc|nov+io
^ ||nc|+| |cocu+io oc |ot|wc|| c com +scctos |c|+t|vos +o gc|cnc|+mcnto cst|+tcg|co ou
sc,+|+to|cso|g+n|z+c|on+|sctccno|og|cosuc|+c|||t+m+|ntcg|+ioocs|stcm+sc|cocs+osu+|s
+s|m+sc|tcnccmcmsu+s+t|v|o+ocs|nov+t|v+s|ov+s+||+n+svc|t|c+|sc|o||zont+|scm+|o|
cx|b|||o+occcc|cnc|+sio+|vosv|s+ooso||m+sn+tcnt+t|v+occn||cnt+|+g|+nocvc|oc|o+oc
o+muo+n+tccno|og|c+co|occssooc|usiooctccno|og|+sou+||omc+s||ontc||+scnt|cos
scto|csoc+t|v|o+oc(|O|\|||+,,|)
|u+s|mo|t+ntcsc+|+ctc||st|c+soomooc|osc|co|t+m+um+tcnocnc|+c+o+vczm+|s|cscntc
no|occssooc|nov+io+c|csccntccxtcnsioocsu+|ntcg|+io(+)cst|+tcg|c+c(b)tccno|og|c+^
||mc||+cst++ssoc|+o++s+|cc||+s|c+||z+o+scm|cocsoccsu|s+coc|oouioc+scguno+sc
m+n||cst+ocou+s|o|m+s+|usiooco||c|cntcstccno|og|+scoc|+m+oo|ovo||toc|c||+mcnt+s
||ct|on|c+s(New Eletronic Toollkit)ou+|+ux|||+o|occssooc|nov+io
Out|+ +bo|o+gcm ||sto||c+ |nvcst|g+ o uc sc||+ t+mbcm um+ |og|cssio nos |occssos oc |no-
v+io |o cst+g|o |n|c|+| + |nov+io sc||+ |ovcn|cntc oc +t|v|o+ocs |no|v|ou+||z+o+s (sccu|o +,)
movcnoo-sc oco|s +|+ |occssos b+sc+oos cm +t|v|o+ocs co|o|+t|v+s (sccu|o .o) c o+| +|+
+ c|+m+o+ |nov+io o|st||bu|o+ (distributed innovation) ou +bc|t+ (open innovation) (sccu|o .+)
(|O|CO|et al.oo,)
|c+co|oocomC|csb|oug|(.oo,.ooo)Open Innovation|csu|t+ocummov|mcnto+|t|noooc
um mooc|o oc |nov+io |cc|+oo - onoc +s cm|cs+s ||o||z+v+m o ocscnvo|v|mcnto |ntc|no oc
con|cc|mcntoocmooo+|otcgc-|ooccst|+tcg|+soc|m|t+io+|+ummooc|o+bc|tonou+|
+s|m+s|ccon|cccm+ncccss|o+oct+ntoocbusc+|nov+s|oc|+su+ntooc|cv+|con|cc|mcnto
+|++mb|cntcscxtc|nos(u+o|o+)
|csmooocscnvo|v|mcntoin houseoccon|cc|mcntov|s+gc|+|niosomcntcbcnc||c|os|ntc|nos
m+st+mbcm+c||c|o+|+|+b|||o+ococ+ccss+|con|cc|mcntoscxtc|nosc+ss|mcx+no||+c++-
c|o+ococ+bso|io
Os mooc|os ,C c Open Innovation +|no+ cm cu|so ossucm um o||+| |coom|n+ntc sob|c o
cst+ooo++|tcno|occssoococscnvo|v|mcntoocnovos|ooutosc|occssosou+|tcm|ug+|
|uno+mcnt+|mcntcnomunooocscnvo|v|oocn+o|nm|c+occm|cs+smu|t|n+c|on+|sm+nu|+tu-
|c||+s (|oco cm |csu|s+ c |cscnvo|v|mcnto - || - o| cxcm|o) |o| uc cntio |cco||c| + c|cs
7!
como+nooc|unooscnosso||nc|+|contcxtooc+n+||scco||+s|||cs|+to|cs|ntc|-|c|+c|on+-
oosoocmsc|+ont+oos
|||mc||+mcntc c oss|vc| oc|cs cxt|+|| v+||osos insights como o| cxcm|o + |ocnt|c+io oc
tcnocnc|+suc|+n+mocs+os++|scsmcnosocscnvo|v|ooscm+|t|cu|+|+|+osscussc|v|os
oc||ssov|+b|||z++c||+iooco||t|c+s+ocu+o+s+|++|ovc|t+|oo|tun|o+ocscsc|otcgc|
oc+mc++s
|m+socss+stcnocnc|+sc+|ntcns|c+ioooc|+m+oooshore outsourcingmov|mcntouc
|nc|us|vccomc++s|n+||z+|+|++t|v|o+ocscomm+|o|v+|o|+o|c|on+oo+mco|o+uccm|c-
s+soc+|scsocscnvo|v|oos|ocu|+mscconccnt|+|cmos|ocssuc||o|csn+c+oc|+ocv+|o|c;
oun+ssu+scomctcnc|+sccnt|+|sccncont|+mo|cu|o+ocs+|+cont|+t+||oss|on+|su+||-
c+oos+umcusto|+zo+vc|cmn+ocsocscnvo|v|o+s(||||+,,,||||.oo,
,,
O|C|.oo,+
|C||et al.oo,)
|m scgunoo |ug+| os ||| cscc|+|mcntc os sc|v|os |c|+c|on+oos + software oocm |cccbc|
g|+noc +co|||mcnto ncss+s +n+||scs c|+s su+s |o||+s c+|+ctc||st|c+s como o |+to oc sc|cm os
||nc|+|scom|+oo|cscusu+||osoc|Coc|c|+t|v+mcntcconccnt|+|cmm+|st|+b+||+oo|csu+-
||c+oos+tos+|ovc|so|uocs(knowledge workers)ocossu||cmg|+nocc+||+||o+ocn+ccono-
m|+coctc|cmcomo|oconov+soo|tun|o+ocstccno|og|c+s(C^||O||C^||O||.ooo||||
|O|||.ooo||||+,,,.oo,.oos)|||cs|nc|u|os|||no|o|oc+gcntcscons|oc|+ooscsc-
c|+||st+scm|nov+io(innovation specialists)c+ont+oc|csc|mcntoocsu+|mo|tnc|+comoum+
c+|+ctc||st|c+oomooc|oOpen Innovation
|mtc|cc||o|+to|cons|stcn+ccnt|+||o+oco+s|Cncss+sv|socssob|ctuoocomo|c||+mcnt+so|g|-
t+|st|+nsvc|s+|sc++zcsoc|+b|||t+||nov+ocsocv+||ost|osccm|+t|c+mcntctooososscgmcn-
toso+cconom|+co|tcsoccm|cs+s(|O|CO|et al.oo..oo,)io+s|Cucoss|b|||t+m+
|ntc|n+c|on+||z+iooossc|v|osc+t|+ns|c|cnc|+occon|cc|mcntoc|ctu+o+c|os|||
34 |:+t|c+ oc cont:+t+io oc um+ o:g+n|z+io cxtc:n+ (c oc um ,+|s o||c:cntc o+uc|c onoc o ,:oouto c ocscnvo|v|oo ou |+b:|c+-
oo). ,+:+ ocscnvo|vc: octc:m|n+o+s |uncs oc ncgoc|os
35 |||cs (.00) mcnc|on+ + csc+sscz oc ,:oss|on+|s oc 1|. mot|v+o+ cm bo+ ,+:tc ,c|+ m+ss|v+ o|sscm|n+io oc 1|C cm sc:v|-
os c subscucntc cont:+t+io ocsscs ,:oss|on+|s oc cm,:cs+s m+nu|+tu:c|:+s (c|t+ os sc:v|os b+nc+:|os como um oos g:+nocs
cont:+t+oo:cs)
36 ||s,on|vc| cm |tt,;;wwws||ocs|+:cnct;|+n|||cs;o,cn-|nnov+t|on-11401 ^ccsso cm 10 novcmb:o oc .009
74
Quadro ! Contrastes entre os prlnclplos de closed e open innovation na perspectlva das organlzaes
Closed Open
|csso+s|ntc||gcntcscmnossoc+mot|+b+||+m+|+nos
|cmtoo+s+scsso+s|ntc||gcntcst|+b+||+m+|+nos
cntio|cc|s+mos+c|+|ccx|o|+|ocon|cc|mcnto
oc|no|v|ouosb||||+ntcs|o|+ocnoss+com+n||+
|+|+|uc|+|com|csu|s+c|cscnvo|v|mcnto(||)ocvc-
mos|ntc|n+mcntcocscob|||ocscnvo|vc|c|+n+|||
||cxtc|nooocc||+|v+|o|s|gn|c+t|voc|||ntc|noc
ncccss+||o+|+sc+|o||+|ocum++|cc|+ocstcv+|o|
czc|mosum+ocscobc|t+tc|c-
mosuccomc|c|+||z+-|+||mc||o
|osnio|cc|s+moso+|o||gcm+cs-
u|s++|+ooc||uc|+|comc|+
c|o|mosos||mc||os+comc|c|+||-
z+|um+|nov+iovcncc|cmos
Const|u||ummc||o|mooc|oocncgoc|osc
mc||o|ooucc|cg+|+omc|c+oo||mc||o
cc||+|mos+m+|o||+o+sc+smc||o-
|cs|oc|+sn+|noust||+vcncc|cmos
czc|mosomc||o|usoo+s|oc|+s|ntc|-
n+sccxtc|n+svcncc|cmos
|cvc||+moscont|o|+|noss+||o||co+oc
|ntc|cctu+|(||)ocmooo+cv|t+|ucnossoscom-
ct|oo|cs|uc|cmcomnoss+s|oc|+s
|cvc||+mos|uc|+|comousoucout|os|+zcmocnoss+||
cocvc||+moscom|+|||ocout|osscm|cuc|sso|c|c-
scntcum+v+no+|+nosso|o||omooc|oocncgoc|os
Fonte: C|csb:oug| (.00!) 1:+ouio oos +uto:cs
1lC e lnovao
^ |ntcns|c+io oo uso oo con|cc|mcnto c o+ |n|o|m+io nos |occssos |oout|vos + +|t|| o+
occ+o+oc+,;ocumoos+scctosm+|socst+c+oosn+||tc|+tu|+cconom|c+
,;
|o|s|+to|cs|o|tc-
mcntc|ntc|||g+oosconco||cm+|+c||+|+sb+scsocsustcnt+ioocsscmov|mcnto
|m ||mc||o |ug+| +s |C +sscnt+o+s |uno+mcnt+|mcntc n+ m|c|oc|ct|on|c+ |m||mcm g|+noc
vc|oc|o+oc+os|occssosoccoo|c+iooocon|cc|mcntoc+|m+zcn+mcntocc||cu|+ioo+|n|o|-
m+ioc|cv+noocsscsoo|sc|cmcntos(con|cc|mcntoc|n|o|m+io)+cono|iooc|ccu|sosm+|s
|mo|t+ntcsn+o|nm|c+o+conco||cnc|+|mscgunoo|ug+|+|nov+iooc|x+ocsc|+cn+sum+
cnt|c +s cst|+tcg|+s + sc|cm +oot+o+s c|+s |m+s ocnt|o oo scu con,unto oc csco||+s c +ss+ +
|c|cscnt+|um|c-|cu|s|to+|++sob|cv|vcnc|+nomc|c+oo(|||O|+,,+)
|sscs oo|s comoncntcs cnt|ct+nto g+n|+m scnt|oo m+|o| cnu+nto c+tcgo||+s oc +n+||sc
c+sosc,+mc|ccb|oosnomb|toocsu+s|ntc|+ocscm+|t|cu|+|n+uc|cuccc|c++|ntcg|+io
oc|C+o|occssooc|nov+ion+scm|cs+s|ncss++|cn+ucoctc|m|n+o+stccno|og|+so|g|t+|s
cum|cm scu +c| m+|s |c|cv+ntc u+| sc,+ o oc cont||bu|| +|+ o c|csc|mcnto o+ c++c|o+oc
|nov+t|v+o+so|g+n|z+ocs
37 Vc:. ocnt:c out:os |c:cz (19s! c 19ss). O|C| (199+). v8| (.00). ||n|c|:o c 1|g:c (.009)
7
|t|||z+noo+||ngu+gcmoomooc|o,Cooc-sco|zc|ucno+m|o|cucoc|Ccx|stcmtccno-
|og|+so|g|t+|scomm+|o|ooc|+|+|ntcns|c+|+|nov+ioscnoouco+umcntoooooc|com-
ut+c|on+|c++cc|c|+ioo+vc|oc|o+ococt|+nsm|ssiocmb+no+|+|g+sioc|cmcntos-c|+vc+|+o
succsson++||c+ioocst+stccno|og|+s(|O|\|||+,,||O|CO|et al.oo..oo,)
Ootcnc|+|ocss+s|c||+mcnt+so|g|t+|soocscm+tc||+||z+|o|mc|oocu+t|oc+n+|s||nc|+|s
+ s+bc| (+) o|m|nu|noo custos oc ocscnvo|v|mcnto (b) |couz|noo lead-times
,s
(c) +umcnt+noo
+ |cv|s|b|||o+oc oc |csu|t+oos c (o) mc||o|+noo + |ntcg|+io o|g+n|z+c|on+| |ntc|n+ c cxtc|n+
(|O|\|||+,,||OCO|et al.oo.|C||.ooo)
|o|t+nto +s nov+s |o|m+s oc |ntc|+io - b+sc+o+s cm |cocs c s|stcm+s |ntcg|+oos c cnvo|vcnoo
+gcntcscxtc|nos-|uno+m-scnum+bo+|n||+cst|utu|+oc|C(gcnc||c+mcntc|+|+noo)scm+u+|
tccno|og|+so|g|t+|suc+ux|||+mo|occssooc|nov+iom+|so||ct+mcntc+cxcm|ooossoftwares
+|+designnioooc||+mm+tc||+||z+|scug|+nocotcnc|+|u+|sc,+ooc|ntcg|+|c|ntcns|c+|o
|occssooc|nov+iocmn|vc|sscm|cccocntcs|oogsonet al(.oo,)|ocu|+mu+||c+|mc||o|
css++n+||sccst+bc|cccnooum+t|o|og|+octccno|og|+so|g|t+|sb+sc+o+no+c|ucocscmc-
n|+mno|occssooc|nov+io(||gu|++)
+) |Csc||+mtccno|og|+suc|ovccm|n||+cst|utu|+o|g|t+|o+noosuo|tc+um++m|+g+m+oc
sc|v|osc++zcsoc+o|c|on+|v+|o|csu+t|+,cto||+scvo|t++|+o+umcntoocvc|oc|o+ocooc|
oc|occss+mcntoconcct|v|o+occ|ntc||+ccs||s|c+s
b) O|(ccno|og|+socOc|+ioc|+nu|+tu|+)sc||+m+stccno|og|+sococ|+ioou|m|c-
mcnt+ioo+|nov+iooocnoosc|+||c+o+scm+|c+sb+sc+o+scmc|cnc|+csc|v|osu+t|+-
,cto||+sco||cc|on++con+b|||o+occx|b|||o+oc|cc|sioc|couiooc|cosccustos
c) |V(ccno|og|+soc|nov+io)sc||+m+s|c||+mcnt+sc||+t|v+sn+tc|m|no|og|+oos+uto-
|csconst|tu|nooscunuc|cooc|nvcst|g+iotcmc++c|o+ococ|+b|||t+|+c||+ioocnovos
+mb|cntcs+|+uccsso+scnscm+cc|c+ocnov+soocsocnvo|v|mcntoocout|os+|-
cc||os-comousu+||osnoc+soocso|tw+|c-+s|mu|+ioccxc||mcnt+iooco||c|cntcsso|u-
ocsc+sscgu|+|uc|CcO|sc,+mut|||z+o+scc|cntcmcntccm+t|v|o+ocscomocnt|cg+
oc|ooutos|occssosmuo+n+so|g+n|z+c|on+|sc|nov+ocsocsc|v|osu+t|+,cto||+
c+m|n|+n+o||cioo+cconom|+occs|o|ocmc||o||cc|sion+ocn|ioocob,ct|voscm
|nov+io
38 |c:|ooo uc occo::c cnt:c o |n|c|o oc ocscnvo|v|mcnto oc um ,:oouto c scu ,ostc:|o: |+n+mcnto no mc:c+oo
76
TIC
Habilit+:
TOM
Implement+:
TIV
Criar
1ccno|og|+s o+ |n|o:m+io
Com,ut+oo:cs c :c:v|oo:cs
:|stcm+s ^bc:tos
8+no+ |+:g+
:cnso:cs
1ccno|og|+s oc Comun|c+io
|ntc:nct;www
v|||;!
1:oc+ ||ct:on|c+ oc |+oos (|||)
1ccno|og|+s oc |cs|gn c |:oouio
C|C. ||:. C^|. C^|. C||. C||
1ccno|og|+s oc |ctwo:||ng c
Coo:ocn+io
|||. |||. ||:. 1Q|. ||1
1|V
|c::+mcnt+s oc 8usc+
|ooc|+gcm c :|mu|+io
V|su+||z+io;|c+||o+oc V|:tu+|
|:otot|,+gcm |+,|o+
|lgura !. lntegrao entre rerramentas tecnologlcas.
Fonte: |oogson et al (.00)
| cu||oso obsc|v+| como css+s tccno|og|+s usu+|mcntc +g|u+o+s n+ ||tc|+tu|+ sob + ocnom|n+-
io oc |C |ntcg|+m-sc nos |occssos |nov+t|vos oocnoo ocscmcn|+| +c|s |coom|n+ntc-
mcntco||c|cnc|+ooscmbo|++|gum+ssc+||ucm+mu|t||os|oos|tosc+|c+socnt|oo+s|m+s
+cxcm|oooss|stcm+sComputer-Aided Design(C^|)
|omcsmomooocoss|vc|const+t+|uccssct|ooc+n+||scscco+oun++|cssuostos|c|+t|vos
+s+bo|o+gcns,CcOpen Innovationum+vczuccon|o|mcom||nson(.oo.)oc|cmcntoo|st|n-
t|voo+|+sc+tu+|c+|o|||c|+ioocnov+stccno|og|+so|g|t+|s-,unt+mcntccommuo+n+ssoc|o-
cconom|c+s|nouz|nooosu|g|mcntoocnov+s|o|m+socsc|v|os(cmcscc|+|os|||)uc|+c|-
||t+mosuxosoc+|cno|z+oocon|cc|mcntoc|n|o|m+io
^|cmo|sso|Coccc|t+|o|m+cont||bu||+m+|++|tc|+|+|m+gcm+ntc||o|oossc|v|oscomo+t|-
v|o+ocs+t|+s+o+stccno|og|c+mcntccnio|nov+t|v+s|ss+muo+n+|o||nouz|o+o|+|gunscstu-
oossob|csc|v|os
,,
|oc+||z+oosnousom+|sc||+t|vooctccno|og|+s(not+o+mcntc|C)o|cm|c-
39 Vc:. cnt:c out:os. |||cs c |uc+tc| (1994). O|C| (199b) c ^ntonc||| (199s)
77
s+socsc|v|osConu+ntocsscscstuoostcn|+mcont||bu|oo+|+c+|+ctc||z+|ossc|v|oscomo
oom|n+ooso||o|ncccoo|cs+,uo+|+m+|+zc|comuc|osscmc|ccb|ooscomolocusoc|nov+-
ion+|conom|+ooCon|cc|mcnto(C^CO|||^|C^|^.ooo)
^tc+u|o|scut|mos|Cocnt|oocum+c|scct|v+octccno|og|+s|+b|||t+oo|+s(|c||+mcnt+s)|+s
|ox|m+sscocsout|+o|mcnsiooc+n+||scsc|+cx|o|+o+u+|sc,++oc|m+scscc|+|mcntc+s
c|tcnccntcs+oscto|oc|cu,o|occsso|nov+t|vo+|cscnt+octc|m|n+ooscomoncntcscomuns
c|m|t|noo+ss|m+|ocnt|c+iooc|+toscst|||z+oossob|csu+o|nm|c+oc|nov+io
3.3. Inovao e servios
|m+o+s|+cun+soosmooc|os,CcOpen Innovation|ovcmoo|+toocuc+sc+|+ctc||st|c+sm+|s
cscc|c+soos|occssosoc|nov+iocmsc|v|os+|no+nio|cccbcm+tcniosuc|cntc
|o
|o|cssc
mot|vo|ocu|+|cmosncst++|tccx|o|+-|+scomm+|o||o|uno|o+oc|+zcnoousoocum+||tc|+-
tu|+uc+bo|o+o+c|oossc|v|osnos|occssosoc|nov+io+|nov+iocmsc|v|osc+|unio
c|csccntcoocon|cc|mcntocscc|+|mcntcn+gc|+iooc|nov+ocs(+cmc|gcnc|+o+oc|co+oco+
|n|o|m+ioou|conom|+|+sc+o+noCon|cc|mcnto)^ntcso|cm|nvcst|g+|cmosot|+t+mcnto
o|scns+oo+o|ongoootcmo+ossc|v|osnos||nc|+|sm+nu+|s;surveysoc|nov+iocc+|+ctc-
||st|c+socstc|occssocm+|scscmocscnvo|v|mcnto(|||s)
||mo|t+ntctc|cmmcntcuco|occssooc|nov+ionossc|v|osoc|nioobst+ntcossu||
c+|+ctc||st|c+s|o||+s(|nc|us|vccm+|scscmocscnvo|v|mcnto)+|cscnt+t|+oscomuns+uc|cs
|cscntcs n+ o|nm|c+ |nov+t|v+ oos sc|v|os cm gc|+| c oc octc|m|n+oos subscto|cs oc sc|v|os
como os ||| c -||| (Technology-Based |||) (||gu|+ .) |sso |c+|+ + c|t|ncnc|+ oc sc |nvcst|-
g+|t+mbcmcss+sc+tcgo||+sm+|s+m|+scomo|c-|cu|s|to+um+mc||o|com|ccnsioocsu+s
+|t|cu|+||o+ocs
40 |ss+ ,:cocu,+io |o| cx,:css+ :cccntcmcntc cm cvcnto oco::|oo cm C+mb:|ogc;|ng|+tc::+. cm oczcmb:o oc .00s. |nt|tu|+oo
vo:|s|o, on Open Innovation |n :c:v|ccs. sob + coo:ocn+io oo |:og:+mmc on |cg|on+| |nnov+t|on. C+mb:|ogc-||1 |nst|tutc
|+:tnc:s||, |:og:+mmc (C||||) ||s,on|vc| cm |tt,;;wwwo|mc-cuo:g;o,cn-|nnov+t|on-|n-sc:v|ccs ^ccsso cm 10 oc novcmb:o
.009 |+:+ um cxcm,|o oc +,||c+io oos ,:|nc|,|os oc Open Innovation + sc:v|os. vc: |oogson ct +| (.00). uc cstuo+m o c+so
o+ o:g+n|z+io |ng|cs+ ^:u,
78
:c:v|os cm gc:+|
:c:v|os || 1|
||8:
1-||8:
:c:v|os |ntcns|vos cm
Con|cc|mcnto (||:)
|lgura z. Conjuntos de Servlos.
Fonte: c|+bo:+io ,:o,:|+. com b+sc cm cnt:cv|st+ com |:o| |+n |||cs (||o||)
Os servlos nos prlnclpals manuals}surveys e a lnovao em palses em
desenvolvlmento
|ocon,untooos+|scsocscnvo|v|oosossc|v|os|csonoc|+mno+nooc.oooo|;|/oo||oouto
|ntc|no||uto(|||)scnooucno||+s||o|o|/|m+,;+osnumc|osg||+v+mcmto|nooc,o/c
|,/|cscct|v+mcntc
|+
|st+t|st|c+scomocss+stcm|cv+oo+conc|usioocucossc|v|osocvc||+m
mc|ccc|m+|o|+tcnioo|+|tco+||tc|+tu|+
|c|ccbcu-scoomcsmomoooucossc|v|os-no+ss+oocons|oc|+oos|m|oout|vosc|os|un-
o+oo|cso+|conom|+|o||t|c+-|o|ncccm|mo|t+ntcsinputs+|++sm+nu|+tu|+sc+|+su+s|o-
||+s+t|v|o+ocsco|t+nto+umcnt+m+|oout|v|o+oco+cconom|+comoumtooo(|||||^|
C^||O||+,,,C^CO|||^|C^|^.ooo)
Con|ccc|mc||o|+n+tu|cz+ocss+s+t|v|o+ocscocscnvo|vc|mco|o+sm+|s+|o||+o+soc|nov+-
io+|+csscscgmcntosio|+to|csc|uc|+|s+|++con+b|||o+occut|||o+ocoossurveysc||nc|-
+|mcntc +|+ policy makers |ss+s mot|v+ocs |cv+|+m ||mc||+mcntc + conouio oc cstuoos
u+||t+t|vossob|c|nov+iocmsc|v|ososu+|s|oouz||+mb+s|c+mcntcoo|sc|c|tos(+)|cvc|+|+m
41 |cvc|o,mcnt |+t+ :ou,. !c vo:|o 8+n| (.00s) .00s vo:|o |cvc|o,mcnt |no|c+to:s On||nc v+s||ngton. |C !c vo:|o
8+n| ||s,on|vc| cm |tt,;;gowo:|ob+n|o:g;U0|:|^Q40 ^ccsso cm 11 oc novcmb:o oc .009
79
c|cv+oog|+uoc|nov+t|v|o+ocncsscscgmcntoc(b)ocst+c+|+mcscc|c|o+ocsocscu|occssooc
|nov+io|c|+c|on+o+s||nc|+|mcntc+su+|o||+n+tu|cz+cmooooco|g+n|z+io(|||||^|
C^||O||+,,,)O+ssoscgu|ntcsco||cc|onou+u+nt|c+iocomo|oos|toocco||obo|+|
insights|oouz|oosc|oscstuoos+ntc||o|cs|nt|ct+ntocss+scmost|ouum+t+|c|+o|||c||cm|+zio
o+s|o||+scscc|c|o+ocsoossc|v|os
|,c||+|cC+||ou,(+,,,)|c+||z+|+mum|nvcnt+||oocv+||ossurveyscst+t|st|cossob|c|nov+iocmsc|-
v|os
|.
++|t||ooucconc|ucmuccss+scsu|s+sscgu||+mt|+,cto||+scmc||+ntc+uc|+concc|-
ncntc+|o||+c|cciooossc|v|osco+cconom|+ocsc|v|os|ocnt|c+mt|cs|+scs+ssoc|+o+s
+s+bc|(+)|no||c|cn+(+cn+s+t|v|o+ocsm+nu|+tu|c||+st|n|+m|ug+|)(b)subo|o|n+io(o|ocon+s
|nov+ocstccno|og|c+s|cvou++ooio+|+ossc|v|osoomcsmoucst|on+||out|||z+oon+|nous-
t||+m+nu|+tu|c||+)c(c)+utonom|+(ucst|on+||osocscn|+ooscscc|c+mcntc+|+sc|v|os)
^scsu|s+sgu|+o+sc|om+nu+|ocOs|ooocmsc|cnu+o|+o+s+tccntion+s|+scsoc|no||c-
|cn+(||mc||+vc|sio)csubo|o|n+io(vc|socsscgu|ntcs)^|+scoc+utonom|+vcmcnc+m+noo
+cn+s |cv+nt+mcntos-||oto |no|v|ou+|s (O|C| +,,; ibid) cx|st|noo +s vczcs um con|to ncstc
mb|tocx|cssoc|+ncccss|o+ococc+tu|+|+|t|cu|+||o+ocs|nt||nscc+s+ossc|v|osccst+bc|c-
cc|um+b+scoccom+|+iocom+s+t|v|o+ocsm+nu|+tu|c||+s
|+nu+|ocOs|o-1Vc|sio1--
|o|+no|nst|tuc|on+|om+nu+|ocOs|oo+O|C|co||nc|+|gu|+ut|||z+oonodesignocucs-
t|on+||os+||c+oosn+scsu|s+soc|nov+iosob|ctuoooosCommunity Innovation Surveys(C|)
-os|cv+nt+mcntoscst+t|st|cos|c+||z+oosc|os+|scso+Comun|o+oc|u|oc|+sob+coo|ocn+io
oo|u|ost+t^|csu|s+oc|nov+ioccno|og|c+||+s||c||+(||ntcc)coo|ocn+o+c|o||C|t+mbcm
scguc+smcsm+so||cnt+ocs
^ ||mc||+ vc|sio oo m+nu+| oc +,,. t|+tou +cn+s oc |nov+ocs tccno|og|c+s oc |oouto ou
|occsso (|| innovations) cm +t|v|o+ocs m+nu|+tu|c||+s c no|tcou + ||mc||+ co|io o+s cs-
42 |mbo:+ t+mbcm tcn|+m +n+||s+oo |cv+nt+mcntos :c+||z+oos ,o: o:g+n|z+cs n+c|on+|s uc nio tcm + ,:oouio oc cst+t|s-
t|c+s como +t|v|o+oc-m (+ cxcm,|o oc m|n|stc:|os). c ,csu|s+s-,||oto. os +uto:cs conccocm m+|o: +tcnio +os |cv+nt+mcntos
o:|cnt+oos ,c|o |+nu+| oc Os|o 1+mbcm sc:io o |oco oc noss+ +n+||sc c:|t|c+ ocv|oo + su+ |m,o:tnc|+ (m+|o: +cc|t+io |ntc:n+-
c|on+|) c +o |+to oc + |csu|s+ oc |nov+io 1ccno|og|c+ b:+s||c|:+ (||ntcc) sc b+sc+: no mcsmo m+nu+| 1+mbcm vo|t+:cmos +tcnio
+o |+nu+| oc 8ogot+. uc no:tc|+ +|gum+s ,csu|s+s n+ ^mc:|c+ |+t|n+
80
u|s+scu|oc|+s(C|+)tcnoo+,,o-+,,.comoc||ooooc|c|c|cnc|++|+co|ct+oc|n|o|m+io
|,
|cn|um+o+sco|ocso+||ntcc+com+n|oucsscm+nu+|o+ooucsu+||mc||+co|io(c||ooo
+,,s-.ooo)gu|ou-scc|+scguno+vc|siooom+nu+|ocOs|o
|+nu+|ocOs|o-Vc|sio1--
|mbo|+|nt|oouz|noosc|v|osc|+||mc||+vczcss+vc|sio|cctc|+t|c+mcntcum+t|+nsos|io
o||ct+ocsscscto|+|+om+nu+|sob|ctuooc|+cn|+sc|+t|c+mcntccxc|us|v+nocontcuootccno-
|og|coo+s|nov+ocscongu|+nooum+v|sioocsubo|o|n+iooossc|v|oscm|c|+io+s+t|v|o+-
ocsm+nu|+tu|c||+sCon|o|mcom+nu+|
Te main text deals with tcc|no|og|c+||y new or improved products and processes
(O|C|+,,;sg|||ooo+uto|)
Since then the spotlight for employment and production issues has turned to services,
hence the need to nd out more about their technological activities (ibid.,)
|,c||+| c C+||ou, (+,,,) |ocnt|c+m no m+nu+| t|cs +scctos ||nc|+|s cnvo|vcnoo sc|v|os (+) o
tc|mo |oouto +ssou + sc| us+oo t+nto +|+ bcns (t+ng|vc|s) como +|+ sc|v|os (O|C| +,,;
,+)(b)|+um+obsc|v+io|ccon|cccnoo+o|cu|o+ococo|st|ngu||cm+|gunsc+sos|ooutooc
|occsso(,+)c(c)contcmum+||st+occxcm|osoc|nov+ocscmsc|v|os(,|)^|cmocsscs
|ocnt|c+mosout|oonto|mo|t+ntco|ccon|cc|mcntoo+o|cu|o+ocnoc+soocsc|v|oscm
o||c|cnc|+||ooutonovooc|oouto+c||c|o+oo(,,)
OC|.tcnoocomoc||ooo-b+sc+,,|-+,,o|nco|o|ou+so||ct||zcsocss+co|iooom+nu+|m+|-
c+noot+mbcm+|nt|oouiooc|m+socsc|v|on++most|+c|v|osoc||o|+m|nc|u|oos+o|+oo
occomc|c|o+t+c+o|st+t|+nso|tctc|ccomun|c+ocs|ntc|mco|+ion+ncc||+ccngcn|+||+
^|c||bug|c||||||(.oo+)+ont+mt|cs|ob|cm+sb+s|coscnvo|v|ooscom+mcnsu|+ioo+|nov+io
cmsc|v|osocnt|ooo+|c+bouooom+nu+|(+)+o|st|niocnt|c|ooutoc|occssocon|o|mc
mcnc|on+oo(b)+|ocnt|c+iooos|tcns+sc|cmcons|oc|+oosnoscustoso+|nov+ioc(c)+mcn-
su|+iooos|m+ctoscconom|coso+|nov+io
43 ^|guns ,+|scs tcm conouz|oo |cv+nt+mcntos scto:|+|s oc |nov+io (+ cxcm,|o oo C+n+o+. cm 199. com um+ ,csu|s+ sob:c
|noust:|+s oc sc:v|os). +ss|m como ,ossucm o||c:cntcs ,c:|ooos oc :c|c:cnc|+ ,+:+ os C|: (vc: |+|:cssc c |o|ncn. .00s)
8!
|+|t|cu|+||o+ocs oos sc|v|os |cv+|+m cscc|+||st+s + ocscnvo|vc| oo|s ucst|on+||os o|st|ntos +|+
m+nu|+tu|+csc|v|os|cstcu|t|monio|ouvcsc+|+iocnt|c|nov+ocsoc|ooutoc|occsso
+ss|mcomo|o|+msu||m|o+s+sucstocssob|c|ccc|t++ov|no+oc|ooutosnovos+|++cm|cs+
ou+|+omc|c+oo
|+s ou+s ||mc||+s co|ocs o+ ||ntcc +,,s-.ooo c .oo+-.oo, otou-sc c|+ nio |nc|usio oc
cm|cs+s oc sc|v|os nio obst+ntc tc|cm como b+sc css+ vc|sio oo m+nu+| oc Os|o ^ tc|cc||+
cu+|t+co|ocsoosurveyb|+s||c||o(||||C.oo,-.oo,c.ooo-.oos)t+mbcmb+sc+o+s||mo|-
o|+|mcntcnom+nu+|oc+,,;|nco|o|+|+m+|gunsscgmcntosocsc|v|os|(sob+ocnom|n+io
oc|n|o|m+t|c+)tc|ccomun|c+ocsc||
||
^ntcscon|cc|o+como|csu|s+|noust||+|oc|nov+io
ccno|og|c++ssou+sc|c|+m+o+oc|csu|s+oc|nov+ioccno|og|c+
Out|o onto o|z |csc|to +s muo+n+s o|g+n|z+c|on+|s +|t|cu|+|mcntc |mo|t+ntcs cm sc|v|os
(C^CO|||^|C^|^.ooo||||.oos)Om+nu+||ccon|cccsu+|c|cvnc|+m+s+st|+t+|cs|-
ou+|mcntc|csc|v+noo-||cs+cn+sum+ncxoIt is recognized that purely organizational innovation
is widespread and may result in signicant improvements in rm performance(O|C|+,,;s)
| ,ust|c+ ] but its measurement appears to be very di cult both conceptually and in practice.
Moreover organizational change is highly rm-specic, making it still more di cult to summarise in
aggregate, sector or economy-wide statistics ](.,)
OC|.scguccss+so||cnt+ocsc+ost|+t+|oc|nov+ocs|||csc|v+um+cucn++|tcoo
ucst|on+||o+|+Out|+s|uo+n+sO|g+n|z+c|on+|scocMarketingcomucstocsoot|o
s|m;nio (csc+|+ b|n+||+) scm cnt|+| cm u+|uc| oct+||c ^s t|cs ||mc||+s co|ocs o+ ||ntcc
|+zcmomcsmo
Oc+|+tc||cs|ou+|o+smuo+n+so|g+n|z+c|on+|sc+c|+|ono|o||oconcc|to+oot+oonom+nu+|
onoccc|t+ooumcxcm|o+|+sc|v|os]implementation of a quality standard such as ISO
is not a TPP innovation unless it results in a signicant improvement in the production or delivery
of goods or services(,s)Ousc,+so|c|cscnt+mmuo+n+so|g+n|z+c|on+|s+uc|+sucniosc
concct+mo||ct+mcntc++|tc|+ocss|gn|c+t|v+sno|ooutoouc|+zt|+ns+|ccc|+ss|m+|cgc-
mon|+o++bo|o+gcminput-output
44 ^|cm oc sc: ,c:ccb|oo como um input ,+:+ |nov+io. |8| t+mbcm c cons|oc:+oo como um scto: oc +t|v|o+oc cconom|c+ oc
sc:v|os. uc vcm g+n|+noo m+|o: o|mcnsio ocv|oo + |+to:cs como cst:+tcg|+s oc outsou:c|ng +oot+o+s ,o: :m+s m+nu|+tu:c|:+s
c o su:g|mcnto oc cm,:cs+s spin-os
8z
^ su|cssio oo tc|mo tccno|og|c+mcntc n+ ocn|io oc |nov+io +oot+o+ no ucst|on+||o oo
C|,(c||ooo+,,s-.ooo)|c|cscnt+um+s|gn|c+t|v+muo+n++t|c|+o++ncccss|o+ococmc||o|
t|+t+||nov+iocmsc|v|oso|s|cctco|ccon|cc|mcntoo+|c|cvnc|+o+s|nov+ocsniotccno-
|og|c+s
|,
oo+v|+vo|tou-sc++oot+|+cn+sumucst|on+||o+|++t|v|o+ocsm+nu|+tu|c||+scoc
sc|v|ossob++|cg+ioocuc|sso|oo|c|on+o+oosm+|s|+|mon|z+oossob|c+t|v|o+ocs|nov+-
t|v+s cm gc|+| c m+|o| com+|+b|||o+oc cnt|c os oo|s scto|cs
|o
O C|| (.oo.-.oo|) |+t|c+mcntc
|c|oouz|uo+ntc||o|o|cmcom+su|cssiooc+|gum+s+|tcs
|o C|.ooo (.oo|-.ooo) +ootou-sc um approach consc|v+oo| o| mc|o oo u+| +|guns +|scs
|o|+m+uto||z+oos+ot+|c|ousooc+cn+sumsubcon,untoooC|||nt|ct+nto+ocn|iooc
|nov+iooc|ooutoc|occssooom+nu+|oc.oo,|o||nco|o|+o+ccomv|st+s+|c+|+|tc||cno
+|+oC|.oos|cg|st|ou-sc+|nc|usioocummoou|o-||otonoucst|on+||ot|+t+noom+|soct+||+-
o+mcntcoc+scctos|c|+c|on+oos+|nov+ocso|g+n|z+c|on+|scocmarketing(b+s|c+mcntct|os
|c|+c|on+mcntocomo+mb|cntccxtc|no|ontcsoc|oc|+sc|c|tosc|+zocs)
+mbcm|o|+o|c|on+ooumcucnomoou|osob|cgc|cnc|+mcntooocon|cc|mcntocomum+
ucstiooot|os|m;niocnvo|vcnoocx|stcnc|+occst|+tcg|+csc||t+|nccnt|vos+|unc|on+||osteam
worko||t|c+soc+t|+iooccon|cc|mcntocxtc|noc+tu+||z+ioo+b+sc|ntc|n+oc|n|o|m+ocs
|;
Osmoou|os-||otossugc|cm|cocu+iocm||o+|com||nc||osm+|s|o|tcmcntc+t|c|+oos+|no-
v+iooosccu|o.+(vc|to|co.)
|+nu+|ocOs|o-!Vc|sio00
|ss+ u|t|m+ vc|sio t|+z muo+n+s |mo|t+ntcs cscc|+|mcntc |c|+c|on+o+s + |nco|o|+io oc
o|mcnsocs nio tccno|og|c+s o+ |nov+io Os sc|v|os g+n|+m s|gn|c+t|vo ocst+uc scnoo uc
t|cs+scctos|ntc|-|c|+c|on+oosmc|ccc|+m+tcnio(O|C|.oo,b)
+) m+|o|cn|+scsob|co+c|o+s|ntc|+ocs(linkages)comout|+s|m+sc|nst|tu|ocsno
|occssooc|nov+iocontcxtocstcucsc+||n|++os||nc||osoosmooc|os,CcOpen
Innovationconoccst|utu|+so|g+n|z+c|on+|s|+t|c+s-|||c|Ctcmum+c|c+o+
45 O m+nu+| oc 199 :ccon|ccc uc |+ ,:ob|cm+s com o tc:mo tccno|og|c+mcntc u+noo +,||c+oo + sc:v|os. ,o|s ,ooc sc:
|ntc:,:ct+oo como o uso oc ,|+nt+s ou cu|,+mcntos oc +|t+ tccno|og|+ (, s)
46 O ucst|on+:|o c:csccu cm v|:tuoc o+ |nc|usio oc m+|s ucstcs :cs,ono|o+s ,o: cm,:cs+s nio |nov+oo:+s ||s,on|vc| cm
|tt,;;c,,cu:ost+tcccu:o,+cu;c+c|c;|1:_:||:;||;|nn_c|s!_sm1|tm ^ccsso cm 10 oc novcmb:o oc .009
47 Cc:tos ,+|scs +oot+:+m tooos os moou|os. +|guns +,cn+s um ou oo|s. out:os. ncn|um (O1z|||||. .00)
8!
vcz m+|s |c|cv+ntc como |+c|||t+oo|cs oos uxos oc con|cc|mcnto cnt|c os +gcntcs no
s|stcm+oc|nov+io
b) |ccon|cc|mcnto o+ |mo|tnc|+ o+ |nov+io cm |noust||+s mcnos |ntcns|v+s cm ||
como sc|v|os |m||c+noo um+ moo|c+io n+ cst|utu|+ oc mcnsu|+io o+ |nov+io
(ocn|ocsc+t|v|o+ocs|c|cv+ntcs)+|++comoo+|mc||o|ossc|v|os
c) +m||+io o+ ocn|io oc |nov+io oc mooo + |nc|u|| oo|s t|os +o|c|on+|s (|nov+ocs
o|g+n|z+c|on+|scocmarketing
|s
)mco|o+ucscgunooo|o||om+nu+||o|mot|v+o+
c|+ ncccss|o+oc oc mc||o| cntcnoc| octc|m|n+o+s c+|+ctc||st|c+s o+ |nov+io cm sc|-
v|osnio+ocu+o+mcntcc+tu|+o+sc|oconcc|to||(ibid,)|m++ss+gcmoo
m+nu+|cnumc|++|gum+sc+|+ctc||st|c+s+|t|cu|+|cs+sc|v|os
[...] innovation in services-oriented sectors can dier substantially from innovation in many
manufacturing-oriented sectors. It is often less formally organized, more incremental in nature and less
technological [] (OECD, p. 11).
|c|ccnoc-sc uc sc o |occsso oc |nov+io cm sc|v|os ossu| cm gc|+| t+|s c+|+ctc||st|c+s
ocvcmost+mbcm+tcnt+|+|+o|mcnsocscomomoo+||o+ocs|n|o|m+|soct|oc+oc|n|o|m+io
ccon|cc|mcnto(arms-length exchanges)out|+s+t|v|o+ocs|nov+t|v+s+|cmoc||o+c|oc
|nov+ocsmcno|csccont|nu+s-ounioc+us+oo|+soc|utu|+sc+|mo|tnc|+ocmuo+n+s
niotccno|og|c+s
|ss+v|siom+|s+m|+o+|nov+iocncc||+um+|cocu+io|+t|c+u+|sc,++ocm+ntc|cont|-
nu|o+occomocn|ocs+ntc||o|csoc|nov+io||ôcc|siooc|nc|u||sc|v|oscn|coou+|gum+s
moo|c+ocsconcc|tu+|s+cxcm|oo+|cmoioootc|motccno|og|c+n+ocn|iooc|nov+io
oc|ooutoc|occsso
|,
|csmocomos+v+nosconcc|tu+|so++tu+|vc|siooom+nu+|ocOs|oouc+co|s+scm+tc||+||-
zounoC|.oosOsmoou|ossob|c|nov+ocso|g+n|z+c|on+|scocmarketing|o|+m|nco|o|+oos
comoscocstoo+v|+comoucooct+||+mcnto+|no+(moo+||o+ocsob,ct|vosc+v+||+iooosc|c|-
tos)+ss|mcomooslinkages|o||+s||+u|t|m+co|ioo+||ntcc(.ooo-.oos)+tu+|mcntcn+|+scoc
t|+b+||oocc+mo|+zomcsmoc+tcm-sc+so||cnt+ocsoom+nu+|oc+,,;ousc,+conccnt|+-sc
n+s|nov+ocs||
48 |ss+s |nov+cs. +ntcs ,c:ccb|o+s +,cn+s como |+to:cs oc su,o:tc +s |nov+cs oc ,:oouto c ,:occsso. ,+ss+m + sc: cntcno|o+s
como c+,+zcs oc ,:oouz|: ,o: s| mcsm+s |m,+ctos sob:c + ,c:|o:m+ncc o+s cm,:cs+s
49 |o m+nu+| oc 199. o tc:mo |o| +,cn+s :ct|:+oo o+ ocn|io gc:+| oc |nov+io Vc: ,+g|n+s 4s-1 oo m+nu+| oc .00 ,+:+
ocn|cs oc |nov+io (os u+t:o t|,os) +,||c+o+s +o scto: oc sc:v|os
84
|sscscu|o+ooss|n+||z+m+|cocu+iocmc|m|t||m+|stcmo+|++|o|uno+|ocon|cc|mcnto
+cc|c+oco|mcnsocsniotccno|og|c+so+|nov+io|o|cmout|+sucstocs|c|cv+ntcs+|no+c|-
m+ncccmmu|tooucocx|o|+o+sn+scsu|s+soc|+|s|u+soc|+ssiooc+|t|cu|+||ntc|csscno
|cscntctcxto+onoc|+iooc+|t|cu|+||o+ocsoo|occssooc|nov+iocm+|scscmocscnvo|-
v|mcntocoo+c|o+s|C
|+nu+|oc|ogot+c|nov+iocm+|scscmocscnvo|v|mcnto
|+s|c+mcntcconccnt|+oon+so|mcnsocstccno|og|c+so+|nov+iocomoo|o||ot|tu|osugc|c
,o
om+nu+|oc|ogot+nio|csc|v++tcnio+|t|cu|+|+scscc|c|o+ocso+|nov+ionoscto|ocsc|-
v|oscmbo|+sc+|gumcntcucsu+so||cnt+ocsoocmsc|+||c+o+s+tooososscgmcntos;+t|v|-
o+ocso+cconom|+
cu motc ||nc|+| c ocscnvo|vc| um+ cst|utu|+ concc|tu+| c++z oc onoc|+| ccu||+||o+ocs oo
|occsso oc |nov+io cm +|scs cm ocscnvo|v|mcnto (||C;O|^;C|| .oo+) |io obst+ntc
oco|uc g|+noc |ntc|cssc +s muo+n+s o|g+n|z+c|on+|s c|ccbc-+s +cn+s como |+b|||t+oo|+s oc
muo+n+stccno|og|c+sOut|oontocx|o|+oosc|c|c|c+linkages|csu|t+noon+|nco|o|+iocm
scuucst|on+||o|oostoocouc+sucstocssob|cnetworksc+co|oosoccooc|+io(|o|m+|sc
|n|o|m+|s)(^|^z^||O|||OO|.oo|)
|+|c+||o+occx|stcconucnc|+cnt|c+s|oc|+soom+nu+|oc|ogot+cocOs|o|+to|uc|cvou+
|nco|o|+ioncstcu|t|moocum+ncxo|oostoo|csu|s+oo|cscnvo|v|oosn+c|+bo|+iooo
m+nu+|oc|ogot+contcnooo||ct||zcs+|+oocscnvo|v|mcntoocsurveysm+|s+ocu+oos+|c+||-
o+ococ+|scsmcnosocscnvo|v|oos
|ooc-sco|zc|uc,+cx|stccc|to+m+ou|cc|mcntoc|omcnosno|+noconcc|tu+|ctco||con+s
|ccxocsvo|t+o+s+ocntcno|mcntoo+|nov+iooco|||o+|o|+oomunooocscnvo|v|oocom+nu+|
oc|ogot+tcmocscmcn|+ooum+c||c|cv+ntcncsscscnt|oo|moos+|gumcntossc|c|c|c+o
|+toocuccm+|scsmcnosocscnvo|v|oos+m+|c+|uno+mcnt+|o+o|nm|c+|noust||+|nioc+
|nov+ionoscnt|oom+|s|cst||toootc|moousc,+|ooutosc|occssos|+o|c+|mcntcnovos
Oco||c uc + +uscnc|+ oc comctcnc|+s tccno|og|c+s cm con,unto com + |cscn+ oc ||+uc-
z+s |c|+t|v+s +os uxos oc |n|o|m+io c con|cc|mcnto |oouz o|cu|o+ocs +|+ + |cso|uio oc
50 O |+nu+| ,+:+ |+ |o:m+||z+c|on oc |no|c+oo:cs oc |nnov+c|on 1ccno|og|c+ cn ^mc:|c+ |+t|n+ (|+nu+| oc 8ogot+) :csu|t+ oc
um cs|o:o con,unto oc ,csu|s+oo:cs oc v+:|+s |nst|tu|cs ||g+o+s + |co |bc:o+mc:|c+n+ oc |no|c+oo:cs oc C|cnc|+ y 1ccno|og|+
(||C:1) 1cm s|oo +,||c+oo n+ ^:gcnt|n+. U:ugu+| c Co|omb|+
8
|ob|cm+s |c|+c|on+oos + tccno|og|+ Como |csu|t+oo + |nov+io oco||c m+,o||t+||+mcntc o|
mc|o o+ +u|s|io oc tccno|og|+ |nco|o|+o+ cm m+u|n+s c cu|+mcntos o uc o| su+ vcz
gc|+|m||c+ocs+|++gc|+iooc|no|c+oo|cs
^n+||scs |c|t+s cm to|no oc m+nu+|s c |cv+nt+mcntos oc|+|s oc |nov+io
,+
|ocnt|c+m +|gum+s
|+cun+s too+v|+ c+|+ctc||st|c+s oo scto| oc sc|v|os cont|nu+m scnoo |+|g+mcntc |gno|+o+s
|+sc+noo-sccm+|gunsocsscscstuoosn+obsc|vnc|+oosm+nu+|socOs|oc|ogot+cm|cv+nt+-
mcntos|+t|no-+mc||c+nosnosC|c+|t|cu|+|mcntcn+||ntccb|+s||c||+oocmosocst+c+|+|gu-
m+s|+cun+s||nc|+|s
+) +t|v|o+ocsm+|s+m|+s-^s+t|v|o+ocsoc||nioobst+ntcsu++|t+|c|cvnc|+niocons-
t|tucm o c|cmcnto csscnc|+| ocnt|o oo |o| oc cs|o|os |nov+t|vos |o|t+nto |+ uc sc
|nvcst|g+| m+|s oct|o+mcntc +t|v|o+ocs m+|s +m|+s c |n|o|m+|s |c+||z+o+s c|+s |m+s
|+|+c+o++t|v|o+ocooc||+msc|obsc|v+o+s+scst|+tcg|+ssub,+ccntcsc+so|cu|o+ocs
cncont|+o+s no scu cum||mcnto |o c+so oc tccno|og|+ |nco|o|+o+ v+|c ocst+c+| o
cxcm|ooosurveyc|||cnoonocsio|cv+nt+o+s|n|o|m+ocs+cc|c+ootcmoocv|o+o+s
m+u|n+sccu|+mcntosscumcc+n|smooccont|o|c(m+nu+|mccn|coouc|ct|on|co)
co|cccb|mcntooc+ss|stcnc|++|+o+|cno|z+oooos|occo|mcntosoc|+c|on+|s
b) +|cno|z+oo-Comoncntcccnt|+|oo|occssooc|nov+ioocm+no+nooocss+|o|m+
|no|c+oo|cs uc oss+m mon|to|+| csscs |occssos ocnt|o o+ |m+ c n+ su+ |ntc|+io
comout|os+to|csoos|stcm+oc|nov+io|+csu|s+oc|nov+iou|ugu+|++sciooc
+t|v|o+ocs|nov+t|v+sccom|cmcnt+o+comum+subsciosob|ct|c|n+mcnto|no|c+noo
ot|o(|nov+iooc|ooutooc|occssoouocgc|cnc|+mcnto)comont+ntcoccm|c-
g+oost|c|n+ooscmc+o+c+tcgo||+
c) |m+s nio |nov+oo|+s - |+oo uc +cn+s +s |m+s |nov+oo|+s m|no||+ ncsscs +|scs
sio |nvcst|g+o+s com m+|o| oct+||+mcnto c|oc-sc sob|ctuoo +|+ c|c|to oc o||t|c+
|n|o|m+ioc|uc|+|sob|c+s|tu+ioo+uc|+scm|cs+sucnio|nov+|+mnoc||ooooc
|c|c|cnc|+o+csu|s+Surveysoc|nov+iocu|ocuscomoo+|cmiot+mbcm|nc|ucm
css+so|g+n|z+ocscomo+|vooccsu|s+oct+||+o+
o) |nov+ocs o|g+n|z+c|on+|s - |m +|scs cm ocscnvo|v|mcnto como +s cst|utu|+s o|g+n|-
z+c|on+|s sio b+st+ntc |nst+vc|s c o |occsso oc |nov+io ossu| c+|+ctc||st|c+s |coo-
m|n+ntcmcntc|n|o|m+|s+s|nov+ocso|g+n|z+c|on+|ssioco|||uc||+scc|uc|+|scnoo
+ss|mmc|cccmt|+t+mcntom+|s+ocu+ooû|v+|cc|t+|ocxcm|oc|||cnocu,+cs-
u|s+ cnvo|vc muo+n+s o|g+n|z+c|on+|s cst|+t|c+o+s cm muo+n+s n+ +om|n|st|+io
n+o|g+n|z+iooot|+b+||ocn+o|g+n|z+ioo+|oouio
51 Vc: cnt:c out:os ||C:1;O|^;C:1|| (.001). Conoc c ^:+u,o-|o:gc (.00!). |+st:cs ct +| (.00!). V|ott| (.00!). :+|+z+: c |o|b:oo|
(.004). oco|uys c |ytc||+ (.00). |ugoncs (.00) c C:cs,| c |c|:+no (.00)
86
c) |ccu|sos |um+nos - c||+ |mo|t+ntc cx|o|+| |n|o|m+ocs m+|s +m|+s + |csc|to oos
|ccu|sos|um+nosoco|c+oos+|nov+ioniosc|cst||ng|noo+cn+s+ocsso+|oco|c+oo
+ || como sc |+z no ||+s|| |+ ^|gcnt|n+ sio cons|oc|+oos tooos os |unc|on+||os c
+uc|csuct|+b+||+mcm+t|v|o+ocs|nov+t|v+s
|) |C - Cum|cm +c| csscnc|+| cscc|+|mcntc |ntcns|c+noo + |nov+io n+s cm|cs+s
(vc|to|co.)|nt|ct+ntonio|+|n|o|m+iosob|cc+|+ctc||st|c+socsu+|ntcg|+io+o
|occsso oc |nov+io n+s |m+s t+|s como t|o o|cu|o+ocs oc uso c |csu|t+oos ^s
|C|cccbcmt|+t+mcntob+st+ntc|cs|ou+|t+ntonom+nu+|ocOs|ocomonosC|cn+
||||C ^|gum+s ucstocs ontu+|s |+zcm +|usio +cn+s + (+) +u|s|io oc so|tw+|c
como +|tc oo cs|o|o |nov+t|vo |c+||z+oo c|+s |m+s
,.
(b) |cocs oc |n|o|m+io |n|o|-
m+t|z+o+s como |ontc oc |n|o|m+io c (c) |m|cmcnt+io oc nov+s tccn|c+s oc gcs-
tio o+ |n|o|m+io ocnt|o oo g|uo out|+s muo+n+s cst|+tcg|c+s c o|g+n|z+c|on+|s
Com|c|+io+scsu|s+sno|tc+o+sc|om+nu+|oc|ogot+oocmosocst+c+|osurvey
+|gcnt|noou+|oco|c+um+scio+s|C(gcnc||c+s)scmcnt|+|contuoon+ucstio
o+|ntcg|+io|C-|nov+io|+oossio|cv+nt+oossob|c|nvcst|mcnto|c|tot|c|n+mcnto
|c|+c|on+ooocscnvo|v|mcntoin-housecstoucoccomut+oo|cscc|ccntu+|o+|o|+
oct|+b+||ocom+ccsso+comut+oo|cs
^tc +u| |o| oss|vc| |o|m+| um+ |oc|+ +cc|c+ oo g|+u oc o|cu|o+oc cnvo|v|oo n+ ut|||z+io oc
cst|utu|+sconcc|tu+|snodesignocucst|on+||osConcc|tosctco||+ssio+|c|+|mcntc|nco|o|+-
ooscm|+ziooc|ob|cm+s+ssoc|+oos+ncccss|o+ococcom+|+b|||o+oct|+nso|mooc|osocs-
contcxtu+||z+ooscst+t|cosc+n+c|on|cos+|+|c+||o+ocscs+c|+|scscto||+|scscc|c+sobcoccc|+
|cst||ocso|+mcnt+||+sctc
cnoocmv|st+css+s||m|t+ocsco|+toocucnossoob,ct|voc|cct||sob|cum++gcno+oc|no|-
c+oo|cs+|+|nov+iocmsc|v|osoc|c|mo|t+ntc|cv|+mcntc+|nvcst|g+ioocsu+s+|t|cu-
|+||o+ocscx|o|+|m+|s+|unoo+|gum+sc+|+ctc||st|c+s||nc|+|so+|nov+ionoscon,untosm+|s
+m|osnosu+|scstcssc|v|ossc|nsc|cvcm
Caracterlstlcas dos servlos e padres de lnovao
|m mc|o + +|gum+s tcnt+t|v+s oc cx||c+| |nov+io cm sc|v|os cncont|+mos cm |||cs (.oos)
um+cons|stcntcc+tu+||z+o+||n|+oc+|gumcnt+io+u+|sc|uno+mcnt+n+|oc|+ocucoctc|-
m|n+o+sc+|+ctc||st|c+s-gc|+|sc|nt||nscc+s-oossc|v|os,unt+mcntccomcc|tos|+to|csucos
o||c|cnc|+m|csonocmcmbo+mco|o+c|os+o|ocsscto||+|soc|nov+ioobsc|v+oos^|gum+s
52 ^ sc,+:+io oo |tcm so|tw+:c oo con,unto ocnom|n+oo +u|s|io oc con|cc|mcnto cxtc:no. n+ ||ntcc .00!-.00. sugc:c
:ccon|cc|mcnto o+ |m,o:tnc|+ ocss+ |c::+mcnt+ o|g|t+| ,+:+ os ,:occssos |nov+t|vos
87
c+|+ctc||st|c+s sio comuns + |+t|c+mcntc tooos os sc|v|os out|+s sio m+|s cscc|c+s |+|+ os
nossos|oos|tosvo|t+|cmos+tcnio||mo|o|+|mcntc+uc|+suc+,uo+m+ocn||osconto|nos
||nc|+|so+|nov+ionos|||c-|||
,,
C+|+ctc||st|c+sgc|+|s
Oucvcm+sc|sc|v|osCon|o|mc|||csum|ooutoocsc|v|o(service product)const|tu|um
con,untooc|unocsuc|c|cscnt+mos||nc|+|s(nioun|cos)|ooutos|o|ncc|ooso|octc|m|-
n+o+ |noust||+ oc sc|v|o |u+s c+|+ctc||st|c+s mu|to comuns sio com+|t|||+o+s c|os sc|v|os
|nt+ng|b|||o+occ|ntc|+t|v|o+oc
^ ||mc||+ |m||c+ uc os sc|v|os t||c+mcntc cnvo|vcm t|+ns|o|m+ocs no cst+oo oc octc|m|-
n+o+s cnt|o+ocs uc oocm sc| +|tc|+tos (|ooutos m+tc||+|s) csso+s ou o+oos (s|mbo|os) ^
|ntc|+t|v|o+oco|su+vcz|cctc+ncccss|o+ococ+|t|c|+ioooc||cntccmmu|tos|occssosoc
sc|v|os|+c+soscom|ccnocnoo+|t|c|+io+t|v+ccon,unt+comonodesignc;oun+|oou-
iooccc|tossc|v|osoc||ss+numc|os|o+ococontosoc|ntc|+io(comm+|o|cont+to|o|nc-
ccoo|-c||cntc)cusu+|mcntcm+|svc||c+o+cmsc|v|osooucnoscto|m+nu|+tu|c||o(|||||^|
C^||O||+,,,||||C||||.oo,ibid.oo,c.oos)
|||cs(.oos)sugc|cuc|nt+ng|b|||o+occ|ntc|+t|v|o+occstiomu|t+svczcs+ssoc|+o+s+t|csout|+s
c+|+ctc||st|c+s s|mu|t+nc|o+oc (|oouto |occsso c consumo oco||cm +o mcsmo tcmo c no
mcsmocs+o)b+|x+o|t+b|||o+oc(o|cu|o+occm+|m+zcn+|ct|+nso|t+||ooutos)c|ntcns|-
o+ococ|n|o|m+io(+ss|n+|++|mo|tnc|+oosuxosoccomun|c+ionot+o+mcntccmsc|v|os
b+sc+ooscm|n|o|m+iocomo|)
|+to|cso||c|cnc|+oo|cs
Out|+ ucstio com |mo|t+ntcs ocsoob|+mcntos sob|c +o|ocs oc +t|v|o+ocs oc |nov+io
|co|t+-sc+s|o|m+so|mc|oo+su+|ssc|v|oso||c|cmcnt|cs|
+) |occssos |uno+mcnt+|s ou t|+ns|o|m+ocs - |x|stc um+ |c|+io cnt|c o t|o oc t|+ns-
|o|m+iooc|+o+c|ossc|v|ososc|c|tosgc|+oossob|coctc|m|n+ooob,ctoot|ooc
con|cc|mcnto|cuc||oo+|+|ssocosnovoscon|cc|mcntosncccss+||os+|+|nov+io
53 Um cu|o+oo ocvc ,c:mc+: + +n+||sc nio ,c:oc: oc v|st+ + cno:mc o|vc:s|o+oc uc m+:c+ os sc:v|os. mcsmo os scus subg:u,os
88
|ost|cst|osocob,ctos+ss|vc|soct|+ns|o|m+io(+|tc|+toscsso+scs|mbo|os)nosso
|ntc|cssc|cc+|sob|cou|t|moum+vczuccnvo|vc|coom|n+ntcmcntcsc|v|osvo|t+-
oos+comun|c+ioc|occss+mcntooco+oosc||+ioc|o|ncc|mcntooc|n|o|m+ioc
gc|+ioc|c|oouiooccon|cc|mcnto
b) |ntcns|o+ococcon|cc|mcnto-|+z|c|c|cnc|++|c|+iocx|stcntccnt|con|vc|ocu+||c+-
iocx|g|ooo|octc|m|n+o++t|v|o+ococsc|v|o(ou+o|g+n|z+ioo+|o|+oct|+b+||o)
co|occssooc|nov+ioc
c) |c|+ocsocmc|c+oo-|c|+c|on+o|occssooc|nov+iocom+cxtcnsiocmucossc|v|-
os+tcnocm(ousion+nc|+ooso|)consum|oo|cscm|cs+s||v+o+souscto|ub||co
c+cxtcnsiocmucosc|v|occustom|z+oo+|+umc||cntccscc|coous|tu+iooc
sc|v|ocmcont|+os|io+|oouio+o|on|z+o+cm+ss|c+o+
^|oc|+cuco||c|cntcs+t|v|o+ocsoct|+ns|o|m+iocnvo|vcmo||c|cntcscu|+mcntoscm+tc||+|s
c++||c+iooco||c|cntcs|+b|||o+ocscb+scsoccon|cc|mcnto||st|nt+sb+scsoccon|cc|mcnto
|ossocsccomun|o+ocsoc|+t|c+|nucnc|+|io+cst|utu|+cconouioo+|nov+io
^|ocnt|c+iooot|ooct|+ns|o|m+ioscb+sc|+not|oocob,cto+sc|t|+ns|o|m+ooscnoo
ucumoos|nst|umcntosut|||z+oos+|+|ocnt|c+||ssoc+m+t||zoc|nsumo-|oouto
,|
Os-|||
ooc||+m +ss|m sc| |nc|u|oos cnt|c sc|v|os |ntcns|vos cm |n|o|m+io um+ vcz uc sc conccn-
t|+mnoconsumo(oun+t|+ns|o|m+io)ocssc|ccu|so
,,
|oontoocv|st+o+|nov+ioooc-
mossugc|||uccsscssc|v|ostcnocm+scgu|||o|tcmcntcum+t|+,cto||+oc|nov+iob+sc+o+n+
|nt|oouioocnov+s|C
Oscgunooc|cmcntoo||c|cnc|+oo||cmctc+ossc|v|osno+c|oc|occss+oo|csoc|n|o|m+ioc
con|cc|mcntoonocn|vc|scouc+c|on+|soost|+b+||+oo|cssiousu+|mcntcut|||z+ooscomoproxy
occon|cc|mcnto|cuc||oon++uscnc|+ocum|no|c+oo|m+|s|cc|so^m+|o||cscn+|c|+t|v+oc
t|+b+||+oo|cscomn|vc|sm+|sc|cv+oosnos|||sugc|cuccsscs+gcntcs+||c+mcon|cc|mcnto
cscc|+||z+oo+|+|c+||z+|t|+ns|o|m+ocs
|ssooocsc||c|+c|on+oo+ouso||cucntcc|ntcnsooc|Couccncc||+cmgc|+|m+|o|g|+u
oc com|cx|o+oc n+ |cso|uio oc |ob|cm+s |||cs (.oos) +c|csccnt+ uc mu|tos ||| t+mbcm
c||+mcon|cc|mcntogcnc||cocomo||nc|+|+t|v|o+ocnot+o+mcntccm+|c+scomocsu|s+oc
mc|c+ooc||
54 Out:os ,:occo|mcntos sc b+sc|+m cm o+oos oc ocu,+io cm sc:v|os | ,oss|vc| obsc:v+: ncsscs o+oos v+:|+cs +o |ongo oo
tcm,o c cnt:c ,+|scs. m+s. cm gc:+|. scgunoo |||cs (.00s). os +c|+oos convc:gcm
55 |cvc-sc +tcnt+: ,+:+ o |+to oc uc mu|tos sc:v|os :c+||z+m m+|s oc um+ t:+ns|o:m+io
89
Otc|cc||ocomoncntco||c|cnc|+oo|(|c|+ocsocmc|c+oo)|+z|c|c|cnc|++ossc|v|oscomo|o-
vcoo|csocso|uio+|+c||cntcscscc|cos|mbo|+|nov+ocsoss+mmu|t+svczcssc|uno+|n+
cxc||cnc|+ |+t|c+ oc t|+b+||+oo|cs scto|cs uc ||o+m |ntcns|v+mcntc com out|+s o|g+n|z+ocs
oocm+|cnoc|b+st+ntccomscusc||cntcs
,o
|ouct+ngc+oo|tco+scm|cs+s|o|ncccoo|+so+uto|obsc|v+ucossc|v|osno|m+|mcntc
+|cscnt+mum+g|+noc|oo|io(m+|o|ucn+m+nu|+tu|+)occm|cs+scucn+sc|sso|o-
ouzc|c|tossob|c+o|g+n|z+ioo+|nov+io|m+sg|+nocssiom+|s|ocns+s+ocscnvo|vc||no-
v+ocsocnt|ooccst|utu|+sm+|so|g+n|z+o+sc|o|m+|s
|cn|o+s+sc+|+ctc||st|c+scos|+to|cso||c|cnc|+oo|cso|ox|mo+ssoctcnt+|c||+|um+concxio
cnt|ccsscscomoncntcsc+o|ocsscto||+|soc|nov+io|+t+-scocum+t+|c|+|ng|o||+ocv|oo+
cno|mc|ctc|ogcnc|o+occx|stcntcmcsmonosg|uosm+|socs+g|cg+oosoc+t|v|o+occconom|c+
|+o|ocsoc|nov+iocos-|||
|+sc+noo-scnocntcno|mcntoocuc+cst|utu|+concc|tu+|oo|+nu+|ocOs|o+|no+cst++t|c|+o+
+c|+|noust||+|+|gumcnt+-sccmoc|cs+ocum+|c|o|mu|+ioncssc+|c+bouo+|+mc||o|||o+|
com+sc+|+ctc||st|c+soosmooc|nos|occssosoc|nov+io|nc|u|nooos|occo|mcntosocmcn-
su|+iocst+t|st|c+cmsc|v|os
^|gum+s |cm|ss+s no|m+|mcntc sio +ssum|o+s ||mc||+mcntc |nt+ng|b|||o+oc |ntc|+t|v|o+oc c
s|mu|t+nc|o+oc conucm +|+ o|cu|t+| cm mu|t+s s|tu+ocs + o||c|cnc|+io cnt|c |nov+io oc
|oouto c oc |occsso |m scgunoo |ug+| o mooo |coom|n+ntcmcntc nio |o|m+| oc o|g+n|-
z+io o+s +t|v|o+ocs |nucnc|+ + |cv+|cnc|+ oc |occssos cont|nuos oc |nov+io uc o| su+
vcz||m|t+m+cmc|gcnc|+oc|nov+ocs|+o|c+|s(|||||^|C^||O||+,,,ocn|||OC.ooo
||||C||||.oo,||||.oo,c.oos)
^+bo|o+gcmoc|||cs(.oos)com|ccnoct|cs+scctoso+|nov+io|c|+t|vos++o|ocsscto||+|s
t|os gc|cnc|+mcnto c o|g+n|z+io m+|s +m|+ o+ |nov+io |c|+c|on+o+ +o ||mc||o oc +co|oo
como+uto|+|nov+ioocsc|v|o(service innovation)oocsc|m+|sbcmcns+o+ocnt|oo+|o-
ost+ococn|c|tog(.ooo)ou+|++ssoc|+comu+t|oo|mcnsocsocnov|o+oc
56 |||cs (.00s) vc:|c+ uc os ||8: sc cnc+|x+m ncssc Qu+o:o. +o +n+||s+: os ,:|nc|,+|s ocst|n+t+:|os oc ,:ooutos ocstc scgmcnto
n+ cconom|+ oo |c|no Un|oo ,o: mc|o o+ m+t:|z oc |nsumo-,:oouto
90
+) Concc|toocsc|v|o(umnovosc|v|o+|+scumc|c+oo+|t|cu|+|ouum+nov+|oos|-
ioocv+|o|)-|u|t+s|nov+ocsocsc|v|ocnvo|vcmc|cmcntosb+st+ntc|nt+ng|vc|soo
sc|v|ocout|+s|nc|ucmnov+s|o|m+soco|g+n|z+|so|uocs+|+|ob|cm+s
b) |ntc||+cccomoc||cntc(muo+n+sn+m+nc||+comoosc||cntcssiocnvo|v|oosnodesign,
|oouiocconsumo)
c) |stcm+occnt|cg+oosc|v|o(muo+n+sn+s|o|m+so|mc|oo+su+|st|+b+||+oo|cs
cxccut+m+cnt|cg+)
o) ccno|og|+ - |s+o+ cm v+||os |occssos c n+ |nov+io oc cnt|cg+ (delivery innovation)
|cstcc+so|Csiocscc|+|mcntc|c|cv+ntcs
C+o+um+ocss+so|mcnsocsooc|ntc|+g||comc+|+ctc||st|c+soossc|v|os+ntc||o|mcntco|scu-
t|o+sccnvo|vc||ontcscscc|c+socc||+t|v|o+occcon|cc|mcntocmu|t+s|nov+ocsocsc|v|os
cnvo|vcm+|gum+comb|n+ioocss+su+t|oo|mcnsocs|||cscxcm||c+
[...] a new IT system (technology dimension) may be used to enable costumer self-service using a Web
site or automatic teller machines (interface dimension), or to enable a customer to determine the
location of an item handled by a freight service (new service concept) [] (2008, p. 122).
Os-|||costum+m+|cscnt+|+o|ocsoc|nov+ioscmc||+ntcs+osobsc|v+oosnoscto|m+nu-
|+tu|c||ooc+|t+tccno|og|+(high-tech)|sso|ovcmcscc|+|mcntcoo|+toocsc|cm|ntcns|voscm
tccno|og|+(sob|ctuoo|C)cncccss|t+|cmoccon|cc|mcntoscscc|+||z+oosnoocscnvo|v|mcnto
ocsu+s+t|v|o+ocs
^|cm o|sso su+ c+|+ctc||st|c+ oc |ntc|+t|v|o+oc com out|os scgmcntos o+ cconom|+ (||nc|+|-
mcntccm|cs+s)|m||c+const+ntc|nov+ionoscnt|oooc|ovc|nov+sso|uocs+|+sc+ocu+|
+ muo+n+s |nt|oouz|o+s no +mb|cntc cxtc|no cscc|+|mcntc o| c||cntcs |m mu|tos c+sos |-
m+sniooctcmtoo+s+scomctcnc|+sncccss+||+smcsmoo|uc+ss|tu+ocsoocmsc||c|+t|-
v+mcntccom|cx+scnvo|vcnoocon|cc|mcntosmu|t|o|sc|||n+|csc|cnt|costccn|cosc|+t|cos
+cn+so|son|vc|scxtc|n+mcntccmbo|+bo++|tco+s+t|v|o+ocssc,+|ot|nc||+|ss+so|cu|o+ocs
|cuc|cmocst+bc|cc|mcntoocc+n+|soc|ntc|+iocomout|os+gcntcscomocm|cs+socconsu|-
to||+c||cntcscomct|oo|csc|nst|tu|ocsoccsu|s+(|||||||O|C||.oo,)
^sucstocs|c|+t|v+s+coo|ocn+ioc|ntcg|+io(|ntc|n+ccxtc|n+)tcm+vc|comosout|osoo|s
+scctosoomooc|ooc|||csgc|cnc|+mcntoco|g+n|z+iom+|s+m|+o+|nov+ioConcc|ncntc
+o gc|cnc|+mcnto c|nco +o|ocs oocm sc| |ocnt|c+oos +|t|cu|+|mcntc nos |||
,;
oc +co|oo
comog|+uoc|o|m+||o+occ|o|m+socco|+bo|+io
57 |||cs sc b+sc|+ cm 1o|novcn c 1uom|ncn (.009)
9!
+) |occssos |ntc|nos scm um |o,cto cscc|co (|nov+io t||c+mcntc nio |+nc,+o+
nio |ntcnc|on+| c |nc|cmcnt+| sc|v|os cx|stcntcs sio g|+o+t|v+mcntc +o+t+oos +os
novos|ob|cm+s)
b) |o,ctos|ntc|nosoc|nov+io(|nov+iob+sc+o+cm|o,cto|ocono+c||c|o+mcntooo
s|stcm+oc|oouiom+s+svczcst+mbcmnocontcuoooosc|v|o)
c) |o,ctoscomumc||cntc-||oto(|ocu|+o|umc||cntccomo|ontcoc|ccu|sos+t|oc|-
n|o+v+||+ioc||t|c+c|n|o|m+io)
o) |o,ctoscustom|z+oos(c||cntc+|cscnt+um|ob|cm+cscc|coco|o|ncccoo|busc+
um+so|uio)
c) |o,ctoscomn+nc|+mcntocxtc|no(usu+|mcntc|o|m+|sco||cnt+oos+csu|s+cnvo|-
vcnoo+|gunsco|+bo|+oo|cscv|s+noo+gc|+ioocnovosconcc|tosocsc|v|oou|+t+-
|o|m+sucbcncc|cmtooooscto|oucluster)
Con|o|mc |||cs (.oos) || sio o|c||mcntc obsc|v+oos cm sc|v|os c mu|t+s vczcs +ssum|oos
comocsu|s+ocmc|c+ooou|ntc||gcnc|+comct|t|v+Os-|||sc||+mcxccio+|cg|+scnoo
uc + |o|m+ m+|s comum oc cxccuio oc || sc||+ o| mc|o oc cu|cs b+sc+o+s cm |o,ctos
(project-based teams)mont+o+s+|+um+t+|c|+cscc|c+
Ou|t|mo+sccto|cmctc+o|g+n|z+iom+|s+m|+o+|nov+io|||cs(.oos)+ssoc|+cssccomo-
ncntc com +s t|+o|c|on+|s c|+ss|c+ocs oc cst||os oc |nov+io t+| como + cncont|+o+ cm octc c
||ozzo(.oo+)Os-|||scgunooos+uto|csgu|+||+mm+|sn+c+tcgo||+b+sc+ooscmc|cnc|+c|o|-
ncccoo|cscscc|+||z+oosooucn+socoom|n+ooso||o|ncccoo|cs(cxcm|osc|v|oscsso+|s)c
|cocsoc|n|o|m+io||s|c+|ntcns|v+scmcsc+|+(cxcm|on+ncc||ost|+nso|tcccomun|c+ocs)
|ssoo|ucos-|||sc||+m-+n+|og+mcntc+|m+scucn+sm+nu|+tu|c||+soc+|t+tccno|og|+
cm|cs+s cscc|+||z+o+s cm || software |ntcg|+io oc s|stcm+s oc |n|o|m+io c +t|v|o+ocs
|c|+c|on+o+s^|cmo|ssoconst|tu|||+m|coom|n+ntcmcntcncgoc|oscm|cs+||+|socscnvo|vcnoo
co||uno|noocon|cc|mcntoc||+t|voccom+|t+socscs+scm|nov+io
|cv|socs c +||mo|+mcntos ncss+ c|+ss|c+io |cv+|+m + |nc|usio oc out|os cst||os oc |nov+io
t+|scomo|oss|on+|b+sc+oocmcon|cc|mcnto(|-|||como+ovoc+c|+cub||c|o+oc)sc|v|os
ub||cos(cxcm|ocouc+iocs+uoc)ccst||o|ntc|+t|vo|stcu|t|mot+mbcmooc||+|nc|u||+|guns
-|||n+mco|o+cmuccons|oc|++|coom|nnc|+ocuxosoc|n|o|m+iocnt|c|o|ncccoo|cs
cc||cntcsc+comb|n+iocnt|ccon|cc|mcntos|oc+|scgcnc||cos+|+so|uc|on+||ob|cm+s
|cvcmos |ccon|ccc| + |mo|tnc|+ oc mooc|os um+ vcz uc nos o|c|cccm |cntcs +|+ +n+||s+|
um octc|m|n+oo contcxto |io obst+ntc os mcsmos - n+ cono|io oc s|m||c+oo|cs oc um+
9z
octc|m|n+o+|c+||o+ocoocm+|cscnt+|||m|t+ocssob|ctuoou+noo+||c+oos+scto|csocn-
t|ooosu+|s|+|o|tco|vc|s|o+oc|csc|t+ntc+c|cmcntoscomot+m+n|oco||gcmooc+|t+|o+s
cm|cs+scono|ocsocmc|c+ooo|v|siooot|+b+||ot|+,cto||+sc+mb|cntc|nst|tuc|on+|
Out|oontocucosmooc|os+|t|cu|+|mcntcn++|c+oc|nov+iotcnocm+sc|c||+oos++|t||oc
cstuooscm|||cos|c|tosnomunooocscnvo|v|ooonoc+scono|ocsuc|nucnc|+m+|ocnt|c+io
oc|+toscst|||z+oossioo||c|cntcs^|ntcns|o+ocm+|o|oct|+b+||oscm|||cosper se,+|cctcum
cst+g|om+|s+v+n+ooococscnvo|v|mcntosoc|occonom|conou+|csscs+|scssccncont|+m
3.4. Inovao em servios de TI e elementos para uma nova agenda
de produo de informao
Vo|t+|+tcnio+|+um+n+iocmocscnvo|v|mcnto|cuc|ocs|o|o+o|c|on+|ococscc|+n|vc|s
+|no+ m+|s cscc|cos oc |nvcst|g+io C+so cont|+||o os |no|c+oo|cs |oouz|oos ooc|io sc| oc
u+||o+ocouv|oos+c+o||t|c+oc|ntc|vcnio-+u+|bo++|cc|+ocstcssco|||gcniosc|+bcm
|n|o|m+o+|cstcto|conoss+t+|c|+sc|+|cct||sob|c+|t|cu|+||o+ocs|c|+t|v+s+oscto|oc|no
||+s||c+ont+|c+m|n|os+|+ocst+bc|cc|mcntoocum+nov++gcno+oc|oouiooc|no|c+oo|cs
oc|nov+io^|uzoouc|o|o|scut|oo|ocu|+|cmosc||+|concxocscnt|c+s||nc|+|sc+|+ctc||s-
t|c+soossc|v|osoc|no||+s||(c|cmcntos|nt||nsccosco||c|cnc|+oo|cs)c+o|ocsoc|nov+io
oo+v|+busc+noo|m||m||umc+|+tc|m+|scontcxtu+|cs|stcm|co+omooc|ooc|||cs+m||+|c-
mos++bo|o+gcmonoc|+noocono|ocsocmc|c+oocoocsoccst|+tcg|+scgunooou+sc|s-
cct|v+soccm|cs+sn+c|on+|scocsubs|o|+||+socC|s
|+mcsm+||n|+scgu||cmos+ont+nooo||cocs+|+um++gcno+oc|oouiooc|no|c+oo|csoc
|nov+io+|+oscto|cmtc|+|ccuc|+nooontoso+o|scussio|c+||z+o+nosoo|s||mc||osto|cos
sob|cnov+stcnocnc|+sc|nst|umcnt+|socmcnsu|+iocst+t|st|c+|cnom|n+|cmosnoss++bo|o+-
gcmoc|ooc|o||nm|cooc|nov+iocmc|v|osoc|(|O||_|)(||gu|+,)
9!
C+:+ctc:|st|c+s gc:+|s
|nt+ng|b|||o+oc
|ntc:+t|v|o+oc
:|mu|t+nc|o+oc
8+|x+ ,o:t+b|||o+oc
|ntcns|o+oc oc |n|o:m+io
|+to:cs o||c:cnc|+oo:cs
|:occssos |uno+mcnt+|s
|ntcns|o+oc oo con|cc|mcnto
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SETOR DE TI
CONDIES DE
MERCADO
PADRES DE
INOVAO
TPICOS PARA
INDICADORES
OPES DE
ESTRATGIA
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SISTEMA NACIONAL DE INOVAO (AMBIENTE INSTITUCIONAL)
CONTEXTO INTERNACIONAL
|lgura !. Modelo Ulnamlco de lnovao em Servlos de 1l (MOUlS_1l).
Fonte: c|+bo:+io ,:o,:|+
Caracterlstlcas dos servlos de 1l e condles de mercado no 8rasll
|c+co|oocom+C|+ss|c+io|+c|on+|oc^t|v|o+ocs|conom|c+s(C|^|;||C|-vc|sio+o)ossc|-
v|osoc|com|ccnoc||+m+t|v|o+ocsm+|so||ct+mcntc+|ct+s+oocscnvo|v|mcntoocsoftware(+
|noust||+ocsoftware |o||+mcntco|t+C|^|;..+;..,;.,o)cout|+snio|ntcns|v+scmsof-
tware (;.+o;.,o.;.,o)(u+o|o.)Oscoo|gos;.+o;.,oc;.,o|c|cscnt+||+mcmnoss+c|s-
cct|v++t|v|o+ocscom|occssos|uno+mcnt+|sb+sc+oosm+|sn+t|+ns|o|m+iooc+|tc|+tos(no
c+socomoncntcsochardware)co;.|ocx|css+||++t|v|o+ocsm+|sc|||c||c+scom+|t|c|+io
|ncx|css|v+cmtc|mosocnumc|ooccm|cs+s(o,/cm.ooo)
,s
|ntcnoc| + v|ncu|+io cx|stcntc cnt|c c+|+ctc||st|c+s oos |ooutos |c|+c|on+oos + software c o

mooc|oocncgoc|os+oot+ooc|c-|cu|s|to+|++com|ccnsiooos|+to|csoccomct|t|v|o+oc
58 C+o+st:o Ccnt:+| oc |m,:cs+s (Ccm,:c;|8|) |osso |ntc:cssc m+|o: |nc|oc sob:c + |noust:|+ oc so|tw+:c
94
ocss+|noust||+cconscucntcmcntc+|+o||cnt+|o||t|c+s(|O||||O.ooo|C|||^|||
.oo,+.oo,b|C||et al.oo,)
Quadro z Atlvldades relaclonadas 1l na CNAL
Cod. CNAL !.0 - Uescrlo Cod. CNAL z.0 - Uescrlo Seo
!4
|c|oouiooc|og|+m+soc|n|o|-
m+t|c+cmo|sucstcsct+s
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suo|tc+|+o||usiocomc|c|+|++|-
t||ocm+t||zcs(|nooct|+ns|o|m+io)
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c|||c||coscso|tw+|c(niocustum|z+vc|)
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10 Consu|to||+cmhardware o01
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comut+oo|sobcncomcno+
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so|tw+|c|onto+|+uso(con-
su|to||+cmsoftware)
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mcntooc|og|+m+soccom-
ut+oo|custum|z+vc|s
-
|cscnvo|v|mcntoocsoftware
sobcncomcno+cout|+scon-
su|to||+scmsoftware
o0!
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mcntooc|og|+m+soccom-
ut+oo|niocustum|z+vc|s
!0 ||occss+mcntooco+oos o04
Consu|to||+cm|(+sscsso||+cmsof-
tware|og|+m+soc|n|o|m+t|c+)
40
^t|v|o+ocsocb+ncosoco+oosco|st||-
bu|ioon||ncoccontcuooc|ct|on|co
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0
|+nutcnioc|c+|+ioocm+u|-
n+soccsc||to||oc|n|o|m+t|c+

-0 out|+s+t|v|o+ocsoc|n|o|m+t|c+
Fonte: c|+bo:+io ,:o,:|+ com b+sc n+s C|^| vc:scs 10 c .0
|oss++bo|o+gcmcncont|+cc|t+o|cu|o+occm|ocnt|c+|c|cmcntoso||c|cnc|+oo|cs++|t||o+
C|^| +o um+ vcz uc um mcsmo coo|go ooc cnc+m+| um+ g|+noc o|vc|s|o+oc oc sc|v|os
+ssoc|+oos+o||c|cntcsn|vc|soc|ntcns|o+ococcon|cc|mcnto|m|occo|mcntout||+|+nossos
|oos|tos|o|cncont|+oocm|osc||no(.ooo)uc|co|g+n|z+oscto|oc|no||+s||comb+scn+s
|ontcs|coom|n+ntcsn+comos|ioo+|ccc|t+o+scm|cs+s|ocnt|c+o+sn+|csu|s+^nu+|oc
c|v|os(|^)
,,
||c+sc|+ss|c+cmu+t|oc+tcgo||+scmcon|o|m|o+occomc+|+ctc||st|c+soosc|-
59 Cob:|noo cm,:cs+s com v|ntc ou m+|s |unc|on+:|os
9
v|o|ov|oocscc|+|mcntcon|vc|ocg|+nocz+oov+|o|+g|cg+oo(V^)
oo
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com+t|vc|comcst+t+xonom|+(u+o|o.)
|css+|o|m+oocmoscst+bc|ccc|ontcsoc+n+||sc||g+nooV^|ntcns|o+ococcon|cc|mcntoc
|c|+ocsocmc|c+oo|oc+||z+|cmos+tcnionost|csg|uosonoc+s+t|v|o+ocsococscnvo|v|mcnto
ocsoftwareconst|tucmsu+s||nc|+|s|ontcsoc|ccc|t+cxc|u|nooo|t+ntoum+o+sc+tcgo||+s
(cm|cs+s oc sc|v|os oc |n|o|m+t|c+ nio |ntcns|vos cm so|tw+|c) o| nio |ntcg|+| o uc sc||+ +
|noust||+b|+s||c||+ocso|tw+|c
+) Software-+cotc
- |cstc mb|to ooc-sc o|zc| uc |+ um +|+st+mcnto cm |c|+io +s

c+|+ctc||st|c+st||c+sooscto|ocsc|v|oso|soso|tw+|ccncgoc|+oonosmo|ocsocum
bcmm+tc||+|oocnoo|nc|us|vcsc|o|c|t+oocm|+tc|c||+sComoc|oouz|oo|cv|+-
mcntc+oconsumoscmv|s+|ocm+no+scscc|c+socumoctc|m|n+ooc||cntc|+ouc+
|ntc|+iocnt|cocscnvo|vcoo|-usu+||o
b) c|v|oscm software ocb+|xov+|o|+g|cg+oo-c||+m+uc|cssc|v|osocmcno|com-
|cx|o+occcontcuootccno|og|com+|c+ooso|+t|v|o+ocs|cct|t|v+suc|csc|nocm
o++||c+iooccon|cc|mcntoscscc|cos|cstccon,unto|nc|ucm-sc|ot|n+soccoo|-
c+io+||mcnt+ioocs|stcm+scscc|+|mcntcos|c|+c|on+oos+m+nutcnioc|occss+-
mcntoocb+ncooco+oos+|+tc|cc||os(como||st+oc+ss|n+ntcsocsc|v|ostc|c|on|cos
c||cntcsocscgu|+oo|+souusu+||osocsc|v|osub||cos)+ss|mcomo+t|v|o+ocsocb+|xo
contcuootccno|og|coocm+nutcnioc+tu+||z+ioocwebsites(|O||||O.ooo)
c) c|v|oscm software oc+|tov+|o|+g|cg+oo-|nvo|vcmt+|c|+sm+|scom|cx+scocm+|o|
contcuootccno|og|cocomocngcn|+||+ocsoftwarec+n+||scocs|stcm+s|nc|ucm-sc+t|-
v|o+ocsocdesign oc+|ton|vc|(+b|+ngcnooos|o,ctosc+mooc|+gcmo++|u|tctu|+oc
so|uocscm+||c+ocsocsoftware)+ss|mcomoocb+ncosoco+ooscom|cxos|sscs
sc|v|osno|m+|mcntcsio|c|c||ooscomosoftwaresobcncomcno+oucsugc|c+|c+||-
z+iooctoo+s+s|+scs(+n+||sc|o,cto|og|+m+iotcstcs|m|+nt+iocoocumcnt+-
io)|nt|ct+ntoooc|+vc||m+sucniocum|cmtoo+s+sct++sconccnt|+noo-sc
+cn+s n+uc|+s oc m+|o| ocns|o+oc tccno|og|c+ scm ocscnvo|vc| o software |o||+-
mcntco|to(ibid)
60 |io uc:cmos o|zc: uc |+ |omogcnc|o+oc nos g:u,os |ocnt|c+oos ,c|o +uto:. too+v|+. ,c:ccbcmos m+|o: +oc:cnc|+ + ,c:s-
,cct|v+ oc csc+|+ oc |ntcns|o+oc oc con|cc|mcnto. |+vo:cccnoo noss+ +n+||sc
61 |:c|c:|mos o tc:mo so|tw+:c-,+cotc (,+c|+gc so|tw+:c) + so|tw+:c-,:oouto. cm :+zio o+ o,io cm ut|||z+: no tcxto o tc:mo
,:oouto ,+:+ design+: bcns t+ng|vc|s c |nt+ng|vc|s (sc:v|os)
96
Cono|ocsocmc|c+oo
^|noust||+b|+s||c||+ocsoftware,cmtc|mosoonumc|ooccm|cs+smost|+s|n+|socc|csc|mcnto
|nc|us|vccmscgmcntosm+|s|ntcns|voscmtccno|og|+comooocsoftwareo|cncomcno+(||gu|+|)
^|ccc|t+oc|+c|on+|||u|o+o+scm|cs+sc|csccus|gn|c+t|v+mcntccnt|c.oo,-.oo;comm+|o|
v|go|nosscto|csm+|s|ntcns|voscmcon|cc|mcnto(cmtc|mosnom|n+|s+|ox|m+o+mcntcoo/
cm software |oouto c o| cncomcno+ c |;/ nos oc V^ m+|s b+|xo) |csu|t+oo scmc||+ntc |o|
vc||c+oon+gc|+ioococu+ocsonocscocst+couoscgmcntoocsoftware-|oouto(+o,/no
mcsmoc||ooo)scgu|ooooocsoftwareo|cncomcno+(|o/)c|occss+mcntooco+oos(+,/)
(|^;||C|)
o.
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
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2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Anos
Software encomenda
Proc. dados
Software Pacote
|lgura 4. Numero de Lmpresas com vlnte ou Mals essoas Ocupadas por Segmento da lndustrla de
Sortware, 8rasll, z00!-z007.
Fonte: c|+bo:+io ,:o,:|+ + ,+:t|: o+ |^:;|8|
^c|csccntco||usioo+s|C+umcnt++ocm+no+o||oss|on+|su+||c+oosnosv+||osscto|cso+
cconom|+||nc|+|mcntcnooc|cont||bu|noo+|+uc+cxcm|ooooco|||oomuno|+|mcntc
csscscgmcnto+gucs+|+||osbcm+c|m+o+mco|+oomc|c+oocmtoo+s+s|+|x+soccsso+|ocu-
+oon+scm|cs+s(+bc|++)
62 |+oos :c|+t|vos + cm,:cs+s com .0 ou m+|s ,csso+s ocu,+o+s
97
1abela ! kendlmento medlo do trabalbo nas empresas rormals e outras organlzaes por
estratos da cnae e segundo ralxas de pessoal ocupado, 8rasll (z007) (em salarlos mlnlmos)
|alxas de essoal
ocupado
1otal CNAL z.0 lnd.1ransrormao Servlo do 1l(6z*)
0+4 1- 4
+- 1c 1c !
10c1- 41
0+- 1 1 o!
!0+4- ! c
0+-- o 4 o1
100+4- ! !1 o
0+4-- ! !-
00cm+|s 4o c4
Fonte: c|+bo:+io ,:o,:|+ + ,+:t|: oo C|||||;|8|
|ot+ ' Coo|go oos sc:v|os oc 1| n+ C|^| .0
Con|o|mc |osc||no (.ooo) +s cm|cs+s n+c|on+|s cmbo|+ sc conccnt|cm nos cst|+tos oc b+|xo
v+|o| +g|cg+oo (onoc o custo o+ mio oc ob|+ c octc|m|n+ntc +|+ + comct|t|v|o+oc) m+|c+m
s|gn|c+t|v+ |cscn+ cm tc|mos oc numc|o oc cm|cs+s cm tooos os scgmcntos o uc +b|c
c|scct|v+s+|+o|o|t+|cc|mcntoo+|noust||+n+c|on+|ocsocuc|+,+o||t|c+scscc|c+mcntc
o||cc|on+o+s+c+o++|c+
Conu+nto+|noust||+b|+s||c||+ocso|tw+|ccsc|v|oscstc,+vo|t+o++|+omc|c+oo|ntc|no(cxo|-
tou+cn+s../o+svcno+scm.oos)
o,
umoost|+osm+|c+ntcsn+||sto||+ooscgmcntooc|n|o|-
m+t|c+-ocsocsu+|+sc|n|c|+|+tcoso|+soc|o,cc+|o|tc|cscn+occm|cs+scst|+ngc||+s
o|
scnoo
uc|cccntcmcntccssc|cnomcnog+n|oum+|o||c|cvocom+|ntcns|c+ioo+g|ob+||z+io
Oso|tw+|coocsc||c||c+oo|+t|c+mcntcscmcustoscsu+|oouio+ss|mcomooossc|v|os
|c|+c|on+oos nio |cc|s+ cst+| ncccss+||+mcntc +t|c|+o+ + um mc|c+oo |oc+| ooc sc| |c+||z+o+
como+ux|||ooc|Ccmu+|uc|+|tcoomunooocsocuco|c|c+|n||+cst|utu|++ocu+o+
|c|ccocscomocss+smot|v+|+m+|c+||z+iooos|o,ctos|cs+oscOo|tun|o+ocso+|noust||+
ooo|tw+|c+|+^mc||c+|+t|n+(^|)(|C|||^|||.oo,+.oo,b)cClustersoco|tw+|c
63 Vc: ^8|: (.009)
64 Cons|oc:+: |v+ns (.004) ,+:+ um+ +n+||sc o+ cvo|uio o+ |noust:|+ oc |n|o:m+t|c+ no 8:+s|| c su+ :c|+io com o |st+oo
98
n+ ^|gcnt|n+ c no ||+s|| (|C|| et al .oo,)
o,
O ||mc||o |o,cto |nvcst|gou c|scct|v+s +|+ +
|noust||+|+t|no-+mc||c+n+ocsoftwarecsc|v|ostcnoocomo||nc|+|+|mct|ooc+n+||sc+|c|+-
iocnt|ccm|cgoc|+tu|+mcntocmg|+nocscom+n||+scscc|+|mcntct|+nsn+c|on+|s(C|s)
||ocu|ou-sc+ss|mvc||c+|+|o|m+|coom|n+ntccomocss+scm|cs+sut|||z+mmc|c+oosn+^|
comoconsum|oo|csoub+scs|oout|v+s|n|o|m+ocsocss+n+tu|cz+sc|ioutc|sn++||c+iooo
|O||_|+c+o+n|c|oocsoftware(u+o|o,no+ncxo)
+) Software-+cotc-Con|cc|mcntostccn|coscoccomc|c|+||z+iocmm+ss+sio|cu|s|tos
|mo|t+ntcso+mioocob|+cos+|tos|nvcst|mcntosncccss+||os|m||c+m+ncccss|o+oc
oc s|gn|c+t|v+ csc+|+ oc |oouio c subscucntc +cc|t+io c|os consum|oo|cs |sso
c vc|o+oc||o t+nto +|+ os softwares |o||zont+|s (oc uso gc|+|) u+nto +|+ os vc|t|c+|s
(+tcnocm+|c+s+|t|cu|+|cs)onoc+scm|cs+s|cc|s+mo||u||os+|toscustosococscn-
vo|v|mcnto Out|o onto o|z |csc|to + |ntc|+t|v|o+oc cnt|c cu|+mcntos ou s|stcm+s
+b||noocs+o+|++oc|+ioocc|c|tosoc|coc|c|+t|vos+|mos|iooc+o|ocstcc-
no|og|cosoom|n+ntcs(cxcm|o||c|oso|t)
Omc|c+oomuno|+|ocsoftware produtoc||sto||c+mcntcoom|n+ooo|C|so|mc|o||nc|-
+|mcntco+c||+ioocb+||c||+s|c|+c|on+o+s+csc+|+cc|c|tosoc|coc|o|m+|mcntccss+scm|c-
s+sconccnt|+m+s+t|v|o+ocsoc||n+sm+t||zcsocnot+nooum+ccnt|+||z+iooocs|o|o|nov+-
t|vom+|s|ntcns|vocmcon|cc|mcntoctccno|og|+
|g|c|+|ucs(.oo,b)vc||c+|+muc|+um+o||c|cn+nouct+ngc+gc|+iooccm|cgos
cnt|ccm|cs+suc|ovccm+cotcs|o||zont+|sc+uc|+suc|oouzcm+cotcsoc|+n|c+io
oc|ccu|soscm|cs+||+|s(|||)|cstcu|t|moc+so|+vc||+m+|o|otcnc|+|ocgc|+ioococu+ocs
cmv||tuoco+ncccss|o+ococ|nco|o|+|sc|v|osoc|og|+m+io+|+|ntcg|+|oss|stcm+scnt|cs|
c+o|cstoo+o|g+n|z+io,+uc+s|m+soc|+mcoms|stcm+s|cv|+mcntc|cc|+oos
|cnt|c +s t|cs C|s csu|s+o+s c|os +uto|cs ncsscs mc|c+oos + ||c|oso|t |o| + uc +|cscn-
touos|o|cs|csu|t+oosn+|c|+iocm|cgo;|+tu|+mcnto
oo
oucoocsc|cx||c+ooc|+|o||+
c+|+ctc||st|c+oo|oouto(+cotcs|cc|+oos|o||zont+|scomb+|xoscustosm+|g|n+|s)cc|+cst|+-
65 |o ,:|mc|:o. |o:+m ,csu|s+o+s novc cm,:cs+s g|ob+|s com not+vc| ,:cscn+ n+ ^mc:|c+ |+t|n+ c t:cs g:+nocs cm,:cs+s oc
c+,|t+| n+c|on+| cm c+o+ um oos sc|s ,+|scs |+t|no-+mc:|c+nos cstuo+oos. com b+sc n+ const+t+io oc uc css+s cm,:cs+s :cs,on-
ocm ,c|+ mct+oc o+s vcno+s n+ ^| c ,c|+ m+|o:|+ o+s cx,o:t+cs |o scgunoo. ,csu|s+:+m-sc sctc c|ustc:s oc so|tw+:c no 8:+s||
c oo|s n+ ^:gcnt|n+
66 Os +uto:cs ut|||z+m o |no|c+oo: oc cs|o:o ,:oout|vo |oc+| ||| = (|m,:cgo |oc+|;|m,:cgo g|ob+|);(|+tu:+mcnto |oc+|;
|+tu:+mcnto g|ob+|)] |c|cnocm su+ +,||c+b|||o+oc + |noust:|+ oc so|tw+:c ocv|oo + +|gum+s oc su+s c+:+ctc:|st|c+s como (+)
|ntcns|o+oc no |+to: t:+b+||o. (b) ,:cscn+ oc cocc|cntcs tccn|cos :c|+t|v+mcntc |omogcncos. c (c) ,:oouio oc sc:v|os comc:-
c|+||z+vc|s. ou sc,+. uc ,oocm sc: o,c:+oos + o|stnc|+ |mbo:+ os |no|c+oo:cs :c|+c|on+noo |+tu:+mcnto c cm,:cgo sc +ssoc|cm
t:+o|c|on+|mcntc +o concc|to oc ,:oout|v|o+oc. n+ |noust:|+ oc so|tw+:c +s tccno|og|+s. t+nto oc |+:ow+:c u+nto oc so|tw+:c.
tcnocm + sc: b+st+ntc |omogcnc+s |ntc:n+c|on+|mcntc
99
tcg|+oco|g+n|z+ioo+|nov+ioo+cm|cs+(ccnt|+||z+io)^cs+|ocm+ntc|um+|cococo|s-
t||bu|oo|cs|oc+|sc|omovc|+cc|t|c+iooc|oss|on+|s+|+oc|+ioocscuss|stcm+souco
|ntc|+gccomos+gcntcs|oc+|scus++^|csscnc|+|mcntccomoccnt|ooco|st||bu|io
^s out|+s ou+s cm|cs+s ^| c O|+c|c |ntc|+gcm m+|s |oc+|mcntc cm |+zio oc + n+tu|cz+ oo
|oouto (software |||) |cuc|c| sc|v|os oc |ntcg|+io +b||noo oss|b|||o+oc +|+ uc out|+s
cm|cs+scxccutcmot|+b+||o^cm|cs+^||nc|us|vcmontou|cccntcmcntcum|+bo|+to||o
ococscnvo|v|mcntono||+s||
ôbsc|v+ioo++tu+iooccm|cs+sn+c|on+|sncsscmc|c+oocomo+b|+s||c||+||c|os|g+
o;
c|-
m|tc c|ccbc| os c|c|tos os|t|vos sob|c +s cconom|+s |oc+|s oo ocscnvo|v|mcnto |ntc|no oc sof-
twarenio+cn+scmtc|mosococu+ocsc|cno+gc|+o+sm+st+mbcmocc|c|tosoct|+nsbo|o+-
mcntooocon|cc|mcnto|g|cc|+|ucs(.oo,b)most|+m+g|+noco||c|cn+cx|stcntccm|+vo|
o+scm|cs+sn+c|on+|snouct+ngc+csscsc|c|tos
|osc||no (.ooo) sustcnt+ uc +s cm|cs+s vo|t+o+s +o ocscnvo|v|mcnto oc software +|+ gcstio
cm|cs+||+| no|m+|mcntc cvo|u||+m oc sc|v|os cscc|+||z+oos +|+ so|uocs cm+cot+o+s m+s
|o,c so||cm |o|tc |cssio conco||cnc|+| oc C|s uc +ss+|+m + sc |ntc|css+| o| n|c|os m+|s
cscc|coscocmcno|V^
b) c|v|os oc b+|xo V^ - |uno|+|mcntc cssc c o scgmcnto uc tcnoc + +b||g+| o m+|o|
numc|ooccm|cs+s(||nc|+|mcntccucn+s)ocv|oo++uscnc|+ocb+||c||+s+cnt|+o+
conco||cnc|+b+sc+o+cm|cosmcno||cssioconco||cnc|+|ocC|sccomct|t|v|-
o+ocb+sc+o+nocustoo+mioocob|+(||||+,,,)^b+|x+|ntc|+t|v|o+oc|ovcoo|-
c||cntcnoocscnvo|v|mcntooosc|v|oct|+ouz|o+c|+n|t|o+sc+|+iocnt|cconccio
(ccnt|+o+noc||cntc)ccxccuio(+c+|gooo|ovcoo|)
|o|m+|mcntc+|o|m+iotccn|c+cmm+nutcniooc softwarec|og|+m+io(coo|c+io)csu-
c|cntc+|++tcnoc|+sncccss|o+ocsoomc|c+ooio+t|v|o+ocs|ntcns|v+scmmioocob|+com
ouc+soss|b|||o+ocsocg+n|osoccsc+|+cocustoococscnvo|v|mcntoconst|tu|o||nc|+|octc|-
m|n+ntco+comct|t|v|o+oc
|o ||+s|| cssc n|c|o +|cscnt+ m+|o|cs cono|ocs +|+ o o|csc|mcnto oc cm|cs+s b|+s||c||+s c
t+mbcm tcm + m+|o| |+t|+ o+ |noust||+ cm tc|mos oc |ccc|t+ c oc csso+| ocu+oo (|O||||O
.ooo)Con|o|mc|cc|s(+,,,)css+scm|cs+stcmotcnc|+|+|+c|cscc||nc|us|vccmo||cio+o
mc|c+oocxtc|noum+vczucmc|c+oos|ntc|nosocg|+noco|mcnsiooocmsc|v||oct|+mo||m
67 Cons|oc:+: t+mbcm :t+| (.00)
!00
+|+|ssoc+soo|c|c+mcomctcnc|+s|c|cv+ntcsccxc||cnc|+(cxcm|o++|t||ocfeedbackoc
usu+||ossob|c|ooutos)|ocnt+ntoo+uto|c|+m++tcnio+|++oc|+s+gcmtccno|og|c+comum
+ css+s cm|cs+s sob|ctuoo cm octc|m|n+oos +|scs mcnos ocscnvo|v|oos ô|c|on+mos + |sso +
|nsuc|cnc|+oc+o|o|nst|tuc|on+|cc++c|o+ocgc|cnc|+|+|t|cu|+|mcntc+|+cucn+s|m+s
c) c|v|os oc +|to V^ - Con|cc|mcntos m+|s +b|+ngcntcs sio ncccss+||os +|+ ||o+| com
um++m|+g+m+oc|ob|cm+sucvioocsoc++n+||scoc|cu|s|tos+tcocon|cc|mcnto
o+s|cg|+sooncgoc|oComoncntcsccnt|+|so+comct|t|v|o+ocsio+sost|c+iooos
mc|c+oos|oc+|s+|ntc|+iocomousu+||oc+|cut+iocomoocco||cnc|+oo|o||o
n|vc|c|cv+oooc|ncc|tcz+u+nto+os|csu|t+oos|sso|cuc|no|m+|mcntcco||csons+-
b|||o+occnt|c+s+|tcs
Os |cto|nos c|csccntcs oc csc+|+ vcm g+n|+noo |mo|tnc|+ ncssc n|c|o n+ mco|o+ cm uc sc
|ntcns|c++tcnocnc|+ocsc+|+io(moou|+||z+io)c|cusoocmoou|osou+|tcsoc|og|+m+s
|m+b+sc,+cst+bc|cc|o+occ||cntcsconst|tu|um+g|+nocv+nt+gcmcomct|t|v+n+cxtcnsiocm
ucmoou|osoocmsc||cut|||z+oosnoocscnvo|v|mcntoocso|uocs+|+o|vc|sosc||cntcs|c|c-
scnt+nooum+b+||c||++cnt|+o+c|c|o|+noo+conccnt|+iooosmc|c+oos
^scm|cs+sg|ob+|scostum+moom|n+|csscmc|c+oocgunoo|osc||no(.ooo)|+umocscu|||-
b||on+o|st||bu|iooomarket-sharecm|o|o+scm|cs+scst|+ngc||+sonocouc+s+boc+n|+m
um+g|+noc|+t|+oomc|c+oo(+|ox|m+o+mcntc,o/cm.oo.)cmbo|++scm|cs+sn+c|on+|s|cs-
ono+mo|,,/ootot+|oc|m+s
Con|o|mc|osc||no(.ooo)c|g|cc|+|ucs(.oo,b)+sC|s|c||c+mnomc|c+oob|+s||c||o|c|+-
ocscst+bc|cc|o+sg|ob+|mcntcoc|o|ncc|mcntoocsc|v|os+|+cm|cs+sg|ob+|soosm+|so|vc|-
sosscto|csO+|c+nccocsu+soc|+ocsc|m|tcuc+t|v|o+ocsocsubcont|+t+iosco|st||bu+m
cmv+||os|oc+|scomoob,ct|vooc+|ovc|t+|os|ccu|sos|um+noso|son|vc|s
|mmu|tosc+sos+soc|+ocscont+mcomnuc|cos|cg|on+|soccoo|ocn+ioc+socc|socssob|c
|oc+||z+ioscgucmum+||c|+|u|+|o|t+|cccnoo+g|omc|+ocsgcog|+c+sscgunoo+os|ioocu-
+o+c|+|cg|io^s||nc|+|scm|cs+sg|ob+|ssio+s+mc||c+n+s||c^cccntu|cc+|no|+n+Tata
Consultancy Services(,unt+scm|cg+ms/o+mioocob|+ooscto|oc|n+^|cont|+.s/o+s
cm|cs+s C|s oc so|tw+|c-+cotc) (|C|| |^||| .oo,b) |om|n|o o+ ||ngu+ |ng|cs+ c
|uno+mcnt+|nocontcxtooooshoreoutsourcing
|g|cc|+|ucs|ocnt|c+mout|ocon,untoocC|svo|t+o+s+|ov|sioocso|uocscom|ct+s
+|+c||cntcscm|cs+||+|s(|+|ow+|ccso|tw+|c)C|t+mosc+soso+||||n|sysc||scnoouc+
!0!
||mc||+scocst+c+m+|scmtc|mosoc|+tu|+mcntocgc|+ioococu+ocsc+|no+uc+tcno+
osmc|c+oos|oc+|stcmcxo|t+ooc+o+vczm+|ssc|v|ossustcnt+ooscmsubcont|+t+ioO||+s||
|c|cscnt+ o,/ o+s vcno+s g|ob+|s o+ |n|sys conccnt|+o+s no mc|c+oo |ntc|no c + || o| scu
tu|nocscc|+||z+-scm+|sn+vcno+ochardwarecomb+|xootcnc|+|ocgc|+ioococu+ocs
|osc||no(.ooo)sugc|cuc+|tcs|gn|c+t|v+o+scm|cs+sn+c|on+|sncsscscgmcntoscv|ncu|++
g|uosccm|cs+scom+su+|svcmm+ntcnoo|c|+ocsocsocsu+|uno+iooucs|n+||z++|++
|mo|tnc|+o+st|+,cto||+s|nst|tuc|on+|sncsscmb|to|cnc|on+oc+sooccm|cs+succmc|g|-
|+m++|t||ocg|+nocsb+ncosc|o,c|cst+msc|v|os+cstcs^scgu|||+|cmosum++n+||sc+cc|c+
o+soocsoccst|+tcg|+|csc|v+o+s+scm|cs+socc+|t+|n+c|on+|c+ssubs|o|+||+socC|scoos
+o|ocsoc|nov+ioucoocmoscsc|+|++|t||ooobsc|v+oo
Opes de estrategla e padres de lnovao
|+to|cs como + |o|tc |cscn+ oc cm|cs+s cst|+ngc||+s +s nov+s tcnocnc|+s no mc|c+oo mun-
o|+|com+|o|n|vc|occonsc|cnt|z+iogovc|n+mcnt+|+cc|c+o+|mo|tnc|+cst|+tcg|c+ooscto|
co+ncccss|o+ococ+m||+ioo+b+sc|oc+|occomctcnc|+soocm+b|||oo|tun|o+ocs+|++s
cm|cs+sn+c|on+|s|mc||noo-+s|nc|us|vc++sccnoc|n+c+oc|+ocv+|o|c+tc+m||+|s|gn|c+t|v+-
mcntc+scxo|t+ocsocsoftwarecsc|v|os
ô|scussiocmto|noocss+sucstocsoocsc|cn||ucc|o+o|mc|oo++m||+iooocscoooc
noss++n+||scocmooo+cons|oc|+|c|cmcntos|nst|tuc|on+|s+|t|cu|+|mcntc||g+oos+o|mcnsio
o+so||t|c+soc|ntc|vcnio
os
+) |c|c+oo oc software-+cotc - ^s cono|ocs v|gcntcs |csc|v+m ouc+s oo|tun|o+ocs

+|+cm|cs+sn+c|on+|snot+o+mcntccmtc|mosoc|ntc|n+c|on+||z+iotcnoocmv|st+
+os|ioocsv+nt+,os++ntcoooc||oo+sC|s|+|+os|gn|c+t|vonumc|ooccm|c-
s+s n+c|on+|s cscc|+|mcntc no scgmcnto oc so|tw+|c-+cotc custom|z+oo o g|+noc
mc|c+oo|ntc|noc+st|+,cto||+s|nst|tuc|on+|soc|c|+iocomc|c|+|comcm|cs+s|oc+|s
+|cccmsc|+|no+umbom+t|+t|vo
|ioobst+ntc+sc|scct|v+socsustcnt+iocc|csc|mcnto|ov+vc|mcntcocvc|iosccono|c|on+|
+|o|m+iooc+||+n+scomout|+scm|cs+s(cxcm|ojoint ventures)ocmooo++|t|||+|||scosc
68 |cmb:+mos uc um+ o+s |+cun+s |ocnt|c+o+s nos stat oc |nov+io (sub-scio !1). ,+:t|cu|+:mcntc +ssoc|+o+ + ,+|scs o+ ^|.
:c|c:c-sc + |+|t+ oc |n|o:m+io :c|+t|v+ +o c|o cnt:c +t|v|o+ocs |nov+t|v+s. cst:+tcg|+s sub,+ccntcs c o|cu|o+ocs oc |m,|cmcnt+io
!0z
o||u||custosococscnvo|v|mcntoo+oouccx|stcoc+co|oocom|osc||no(.ooo)|counonc|+oc
cs|o|ostccno|og|coscmc|c+oo|og|coscmocco||cnc|+o+cst|utu|+||+gmcnt+o+o+o|c|t+
|m|c|+io+o||t|c+csc|+-scm+|o|+o|ogovc|n+mcnt+|o|mc|ooc|nst|umcntoscomoc|c-
o|to|nccnt|vossc+|s+s+t|v|o+ocs|nov+t|v+s(|o|m+|sc|n|o|m+|s)com|+sgovc|n+mcnt+|so||c-
c|on+o+s|nccnt|vo+conso||o+iooclinkagescomout|os+to|csoos|stcm+n+c|on+|oc|nov+io
t|c|n+mcnto c o||t|c+ oc comc|c|o cxtc||o| (+tcnio +o cmb|o o| cxcm|o) ^s +ocs ocvcm
cons|oc|+| +|t|cu|+||o+ocs como c+|+ctc||st|c+s +t||mon|+|s o+s cm|cs+s c + |mo|tnc|+ oc
+m||+ioo+b+scocc||cntcs
|oontoocv|st+o+ssubs|o|+||+socC|sc+sonio|+,+|ntc|vcniooco||t|c+o|c||mcntc|c-
scnc|+|cmoscs|o|os|nov+t|vosoc+|tocontcuootccno|og|coct|+nsbo|o+mcntos+ssoc|+ooscm
v||tuoco+scono|ocsocsscmc|c+oov|st+s+ntc||o|mcntcOut|o+sccto|c|cv+ntco|z|csc|to+
|o||co+oc|ntc|cctu+|o+oouc+||+t+||+sob|ctuoo|c|+c|on+o++softwares |o||zont+|scum
|ob|cm+sc||ono+|scscgunoo+scm|cs+s|n|bcos|nvcst|mcntos
|ouct+ngc+o+o|iooc|nov+io+|ob+b|||o+ococ|c+||z+iooc+t|v|o+ocsoc|nov+iom+|s
|ntcns|v+s cm tccno|og|+ c con|cc|mcnto tcnoc + sc| m+|s c|cv+o+ cnt|c +s cm|cs+s n+c|on+|s
mcsmocomtoo+s+s||m|t+ocs|cssccon,untooocm-scobsc|v+||nov+ocs|c|+c|on+o+s+con-
cc|to(nov+|oos|ioocv+|o|cnovosmooosoco|g+n|z+|so|uocs)|ntc||+cccomoc||cntc(no
design|oouiocconsumo)s|stcm+occnt|cg+ctccno|og|+
|nt|c+ssubs|o|+||+s+c|+nccm+|o|+|ccc|cc+||sob|c|nov+ocs||g+o+s++|t|c|+ioooc||cntc
(n+ ct++ oc consumo) c tccno|og|+ +||c+o+ +o s|stcm+ oc cnt|cg+ |nov+ocs gc|cnc|+|s c o|g+-
n|z+c|on+|s sio mu|to |mo|t+ntcs +|+ too+s +s cm|cs+s ^s nov+s tcnocnc|+s ||g+o+s + Open
Innovationoocm+b|||oo|tun|o+ocsoc+|t|c|+iocon,unt+occm|cs+soco||c|cntcs+|scs
nodesignc|oouioocsoftwarescustom|z+oostoo+v|++|ntcg|+ioncsscss|stcm+s|cuc|+|to
n|vc|ocu+||c+io
b) |c|c+oo oc so|tw+|c oc b+|xo V^ - ^s cst|+tcg|+s tcnocm + sc conccnt|+| n+ |couio
occustos||nc|+|mcntcosocmioocob|+(so/+,o/ootot+|)(|C|||^|||
.oo,b)|o|m+|mcntccss+scm|cs+sscvo|t+m+|+c||cntcsmcno|csucnio+t||bucm
g|+noc|c|cvnc|++|cut+iocsio+t|+|ooso|v+nt+gcnsoccusto
|cssc mb|to um |cnomcno |mo|t+ntc ||g+oo +s nov+s tcnocnc|+s vcm g+n|+noo conto|nos
m+|o|cs+|o|m+ioocclustersoc|cm+|scscmocscnvo|v|mcntoosu+|smu|t+svczcsoocm
sc |ntcg|+| + c+oc|+s g|ob+|s o|g+n|z+o+s cm to|no oc C|s O |o,cto oc csu|s+ Clusters oc
!0!
Softwaren+^|gcnt|n+cno||+s|||ocnt|couu+t|oc+tcgo||+socclustersoc+co|oocom+scctos
||g+oos+c|soccscc|+||z+iomc|c+oos-+|vo+||+n,os|nst|tuc|on+|sc|coom|nnc|+oot|ooc
com+n||++)|+t+|o|m+socoutsourcingb)clustersoctccno|og|+c)|cocs|oouto|-usu+||oco)
c+sosm|stos(|C||et al.oo,)
^||mc||+c+tcgo||+cnvo|vccm|cs+sn+c|on+|sooscto|ocb+|xoVûm+vczuc|c|cscnt+m
|ontcs oc mio oc ob|+ b+|+t+ +|+ + |c+||z+io oc t+|c|+s |c|+t|v+mcntc m+|s s|m|cs |+|tc o+s
cm|cs+sn+c|on+|st|+b+||++|+out|+scm|cs+stc|cc|||z+o+snum+cscc|cocu+|tc|||z+io
ôio||nc|+|occst|+tcg|++ss++sc|cum|||os|cu|s|toscx|g|ooso|cm|cs+s|oc+||z+o+s
cm cst+g|os suc||o|cs o+ c+oc|+ oc v+|o| |ovcnoo ||nc|+|mcntc mio oc ob|+ b+|+t+ u+||-
c+o+
o,
(oom|n|o o+ ||ngu+ |ng|cs+ ooc const|tu|| um+ g|+noc |ontc oc v+nt+gcm comct|t|v+) c
c++c|o+ocgc|cnc|+||+|+osc||cntcsmcno|csom+|s|mo|t+ntcco|c|ccc|sc|v|os+b+|xocusto
|omb|tom+c|o+so||t|c+socvcmscconccnt|+|n+cs|c|+couc+c|on+|(||nc|+|mcntcnon|vc|
tccn|co-|oss|on+||z+ntc) n+ o|c|t+ oc c|co|to ocsbu|oc|+t|z+io c o||cc|on+mcnto oc com|+s
govc|n+mcnt+|scm+|t|cu|+|+|+cucn+scm|c|ocm|cs+s(|||s)cnos|nccnt|vossc+|s+|+
+t|+|||nvcst|mcntoscxtc|noscscc|+|mcntcosm+|s|ocnsos+|nco|o|+iooccm|cs+sc|nst|-
tu|ocsn+c|on+|sn+sc+oc|+s|oout|v+sc+|omoioocuxosoccon|cc|mcnto
|+tu|+|mcntc+scxcct+t|v+su+nto+os+o|ocsoc|nov+iosiomu|tot|m|o+stcnoocmv|st+
o |coom|n|o oc |occssos |ntc|nos scm um |o,cto oc |nov+io C+so oco||+m |nov+ocs tcn-
ocm+contcm|+||C(b+s|c+)|ntc||+cccomoc||cntcn+cnt|cg+oosc|v|ocs|stcm+occnt|cg+
,+ucos|occo|mcntosoct|+b+||ocostum+msc|b+st+ntc|cct|t|vos|nov+ocsgc|cnc|+|s(|+-
nc,+mcnto)co|g+n|z+c|on+|s(comctcnc|+s+|+|ntcg|+io)sio|uno+mcnt+|s+|+|ng|css+|n+s
c+oc|+sg|ob+|soc|oouio+|ovc|t+noooo|tun|o+ocs+bc|t+sc|+scst|+tcg|+socoshore out-
sourcingoccm|cs+scst|+ngc||+s
c) |c|c+oo oc so|tw+|c oc +|to V^ - ob|cv|vc| c;ou c|cscc| |cuc| um n|vc| oc cs|o|o
mu|to m+|o| oocnoo com|ccnoc| o ocscnvo|v|mcnto oc |unocs co|o|+t|v+s m+|s
com|cx+scomo|||o|m+|sc|nvcst|mcntossubst+nc|+|scmmarketing^scst|utu|+s
gc|cnc|+|sco|g+n|z+c|on+|s|cc|s+msc|m+|scc|cntcscom|occo|mcntoso||cc|on+-
oos+o+tcno|mcntooccscc|c+ocscmct||c+socu+||o+oc(|O||||O.ooo)
69 |o scto: oc 1|. cx|gc-sc um n|vc| oc u+||c+io :c|+t|v+mcntc m+|s c|cv+oo. c+so com,+:+oo com out:os scto:cs cconom|cos.
mcsmo n+ cxccuio oc t+:c|+s m+|s s|m,|cs
!04
^mco|o+ucscc|cv+on|vc|occom|cx|o+occ+t|vosm+|scscc|cossiocnvo|v|oos+|cut+-
io+ss++sc|umcomoncntcv+||osocg+|+nt|oo|oc|o,ctosocm+|o|cnvc|g+ou|+ccom+|-
t|c|+iom+|s|ntcns+ooc||cntc^cx|gcnc|+ocum|cucm+|s+m|ooccomctcnc|+s|+zcom
uccm|cs+s+ootcmcst|+tcg|+svo|t+o+s+|o|m+ioocum+b+scoccon|cc|mcntosocn+tu|cz+
c|cnt|c+tccn|c+gc|cnc|+|co|g+n|z+c|on+|
|m octc|m|n+oos n|c|os +s cm|cs+s ocvcm +tcnt+| +|+ + c||+io oc |+t|c+s +|+ c+tu|+|
g+n|os oc csc+|+ como + +||c+io oc tccn|c+s oc comoncnt|z+io c |cuso oc moou|os ^s
subs|o|+||+socC|scncont|+mm+|o||+c|||o+occm|+zioo+|o||+t|+,cto||+ocscn|+o+||sto-
||c+mcntcc|+sg|+nocsco|o|+ocsg|ob+|s|+b|||t+noo-+sno+ccssom+|s|+c||+c|co|tog+n|os
occsc+|+tccno|og|+ocont+cn+|c||c+ionomc|c+oob|+s||c||ooccst|+tcg|+sconso||o+o+s
g|ob+|mcntc|io|+|o+tcnocmt+mbcm|o|+ocscusoom|n|osc||cntcsg|ob+|socout|osscto|cs
oc+t|v|o+occconom|c+
|m|cs+sn+c|on+|socvcm|o|t+|ccc|osv|ncu|os,+const|u|ooscomos+to|cs|oc+|scc||+|nov+s
comctcnc|+s+|+sc|ntcg|+|+osclustersoc|cc+oc|+sg|ob+|s,+ucsomcntc+|t|c|+ucm
tcm+|go+o|c|ccc|^|ntc|n+c|on+||z+ioco|||c||cm|+ziocnt|cout|os+scctoso+|+|t+oc|cu-
t+iocmn|vc|muno|+|(|C||et al.oo,)
^const+t+ioocuccm|cs+sb|+s||c||+sgc|+mc|c|tosos|t|vosmu|tom+|s|o|tcssob|c+ccono-
m|+|oc+|-co|o||oc+|+tc|cst|+tcg|cooosoftware-,ust|c++tcnioo||c|cnc|+o+o|+|tco+s
o||t|c+s|oscto|oc|comoumtooo+|cno|z+ooccon|cc|mcntosiooscomoncntcs-c|+vc
too+v|+ncsscscgmcnto|sso+|cccsc|+|no+m+|svc|o+oc||o
|g|cet al(.oo,)+|cscnt+|+moo|sc+sosoc|c|+t|vosuccssoocnt|ooog|uoclusterstccno|o-
g|cos ^ o|son|b|||o+oc oc |ccu|sos |um+nos u+||c+oos |n||+cst|utu|+ tccno|og|c+ c oc sc|v|-
os+ccsso+b+scoccon|cc|mcntosnov+soo|tun|o+ocsocncgoc|osc|nccnt|vossc+|sconu-
||+m+|+oo|csc|mcntooc+g|omc|+ocsoccm|cs+s|ntcns|v+scmcon|cc|mcntonosclusters
|C|O||C(|o|to^|cg|c)c|o|to||g|t+|(|cc||c)
Os oo|s clusters cstio +sscnt+oos cm +|cc||+s un|vc|s|o+oc-cm|cs+ |cun|noo |mo|t+ntcs |m+s
n+c|on+|s c g|ob+|s +ss|m como cucn+s cm|cs+s cm to|no oc |o,ctos oc || o||cc|on+oos +
v+||os scto|cs como | cnc|g|+ c s+uoc |io obst+ntc |csscntcm-sc oc |ob|cm+s |c|+c|on+oos +
csc+ssczocmioocob|+u+||c+o+s+|+||osc|csccntcscc|cv+o+|ot+t|v|o+ococt|+b+||+oo|cs|sscs
sion+o|n|ioo+scsso+scnt|cv|st+o+sosg|+nocsobst+cu|os+|+o|ng|cssonomc|c+oocxtc|no
!0
O cluster oc ||umcn+u (+nt+ C+t+||n+) t+mbcm cons|oc|+oo como oc |c|+t|vo succsso cnu+-
o|ou-sccmout|+c+tcgo||+(|cocsusu+||o-|oouto|)cm|unioo+ncccss|o+ococm+|o||ntc|+io
usu+||o-|oouto|no+tcno|mcnto+ocm+no+s|cg|on+|scmn|c|osnio+ocu+o+mcntcsu||oos
o||m+sg|ob+|s
|m+c+|+ctc||st|c+|mo|t+ntcc+cx|stcnc|+oc|o|tcsv|ncu|os|nst|tuc|on+|s+ssoc|+oos+cu|tu|+
gc|mn|c+t|+z|o+c|os|m|g|+ntcs^|noust||+ocsoftware n+sccu++|t||ocumccnt|ooc|o+
|noust||+tcxt||cc|csccu+o|+o+num+b+scoc|ccu|sos|um+nosu+||c+oos|o,ccss+b+scc
|nsuc|cntc+|++tcnoc|+ocm+no+cc|m|t||cst|+tcg|+soc|ntc|n+c|on+||z+io
|o||t|c+s+|+omc|c+ooocsoftwareoc+|toVôcvcm||v||cg|+|+scctos+t|c|+oos+c++c|t+io
oc +|to n|vc| c +os linkages no s|stcm+ oc |nov+io cn|+t|z+noo +|t|cu|+|mcntc mcc+n|smos oc
t|+ns|c|cnc|+occon|cc|mcntoo+sC|s|nst+|+o+s+|++to|csn+c|on+|s||||gcntcsoccm|cs+s
coc|nst|tu|ocs|oc+|s+|t|c|+ntcsoosclustersscuc|x+|+mooocs|ntc|cssco|+|tco+sC|s
cmt|+ns|c|||con|cc|mcntosm+|scscc|cosocscnvo|vc|+t|v|o+ocsm+|s|ntcns|v+scmtccno|og|+
+ss|mcomoo+|+|t+ocmioocob|+u+||c+o+n+csc+|+|cuc||o+V+|c|||s+|uc+|gum+scm|c-
s+sut|||z+mouzc|+musooos|nccnt|vossc+|scomooso+|c|oc|n|o|m+t|c+
Os+o|ocscsc|+oosoc|nov+iotcnocm++b||g+|tooosos+scctosocnoss+cst|utu|++n+||t|c+
o|mcnsocsocconcc|tooc|ntc||+cccomoc||cntcnodesign,|oouiocconsumoocs|stcm+oc
cnt|cg+coctccno|og|+(|nc|us|vc|Vsost|c+o+)+ss|mcomomuo+n+sgc|cnc|+|sco|g+n|z+c|o-
n+|soo+v|+ocomoncntcm+|sc||t|co+|+|nov+ioocvcsc|cx|o|+oocmm+|o||o|uno|o+oc
o+|cno|z+oov|stocomoum|occssomu|t||+cct+ooconst|uto|occomctcnc|+s+|+|nov+io
c|nsc||ton+o|nm|c+ocum+|scmocscnvo|v|mcnto
Camlnbos para uma agenda de produo de lnrormao no setor de 1l
O||+s||tcm|cg|st|+oo+|guns+v+nosnos|no|c+oo|cscouc+c|on+|scoccnct|+iooc|Cb+s|c+
(tc|c|on|+ comut+oo| c |ntc|nct) n+ soc|co+oc cscc|+|mcntc n+u||o uc sc ooc cons|oc|+|
como o|mcnsio u+nt|t+t|v+ ocss+ cvo|uio |o mb|to couc+c|on+| tcmos +|cscnt+oo o|
cxcm|ouco+n+st+x+soc+n+||+bct|smoc+umcntosnonumc|omco|ooc+nosoccstuooo+
ou|+iomont+ntcoc|nst|tu|ocsoccns|nococcstuo+ntcscom|||
;o
70 |||||||O. ^| |+oos +,:cscnt+oos no |+bo:+to:|o oc |st+t|st|c+s |ub||c+s (|||;|8|;.00) c no |++st:|c|t |nst|tutc o|

|nnov+t|on |csc+:c| (||||1;.00s) ||s,on|vc| cm |tt,;;s||ocs|+:cnct;,|n|c|:o+m
!06
|ossos|ob|cm+snioobst+ntc+|cccmcst+|conccnt|+oosnos+scctosu+||t+t|vosccm+|c+s
m+|sv|t+|s+|+|nov+io||st+nc|+mo-nosb+st+ntcoos+|scsooC;cmtc|moso|cxcm|ooc
|+b|||o+ococ+ou|toscmm+tcm+t|c+(math literacy)cc|cnc|+s(science literacy)cn+u+||o+oco+
couc+iocm+om|n|st|+io(quality of management school)cc|cnc|+scm+tcm+t|c+(quality of
science and math education)con|o|mcosc||tc||osoo||^
;+
o+O|C|(||gu|+,)ô|c|on+|mcntc
oc+|+mo-nos com + ucstio o+ c|+m+o+ |ncong|ucnc|+ cnt|c |ossio c ocu+io onoc
scgunoooCcnsooo||C|oc.ooo+cn+s,,+/o+scsso+s|o|m+o+sn+s+|c+soccngcn|+||+
cxc|ccm+|ossio
10
5
0
Comparison Group: All Countries Year: Most recent (KAM 2009)
Average Years of Schooling
Gross Secondary Enrollment rate
Gross Tertiary Enrollment rate
Life Expectancy at Birth
Internet Access in Schools
Public Spending on Education as % of GDP
4th Grade Achievement in Math (TIMSS)
Quality of Management Schools
8th Grade Achievement in Science (TIMSS)
8th Grade Achievement in Math (TIMSS)
4th Grade Achievement in Science (TIMSS)
Quality of Science and Math Education
15-year-olds` math literacy (PISA)
15-year-olds` science literacy (PISA)
Adult Literacy Rate (% age 15 and above)
Brasil Amrica Latina G7
|lgura . Uados sobre Lducao - 2009 (normalizados, escala 0-10).
Fonte: c|+bo:+io ,:o,:|+ ut|||z+noo + |c::+mcnt+ |^| (|4|. vo:|o 8+n|)
|m |c|+io +s |C cmbo|+ com c|cv+io no c|ccntu+| oc oom|c|||os c cm|cs+s com +ccsso
+ |ntc|nct +|no+ cst+mos |ongc oo +t+m+| oo C; com |csc|to + |no|c+oo|cs como custo oc
+ccsso+|ntc|nct(price basket for Internet)numc|oocusu+||osoc|ntc|nct(Internet users)b+no+
|+|g+(international Internet bandwidth)ccomut+oo|cso|m|||+b|t+ntcs(computers per+ooo
people)(||gu|+o)
71 |:og:+m+ oc ^v+||+io |ntc:n+c|on+| oc |stuo+ntcs
!07
10
5
0
Comparison Group: All Countries Year: Most recent (KAM 2009)
Main Telephone Lines per 1000 People
Mobile Phones per 100 People
Computer per 1000- People
Households with Television (%)
Daily Newspaper per 1.000 People
International Internet Bandwidth ( bits per person)
ICT Expenditure as % of GDP
Availability of e-Government Services
Internet Users per 1000 People
Price Basket for Internet (US$ per month)
Extent of Business Internet Use
Total Telephones per 1000 People
Brasil Amrica Latina G7
|lgura 6. Uados sobre 1lC z009 (normallzados, escala 0-!0)
Fonte: c|+bo:+io ,:o,:|+ ut|||z+noo + |c::+mcnt+ |^| (|4|. vo:|o 8+n|)
Ccn+||o |cocu+ntc |o| |cvc|+oo c|+ csu|s+ oo Com|tc Ccsto| o+ |ntc|nct (CC|) +|t|cu|+|-
mcntcnotoc+ntcso|cu|o+ocscncont|+o+sc|+scm|cs+sn+cont|+t+iooccscc|+||st+scm
|C+;e/o+scnt|cv|st+o+s|cc|ut+|+moutcnt+|+m|cc|ut+|csso+scom|+b|||o+ocscm|Cou
sc,+comc++c|o+oc+|+ousooc|c||+mcnt+socsoftwarescomunscgcnc||c+s|.,/o+s|m+s
+|m+|+mtc|cn||cnt+oo|ob|cm+sscnoouco||nc|+||o|+|+|t+occ+no|o+toscom|+b|||o+-
ocs||g+o+s+ousooocomut+oo|cscusc|||c||cos(hardware)-,,s/-scgu|o+c|+|+|t+occ+n-
o|o+toscom|+b|||o+ocs+|+ousoocsoftwares (,./)cc|+|+|t+occ+no|o+tosc++c|t+oos+|+
ousoo+|ntc|nct(||,/)(CC|.oo;)
Oob,ct|vo||nc|+|com+cxos|ioocsscs|no|c+oo|cscsustcnt+|+|oc|+ocucpolicy-makers
n+ +|c+ oc |nov+io (cscc|+|mcntc cm |||s) |cc|s+m mon|to|+| nio somcntc os |no|c+oo|cs
t|+o|c|on+|sm+|so||ct+mcntcv|ncu|+oosc|cnc|+tccno|og|+c|nov+iom+s|gu+|mcntc+uc|cs
uc oocm |n|o|m+| +|go sob|c +|cno|z+oo c comctcnc|+s ocscnvo|v|oos no s|stcm+ n+c|on+|
oc |nov+io |sso c |c|o|+oo + +|t|| o+ const+t+io oc uc + |+|t+ oc c++c|t+io |o| + v+||+vc|
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c||t|c+ |ocnt|c+o+ cm |+t|c+mcntc too+s +s cm|cs+s cnt|cv|st+o+s no t|+nsco||c| oos |o,ctos
ucmcnc|on+mossob|c+|noust||+ocsoftware.
^b||moscs+o+ss|m+|++o|scussiooosto|cosoc|nov+ioucocvcmsc|||o||z+oosn+s+n+-
||scsocpolicy-makers||v||cg|+noo+s|+cun+soc|x+o+sc|ost|+o|c|on+|sm+nu+|s;surveysc|+zcnoo
usoocsugcstocsco|||o+scmcnt|cv|st+scom|o|csso|cscscc|+||st+soo||o||
+) ^|cno|z+oo;c++c|t+io - |stc c um comoncntc |mo|t+ntc cm tooos os n|c|os oc
software cstuo+oos c ocvcmos cns+| cm |no|c+oo|cs cob||noo os +scctos |c|+t|vos +
tooosos+o|ocsscto||+|soc|nov+io(t|os|nov+ocsgc|cnc|+|sco|g+n|z+c|on+|s)bcm
comotooosos|ccu|sos|um+nos(nio+cn+s+uc|cs||g+oos+||)ctoo+s+scm|cs+s
(nio+cn+s+suc|nov+|+m)c||+|ntc|css+ntcobsc|v+|cscc|+|mcntc+|+osn|c|os
m+|s|ntcns|voscmcon|cc|mcntoo+|cno|z+oo+ssoc|+oo+ousooc|c||+mcnt+so|g|-
t+|soc|C|VcO|(vc|scgunooto|co)|ocnt|c+noo+scst|+tcg|+soc+|cno|z+oo
+oot+o+s c|+s cm|cs+s os ob,ct|vos sub,+ccntcs c +s o|cu|o+ocs cncont|+o+s |+|ob
|o|c|(||o||)mcnc|onouuc+t+xonom|+oc|unov+||(learning by doing, by interacting,
by research by training ctc) ooc o+| |st+s +|+ c||+io oc |no|c+oo|cs sob|c +|cno|-
z+oo Con|o|mc |||||| |+||+ (||o|| |n|vc|s|ty o| Cco|g|+) o t|c|n+mcnto ocvc sc|
cn|+t|z+ooo|sccomumvc|n+scm|cs+s+mc||c+n+scsso+sucnios+bcmt||+||o-
vc|too+|n||+cst|utu|+ochardwareo|ucnio|cccbc|+mt|c|n+mcnto
b) |nov+ocsocsc|v|o-cgunoo|+n|||cs(||o||)cm+|s+ocu+oo+osct|+t+|ocsc|v|-
osc|+bo|+||no|c+oo|cscons|oc|+noo+su+t|oo|mcnsocscstuo+o+sConu+nto+|nc|-
ocnc|+oc|nov+ocsocconcc|tosc,+m+|s|ov+vc|nosn|c|osm+|s|ntcns|voscmcon|c-
c|mcnto (so|tw+|c-+cotc c sc|v|os oc +|to V^) c |mo|t+ntc obsc|v+| sc |+ +|gum+
cvo|uio ncssc scnt|oo cnt|c +s cm|cs+s oc b+|xo V^ c n+s subs|o|+||+s oc C|s ^s
o|mcnsocs oc |ntc||+cc com o c||cntc s|stcm+ oc cnt|cg+ c tccno|og|+ sio |gu+|mcntc
|c|cv+ntcscmtooososn|c|osctoo+s+scm|cs+soc||+n|||cs(||o||)sugc||uouso
ootc|mo|+zc|co|s+snov+scmvczoc|nov+ocsu+noosct|+t+|oc|no|c+oo|csoc
sc|v|ostcnoocmv|st+o|+toocuc+scsso+ssio|ocns+s+sccons|oc|+||nov+oo|+s
ctc|cmmcntc+cn+so|mcnsocstccno|og|c+s
c) |nov+ocsgc|cnc|+|sco|g+n|z+c|on+|s-||mo|t+ntcmon|to|+|+performanceoctoo+s
+scm|cs+sctooososn|c|osoc||+|c+||o+oc+|+|t+occ++c|o+ocgc|cnc|+|co|g+n|-
z+c|on+|ct|o+comoum|ob|cm+muno|+|o+scm|cs+socsoftwarec|+ssu+s|o||+s
c+|+ctc||st|c+s |noust||+ |c|+t|v+mcntc |cccntc c com m+|o||+ oc cucn+s cm|cs+s
cu,+s+t|v|o+ocsmu|t+svczcscstio+sscnt+o+scmcst|utu|+snio|o|m+||z+o+s(|occssos
|ntc|nosscm|o,ctoc|o,ctos|ntc|nosoc|nov+io)cmoo+||o+ocs|n|o|m+|soccoo-
c|+io c coo|ocn+io scm mcc+n|smos |+nc,+oos oc +|o||+io oos |csu|t+oos oo
cs|o|o|nov+t|vo
!09
|||||||+||+(||o|||n|vc|s|tyo|Cco|g|+)mcnc|onouocxcm|oococscnvo|vcoo|csocgames
co|c+nos cxc|ccnoo +t|v|o+ocs cm +|cc||+ com csso+s oc |o|+ o+ cm|cs+ onoc + |ntc|+io
oco||cb+s|c+mcntco|mc|oocs+|+soc chat(umt|oocso|tw+|cgcnc||co)Os|o,ctosg||+m
cmto|nooct|cs+sc|smcscsc+om+scu|cssioocsmont+o+scom+scsso+sm|g|+noo+|+
out|os|o,ctos|+|+o|o|csso|c|mo|t+ntcs+bc|sc+scm|cs+sossucmum|+nocst|+tcg|co
(|m|cssooucm|o|m+toc|ct|on|co)+|+oncgoc|ocomoumtoooou+|+ocscnvo|vc|con|cc|-
mcntoC|tou+|+|+s|+
;.
comoum+|suc|nvcstccs+o+mcntccmhardwarem+sossu|g|+noc
||+g|||o+ocn++|t|||+|o|m+|occon|cc|mcnto|o|t+ntono||+s|||cc|s+moss+bc|sc+scm|cs+s
cstiocvo|u|noocmo||ciosct++sgc|cnc|+|sm+|s+v+n+o+scomo|+nc,+mcntocc|t|c+io
occ++c|t+iogc|cnc|+|co|g+n|z+c|on+|+cc|t+|ntc|n+c|on+|mcntc(cxcm|oC++b|||ty|+tu||ty
|ooc|C||)ctc
o) |CO||V-^|cmoc|n|o|m+iosob|c+|cno|z+oo|+n|||cssugc||u|no|c+oo|csnio
t|+o|c|on+|s +|+ |ocnt|c+| t|os oc |c||+mcnt+s o|g|t+|s ut|||z+oos (cngcn|+||+ oc so|-
tw+|cs|stcm+sC^|)bcnc||c|osgc|+oos+|cmoost|+o|c|on+|s(mc||o|ou+scctoscomo
u+||o+occo|+bo|+iocon+b|||o+oc)c|oos|toscom+|m|cmcnt+io(nosc|m|-
t||+m||o+|mc||o|com|cgu|+io|o||co+oc|ntc|cctu+|+ssoc|+ocs|oss|on+|s)
|+|cc|+||ozzo(||o||)sugc||u|no|c+oo|csucoss+m|nvcst|g+|muo+n+so|g+n|z+c|on+|s|+b|-
||t+o+sc|ousoocss+stccno|og|+scomoo|vc|s|c+iooc|ooutosocsccnt|+||z+ioo++t|v|o+oc
|nov+t|v+mc||o|coo|ocn+ioctcCon|o|mc|+n|||cs|nov+iocmsoftwaretcnoc+oco||c|cm
nctwo||sc+scm|cs+s|cc|s+mcst+|+t+s+|+sc|ntcg|+|
c) |+||c||+s;|+to|cs |nst|tuc|on+|s - |m +o|io +os obst+cu|os m+|s comuns |+n |||cs |o-
osm+|su+t|oc|cmcntos|||mc||+mcntc+scsso+ss|m|csmcntcniotcmtcmo+|+
+|cnoc|ouc|+zcomuco+|cno|z+oo|c|cscntcum+b+||c||+c|oscuc|cv+oocusto
|mscgunoo|ug+|s|stcm+sb+|+tosoocmniosc|osmc||o|csc|ov+vc|mcntcncccs-
s|t+|io oc suo|tc |scc|+|mcntc +|+ s|stcm+s como ||| (Electronic Data Interchange)
|ob|cm+s |c|+c|on+oos comun|c+io;o||c|cntcs +o|ocs sio m+|c+ntcs c o +||s|on+-
mcnto(lock-in)oocsu|g||++|t||o|ssoOu+|toobst+cu|osc|c|c|cncccss|o+ococ
+ccss+|ocon|cc|mcntoocusu+||os+|t|cu|+|mcntccmdesigncoms|stcm+sC^|
|os|o,ctos|c+||z+oosc|oC|uooc|conom|+o+|nov+iooo||;||||+|+|t+oc|oc|cnc|+n+
||ngu+|ng|cs+|o|+ont+o+comoum+g|+nocb+||c||+|n|b|oo|+oc|nvcst|mcntoscxtc|nos|+||+
cont|+oscsscontoocv|st++|m+noouct+mbcmoocsc|um|+to|m+|soc|o|+ooucoc||+-
ucz++|+o||+s||mco|o+uc|m||uco|cu|o+ocssC|s+|++ccss+|c+t+c+|omc|c+oo
72 8+sc+noo-sc cm um su:vcy uc coo:ocnou ,+:+ o govc:no o+uc|c |+|s. sob:c cconom|+ oo con|cc|mcnto
!!0
Out|oontoocv|st+scgunoo|+||+cocuc|ssocm+|sum+ucstiooc|cconcc|tooumcn-
t+||o+ocnio|ntc||+mcntcncg+t|v+c||+m+|s|ob|cm+t|co+|+com+n||+so|sost+s+ncgoc|+|
|ntc|n+c|on+|mcntc ^ v+nt+gcm o+ |||+no+ cm |+|+| + ||ngu+ |ng|cs+ |o| c|t+o+ n+ cnt|cv|st+ +|+
cont|+o| o +|gumcnto oc |+||+ |nt|ct+nto o |o|csso| +|gu|u uc o ||+s|| ossu| oc|+ocs
m+|scustom|z+o+scumg|+nocmc|c+oo|ntc|no+|+cx|o|+|^|||+no+o|out|o|+ootcmum
mc|c+oo|ntc|nocucnocsccscc|+||z+cmsoftware-+cotc|cu+|uc||o|m++c|+mosc|t|-
ncntcmon|to|+|cssc+scctoo|mc|ooc|no|c+oo|cs(|+to|cs|nst|tuc|on+|s)
|+|ob|o|c|+bo|ooutcm+s|c|+c|on+oos+o|+ooo+ocm+no+sugc||noouccncccss+||o|nvcst|g+|
+cx|stcnc|+ccc+c|+oco||t|c+soccom|+sgovc|n+mcnt+|s+ss|mcomo+cx|stcnc|+ocmc|c+oo
+|+|ooutosm+|ssost|c+oosno||+s||^c|+mos|c|cv+ntc|nc|u||ucstocs+ssoc|+o+s+|ob|c-
m+socgovc|n+n+occ+oc|+s;clustersocsoftware(++|t||o+scv|ocnc|+sobt|o+snos|o,ctosoc
csu|s+oo||;||||)||m|t+ocs|most+sscm|cs+sn+c|on+|sc|+scst|+tcg|+soco-shore out-
sourcingocC|sc+soo|tun|o+ocs||m|t+o+sc|+|couz|o+o|mcnsiono+|soosscto|csm+|s
|ntcns|voscmcon|cc|mcntosob|ctuoocomo|ontcoccst|mu|o+|+|nvcst|mcntosoccm|cs+sc
|o|m+iooccsso+scm+|c+scomoc|cnc|+o+comut+io
|||||||+||+|cv+ntouum+ucstio|ntc|css+ntco|ucnioco||+ocm|cs+||o;cnt|cv|st+oo
+|+ +|cscnt+| sugcstocs +o govc|no no scnt|oo oc |omcnt+| o ocscnvo|v|mcnto oo con|cc|-
mcnton+cm|cs+
|) ^most|+;ucst|on+||o-||n+|mcntc+bo|o+mosc|cmcntos|c|+c|on+oosscm|cs+s-+|vo
ocum+csu|s+sob|csoftware c|no|c+oo|cs+|o||+oosCon|o|mc|+||+umsurvey
com|oconumsc|v|o+|t|cu|+|ocvcsc|custom|z+oo|mvc|o+oc|+scm|ctrade-os
o|scm+|scom||c+oo+om|n|st|+||n|o|m+iosob|c,ooocom+n||+scs+||+o+sc|o
+|s|ntc||o(oc+soocumsurveyn+|+|+s|+coo|ocn+ooc|o|o|csso|)onoccncccss+||o
com|cmcnt+|css+s|n|o|m+ocscomout|+s|ovcn|cntcsoc|cv+nt+mcntosm+|scsc-
c|coscmm+nu|+tu|+scsc|v|os|oc+soocsc|v|osoc|ocvc-sccustom|z+|m+|soc
mooo+c+tu|+|su+s+|t|cu|+||o+ocs^mon+|tc|(London Imperial College)+|gumcntou
n+mcsm+o||cioousc,++|+|+zc|m+|o|scnt|ooocvcm-sc+ocu+|os|nst|umcntos
oc obtcnio oc |n|o|m+io +o t|o oc cm|cs+ |||+n ||c|o|son (Manchester Business
School)
;,
sugc||utcst+|oucst|on+||ocomcscc|+||st+scmsoftware.
73 ^mon :+|tc: c 8:|+n ||c|o|son |o:+m +bo:o+oos v|+ c-m+||
!!!
3.5. Consideraes nais
|+|t|mosocou+sc|gunt+s|+z-scncccss+||+um+nov++gcno+oc|oouiooc|no|c+oo|cs+|+
sc|v|osoc|||+ntcoocxostoo|||+mosucs|m,+ucsct|+t++c|m+octuooocumsc|v|o
c||+m+|sscns+to|omc||+o|c+|mcntccom+so||ct||zcsoo|+nu+|ocOs|o|ioo|s+c|co|t+-
mosn+ut|||o+oco++bo|o+gcminput-outputc|ccon|cccmosos+v+nosobt|oos+tccntiosob|c-
tuoon+su+tc|cc||+vc|sioonocossc|v|os+ss+m+const|tu||umoos|ocosoc+tcnioc+|cbo-
uc|+n+m|uzsob|c+|c|cvnc|+occontcuoosniotccno|og|coso+|nov+io
^+||c+iooo|O||_|c|m|t|u||o+|mc||o|com+sc+|+ctc||st|c+socsscssc|v|os|+c|||t+noo
+|ocnt|c+iooos+o|ocsoc|nov+ionosn|c|oso+|noust||+ocsoftware.ônoc|+iooctcn-
ocnc|+smuno|+|scono|ocsocmc|c+oooocsoccst|+tcg|+c|+to|cs|nst|tuc|on+|sc|m|t|uum+
+n+||sc m+|s contcxtu+| c s|stcm|c+ c||+noo +ss|m |st+s +|+ + |oos|io oc |no|c+oo|cs m+|s
com+t|vc|scom+o|nm|c+oossc|v|osoc|no||+s||
^ |ntcg|+io obsc|v+o+ |o,c cnt|c sc|v|os c m+nu|+tu|+s (no contcxto oos mooc|os Open
Innovationc,C)onocnioscs+bc+occ|to+s||ontc||+socc+o++t|v|o+occonouz-nosoioo|
umapproachm+|s|ntcg|+t|voousc,+|ocu|+noo+o+t+|o|O||_|scst|utu|+sconcc|tu+|s
oom+nu+|ocOs|ococ|ogot+|mbo|+|ssooss+|m||c+|umucst|on+||oumoucoo||c|cn-
c|+oo+|+sc|v|osocvc-sc|+zc|usoo+u||ouc,+|o||oouz|oocucvcmcvo|u|noo
^m+tc||+||z+ioo|sso|cuc||ntcg|+iooccs|o|oscnvo|vcnoocon|cc|mcntosmu|t|o|sc|||n+|cs
c+|nst|tuc|on+||o+occom|ntc|csscn+|oouioc;ouut|||z+iooc|no|c+oo|cs||C|c||||
;|
o|
cxcm|oooc||+mcomo|um+|o|+-t+|c|+tcnoocmv|st++ncccss|o+oc|mc|+t|v+cm+|scs
como o ||+s|| oc |ntcg|+| |n|o|m+ocs couc+c|on+|s c oc |nov+io c ocscnvo|vc| |no|c+oo|cs oc
+|cno|z+oo;c++c|t+io+|+mc||o||n|o|m+|+so||t|c+s
|m|cv+nt+mcntos|no|v|ou+||z+oosonoc|+m+|o|g|+uoc||bc|o+occns+mosuco|O||_|
ooc sc| +||c+oo m+|s ||v|cmcntc o|s ocscc + n|vc|s m+|s cscc|cos +o cons|oc|+| com m+|o|
|o|uno|o+oc+|ctc|ogcnc|o+oc|csc|t+ntc||nc|+|mcntcs+|t|cu|+||o+ocsoosmc|c+ooso+
|noust||+ocsoftwarecsc|scct|v+soc|m+sn+c|on+|scsubs|o|+||+socC|s
74 |nst|tuto |+c|on+| oc |stuoos c |csu|s+s |ouc+c|on+|s ^n|s|o 1cxc|:+. oo ||n|stc:|o o+ |ouc+io
!!z
kerernclas
^::OC|^Ô 8|^:|||||^ || |||||^||^ :^||1^||^ | ^|8|||1^| Mercado brasllelro de sortware
panorama e tendnclas :io |+u|o ^8|:. ioo,
^|1O|||||. C |oc+||zco tcc|no|og|c+| c|+ngc. ncw |n|o:m+t|on tcc|no|ogy +no t|c |now|cogc-b+sco
cconomy t|c |u:o,c+n cv|ocncc ournal or Lvolutlonary Lconomlcs. vs. ni. , +;;-+,s. +,,s
^|C||8U|. |. :||||||. !c o|:cct mc+su:cmcnt o| |nnov+t|on t|c st+tc o| t|c +:t |n 1|U||ÛX. 8.
^||O||. |. COUC|O1. C (cos) |nnov+t|on +no |ntc:,:|sc C:c+t|on :t+t|st|cs +no |no|c+to:s |nnovatlon
apers. n +s. |U|O:1^1 (ioo+)
8|^||||:. v. :C||||. |. |O|O1|^. |. :^|OO|||. | (cos) Measurlng lnnovatlon ln OLCU and non-
OLCU Countrles selected eemlnar papers C+,c |own |:|C |:css. c|+, s. , +++-+ii. iooo
C| esqulsa sobre o uso das tecnologlas da lnrormao e comunlcao no 8rasll. 1lC domlclllos e 1lC
empresas, z006 C| :io |+u|o. ioo;
C||:8|OU|. | !c c:+ o| o,cn |nnov+t|on Ml1 Sloan Management kevlew. v ||. n ,. ioo,
C||:8|OU|. |. C|Ov1|||. ^ 8cyono ||g|-tcc| c+:|y +oo,tc:s o| o,cn |nnov+t|on |n ot|c:
|noust:|cs k8U Management. v ,o. n,. iooo
CO|||. |. ^|Û|O-|O||. 1 |ooc|os c concc,cs oc |nov+io + t:+ns|io oc ,+:+o|gm+s. + :c|o:m+
o+ C81 8:+s||c|:+ c + concc,io oc gcsto:cs oc um+ |nst|tu|io ,ub||c+ oc ,csu|s+ cm s+uoc Clncla e
Saude Coletlva. v s. n,. , ;i;-;|+
|cn |||1O. | |now|cogc |ntcns|vc bus|ncss sc:v|ccs +s co-,:ooucc:s o| |nnov+t|on lnternatlonal
ournal or lnnovatlon Management. v |. n |. , |,+-,is. iooo
|||||^|. |. ^||OU|. | :c:v|ccs +no t|c sc+:c| |o: :c|cv+nt |nnov+t|on |no|c+to:s + :cv|cw o| n+t|on+|
+no |ntc:n+t|on+| su:vcys Sclence and ubllc ollcy. v io. n |. , i+s-i,i. +,,,
|O|:O|. |. ^||. |. :^|1||. ^ !c |ntcns|c+t|on o| |nnov+t|on lnternatlonal ournal or
lnnovatlon Management. v o. n +. , ,,-s,. iooi
______ llnk, play, do. tecbnology. |nnov+t|on +no o:g+n|z+t|on |cw :o:| Ox|o:o Un|v |:css. ioo,
|V^|:. | Autonomla e parcerla. estados e transrormao lndustrlal ||o oc |+nc|:o |o|to:+ U|||. ioo|
|O:|. | Us|ng t|c os|o mct|ooo|ogy to mc+su:c |nnov+t|on t|c commun|ty |nnov+t|on su:vcy +,,:o+c|
|n|||||^|. C. |OUC^. | As tlme goes by. rrom tbe lndustrlal revolutlon to tbe lnrormatlon revolutlon
Ox|o:o Ox|o:o Un|v |:css. ioo+
!!!
|||||^|. C. |OUC^. |. ||||z. C :t:uctu:+| c:|scs o| +,ustmcnt bus|ncss cyc|cs +no |nvcstmcnt
bc|+v|ou: |n |O:|. . |||||^|. C. |||:O|. |. :||V||8||. . :O|1|. | 1ecbnlcal Cbange and
Lconomlc leory |onoon |:+nccs ||ntc:. +,ss
Ô. |. |U8^|C^8^. | |nnov+t|on +no |C1 |n sc:v|cc :ms tow+:os + mu|t|o|mcns|on+| +,,:o+c| |o:
|m,+ct +sscssmcnt ournal or Lvolutlonary Lconomlcs. vo| +;. n +. , i,-||. iooo
^||OU|. C. ^||OU|. | |co-sc|um,ctc:|+ns ,c:s,cct|vcs on |nnov+t|on |n sc:v|ccs |n 8O|||. |.
||||:. | (cos) Servlces and tbe knowledge-8ased Lconomy |onoon Cont|nuum. , i+-,;. iooo
O|||U::. |. |:1|||^. | |c+su:|ng |nnov+t|on m+||ng |nnov+t|on su:vcys wo:| |o: ocvc|o,|ng
count:|cs UNU-lN1LCl - 1ecbnology ollcy 8rlers. v |. n+. ioo,
O1z|||||. ^ Communlty lnnovatlon statlstlcs rrom todays Communlty lnnovatlon Surveys
to better surveys tomorrow. o:+|t ,+,c:. |uxcmbu:g. iooo ||s,on|vc| cm |tt,;;wwwoccoo:g;
o+t+occo;,;;,,;,;|s,,o+,o| ^ccsso cm o, nov ioo,
||||:. | :o|tw+:c st:+tcg|cs |n ocvc|o,|ng count:|cs Communlcatlons or tbe ACM. v |i. n o. , +,-io. +,,,
||||. C. |U||. | |nnov+t|on |n t|c sc:v|cc sccto: !c ocm+no |o: sc:v|cc-s,cc|c |nnov+t|on
mc+su:cmcnt concc,ts +no ty,o|og|cs kesearcb ollcy. n ,|. , ,+;-,,,. ioo,
|UO||:. !c 8ogot+ m+nu+| st+no+:o|s|ng |nnov+t|on |no|c+to:s |o: |+t|n ^mc:|c+ +no t|c
C+:|bbc+n |n 8|^||||:. v. :C||||. |. |O|O1|^. |. :^|OO|||. | (cos) Measurlng lnnovatlon ln
OLCU and Non-OLCU Countrles. Selected Semlnar apers C+,c |own |:|C |:css. c|+,tc: ++. , +o,-
+s+. iooo
|^|||::|. |. |O||||. | |nnov+t|on su:vcys +no |nnov+t|on ,o||cy |n CO||||||C| || |OU1| V||:
||:8O|. |uxcmbou:g. ioos aper presented |uxcmbou:g. ioos
||||:. |. |UC^1||. | !c o|us|on o| |n|o:m+t|on tcc|no|ogy |n |u:o,c. |n |uc+tc|. | (|os). Lmployment
and 1ecbnlcal Cbange ln Lurope. |ow+:o ||g+:. U|. +,,|
||||:. |. |UC^1||. |. 8O|||. | |nt:oouct|on +:c sc:v|ccs s,cc|+| |n 8O|||. |. ||||:. | Servlces
and le kowledge-8ased Lconomy |ooon Cont|nuum. , +-io. iooo
||||:. | |nnov+t|on |n :c:v|ccs |n |^||8||. |. |Ov||:. |. |||:O|. | le Oxrord landbook or
lnnovatlon |cw :o:| Ox|o:o Un|v|:css. c|+,tc: +o. , |,,-|,s. ioo,
______ |+ttc:ns o| |nnov+t|on |n :c:v|cc |noust:|cs l8M Systems ournal. v |;. n+. ioos
|||:O|. | v|y oo :ms o|c:. +no |ow oocs |t m+ttc: Strateglc Management ournal. v +i. , o+-;|. +,,+
O|^||:^1|O| |O| |CO|O||C CO-O|||^1|O| ^|| ||V||O||||1 :owt| |n sc:v|ccs |ostc:|ng
!!4
cm,|oymcnt. ,:oouct|v|ty +no |nnov+t|on Meetlng or tbe OLCU Councll at Mlnlsterlal Level |+:|s ioo,
______ Culdellnes ror collectlng and lnterpretlng lnnovatlon data |+:|s ioo,
______ lnnovatlon, patents and tecbnologlcal strategles |+:|s +,,o
______ roposed guldelnes ror collectlng and lnterpretlng tecbnologlcal lnnovatlon data - Oslo Manual.
i co|t|on |+:|s +,,;
______ le knowledge-based economy |+:|s +,,o
||||z. C |cw tcc|no|og|cs +no ocvc|o,mcnt |n |||||^|. C. |U||V^||. 8 (o|:) Small countrles
raclng tbe tecbnologlcal revolutlon |onoon ||ntc: |ub||s|c:s. , s,-,;. +,ss
______ :t:uctu:+| c|+ngc +no +ss|m||+t|on o| ncw tcc|no|og|cs |n t|c cconom|c +no soc|+| systcms
|utures. v+,. n ,. out. , ,,;-,;,. +,s,
______ 1ecbnlcal revolutlon and nanclal capltal. tbe dynamlcs or bubbles and golden ages C|c|tcn|+m
|ow+:o ||g+:. ioo,
|||||||O. ^. 1|||. | |conom|+ oo con|cc|mcnto c|cmcntos ,+:+ com,:ccnsio c ocs+os ,+:+ ,+|scs
cmc:gcntcs |n 1|||. | (coo:o) Clusters de sortware na Argentlna e no 8rasll. lUkC-|lacso - kelatorlo
de esqulsa ||s,on|vc| cm |tt,;;wwwcont|ncntco|g|t+|nct ^ccsso cm +o m+: ioo,
||C:1;O|^;C:1|| (|co |bc:o+mc:|c+n+ oc |no|c+oo:cs oc C|cnc|+ y 1ccno|og|+;O:g+n|z+c|on oc
|st+oos ^mc:|c+nos;|:og:+m+ C:1||) Normallzaclon de lndlcadores de lnnovaclon tecnologlca en
Amerlca Latlna y el Carlbe.Manual de 8ogota. ioo+
|O:||||O. || ^n+||sc o+ |noust:|+ b:+s||c|:+ oc so|tw+:c com b+sc cm um+ t+xonom|+ o+s cm,:cs+s
subs|o|os ,+:+ + ,o||t|c+ |noust:|+| kevlsta 8rasllelra de lnovao. v ,. n +. , +,;-io+. iooo
|O1|v|||. | 1ow+:os t|c |t|-gcnc:+t|on |nnov+t|on ,:occss lnternatlonal Marketlng kevlew. v ++. n
+. , ;-,+. +,,|
:O|1|. |. ||OzzO. | |ntc:n+t|on+||z+t|on o| sc:v|ccs + tcc|no|og|c+| ,c:s,cct|vc 1ecbnologlcal
|orecastlng and Soclal Cbange. v o;. n i. , +,,-+s,. ioo+
:1^|. | ^ |nov+io como +|+v+nc+ ,+:+ + |ntc:n+c|on+||z+io o c+so o+ m|c:os|g+ |n 8|||^|||:. |.
^||||^::|. 1 lnovao em servlos lntenslvos em conbeclmento :io |+u|o :+:+|v+. c+, +,. , ,s;-|o,.
ioo;
1|||. | Cesto da lnovao. a economla da tecnologla no 8rasll ||o oc |+nc|:o ||scv|c:. iooo
!!
1|||. |. |^|QU|:. | ^s,cctos cconom|cos oc| so|tw+:c c |m,||c+c|oncs ,+:+ ^mc:|c+ |+t|n+ |n
1|||. |. |^|QU|:. | (o:gs) Uesaos y oportunldades de la lndustrla de sortware para Amerlca Latlna.
8ogota. Ldltora Mayol. c+, +. , |-is. ioo,
______ ^mc:|c+ |+t|n+ cn |+ |noust:|+ g|ob+| oc so|tw+:c y sc:v|c|os un+ v|s|on oc con,unto |n 1|||. |.
|^|QU|:. | (o:gs) Uesaos y oportunldades de la lndustrla de sortware para Amerlca Latlna 8ogot+
|o|to:+ |+yo|. c+, s. , i,o-,,o. ioo,
1|||. |. |||||||O. ^. |^ |OV|||. |. |O|||U|:. |. 1||X|||^. |. ^|Û|O. :. |O||z. ^. |^|O:.
|. 8||COV|C|. | 8O1|||O. ^. 8^:1O:. Cluster de sortware na Argentlna e no 8rasll |||C;||+cso
|c|+to:|o oc |csu|s+. ioo, ||s,on|vc| cm |tt,;;wwwcont|ncntco|g|t+|nct ^ccsso cm +o m+: ioo,
1O||OV||. |. 1UO|||||. 1 |mc:gcncc o| |nnov+t|on |n sc:v|ccs Servlce lndustrles ournal. v i,. n;.
, ss;-,oi. ioo,
1O||||:O|. | ^ ncw :o|c |o: bus|ncss sc:v|ccs |n cconom|c g:owt| |n ^|C||8U|. |. |U|V^||. 8
(cos) le globallzlng learnlng economy Ox|o:o Un|vc:s|ty |:css. , ,,-+o;. iooi
V|O11|. |. |^C||O. | (o:gs) |no|c+oo:cs oc c|cnc|+. tccno|og|+ c |nov+io no 8:+s|| C+m,|n+s
Un|c+m,. ioo,
vO||| 8^|| ||:1|1U1| 8ulldlng knowledge economles. advanced strategles ror development
v+s||ngton ioo;
!!6
Anexo
u+o|o,-^||c+iooo|O|||+oC+so||+s||c||o
O
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e
m

C
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c
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p
a
l

p
r
o
d
u
t
o
}
n
l
c
b
o
Caracterlstlcas
lntrlnslcas e
dlrerencladoras
Condles
de mercado
erspectlva de empresas locals
brasllelras e subsldlarlas de C1N`s
U
l
r
e
r
e
n
t
e
s

p
e
r
s
p
e
c
t
l
v
a
s
Opes de
estrategla
adres de
lnovao
(dlmenses)
1oplcos
lndlcadores
de lnovao
|
+
c
|
o
n
+
|
Software
|+cotc
|o||z;
vc|t
High tech
con|cc|mcnto
cscc|+||z+oo
+o|on|z+io
(+cotcs|o||z;
vc|t)b+|x+|ntc-
|+t|vcomc||cntc
(|oouz|oo
|cv|+mcntc
+oconsumo)
|+||c||+soc
csc+|++|tos
|nvcst|mvc|t|-
c+||z+ioc|c|to
oc|cocoom|-
n|oocC|`s
|cut+io
m+|o|otcn-
c|+|c;|||
|o|t+|ccc|v|n-
cu|os|nst|tu-
c|on+|sc++-
c|t+iooc+|to
n|vc|+||+n+s
+|+c+tu|+|
v+nt+gcnsoc
csc+|+(joint
ventures)mc|-
c+oo|ntc|no
Concc|to(sc|v|-
oscmooosoc
o|g+n|z+|so|u-
ocs)|ntc||+cc
s|stcnt|cg+tcc-
no|og|+muo+n-
+sgc|cnc|+|s
co|g+n|z
^|cno|z+oo;c++-
c|t+io(|CO|
|V)|novconcc|to
(too+s)|ntc||+cc
s|stcnt|cg+gc|cn-
c|+|sco|g+n|z+-
c|on+|s(|+nc,+-
mcntomarketing
||c+t|vm+|s
+m|+slinkages
|o|m+|sc|n|o|-
m+|s)|+to|cs|nst|-
tuc|on+|s(com|+s
gov|nccnt|vos
sc+|sb+||c||+s)
|
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+
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+
c
|
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+
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|
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c
s
m
c
|
c
+
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c|v|os
b+|xoV^
Low techcon|c-
c|mcntotccn|co
|ot|n+s|cct|t|-
v+so|vc|s|o+oc
b+|x+|ntc|+t|v
noocscnv
||v|ccnt|+o+
concb+sc-
+o+cm|cos
mcno||cs-
sioocC|`s
comct|tb+s
nocustoo+
mioocob|+
|s|o|+|v+nt+-
gcnsoccusto
m|ntc|no
c||cntcsmcno-
|csc++-
c|t+|+t||+|
|ovc|tooc
outsourcing
|ntc||+cccom
c||cntcn+cnt|cg+
s|stcnt|cg+|C
b+s|c+muo+n-
+sgc|cnc|+|s
co|g+n|z
^|cno|z+oo;c++-
c|t+io(|C)|nov
concc|to(too+s)
|ntc||+ccs|st
cnt|cg+gc|cnc|+|s
co|g|+to|cs|ns-
t|tuc|on+|s(|nccn-
t|vosc+|scc|t|-
c+iob+||c||+s)
c|v|os
+|toV^
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con|cc|mcnto
cscc|+||z+oo
c+b|+ngcntc
custum|z+io
moou|+||z+io
+|t+|ntc|+t|v|-
o+oco|vc|s|o+oc
^mc++oc
cnt|+o+oc
C|`s|cu-
t+iomarke-
tingcsc+|+
vcmg+n|+noo
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(moou|+||z+io)
||sco(+ss|mct||+
oc|n|o|m+io
c|ncc|tcz+
Marketing
ocscnvoc
comctcnc|+
cscc||c+b|+n-
gcntcsoss|b
comoutsour-
cing|o|t+|ccc|
v|ncu|oscom
+to|cs|oc+|s
t|+ns+|cn-
c|+||o+|com
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ccmct||c+s)
Concc|to(sc|vc
mooosoco|g)
|ntc||+ccs|st
cnt|cg+tccno|o-
g|+sostgc|cncc
o|g(|o|m+||z+io
cco|+bo|+io)
^|cno|z+oo;c++-
c|t+io(|CO|
|V)|novcon-
cc|to(too+s)|ntc|-
|+ccs|stcnt|cg+
gc|cnc|+|sco|g+-
n|z+c|on+|s(|+-
nc,+mcnto||c
+t|vm+|s+m|+s
linkages)|+to|cs
|nst|tuc(|nccn-
t|voscom|+s
govcc|t|c+io
b+||c||+ssugcs-
tocsoco||t|c+)
!!7
O
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g
e
m

C
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c
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p
a
l

p
r
o
d
u
t
o
}
n
l
c
b
o
Caracterlstlcas
lntrlnslcas e
dlrerencladoras
Condles
de mercado
erspectlva de empresas locals
brasllelras e subsldlarlas de C1N`s
U
l
r
e
r
e
n
t
e
s

p
e
r
s
p
e
c
t
l
v
a
s
Opes de
estrategla
adres de
lnovao
(dlmenses)
1oplcos
lndlcadores
de lnovao
|
s
t
|
+
n
g
c
|
|
o
Software
|+cotc
|ocm+c|m+ |ocm+c|m+
C++c|t+io
+|++bso|vc|
con|cc|mo+
m+t||zcmc||o-
|+|n|vc|oc
+|t|c|+io
nos|st(csc-
c|+|mcntcsc|v
ocsuo|tc)
m+|c+g|ob+|
Concc|to(mooos
oco|gso|uocs)
|ntc||+cccom
c||cntcnocon-
sumos|tcnt|cg+
tccno|gc|cnc|+|s
co|g+n|z+c|o-
n+|s(marketing)
^|cno|z+oo;
c++c|t+io|nov
concc|to(mooos
oco|g)|ntc||+cc
s|stcnt|cg+gc|cn-
c|+|sco|g+n|z+c|o-
n+|st|+ns|c|cnc|+
occon|cc|mcnto
(m+t||z-subs|o)
|+to|cs|nst|tuc|o-
n+|s(|nccnt|vos
b+||c||+scscc|+|-
mcntc|o||c-
o+oc|ntc|cctu+|)) |
m
|
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|
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|
+
|
|
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+|++bso|vc|
con|cc|mo+
m+t||zcmc||o-
|+|n|vc|oc
+|t|c|+iono
s|stlinkages
m+|c+g|ob+|
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so|uocs|ntc|-
|+cccomc||cntc
n+cnt|cg+s|st
cnt|cg+|C
b+s|c+gc|co|g
^|cno|z+oo;
c++c|t+io|nov
concc|to(too+s)
|ntc||+ccs|st
cnt|cg+gc|cnc|+|s
co|g+n|z+c|on+|s
(linkages)t|+ns|c-
|cnc|+occon|c-
c|mcnto(m+t||z-
subs|o)|+to|cs
|nst|tuc(|nccnt|-
vosb+||c||+s)
c|v|os
+|toV^
Marketing
ocscnvoccom-
ctcnc|+cscc||
c+b|+ngoss|b
comoutsour-
cing|o|t+|c-
cc|linkages
m+|c+g|ob+|
Concc|to|s(sc|v
cmooosoc
o|g)|ntc||+cc
cnt|cg+tccno-
|og|+gc|cnc|+|s
co|g(linkages)
^|cno|z+oo;c++-
c|t+io(|CO|
|V)|novconcc|to
(too+s)gc|cnc|+|s
co|g+n|z+c|on+|s
(linkages)t|+ns|c-
|cnc|+occon|c-
c|mcnto(m+t||z-
subs|o)|+to|cs
|nst|tuc(|nccnt|-
vosb+||c||+s)
Fonte: ||+bo:+io ,:o,:|+
!!8
!!9
Indicadores de inovao: dimenses relacionadas aprendizagem
4. Indicadores de inovao: dimenses relacionadas
aprendizagem
Jos Eduardo Cassiolato
75
e Fabio Stallivieri
76
4.1. Introduo
|+o++c|csccntc|c|cvnc|+o+c|cnc|+tccno|og|+c|nov+iocomoc|cmcntos-c|+vcs+|+oocscn-
vo|v|mcnto oc cm|cs+s |noust||+s |cg|ocs c +|scs su|gc + ncccss|o+oc o+ com|ccnsio c oo
mon|to|+mcntooos|occssosoc|oouioo||usiocusooccon|cc|mcntosc|cnt|costccno|o-
g|+sc|nov+ocs+ss|mcomooos|+to|csucos|nucnc|+mcocsu+sconscucnc|+s|csscscnt|oo
ousoc+const|uiooc|no|c+oo|csocC|cnc|+ccno|og|+c|nov+io(C|)siooc|uno+mcnt+|
|mo|tnc|++|+omc||o|cntcno|mcntooos|occssos|nov+t|vosucoco||cmcmc+o++|sbcm
como+|+o||cc|on+|cmon|to|+|+|o|mu|+iooco||t|c+s|noust||+|sctccno|og|c+sucv|scmc|c-
v+|u+||t+t|v+cu+nt|t+t|v+mcntcog|+uoc|nov+t|v|o+occcmconscucnc|++comct|t|v|o+oc
ocum+|cg|ioouocumoctc|m|n+oo+|s
|c|ccbc-sccm|unioocss+c|csccntc|mo|tnc|++|o|||c|+iooccstuoos|c|+c|on+oos+ousoc
+n+||scoc|no|c+oo|csocC||o|cmoc|o|m+gc|+|+m+|o||+ooscstuoosniot|+t+o+sucstocs
|c|+c|on+o+s+os|ob|cm+so+u+nt|c+io;mco|ioocss+so|mcnsocscs|m|csmcntc+oot+m
umcon,untooc|no|c+oo|csuc++|cntcmcntcsio+m|+mcntc+cc|tosc|+||tc|+tu|+m+|st|+o|-
c|on+|ccomb+scncsscsocscnvo|vcm+n+||scscom+|+t|v+soc+|scs|cg|ocsscto|csccm|cs+s
bcmcomoo|+gnost|cossob|c+o|nm|c+oos|stcm+s|+c|on+|soc|nov+io(||)|ss+s+n+||scs
+c+b+m+bst|+|nooucstocs|c|cv+ntcs|c|c|cntcso|cu|o+oc|m||c|t+ocsccom+|+|c+tcgo||+s
mu|t+svczcso|st|nt+s+|cmoct|+zc|cmum+v|sios|m||st+o+|nov+io+ssum|noogc|+|mcntc+
|oc|+oomooc|o||nc+|oc|nov+io
;;
onoccst+cons|stccmum+tocniocmum|occsso
75 |osc |ou+:oo C+ss|o|+to c oouto: cm cconom|+ ,c|+ Un|vc:s|o+oc oc :usscx (|ng|+tc::+) c ,:o|csso: oo |nst|tuto oc
|conom|+ o+ U|||
76 |+b|o :t+|||v|c:| c oouto: cm cconom|+ ,c|+ Un|vc:s|o+oc |coc:+| ||um|ncnsc c ,:o|csso: o+ |+cu|o+oc oc |conom|+ o+
mcsm+ un|vc:s|o+oc
77 Ut|||z+noo |no|c+oo:cs oc Input- g+stos cm |8| - c Output - numc:o oc ,+tcntcs. ,+:+ c+:+ctc:|z+: + +t|v|o+oc |nov+t|v+
!z0
Jos Eduardo Cassiolato e Fabio Stallivieri
|mcont|++|t|o+omooc|os|stcm|cooc|nov+ioc|+m+++tcnio+|+o|+toocuc+scm|cs+s
nio|nov+m|so|+o+mcntcm+sgc|+|mcntco|+zcmnocontcxtoocums|stcm+oc|cocsoc|c|+-
ocso||ct+sou|no||ct+scomout|+scm|cs+scom+|n||+cst|utu|+occsu|s+ub||c+c||v+o+
com+s|nst|tu|ocsoccns|noccsu|s+com+cconom|+n+c|on+|c|ntc|n+c|on+|ccomos|stcm+
no|m+t|vocumcon,untoocout|+s|nst|tu|ocs|css+v|sio+so|mcnsocs|c|+c|on+o+s+|cno|-
z+gcm+ss+m++|cscnt+|m+|o||c|cvnc|+to|n+oo-scum+v+||+vc|c|+vc+|+ocntcno|mcnto
oos|occssos|nov+t|vosoc+|scs|cg|ocsccm|cs+s
|m |unio o+ |c|cvnc|+ o+s o|vc|s+s o|mcnsocs oos |occssos oc +|cno|z+gcm +|+ os |occs-
sos|nov+t|vosto|n+-scoc|uno+mcnt+||mo|tnc|+com|ccnoc|u+||t+t|v+cu+nt|t+t|v+mcntc
csscs|occssos|css+|t+-scuc+|nsc|ioo+so|mcnsocs|c|+c|on+o+s+|cno|z+gcmn++n+||sc
|cctcum+v+no+n+||t|con+sugcstiocc|+bo|+iooc|no|c+oo|csocC|^||mc||+gc|+io
oc|no|c+oo|csoc|nov+io|oc+v+cxc|us|v+mcntc+so|mcnsocs|c|+c|on+o+ss+t|v|o+ocsoc||
(comoinputo++t|v|o+oc|nov+t|v+)c+tcntcscub||c+ocsc|cnt|c+s(como outputocssc|o-
ccsso) ^ v|sio uc cmb+s+v+ cssc ||mc||o con,unto oc |no|c+oo|cs cons|st|+ cm c+|+ctc||z+| +
|nov+iocomoum|occsso||nc+|^scguno+gc|+iooc|no|c+oo|cssu|gc++|t||o+c||t|c++o
mooc|o||nc+|oc|nov+ion+u+|+|m+ocscmcn|+o+c|ocum+s|m|csusu+||+octccno-
|og|+c+tccno|og|+sccomo|t+comoum+mc|c+oo||+oocnoosc|+ou|||o+nomc|c+ooCom
b+scn+c||t|c++omooc|o||nc+|oc|nov+io|||ncc|oscnbc|g(+,se)|oocmomooc|oc|ooc
c+oc|+uccn|+t|z++conccioocuc+|nov+ioc|csu|t+ooocum|occssooc|ntc|+iocnt|c
+soo|tun|o+ocsocmc|c+ooc+b+scoccon|cc|mcntosc+sc++c|t+ocso+|m+|o|m+tc|-
cc||+ gc|+io oc |no|c+oo|cs tcm busc+oo c+|+ctc||z+| um+ octc|m|n+io +|no+ m+|s com|cx+
+m|+co|vc|s|c+o+oo|occsso|nov+t|vo|csscscnt|oo++bo|o+gcmoc|stcm+s|+c|on+|soc
|nov+io|nt|oouz+c|scct|v+ocuc++n+||scoo|occssooc|oouioo||usiocusoocCc
|nov+ioocv+cons|oc|+|+|nucnc|+s|mu|tnc+oc|+to|cso|g+n|z+c|on+|s|nst|tuc|on+|scccono-
m|cos
;s
|cncstcu|t|mocon,untooc|no|c+oo|cs;mctooo|og|+suc+so|mcnsocs|c|+c|on+o+s+os
|occssosoc+|cno|z+gcmsiot|+t+o+socm+nc||+m+|s|o|uno+
^ss|moob,ct|voocstcc+|tu|ocons|stccmum++n+||scuc|ocnt|uc+so|mcnsocs|c|cv+ntcs
+ sc|cm c+t+o+s o| |no|c+oo|cs oc +|cno|z+gcm |+|+ t+nto cstc tcxto cst+ o|v|o|oo cm m+|s
c|nco to|cos +|cm ocst+ b|cvc |nt|oouio ^ scguno+ scio busc+ |ocnt|c+| c s|stcm+t|z+| os
||nc|+|scs|o|osocscnvo|v|oosnoscnt|ooocsugc|||umcon,untooc|no|c+oo|css|stcm|cosoc
|nov+ioucc+tcm+sc+|+ctc||st|c+so++|cno|z+gcm|+tc|cc||+sciosioocst+c+o+s+|gum+s
o|mcnsocs|c|cv+ntcs+|+ocntcno|mcntooos|occssosoc+|cno|z+gcm|m++n+||sccm|||c+
78 |io c ob,ct|vo ocstc t:+b+||o +,:cscnt+: +s c+:+ctc:|st|c+s oc c+o+ gc:+io oc |no|c+oo:cs oc |nov+io com um o||+: c:|t|co oos
mcsmos 1+| cs|o:o ,ooc sc: cncont:+oo cm C+ss|o|+to ct +|| (.00s)
!z!
b+sc+o+n+sugcstioocumcon,untooc|no|c+oo|csoc+|cno|z+gcmc|+bo|+oos++|t||o+||ntcc
c+|cscnt+o+n+u+|t+scio|o|m+u|nt+scio+|cscnt++|gum+scons|oc|+ocsn+|s
noscnt|ooococst+c+|umcon,untoocucstocsucocvcmsc|c|uc|o+o+s+|+omc||o|cntcno|-
mcntooos|occssosoc+|cno|z+gcm
4.2. Esforos internacionais para a elaborao de indicadores
sistmicos de inovao e as dimenses captadas dos processos
de aprendizagem
Ocntcno|mcntoo+|nov+iocomoum|occssos|stcm|couccnvo|vc++|t|c|+iooco|vc|sos
+to|cscc|nucnc|+ooc|o+mb|cntco|g+n|z+c|on+||nst|tuc|on+|ccconom|co|cv++cs|o|osoc
const|uiooc|no|c+oo|csucc+tcmcss+scscc|c|o+ocs|m|ob|cm+|mco|+toocmcnsu|+|
|nov+iocuc+mcsm+co|ocn|ionov|o+oc|+c||+iooc+|gonovou+||t+t|v+mcntco|
mc|ooc|occssosoc+|cno|z+oococconst|uiooccon|cc|mcntouccnvo|vcmmuo+n+soc
comctcnc|+scocc++c|o+ocs(|||.oo,+|,)|cnt|cos|ob|cm+sccnt|+|soos|no|c+oo|csoc
|nov+ioocst+c+-sc+ocn|ioooob,ctoucsc|+mcnsu|+ooos|gn|c+ooooconcc|toocmcn-
su|+ioc+con+n+gc|+|ooso||c|cntcst|osocmcnsu|+io
|mtc|mosoc|no|c+oo|css|stcm|cosoc|nov+ioosocs+oscons|stcmcm+)o+|cont+oc|ocnt|-
c+|+scucn+smuo+n+s|c|+t|v+s+oocscmcn|ooc|ooutosucno|ongo|+zooocmcxc|-
cc| cons|oc|+vc| |m+cto cconom|co b) o+| cont+ o+ v+||co+oc oc |nsumos nio occo||cntcs o+s
+t|v|o+ocsoc||+|+o|occssooc|nov+iocomo+t|v|o+ocsocdesignocscnvo|v|mcntocm
cngcn|+||+ccxc||mcnt+iot|c|n+mcntocx|o|+ioocmc|c+oos+|+out|os|ooutos|o|m+s
oc|nc|cmcntoo++|cno|z+gcmcnt|cout|os^|cmo|sso|++|cocu+ioocucos|no|c+oo|cs
c+s|n|o|m+ocsco|ct+o+socvcmcst+|oc+co|oocom+ss|tu+ocsn+c|on+|sc|oc+|sucscocsc,+
mcnsu|+|(CO|||.ooe)^busc+c|+com+|+b|||o+oc|ntc|n+c|on+|tcmco|oc+oocmscgunoo
|+no+scscc|c|o+ocsn+c|on+|sucocvcmsc|cons|oc|+o+sn+const|uiooc|no|c+oo|cs
|o|t+nto como ocst+c+oo um con,unto oc |no|c+oo|cs s|stcm|cos oc |nov+io ocvc ncccss+||+-
mcntcc+t+|o|mcnsocsucvio+|cmo+s+t|v|o+ocsoc||o|cxcm|o||m|csc|no|vc|ucsc
ocscnvo|v+mmcc+n|smosucvc||ucmcomoocon|cc|mcntoc||cu|+cnt|cos+gcntcsuc|ntc-
g|+mum|stcm+|+c|on+|oc|nov+iocu+|s+s|o|m+soc+|cno|z+gcmut|||z+o+so|cstcs+gcn-
tcs|csscscnt|oooocmosocst+c+|ot|+b+||oocC|u||+n|c|c||(.oo,)nou+|os+uto|csbusc+m
|ocnt|c+|+s|o|m+socc||cu|+ioo++|cno|z+gcmnoclusterv|n|co|+ooC|||c|cssct|+b+||oos
!zz
+uto|csocscnvo|vcmt|csg|uosoc|no|c+oo|cs|c|+c|on+oos+c++c|o+oco+s|m+scm+bso|vc|
con|cc|mcntos|ntc|nos+oclusterosuo|tctccn|co+|+++u|s|iooccon|cc|mcntoscx|stcntcs
noclusterc+c++c|o+ococ+bso|ioo+s|m+soccon|cc|mcntosgc|+oos|o|+oocluster.
^|no+ cm |c|+io +o ocscnvo|v|mcnto oc |no|c+oo|cs s|stcm|cos oc |nov+io out|o onto uc
mc|ccc ocst+uc |c|c|c-sc +o uso o+s mctooo|og|+s ocscnvo|v|o+s nos +|scs o+ OC|| c o |oco
ocst+s | |+to uc css+s mctooo|og|+s |o|+m ocscnvo|v|o+s +|+ c+t+| um+ |c+||o+oc cscc|c+
n+u+|+cst|utu|+|oout|v+t+ntocmtc|mosscto||+|scomocmtc|mos|cg|on+|scmu|tom+|s
|omogcnc+nioscobsc|v+nooc|cv+o+so|sc|socs|o||+s||css+|c+||o+occcom|ct+mcntco|s-
t|nt+comc|cv+o+|ctc|ogcnc|o+ocscto||+|c|cg|on+||o|cxcm|oC+ss|o|+toet all(.ooe)cmum
cstuoosob|cs|stcm+s|oout|vos|oc+|sno||+s||+tu+noon+s+t|v|o+ocsoccon|ccocsvc||cou+
cx|stcnc|+occ|cv+o+|ctc|ogcnc|o+occmtc|mosococscmcn|ocs|o|o|nov+t|vococcst|+tc-
g|+soc+|cno|z+gcmmost|+noouc+sc+|+ctc||st|c+scscc|c+socc+o+|cg|iooc||m|t+m+s|o|-
m+socsscs|occssoscmum+|ntcns|o+ocm+|sc|cv+o+uc+sc+|+ctc||st|c+sscto||+|s|omcsmo
scnt|oo|||ttoet all (.ooe)cmcstuoosob|c+|noust||+ocsoftwareno||+s|||ocnt|couc|cv+o+
o|sc|siocm|c|+io+oscs|o|osc|csu|t+oos+|c+n+ooscom+s+t|v|o+ocs|nov+t|v+socst+c+noo
ocss+|o|m++c|cv+o+|ctc|ogcnc|o+occx|stcntcnoscto|cmtc|mos|cg|on+|s|sscscstuoosocs-
t+c+m+|nucnc|+o+scscc|c|o+ocs|cg|on+|sn+congu|+iooos|occssosoc+|cno|z+gcm
|cvc-sctc|consc|cnc|+ocucosob,ct|vosc|scgu|oosc|os|no|c+oo|csocscn|+oosnos+|scso+
OC||oocmniov||+ocncont|oo+sncccss|o+ocsc|ntc||og+ocs|c|c|cntcs|c+||o+ocoos+|scs
cmocscnvo|v|mcnto||cs|ocu|+mc+t+|c+v+||+|um+|c+||o+occscc|c+comoo|cxcm|o+
cc+c|+o+so||t|c+s|m|cmcnt+o+sn+|n|io|u|oc|+|o||+s||csscs|occssos+ssumcmout|+s
c+|+ctc||st|c+s c cm mu|tos c+sos |+o|c+|mcntc o||c|cntcs o+s vc||c+o+s nos +|scs o+ OC||
|o|t+nto c |uno+mcnt+| +|+ um mc||o| cntcno|mcnto o+ |c+||o+oc |oc+| uc sc ocscnvo|v+m
cs|o|os oc +o+t+io o+s mctooo|og|+s ,+ |m|cmcnt+o+s nos +|scs ocscnvo|v|oos c no ||m|tc
sc ocscnvo|v+ um+ mctooo|og|+ cscc|c+ |cv+noo cm cons|oc|+io +s cscc|c|o+ocs |oc+|s ^
scgu||sios|ntct|z+o+s+|gum+scont||bu|ocs|cccntcsuctcnt+m+v+n+|n+const|uiooc|no|-
c+oo|css|stcm|cosoc|nov+iococc+t+|+sc+|+ctc||st|c+soos|occssosoc+|cno|z+gcm
Blue Sky l e ll
^||mc||++t|v|o+ocBlue Skyouoos|ovos|no|c+oo|csocCoco||cucm+,,ecm|+||sscnooum+
|n|c|+t|v+oo|||(|ational Experts on Science and Technology Indicators)o+OC||^Con|c|cnc|+
|cun|u +|ox|m+o+mcntc .oo csu|s+oo|cs +c+ocm|cos cst+t|st|cos c policy makers |ss+ |cun|io
!z!
oco||cucmumc||ooooct|+ns|iooocntcno|mcntooo|occsso|nov+t|voscnoouccstc+ssou
+sc||ccon|cc|oocomo|occssos|stcm|co|cv+noo+o+b+noonooomooc|o||nc+|Os|csu|t+ooso+
con|c|cnc|+|o|nccc|+mum+m|ocon,untooc+|ox|m+ocs+|+um+v|sios|stcm|c+oc|nov+io
tcnoocomo|mo|t+ntcocsoob|+mcntocm|||cooCommunity Innovation Survey(C|)n+|u|o+
|cnt|c+s||nc|+|sc||t|c+s+oBlue Sky|cst+oconscnsoocuco+|c+bouocst|utu|+|+|++C
c|m+nccc||+cst+t|cono|utu|o|ssoc|+b+sc+oon++cc|t+ioo+|nov+iocomoum+|mo|t+ntc
|ontcocv+nt+gcmcom+|+t|v++|+os+|scsocscnvo|v|oosoucc|+cm+|tc|nucnc|+ooc|+
tco||+ooc|csc|mcntooomainstreamoocomcooos+nos,o(CO||CC||^.ooe)|cnt|c+s||ocs
+|cno|o+stcvc-sc+)ncmtoo+s+s|oc|+soocmouocvcmsc|ocscnvo|v|o+sc|m|cmcnt+o+s
||nc|+|mcntctcnoocmv|st++||m|t+ioo|+mcnt+||+oosgovc|nosb)|no|c+oo|csocC|nio
cstio|cst||tost|+o|c|on+|+|c+occ|cnc|+ctccno|og|+|oss|vc|cnumc|+|+v+nos|cccntcscm
out|+s+|c+succont||bucm+|+ocntcno|mcntooosuxosco+b+scoccon|cc|mcntot|+ns-
|o|m+noo-sccm|no|c+oo|csucbusc+mc+t+|oc+|+tc|s|stcm|cooo|occsso|nov+t|vocomo
o|cxcm|o|o|m+scc+|+ctc||st|c+soos|occssosoc+|cno|z+gcmcst|m+ocso+|oout|v|o+oc
cst+t|st|c+scouc+c|on+|sccs|o|osocc++c|t+iooc||cst+t|st|c+so+soc|co+oco+|n|o|m+io
cst+t|st|c+soccm|cs+smu|t|n+c|on+|scnt|cout|os
^||mc||+con|c|cnc|+Blue Skyo||g|nouum++gcno+oc+t|v|o+ocs+sc|cmscgu|o+s+)mc||o|+|
+ com|ccnsio o+ mob|||o+oc oos |ccu|sos |um+nos +|+ C b) +com+n|+| + c||cu|+io oo
con|cc|mcntonio|nco|o|+ooc+v+||+|ov+|o|cconom|coo+|nov+ioo|mc|ooousooccst+-
t|st|c+soc+tcntcsc)csbo+|+s+t|v|o+ocsc|cocsooss|stcm+socc|cnc|++t|+vcso+b|b||omct||+
o) |nvcst|g+| + |unoo +s +t|v|o+ocs oc |nov+io oc +t|v|o+ocs oc sc|v|os sc|cc|on+o+s c) cstuo+|
o |occsso oc |nov+io +o n|vc| o+ |m+ +|t|cu|+|mcntc +s cucn+s cm|cs+s |) mcnsu|+| +
|ntc|n+c|on+||z+ioo+s+t|v|o+ocsocC+t|+vcsoc|n|o|m+ocsoccm|cs+smu|t|n+c|on+|scoc
+tcntcsg)const|u|||no|c+oo|cs+|+o||t|c+scscc|c+socCcomo+gcnc|os|o+ocoos|nccn-
t|vossc+|s+|+||
O Blue Sky sc t|+ns|o|mou cm s|non|mo oc cns+| oc |o|m+ c||+t|v+ scm |o||zontc oc ||m|tcs
+|+oocscnvo|v|mcntoocnovos|no|c+oo|csocC|^scguno+con|c|cnc|+Blue Skycomoob,c-
t|vooc|o|mu|+|um+nov+gc|+iooc|no|c+oo|csocC|+contcccunoC+n+o+cm.ooetcnoo
oocs+oocb+|+ncc+|oocscnvo|v|mcntoocnovos|no|c+oo|csc|ccns+|os+nt|gos^con|c|cnc|+
|o|cst|utu|+o+cmto|nooco|totcm+suc+b+|xosios|ntct|z+oos
+) C|ob+||z+ioo+s+t|v|o+ocsoccsu|s+c|cocs
b) Com|ccnoc|+n+tu|cz+cmmoo|c+ioo+c|cnc|+c|nov+iocscu|m+cto
c) C+tu|+nooov+|o|o+csu|s+c|nov+io
!z4
o) |ccu|sos|um+noscmc|cnc|+ctccno|og|+cuxosg|ob+|soccon|cc|mcnto
c) Const|u|nooc+|t+|oocon|cc|mcntoc|cnt|co
|) ^|c+scmc|gcntcsmu|t|o|sc|||n+|csocC||Csb|otccno|og|+n+notccno|og|+cnc|-
g|+ctccno|og|++|+cxt|+iooc|ccu|sos
g) |+no|+m+o+c|cnc|+c|nov+io|cg|ocs+to|csctcm+s
|) |ovos|no|c+oo|cs+|+o||t|c+soc|nov+io
O Crupo de Aalborg o projeto UlSkO
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|||O|ssc|o,ctot|n|+comoob,ct|voocscnvo|vc|um+mctooo|og|+occsu|s+|c|+c|on+o+
co|ct+oco+ooscostc||o||m|cmcnt+iooc|no|c+oo|cs+|+++n+||scoos|occssosoc|nov+io
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|o Os cs|o|os |c|+c|on+oos u+||c+io oc || c +o ocscnvo|v|mcnto oc nov+s c++c|t+ocs
oc||v+o+so+s+t|v|o+ocscooc|+t|v+s+ss+m+sc|ccnt|+|sn++n+||sc|mumscgunoomomcnto
o |o,cto |||O busc+ |nco|o|+| o|mcnsocs |c|+c|on+o+s +os ocm+|s subs|stcm+s uc |ntcg|+m
o || ||nc|+|mcntc +s |c|+c|on+o+s +o ocscnvo|v|mcnto oc c++c|t+ocs us+noo como proxy
+sc+|+ctc||st|c+soomc|c+oooct|+b+||o(u+||c+io|o|m+|o+mioocob|+cs|o|osoct|c|n+-
mcnto|c|+c|on+ooscom+|n||+cst|utu|+|cscntcno+|s+|++|c+||z+iooosmcsmos|o|m+oc
c||cu|+iooc||u+||c+ooscnt|c+scm|cs+sctc)
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+bso|ioucsc||+ncccss+||++|+ucos+|scs+bso|vcsscmosuxosoc|n|o|m+iococcon|c-
c|mcnto Co|cn c |cv|nt|+| (+,,o) ocncm + c++c|o+oc oc +bso|io como + c++c|o+oc o+
|m+ oc |ccon|ccc| nov+s |n|o|m+ocs +ss|m||+-|+s c +||c+-|+s + ns comc|c|+|s O |nvcst|mcnto
cmcsu|s+b+s|c+cst+||+cont||bu|noo+|++c++c|o+ococ+bso|ioouoc+|cno|z+ooo+
|m+oc|o|m+ucsu+|c+||z+io,ust|c+v+-scmcsmo|cv+noo-sccmcont+ucos|csu|t+ooscm
+|gum+|oo|iot|+nsbo|o+||+m+|+ooom|n|oub||co^|cmoom+|sc|m|t|||+muc+s|-
m+sg+n|+sscmv+nt+gcnso|s+||n+||cntc(|st-movc|)ou+|no+o|+g||cm|+|o+mcntccomo
sccono-movc|sum+vczuccst+||+mconvc|tcnooocon|cc|mcntocmv+nt+gcmcomct|t|v+
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ocum+|soccnoc||+o+s|nst|tu|ocso||t|c+scomc|c|+|s|noust||+|scn+ncc||+s+ss|mcomo
ocsu+s|ntc|+ocs|ssc+||+n,ooss|b|||t+ucos+|scscx|o|cm+stccno|og|+scx|stcntcscc|cntc-
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O|ocooc+n+||scoog|uooc^+|bo|gco+|cno|z+oocnioocon|cc|mcntoOcon|cc|mcnto
c um |ccu|so ccnt|+| c um |+to| oc ocscnvo|v|mcnto m+s o uc m+|s |mo|t+ c + c++c|o+oc
oc|oouz|-|oo|sscm|n+-|ocut|||z+-|o|cncmolearning devidecomoscnoo+|n||+cst|utu|++s
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gc|cnc|+mcnto oo con|cc|mcnto c oc +|cno|z+oo uc |cmctcm +|+ o||c|cntcs o|mcnsocs o+
c++c|o+oc|oc+|oc+bso|vc|con|cc|mcntocxtc|no(+)mooc|ob+sc+oon+cxc||cnc|+(|||)(.)
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comb|n+ioo+c++c|o+ococ+bso|iocn|+|z+o+n+sc++c|o+ocscmc|cnc|+c+sc++c|o+ocs
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soc|+|suc|nc|ucmousoc|ct|vooo+|cno|z+oon+s|+t|c+so|g+n|z+c|on+|sucsioncccss+||+s
nocontcxtooccconom|+g|ob+||z+o+oocon|cc|mcnto
Omooc|o|(c|cncccc|no|ogy|nnov+t|on)ossu|+sscgu|ntcsc+|+ctc||st|c+s
+) cst|+tcg|+soc|nov+iocomcn|+scno+ccsso||c+ocon|cc|mcntocoo|c+oo
b) o con|cc|mcnto c t|+t+oo como |n|o|m+io c ooc sc| t|+nsm|t|oo n+ |o|m+
coo|c+o+
c) osoc+|t+mcntosoc||ocg|+nocscm|cs+socscmcn|+mo+c|||nc|+|um+vcz
uc|+zcm+m|ousooocon|cc|mcntoc|cnt|co
o) ou|+ntc o |occsso oc busc+ c ncccss+||o + |ntc|+io c feedback com c oos otcnc|+|s
usu+||os
c) os|csu|t+oos|ntc|mco|+||osocvcmsc|+|cscnt+ooscmum+||ngu+gcmucosotcn-
c|+susu+||ososs+mcntcnoc|
|) n+mco|+cstcmooc|omcsmouc|n|c|ccomum|ob|cm+|oc+||+|+usooccon|cc|-
mcntog|ob+|cn+||z+|+|oc+|mcntccomcon|cc|mcntog|ob+|otcnc|+||stoccon|c-
c|mcntoucoocsc|ut|||z+oo+m|+mcntcscnio|o||otcg|ooo|o||c|tosoc|o||c-
o+oc|ntc|cctu+|
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tcs|+to|cs
+) +scst|+tcg|+stcm|oconocon|cc|mcnto|m||c|tocn+c||+ioocum+cst|utu|+o|g+n|-
z+c|on+|uc|omov+o+|cno|z+oo|ntc|+t|vo
b) m+|o|cn|+scc+t||bu|o++ocon|cc|mcntot+c|toucc+ssoc|+ooscomctcnc|+suc
niosio|+c||mcntct|+ns|o|m+o+scm|n|o|m+iocsio+|t+mcntc|oc+||z+o+s
c) cnvo|vc + const|uio oc cst|utu|+s c oc |c|+c|on+mcntos uc +umcnt+m c ut|||z+m o
learning by doing, usingcinteracting
o) c+|+ctc||z+-sco|muo+n+scmcu|souccont|nu+mcntccon||ont+moscm|cg+oos
comnovos|ob|cm+sucoocmsc|cscc|cosougcnc||cos|o|t+ntoo+|cno|z+oo
|csu|t+cmcomctcnc|+sgc|+|sccscc|c+s
c) olearning by doingclearning by usingno|m+|mcntccnvo|vcm|ntc|+ocscnt|ccsso+s
c oc+|t+mcntos |csu|t+noo cm |m+ctos os|t|vos no +|cno|z+oo c no ocscmcn|o
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mcnto|oc+|niogc|+nooo|t+nto|m+ctos|+o|c+|sn+cconom|+
Osoo|smooc|oscontuoosiocom|cmcnt+|csOmooc|o|ocvcsc|com|cmcnt+oocomo
mooc|o ||| v|sto uc |+ muo+n+s ||cucntcs n+s ncccss|o+ocs oos usu+||os c no con,unto oc
comct|oo|cs^vc|oc|o+oco+s|nov+ocsb+sc+o+sn+c|cnc|+tcnoc+|cv+|+g+|g+|osv|stouc+s
c++c|o+ocs+|++bso|vc|cut|||z+|cc|cntcmcntc+snov+stccno|og|+ssio||m|t+o+s^s+t|v|o+ocs
oc|||cc|s+msc|com|ct+mcntc|ntcg|+o+s+o+mb|cntco+scm|cs+scocvcmsc|+nco|+o+s
cm||g+ocst+c|t+s+com|+|oouiocvcno+Omooc|o|||ocvcsc|com|cmcnt+oocomo
mooc|o|n+mco|o+cmuc+s|m+sucsiobcmsucco|o+sn+concxios|stcm+t|c+oc|ontcs
occon|cc|mcntocoo|c+oosiom+|s|+bc|s+|+cncont|+|nov+sso|uocscocscnvo|vc|novos
|ooutosuc+sto|n+mmcnosscns|vc|scomct|iooc|cos
^ +||c+io ocssc +|c+bouo tco||co |c+||o+oc o+s cm|cs+s o+ ||n+m+|c+ +ontou uc +s |-
m+s uc comb|n+m +s |o|m+s o|g+n|z+c|on+|s uc |omovcm o +|cno|z+oo com o uso +v+n-
+oooc|n|o|m+iotccno|og|c+ccomocst+bc|cc|mcntooc|c|+ocs|ox|m+scom|nst|tu|ocsoc
con|cc|mcntosiom+|s|nov+t|v+suc+socm+|sio+s|m+succomb|n+mum+vc|sio|o|tcno
mooc|o|comum+vc|sio|o|tcoomooc|o|||uc+|c+n+mosuccsso|nov+t|voOs|csu|t+oos
+ont+|+m uc +s c+|+ctc||st|c+s o|g+n|z+c|on+|s tcnocm + sc| co||c|+c|on+o+s com +s +t|v|o+ocs
|nov+t|v+s^s|m+sucut|||z+momooc|o|oc|o|m+|ntcns|v+tcnocm+t+mbcmsc|cmusu+-
||+s|ntcns|v+so+sc+|+ctc||st|c+soomooc|o|||oc|o|m+ucosmooc|os|||c|siocom|c-
mcnt+|cs|ss+com|cmcnt+||o+oc+|cscnt+-scm+|ss|gn|c+t|v+n+|omoioo+|nov+io
O +|cno|z+oo oc | tcnoc + sc| cst+bc|cc|oo oc +co|oo com |cg|+s m+|s ou mcnos g|ob+|s oc
tco||+ c|cnt|c+ c |+t|c+ |o| out|o |+oo o +|cno|z+oo ||| c |o|uno+mcntc |nucnc|+oo cm
+o|ocsc|nst|tu|ocssoc|+|sc|ntc|csso+|sscnoocn|+|z+oocm|nst|tu|ocsc|+t|c+s|oc+|suc
niooocmsc|t|+ns|c||ooscnt|c+|scs|o|t+ntoouccum+mc||o||+t|c+no|o|tccOcstc
t+|vczniosc,+c|ct|v+n+|omoiooo+|cno|z+oo|||nou|c|cstc
|m+|mo|t+ntcc||t|c++cst++bo|o+gcmcucout|os|+to|csucnio+cn+s+|n||+cst|utu|+c|cn-
t|c+co+|cno|z+oonomb|too+|m+sioncccss+||os+|++||oc|+n+tccno|og|c+Out|os|+to-
|cscomo|o|tcs|stcm+oc|nccnt|vosccst|utu|+so|g+n|z+c|on+|scx|vc|scscns|vc|s+|++mob|||-
z+iooc|ccu|sossiot+mbcmncccss+||os
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Avanos desenvolvldos no amblto da NLS1A
^ National Endowment for Science, Technology and the Arts (NESTA) c um o|g+n|smo |noccn-
ocntcuctcmcomom|ssiocst|mu|+|+|nov+iono|c|no|n|oo^n+tu|cz+oos|unoosocss+
|uno+io v|+b|||z+ +ocs o||c|cntcs oc out|+s |nst|tu|ocs o|s c|m|tc +ocs oc |ongo |+zo c o
ocscnvo|v|mcnto oc |o,ctos oc |nov+io |c||c+vc|s ou +o+t+vc|s cus |nvcst|mcntos cont+m
com|unoosocm+|soct,oom|||ocso||unoosoc|ontcsub||c+sc||v+o+sct+mbcmoo|cto|no
oc+|gunsoos|o,ctos+o|+oos^||^t|+b+||+cm+|cc||+comoso|vc|sosscto|cso+soc|c-
o+occomoo|cxcm|ocsu|s+oo|cso||t|coso|g+n|z+ocscomun|t+||+scm|cs+scouc+oo-
|cscnt|cout|os|v|st+comoum+o+s||nc|+|so|g+n|z+ocs|ng|cs+scmtc|mosoccoo|ocn+io
cconouioo+so||t|c+soc|nov+iocom+ocsvo|t+o+s+o+o|o|nov+iocmv+||osscto|cso+
cconom|+|m+ocsu+smct+s|cccntcs(.oos)|c|c|c-sc+oocscnvo|v|mcntoocum+mctooo|og|+
ucc|m|t++n+||s+|os|occssos|nov+t|vosnoscto|ocsc|v|osub||cosbcmcomoocscnvo|vc|
umnovocon,untooc|no|c+oo|csoc|nov+io+|+mco||oocscmcn|ooo|c|no|n|oo|m|c|+-
io|nov+ionossc|v|osub||coscss+nioccons|oc|+o+um+t+|c|+s|m|cscx|st|nooumcon-
,untocscc|coococs+os^|cst+ioocsc|v|osub||costcmums|gn|c+t|vo|m+ctosob|c
obcm-cst+|oosc|o+oios|noccnocntcmcntcoo|+toocc|cssc|cmo|c|cc|oosiou|+iogc|+|
ou+oscto|||v+ooO|nst|tuto|+c|on+|oc|st+t|st|c+soo|c|no|n|oo(O|)tcm|c|to|og|cssos
s|gn|c+t|vos+omco||+|oout|v|o+ocooscto|ub||com+s+u+nt|c+ioo+|nov+ioco+su+
cc+c|+ c|m+nccc um ocs+o mctooo|og|co scm ooc| ocs||ut+| oo bcnc||c|o o+s occ+o+s oc
csu|s+so|son|vc|scm|nov+ionoscto|||v+oo
|m|c|+io+os|no|c+oo|csoc|nov+io+||ôst|+t+oc+co|oocom+v|sioocuc+|nov+io
sosc|+bcm-succo|o+sc|ouvc|ocm+no++|+c|+|cstcscnt|oo+|uno+iocons|oc|+uc+o||-
t|c+t|+o|c|on+|cosocb+tcs+c+ocm|cossob|c+|nov+iono|c|no|n|ootcmncg||gcnc|+oo|+to-
|cs|c|c|cntcsocm+no+cm|+vo|o+uc|csccnt|+oossob|c+o|c|t+oc|nsumossccuno+||ost+|s
como||cnov+stccno|og|+s|ocnt+nto+s|nov+ocsniooocmobtc|succssoscnio|ouvc|
ocm+no+Oocsc,oocconsumoc+c++c|o+ococcom|+ocnovos|ooutossc||+mcmcon,unto
c||tc||oscsscnc|+|s+|+osuccssoo+|nov+io^ss|m+ssumc-scucu+|uc|o||t|c+uc|ctcno+
+o|+|o|occsso|nov+t|voocvcsc|+ut+o+o|csscs|no|c+oo|cssuc|+noo+s|+cun+soc|x+o+s
c|+smctooo|og|+st|+o|c|on+|s
|+|++||^(.oo;)||sto||c+mcntcoocscnvo|v|mcntooc|no|c+oo|cs|ovousc|umobst+cu|o
cxtcnsioo+o||t|c+oc|nov+io+|++|cmo+c|cnc|+ctccno|og|+|ocnt+nto+|guns|no|c+oo|cs
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uc sc||+m c++zcs oc c+t+| os |occssos |nov+t|vos oc |o|m+ m+|s |cc|s+ ,+ cstio o|son|vc|s
|+|oouioocct|o|coo|cxcm|o+|nov+iocno|m+|mcntc|mu|s|on+o+c|+ocm+no+oc
cx|o|+iooosc+moscmu|t+svczcs+contccc+t|+vcsooocscnvo|v|mcntoocum+nov+tccn|c+
ucsc|++||c+o+nos|o||osc+mosComo|csu|t+ooo|nvcst|mcntocmtccno|og|+s+|+cx|o-
|+ioc+mc||o|proxy+|+|nov+iocom+|+t|v+mcntc+ost|+o|c|on+|s|no|c+oo|csoc|||m
vczocc+|+ctc||z+|oscto|occt|o|cocomoscnoo;ovczcsmcnos|nov+oo|
;,
cmtc|mosocg+sto
cm||ooucoscto|oc|ooutos|+|m+ccut|coscoss|vc|ucosteoom|||ocsg+stosn+cx|o-
|+iosono|c|no|n|oooss+msc|cons|oc|+ooscomoum+mco|o+m+|s|cc|s+oocs|o|oo+s
com+n||+socct|o|co+|++|nov+io
u+noo+o||t|c+tccno|og|c+cocscnvo|v|o+comb+scnos|no|c+oo|cst|+o|c|on+|s+s+ocsoc
+o|o sio o||cc|on+o+s || c t|+ns|c|cnc|+ oc tccno|og|+ c|cnt|c+ oc b+sc |st+s |oc+m oc
|o|m+ m+|s |ntcns+ + |oouio oc nov+s tccno|og|+s (tccno|og|+s o+ |n|o|m+io c comun|c+io
b|otccno|og|+n+notccno|og|+ctc)oc|x+noocmscgunoo|+noos|occssos|c|+c|on+ooso||u-
sioocss+stccno|og|+sO|occssooc|oouioocnov+stccno|og|+scoccst|cm+|c|cvnc|+m+s
o|ococxc|us|vonomcsmot|+zo|sto|ocs+n+||scoocs|o|ococscmcn|o|nov+t|vonoso||c|cn-
tcsscto|cso+cconom|+^s+n+||scsccnt|+o+snoocscnvo|v|mcntoocnov+stccno|og|+ssio+|-
c|+|sc|ncom|ct+snioconscgu|noo|cso|vc|mu|tos+scctosocu|toso+|nov+io(||^.oo;)
ccm+|t|cu|+|cx||c+|os|occssos|nov+t|vosucoco||cmnoscto|ocsc|v|os|+cconom|+oo
|c|no|n|oo
so
oscto|ocsc|v|oscc+o+vczm+|s|mo|t+ntcgc|+noom+|soc;,/oov+|o|+o|c|o-
n+oo||+ntco+|c|cvnc|+ooscto|ocsc|v|os+||^+c|co|t+uc+tc|cccntcmcntc+com|c-
cnsiosob|c+|nov+ioncsscscto|tcn|+s|ooocc|cntcscnoouc+so||t|c+soc|nov+iovcm
ncg||gcnc|+oo+s+t|v|o+ocs|c|+c|on+o+s+oscto|ocsc|v|os|csscscnt|oo+|uno+io|oocum+
nov+|nvcst|g+iosob|c+|nov+ionoscto|oossc|v|osmost|+noocomo+|nov+io+contcccn+s
cm|cs+sccomo+o||t|c+ooc+,uo+|+suc|+|osobst+cu|osuccn||cnt+m
u+nooogovc|no|+nouo||v|o||+ncoo+|nov+io+||^coucnc+||cg+o+ococscnvo|vc|
|no|c+oo|csoc|nov+io+|+mco||o+mb|cntc|nov+t|vocoscuocscmcn|ono|c|no|n|oo|
|o|comcssc|ntu|toucc|+bo|ouum|c|+to||ouc+bo|o++ucstiooccomo|ocnt|c+|+n+tu|cz+
o+busc+o||nov+iono+|sOs|csu|t+oossc||+mut|||z+oos+|+vc||c+|sc|+vc||+c||cntcso|s-
ostos+com|+|bcnscsc|v|osnovos+cx|stcnc|+oc|+cun+snomc|c+ooco|mcomo+o|+|
oocscnvo|v|mcntooco||t|c+soc|nov+io^ss|m|o|+m|oostosu+t|o|no|c+oo|cs+|++v+||+|
+ n+tu|cz+ o+ ocm+no+ o| |nov+io +) + |ccct|v|o+oc oos consum|oo|cs +os |ooutos c sc|v|-
os|nov+oo|cs+|+mco||+ocm+no+o||nov+iocm|cs+||+|.)cnvo|v|mcntoooc||cntccomo
79 |o c+so oo |c|no Un|oo
80 | oc |o:m+ s|m||+:. n+ cconom|+ b:+s||c|:+
!!0
|ontcoc|n|o|m+iono|occssooc|nov+io,)scgu|+n+cm|c|+ioocm+no+oosc||cntcsc|)
osg+stoscm|ooutoscsc|v|os|nov+oo|csOu+o|o|most|+comoc+o+|no|c+oo||o||c|+c|o-
n+oooctc|m|n+o+c+|+ctc||st|c+ococm+no+|+|++v+||+|+u+||o+ocoos|no|c+oo|cs|oostos
|o|+m+oot+oost|csc||tc||os|c|cvnc|+|cc|sioco|son|b|||o+oc
Como|csu|t+oo+|+c+o+umoos|no|c+oo|csobtcvc-scuc
+) Osconsum|oo|cscst+||+mm+|s|ccct|vos+os|ooutoscsc|v|os|nov+oo|cs|stioo|s-
ostos + com|+| c cxc||mcnt+| |ooutos c sc|v|os novos c +c|co|t+m uc c|cs sio
bcnccos ^cs+| oc um bom |no|c+oo| c cons|oc|+oo ||m|t+oo n+ mco|o+ cm uc sc
ccnt|++cn+sn+|ccct|v|o+ocooconsum|oo|Os|no|c+oo|cso|son|vc|s+|+cm|cs+s
cgovc|nosiom+|s||+cos
b) Ocnvo|v|mcntoooc||cntcno|occssooc|nov+iotc||+s|ooum+|ontcoc|n|o|m+io
cm ee/ o+s cm|cs+s |+|+ o ||^ cstc c um s|n+| os|t|vo oc uc +s o|g+n|z+ocs
cstioo||+noo+|+osscusconsum|oo|cscomo|ontcoc|n|o|m+iocscc|+|mcntcsc
|ssoccons|oc|+oocomoum+proxyoog|+ucmucosconsum|oo|cscstiocnvo|v|oos
no|occssooc|nov+io|ocnt+ntoc|mo|t+ntc|cmb|+|+s||m|t+ocsocssc|no|c+oo|
comocnvo|v|mcnto|c+|oosconsum|oo|csno|occssooc|nov+io
c) |m|c|+io+ocntcno|mcntoo+sncccss|o+ocsocscgu|+n+oosc||cntcs(cm|c|+io+o
n|vc|o+ocm+no+)+m+|o||+o+scm|cs+s(e./)nioossu|+c|cciouc+|ncc|tcz+
cm|c|+ioocm+no+o||ooutosousc|v|os|nov+oo|cssc,+um+b+||c||++|++|no-
v+io |c |o|m+ suc|c|+| |sso ooc||+ sc| um+ |no|c+io os|t|v+ oo con|cc|mcnto
o|g+n|z+ocso+ocm+no+o|scus|ooutos|ocnt+nto+mco|o+tcmotcnc|+|+|+
sc|m+|s|cc|s+
|m sum+ um+ o+s ||nc|+|s const+t+ocs oos cs|o|os |c+||z+oos c|+ ||^ c uc + |n|o|m+-
io sob|c + ocm+no+ o| |nov+io (ocn|oo cm tc|mos oc ncccss|o+ocs oos c||cntcs o| novos
|ooutos c sc|v|os) c csc+ss+ |ssc c +|t|cu|+|mcntc o c+so u+noo sc t|+t+ oc o+oos sob|c +
ocm+no+ocncgoc|oscoogovc|noo||nov+iocm|cs+||+|c+ocm+no+ooconsum|oo|o||no-
v+iooogovc|no|csscscnt|ooconst+t+-scuc+s|n|o|m+ocso|son|b|||z+o+sc|+C|+cs+|
oc bo+s +|no+ sio |nsuc|cntcs O mc||o| cntcno|mcnto oos |occssos |nov+t|vos ocm+no+ uc
css+s o|mcnsocs +sscm + sc| c+t+o+s c|+s csu|s+s oc |nov+io oss|b|||t+noo o ocscnvo|v|-
mcntoc+n+||scocnovos|no|c+oo|cs
!!!
Quadro l. lndlcadores da demanda para avallar a natureza da
lnovao no kelno Unldo (por tlpo de mercado).
|atores de
demanda
1lpos de demanda
Uos consumldores
para as empresas
Uos
consumldores
para o governo
Uo governo para
as empresas
Lntre empresas
|+to|1
|ccct|v|o+ococ
|ooutos;sc|v|-
os|nov+t|vos
|no|ccoccon+n+oos
consum|oo|csn+|nov+io
|no|ccoccon+n+
oosconsum|oo|cs
n+|nov+io(como
proxy+|++|ccct|v|-
o+ocooub||coc|os
novosbcnscsc|v|os)
û|s|iooc|ooutos
octccno|og|++v+n-
+o+c|ogovc|no
(mco|oon+|csu|s+
sob|cComct|t|v|o+oc
|uno|+|c|o|o|um
|conom|co|uno|+|)
|no|ccoccon+n+
o+so|g+n|z+ocs
n+s|nov+ocs
|ntc|cssco+ou|+-
ion+|nov+io
||vc|soccouc+io(como
um+|oxy+|+|ccct|-
v|o+occomon|vc|sm+|s
c|cv+oostcms|oo+sso-
c|+oos+m+|o||ccct|-
v|o+oc|nov+ocs+|+
|ooutos;sc|v|os)
||vc|oc+bso|io
octccno|og|+c|+
cm|cs+(mco|oo
n+|csu|s+sob|c
Comct|t|v|o+oc
|uno|+|c|o|o|um
|conom|co|uno|+|)
|o+oc(comoproxy
+|+|ccct|v|o+oc
nosg|uosct+||os)
|+to|.^+|-
t|c|+iooos
c||cntcsno|o-
ccsso|nov+t|vo
^mco|o+ucosc||cn-
tcssioum+|ontcoc
|n|o|m+io+|++s
cm|cs+s(u+noocstcs
sioconsum|oo|cs)
|io|++tu+|mcntc
n|vc|oc+g|cg+io
oco+ooso|son|vc|
^mco|o+ucosc||cn-
tcssioum+|ontcoc
|n|o|m+io+|++s
cm|cs+s(u+noocstc
coscto|ub||co)
^mco|o+ucosc||cn-
tcssioum+|ontcoc
|n|o|m+io+|++s
cm|cs+s(u+noo
cstcssio+scm|cs+s)
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xyss|gn|c+t|v+s
|+to|!|ntcnoc|
+sncccss|o+ocs
oosconsum|oo|cs
^mco|o+uc+|ncc|tcz+
ococm+no+o||nov+io
cum+b+||c||++|++|no-
v+io(u+nooosc||cn-
tcssioconsum|oo|cs)
|io|++tu+|mcntc
n|vc|oc+g|cg+io
oco+ooso|son|vc|
^mco|o+uc+|ncc|-
tcz+ococm+no+
o||nov+iocum+
b+||c||++|++|no-
v+io(u+noocstc
coscto|ub||co)
^mco|o+uc+|ncc|-
tcz+ococm+no+
o||nov+iocum+
b+||c||++|++|no-
v+io(u+noocstcs
sio+scm|cs+s)
C+stoscmcsu|s+sc|o
mc|c+oo(comoum+proxy
+|+cntcnoc|+so|g+n|-
z+ocsoosconsum|oo-
|cscsu+socm+no+s)
|iosccon|cccpro-
xyss|gn|c+t|v+s
|+to|4C+stoscm
|ooutoscsc|v|-
os|nov+oo|cs
|+o|ocsococscs+scomo
proxy (||+c+)+|+|no|-
c+|+s+|c+sonocoscon-
sum|oo|cstcmo|n|c||o
o|son|vc|+|+g+st+|
|;^
Cont|+tosocub||-
cosococscs+como
proxy(||+c+)+|+
|no|c+|+s+|c+sonoc
govc|notcmo|n|c||o
o|son|vc|+|+g+st+|
Proxysnios|gn|c+-
t|v+soosg+stoso+s
cm|cs+scm|ooutos
csc|v|os|nov+oo|cs
Com|+||ct|oc|ct|on|cos |ub||co
Fonte: ^s|by c |+|+oon (.009)
!!z
Os cs|o|os oc const|uio oc |no|c+oo|cs s|stcm|cos +cs+| oc tc|cm sc |ntcns|c+oo nos +nos
|cccntcs+|no+c+|cccmoc+v+noss|gn|c+t|vos|stcm+t|c+mcntc+s|oost+s+|cscnt+o+sbus-
c+m+v+n+|n+|nco|o|+ioocnov+so|mcnsocsucc|m|t+mumcntcno|mcntooos|occssos
oc|nov+iocomo+|gos|stcm|co|oc+soo+|oost++|cscnt+o+c|osBlue Sky|c||osnovos
|no|c+oo|cssugc||oosbusc+mcmcc|t+mco|o+cntcnoc|+|o|m+ucnovoscon|cc|mcntossio
c||+oosco|sscm|n+oos+t|+vcsoos|occssos|ntc|+t|vosnum+octc|m|n+o+cconom|+|oc+sooo
g|uooc^+|bo|g|ocu|+-sc|nco|o|+|o|mcnsocs|c|+c|on+o+ssc++c|t+ocscsc+|+ctc||st|c+s
o+|o|+oct|+b+||occomocst+|nucnc|+cc|nucnc|+o+c|os|stcm+s|+c|on+|soc|nov+io
|o|cm+mbosost|+b+||os+|no+cstioconccnt|+oosnomb|too+|ntc||+cccnt|c+tccno|og|++
|nov+ioc+c|cnc|+scnooumocs+o|nco|o|+|+socm+|s|ntc||+ccsc+|ntc|+iocnt|c+smcs-
m+s|+oscs|o|osocscnvo|v|oosc|+||^|ocu|+m+b+|c+|out|+so|mcnsocsoos|occssos
|nov+t|voscstcnocnoo+soss|b|||o+ocsoc+n+||scs+|+out|osscto|cso+cconom|+C+bc|css+|t+|
ucost|cscs|o|osocst+c+oos|c|cscnt+mum+v+non+c|+bo|+iooc|no|c+oo|css|stcm|cosoc
|nov+iom+s+|no+scc|ccbcumt|+t+mcntot|m|oon+smctooo|og|+so+sucstocs|c|+c|on+o+s
+|cno|z+gcm|cstcscnt|oo+|+++n+||sc|oost+ncstct|+b+||osc|+zncccss+||oum+mc||o|
s|stcm+t|z+io o+s o|mcnsocs + sc|cm c+t+o+s oos |occssos oc +|cno|z+gcm +|+ o cntcno|-
mcntoo+sc+|+ctc||st|c+soosmcsmosno|stcm+|+c|on+|oc|nov+iob|+s||c||o
4.3. As vrias dimenses dos processos de aprendizado
|+ ||tc|+tu|+ cconom|c+ o concc|to oc +|cno|z+oo c|+bo|+oo + +|t|| oo t|+b+||o scm|n+| oc
^||ow(+,e.)cst++ssoc|+oo+um|occssocumu|+t|vo+t|+vcsoou+|+s|m+s+m||+mscus
cstoucsoccon|cc|mcnto+c||c|o+mscus|occo|mcntosocbusc+c|cn+msu+s|+b|||o+ocs
cmocscnvo|vc|oum+nu|+tu|+||ooutos|+|c|b+(+,,.)|ocnt|c+u+t|oc+|+ctc||st|c+sb+s|c+s
oo|occssooc+|cno|z+ootccno|og|coucocvcmsc|cons|oc|+o+sn++n+||scoo|cnomcno|m
||mc||o|ug+|o+|cno|z+oocv|stocomo|occssoo||cnt+oouccnvo|vcumcusto+|t|cu|+|
scnoo|c+||z+oono|ntc||o|o+|m+++|t||o+mob|||z+iooco|vc|s+s|nstnc|+so|g+n|z+c|on+|sc
o+ocn|ioocum+cst|+tcg|++|t|cu|+|ucocnc+s||nc|+|so||cocsooscs|o|osocc++c|-
t+iooos+gcntcs|mscgunoo|ug+|o+|cno|z+ootccno|og|co+|t|cu|+-sc+o||c|cntcs|ontcsoc
|n|o|m+iouct+ntooocmsc||ntc|n+scomocxtc|n+s|m+|ntc|n+mcntccss+s|ontcs|c|+-
c|on+m-sc++t|v|o+ocscscc|c+scomo|oouio||cmarketingcxtc|n+mcntcc|+scnvo|vcm
+|t|cu|+ocscom|o|ncccoo|csconsum|oo|csccom+|n||+cst|utu|+c|cnt|co-tccno|og|c+|mtc|-
cc||o|ug+|o+|cno|z+oocv|stocomo|occsso|ntc|tcmo|+|ccumu|+t|vouc+m||+cont|nu-
+mcntcocstoucoccon|cc|mcntoso+|m+o||c|cnc|+noo-+ocout|os+gcntcs|mu+|to|ug+|
cssc +|cno|z+oo v|+b|||z+ nio +cn+s + |nco|o|+io oc |nov+ocs |nc|cmcnt+|s |c|+c|on+o+s
!!!
m+|o|cc|cnc|+oos|occssos|oout|vosm+st+mbcm+cx|o|+ioocnov+soo|tun|o+ocs|o-
out|v+sctccno|og|c+soss|b|||t+noo+cx+nsio+|+novosmc|c+oos++|t||o+cx|o|+iooc
n|vc|socs|nc|g|+cm|c|+io+os|ooutosgc|+ooscstccn|c+s|cv|+mcntccm|cg+o+s
Obsc|v+-sct+mbcmuco+|o|uno+mcntooosmcc+n|smosoc+|cno|z+oo|cuc|umupgra-
ding o+s comctcnc|+s c u+||c+ocs oos +gcntcs cnvo|v|oos no |occsso o uc sc +||c+ t+nto
+os|oss|on+|so||ct+mcntccnvo|v|oosn+||n|+oc|oouiocomoso|vc|s+s|nstnc|+so|g+n|-
z+c|on+|so+s|m+scnvo|v|o+s(|nc|u|nooum+sc||coc+,ustcscmsu+s|ot|n+s)ô|c|on+|mcntco
+|o|uno+mcnto oo +|cno|z+oo |m||c+ um |ntcnso |ntc|cmb|o oc |n|o|m+ocs cnt|c os +gcn-
tcscnvo|v|oos|oucsc|c|c|c+cssc+scctocoss|vc|o||c|cnc|+|css+s|n|o|m+ocscmtc|mos
oot|o(|n|o|m+ocs|oout|v+sgc|cnc|+|smc|c+oo|og|c+stccno|og|c+sctc)co+com|cx|o+oc
+ssoc|+o+ |o uc sc |c|c|c + css+ com|cx|o+oc c |mo|t+ntc cons|oc|+|-sc + cscc|c|o+oc oo
con|cc|mcntocmbut|oon+s|n|o|m+ocst|+nsm|t|o+s
s+
+ss|mcomooc+|+tc|t+c|tooucoo|-
c+oouc||ccsub,+ccntc
^ mco|o+ uc +s c++c|t+ocs tccno|og|c+s c o|g+n|z+c|on+|s o|c||mcntc oocm sc| coo|c+o+s
ocm+nc||+c|+|+cob,ct|v++t|+nsm|ssioooscon|cc|mcntosnc|+sb+sc+ooscostum+sc||ob|c-
m+t|c+|css+sc||cunstnc|+s+v|+b|||z+iooo|occsso|nov+t|vomu|t+svczcs|cuc|um+|ntc-
|+ioo||ct+cs|stcm+t|c+cnt|c+gcntcst|+nsm|sso|csc|cccto|csoc|n|o|m+ocs|unov+||(+,ss)
s|ntct|z+cstct|oocv|sio+o|css+|t+|uccm+mb|cntcsoc|+|oo|og|cssotccn|coocscnvo|v|-
mcnto|nt|oouioco||usiooc|nov+ocscostum+m+ssum||+|o|m+ocum|occsso|ntc|+t|vo
oc+|cno|z+oob+sc+noo-sccmum|ntc|cmb|ocont|nuooc|n|o|m+ocscnt|c|oouto|cscusu-
+||osuc+|tc|+c|m+ncntcmcntc+sc++c|t+ocsoos+gcntcs|o|nsonc|unov+||(+,,.)|o|mu-
|+m+|gum+s||otcscssob|cocontcxtono|ntc||o|oou+|oco||co|occssooc+|cno|z+ooo|
|ntc|+io|m||mc||o|ug+|o+|cno|z+ooo||ntc|+iocnvo|vcum|occssosoc|+|++|t||oo
u+|scocscnvo|vcmconcc|tosb+s|cosoc||ngu+gcmcnt|cos+gcntcs|mscgunoo|ug+|u+nto
m+|scom|cxo|o|o+|cno|z+oom+|o|sc|++|ntc|+io|cuc||o++|+v|+b|||z+-|omco|o+uc
sc|+m+|scom||c+o++com+t|b|||z+iooc+o|ocscogn|t|vosc+t|+nsm|ssiooccon|cc|mcntos
occ+|+tc|t+c|to|mtc|cc||o|ug+|o+|o|uno+mcntoo+|ntc|+io|cuc|ocont|nuo+c||c|o-
+mcntoooscoo|goscc+n+|soccomun|c+iocnt|cos+gcntcsosu+|soc|+mcomo|n||+cst|u-
tu|+|+c|||t+oo|+oo|ntc|cmb|ooc|n|o|m+ocs|mu+|to|ug+|obsc|v+-scuc+cont|nu|o+oco+
81 |cssc scnt|oo. c ,oss|vc| ut|||z+: + c|+ss|c+io ,:o,ost+ ,o: |unov+|| c |o|nson (1994). b+sc+o+ num+ o|st|nio cnt:c u+t:o
t|,os oc con|cc|mcntos (|) |now-w|+t. +ssoc|+oo + con|cc|mcntos sob:c |+tos :c|cv+ntcs. o uc :cuc: um+ bo+ c+,+c|o+oc
oc t:+nsm|ssio c cstoc+gcm oc |n|o:m+cs. (||) |now-w|y. +ssoc|+oo + ,:|nc|,|os tccn|co-c|cnt|cos c +s |c|s b+s|c+s ncccss+:|+s +
com,:ccnsio oos |cnomcnos n+tu:+|s c soc|+|s. (|||) |now-|ow. +ssoc|+oo +s |+b|||o+ocs cs,cc|c+s c u+||c+cs :cuc:|o+s ,+:+
:c+||z+: um+ t+:c|+ u+|uc:. nio +,cn+s n+ o:b|t+ o|:ct+mcntc ,:oout|v+. m+s t+mbcm cm out:+s +t|v|o+ocs o+ cs|c:+ cconom|c+.
(|v) |now-w|o. cnvo|vcnoo um con,unto oc |+b|||o+ocs c :c|+c|on+mcntos soc|+|s + ,+:t|: oos u+|s c ,oss|vc| obtc: |n|o:m+cs
sob:c out:os +gcntcs uc s+bcm u+| + t+:c|+ + sc: |c|t+ c u+| c + m+nc|:+ m+|s cc+z oc :c+||z+-|+
!!4
|ntc|+io |nt|oouz + oss|b|||o+oc oc nov+s comb|n+ocs +|+ o||c|cntcs t|os oc con|cc|mcnto
gc|+noog+n|osucniosc|cst||ngcm+cn+s+o+umcntoo+cc|cnc|+|oout|v+contcm|+noo
t+mbcmg+n|osocv+||co+oc+ssoc|+oos+m||+iooo|cucoc|ooutosc+tcmcsmocon-
so||o+ioocnovosmc|c+oos|mu|nto|ug+|obsc|v+-scuco+|o|uno+mcntooo+|cno|z+oo
o||ntc|+io|cssuoccc|t+sc|ct|v|o+ocnos|c|+c|on+mcntos|ntc||noust||+|s|ss+sc|ct|v|o+oc
occo||co+ncccss|o+ococsccst+bc|ccc|cm|c|+ocsniocconom|c+scnt|cos+gcntcs+t|+vcso+s
u+|s||nc||osoccon+n+mutu+oocm+u|+t|n+mcntcscconso||o+||o|mobsc|v+-scuc
o+|cno|z+ooo||ntc|+io|cuc|octc|m|n+ootcmo+|+scocscnvo|vc|niosoocv|oo+osc|-
c+|os+ssoc|+oosconso||o+ioocum+con+n+mutu+cnt|cos+gcntcsm+st+mbcmcm|+zio
oos|nvcst|mcntoscscc|cos|cuc||oos
Os+scctosmcnc|on+oos|cmctcm+n+||scnoscnt|ooo+|mo|tnc|+oc|ocnt|c+|cm-sc+scc-
tos|c|+c|on+ooscon|o|m+io|nst|tuc|on+|oo+mb|cntc
s.
uc|+vo|cccmo+|o|uno+mcntooc
mcc+n|smos oc +|cno|z+oo o| |ntc|+io ^ |c|cvnc|+ +t||bu|o+ + |+to|cs nio cconom|cos c
cst|utu|+io oc |cg|+s c |+t|c+s soc|+|mcntc ocn|o+s uc cono|c|on+m +s |ntc|+ocs cnt|c os
+gcntcs +ont+m n+ o||cio o+ ncccss|o+oc oc um oct+||+mcnto oos cst|mu|os +o +|cno|z+oo
|ovcn|cntcso+scono|ocs+mb|cnt+|s|csscscnt|oocoss|vc|cons|oc|+|+sc+tcgo||+s|nt|oou-
z|o+so||ou|st(+,,;c.ooo)no|ntu|tooc|ocnt|c+|+congu|+ioocums|stcm+oc|nov+io
c oc +v+||+| su+ cst|utu|+ c |unc|on+||o+oc |ss+s c+tcgo||+s cnvo|vcm oo|s comoncntcs b+s|cos
o+uc|css|stcm+s+so|g+n|z+ocsc|nst|tu|ocsbcmcomo+s|ntc|+ocscx|stcntcscnt|cc|cs
|css+c|scct|v+oconcc|tooco|g+n|z+ocs|c|c|c-scb+s|c+mcntc+oso|vc|sost|osoc+to|cs
|cscntcs no s|stcm+ cnu+nto + noio oc |nst|tu|ocs |c|c|c-sc + |cg|+s c convcnocs soc|+|-
mcntc const|u|o+s uc oc||m|t+m +s oss|b|||o+ocs oc |ntc|+io cnt|c +gcntcs u+nto s o|g+-
n|z+ocs +|guns +scctos-c|+vc oocm sc| mcnc|on+oos como o t+m+n|o |c|+t|vo oos +gcntcs
coscu+o|iooccscc|+||z+ionosc+mos|oout|voscoc|n||+cst|utu|+cmC|+noucsc
|c|c|c +o +c| o+s |nst|tu|ocs c+bc |css+|t+| o g|+u oc sost|c+io o+s |cg|+s c convcnocs |
oss|vc|cons|oc|+|t+mbcm+o||c|cnc|+io|oost+o||unov+||et all(.oo+)cnt|c+oot+iooc
|ccu|sost+ng|vc|sc|nt+ng|vc|sn+c+|+ctc||z+ioo+uc|css|stcm+sCons|oc|+noocsscs+scctos+
c+|+ctc||z+ioocums|stcm+oc|nov+io+ss+ncccss+||+mcntco|umoct+||+mcnto|cv|ooc
su+con|o|m+io|nst|tuc|on+|t+ntocmtc|mosoc+gcntcs|cg|+scconvcnocscomocmtc|mos
o+oot+iooc|ccu|sost+ng|vc|sc|nt+ng|vc|smob|||z+oosOob,ct|voocss++n+||sccvc||c+|cm
ucmco|o++cst|utu|+ocgovc|n+n+gc|+o+c|unc|on+|+|+o+|o|uno+mcntooc|occssosoc
+|cno|z+ooucsc,+mc++zcsoc|oo|c|on+|g+n|oscconom|cosc|ct|vos+|+os+gcntcs
82 |o scnt|oo oo cs,+o + uc sc :cst:|ngc + +n+||sc :|stcm+ |+c|on+| oc |nov+io. :|stcm+ scto:|+| oc |nov+io. :|stcm+ |cg|on+|
oc |nov+io. ctc
!!
^+|t||oooct+||+mcntoo+con|o|m+io|nst|tuc|on+|uccst|mu|+(oucnt|+v+)o+|cno|z+ooc
oss|vc|+v+n+|ooontoocv|st++n+||t|conoscnt|ooocummc||o|oct+||+mcntoo+so|vc|s+s
o|mcnsocs oos |occssos oc +|cno|z+oo |o oct+||+mcnto ocss+s o|mcnsocs c |uno+mcnt+|
cons|oc|+|+ncccss|o+ococc+t+|-sco|cnomcno|nvcst|g+oo+t|+vcsoo|cv+nt+mcntooc|n|o|-
m+ocscm|||c+s|csscmooo+o|scussioo+so|mcnsocs|oost+socvcsc|conc+tcn+o+mon-
t+gcmocum+b+scoc|n|o|m+ocscocums|stcm+oc|no|c+oo|csucoss|b|||tc+v+||+|o+|o|m+
m+|s||go|os+oss|vc|+o||cioc+|ntcns|o+ocoos|occssosoc+|cno|z+oo|csscscnt|oou+t|o
o|mcnsocs||nc|+|soocmsc||ocnt|c+o+s
^||mc||+o|mcnsiocu,+|mo|tnc|+c+|t|cu|+|mcntc|css+|t+o+n++n+||scoc|unov+||et all
(.oo+)contcm|+oocscnvo|v|mcntooc|ccu|sos|um+nosouc|nc|u|+couc+io|o|m+|c+s
u+||c+ocso+mioocob|++sc+|+ctc||st|c+scst|utu|+|soomc|c+oooct|+b+||ouc|+vo|c-
ccmouo|cu|t+m+u+||c+ioo+uc|cs|ccu|sos(cmtc|moso|cxcm|ooc|cg|+soccon-
t|+t+io c oos +o|ocs oc |cmunc|+io) c os |occo|mcntos ut|||z+oos +|+ obtcnio oc um+
mc||o||+o+u+||c+ioo+uc|cs|ccu|sosno|ntc||o|o+so|g+n|z+ocs^ss|m+||nc||oc|o
mcnosc|nco+scctosoocmsc|cons|oc|+oosno|cv+nt+mcntooc|n|o|m+ocscm|||c+s|c|+-
t|v+s+css+o|mcnsio
+) c||ocu+||c+io|o|m+|o+mioocob|+cmtc|mosocn|vc|occsco|+||o+occcst|u-
tu|+ococu+ocs
b) |cu|s|tosocu+||c+io(|o|m+|c|n|o|m+|)ocn|ooscm|uniooo+o|iooccscc|+-
||z+io|oout|v+ctccno|og|c+o+scm|cs+s
c) cont||bu|io o|c|cc|o+ c|o s|stcm+ couc+c|on+| (t+nto cm tc|mos oc couc+io |o|m+|
comotccn|c+)+|+oocscnvo|v|mcntooc|ccu|sos|um+nos
o) cs|o|os |c+||z+oos c|+s cm|cs+s +|+ o ocscnvo|v|mcnto oc |ccu|sos |um+nos
(t+ntocmtc|mosoot|c|n+mcntoo+mioocob|+comoo+o||t|c+occont|+t+io
ocnovosu+o|os)
c) g|+uoc+|t|cu|+iocx|stcntccnt|coscto|cm|cs+||+|c+|n||+cst|utu|+couc+c|on+|no
ucsc|c|c|c+oocscnvo|v|mcntooc|ccu|sos|um+nos
|m+scguno+o|mcnsiooos|occssosoc+|cno|z+oouct+mbcm|cuc|um+|nvcst|g+iom+|s
cu|o+oos+|c|c|c-sccscc|c+mcntco|sscm|n+ioocmcc+n|smos|n|o|m+|soc+|cno|z+oouc
oss|b|||t+mum|nc|cmcnto(ouum+|couioo+s+ss|mct||+s)o+scomctcnc|+scoosn|vc|socc-
c|cnc|+oos+gcntcs|ssc+|cno|z+oo|n|o|m+|o|z|csc|toc||cu|+ioco|sscm|n+iooccon|c-
c|mcntos++|t||o+u+|coss|vc||couz||oslagsoc|nov+iocnt|cos|ntcg|+ntcsoos|stcm+|o
mcsmomooocoss|vc|cons|oc|+|o|vc|sost|osocc|c|tospill-over|c|+c|on+oosconso||o+iooc
!!6
s|stcm+s|oout|vos|oc+|s|mcscc|+|+scv|ocnc|+socmonst|+muc+conso||o+ioocst+scst|u-
tu|+s|oc+|s+m||c++c++c|o+ococgc|+ioocsscsc|c|tossc,+ocv|oo+o+umcntoo+c++c|o+oc
oc+bso|iooccon|cc|mcntosc|+s|m+ssc,+ocv|oocom+t|b|||z+iooos+o|ocscogn|t|vos
coos|occo|mcntosocbusc++oot+oosc|os+gcntcs^|cmo|sso|+|no|c|osocuc+gc|+iooc
c|c|tosspill-ove|oocsc||c|o|+o+cm|unioo+conso||o+iooccoo|gosocconout+uc|+vo|c-
ccm+cooc|+iobcmcomocm|unioo+cx|stcnc|+occ+n+|ss|stcm+t|cosoc|ntc|||g+iocnt|c
oso|vc|sos+gcntcs
|cv+noo-sccmcont+os+scctosmcnc|on+oosc|mo|t+ntccons|oc|+|ososs|vc|s|m+ctosoos
mcc+n|smos|n|o|m+|soc+|cno|z+oocmtc|mosoo|o|t+|cc|mcntoo+comct|t|v|o+oc|m||-
mc||o|ug+|c|coss|b|||t++cu+||z+iooos+t+m+|csoccc|cnc|+tccn|c+oos+gcntcscmtc|mos
oosn|vc|soc|oout|v|o+ocoos|occssos|oout|vos|ssc|ntc|cmb|ooss|b|||t+t+mbcm+o|ssc-
m|n+iooc|occo|mcntosoc|+c|on+|s|c|+t|voso|g+n|z+iooos|occssos|oout|vos+ssoc|+-
oos+ooioocmooc|n+stccn|c+so|g+n|z+c|on+|sOut|o+sccto|c|cv+ntc|c|c|c-sccont||bu|-
ioocssc|ntc|cmb|ooc|n|o|m+ocs+|++ocn|iooc+o|ocsoccont|o|cocu+||o+occoc
no|m+||z+iotccn|c+uco||cntcmocomo|t+mcntooos+gcntcs^|cmo|ssocssc+|cno|z+oo
|n|o|m+||c|+c|on+-scc||cu|+iooccon|cc|mcntostccno|og|cosco|sscm|n+iooc|n|o|m+ocs
tccno|og|c+s |c|cv+ntcs |o onto oc v|st+ oo |cv+nt+mcnto oc |n|o|m+ocs cm|||c+s + +n+||sc
ocss+o|mcnsio|cuc|ucosscgu|ntcs+scctossc,+m+bo|o+oos
+) umoct+||+mcntoo+s+ss|mct||+scx|stcntcscnt|cos+gcntcscmtc|mosoosn|vc|socc-
c|cnc|+(cmtc|mosoc|oout|v|o+occu+||o+oc)|css+|t+noo-scsccst+s+ss|mct||+stcm
sc+m||+ooouo|m|nu|oo+o|ongoootcmo
b) um++v+||+iosob|cog|+uoco|sscm|n+ioocbest practices|oout|v+sco|g+n|z+c|on+|s
c) um+ocsc||ioooss|stcm+soc|n|o|m+ioo|son|b|||z+oos+|+os+gcntcs
o) um+ +v+||+io oos |nst|umcntos mob|||z+oos +|+ v|+b|||z+| + c||cu|+io oc con|cc|-
mcntost+c|tos
c) um++n+||scsob|cog|+uoco|sscm|n+iooc+o|ocs|c|+t|vosno|m+||z+iotccn|c+
^tc|cc||+o|mcnsio+sc|contcm|+o+n++n+||scoos|occssosoc+|cno|z+oo|c|c|c-sccscc|-
c+mcntcconso||o+ioocmcc+n|smos|o|m+|soc+|cno|z+oouc|csu|t+mnum+|ntcns|c+io
oo||tmoc|ou+||nov+ocstccno|og|c+soc|ooutoc|occssosio|nt|oouz|o+su+nto+cssc
+scctocoss|vc|o||c|cnc|+|osmcc+n|smos|n|o|m+|soc+|cno|z+oo+ntc||o|mcntcocsc||tos
occo||cntcso+c||cu|+iooccon|cc|mcntosccomctcnc|+socmcc+n|smos|o|m+|soc+|cn-
o|z+ooosu+|sscb+sc|+mn+c||+iooccon|cc|mcntostccno|og|cos|ntcnc|on+|mcntcocscnvo|-
v|ooscmcooc|+io^c||+iooccon|cc|mcntostccno|og|cos|ntcnc|on+|mcntcocscnvo|v|oos
!!7
cmcooc|+iob+sc|+-scn+mont+gcmoccc|t+o|v|siooct|+b+||ou+ntos+t|v|o+ocsoc||
|c+||z+o+sc|oso|vc|sos+gcntcs|ntcg|+oos+os|stcm+ô|sscm|n+iooc|+t|c+scooc|+t|v+scm
+t|v|o+ocsoc|||couzos||scos|nc|cntcs|c+||z+ioocumcs|o|otccno|og|co+|t|cu|+||z+oo
c|m|t|noo+os+gcntcs|oc+||z+|cssccs|o|on+o||ciooc+|c+suc||cs+|cccmm+|s|om|sso-
|+sbcmcomo|couz|noooscustoscotcmo(lead-time)oo|occssooc|||+|+v|+b|||z+|+|c+-
||z+ioocumcs|o|ocon,untooc||to|n+-scncccss+||++mont+gcmoc|o,ctoscooc|+t|vos
onoccstc,+mcscc|c+o+s+s|csons+b|||o+ocsucc+bcm+c+o++gcntco||g|n+nooum+o|v|sio
oct|+b+||oucoss|b|||t++m+x|m|z+iooootcnc|+||nov+t|vo
|cssc scnt|oo os mcc+n|smos |o|m+|s oc +|cno|z+oo gc|+|mcntc cncont|+m-sc v|ncu|+oos
busc+ocum+|nov+io+|t|cu|+|+u+|ooccontcm|+|ocsocoocscnvo|v|mcntoocumnovo
design+tc+gc|+ioocum|ooutoc|ct|v+mcntcnovoou+|nco|o|+ioocumnovo|occsso
|oout|vo|c+co|oocom+o|vc|s|o+ococcomctcnc|+sucncccss|t+msc||ntcg|+o+so|occsso
oc||ooc+ssum||umc+|+tc||ntc|o|sc|||n+|m+|sn|t|oocnvo|vcnoonio+cn+sum+o|v|sio
oc t+|c|+s cnt|c |m+s |noust||+|s (oc b+sc tccno|og|c+ c;ou oos scto|cs usu+||os) m+s t+mbcm
|ntc|concxocs com + |n||+cst|utu|+ c|cnt|c+ tccno|og|c+ |o onto oc v|st+ o+ |uno+mcnt+io
cm|||c+o++n+||scoosmcc+n|smos|o|m+|soc+|cno|z+oo+|guns+scctos+|t|cu|+|csoocm
sc|mcnc|on+oosocnt|cosu+|socst+c+m-sc
+) osob,ct|vosuco||cnt+m+|c+||z+iooccs|o|oscon,untosoc||cnt|c+gcntcsouc
|csu|t+n+mont+gcmoc|o,ctosocco|+bo|+iocnt|cosmcsmos
b) +o|iooccscc|+||z+ioooso|vc|sos+gcntcsoos|o,ctoscon,untosoc||
c) +ocsc||iooo+|c+bouo|nst|tuc|on+|nou+|scb+sc|++|c+||z+iooc|o,ctoscon-
,untosoc||
o) + +v+||+io oo vo|umc oc |ccu|sos c|ct|v+mcntc com|omct|oos com + |c+||z+io oc
cs|o|os|nov+t|voscon,untos
c) + +v+||+io oo ocscmcn|o tccno|og|co oos +gcntcs cnvo|v|oos cm |o,ctos con,untos
oc||+u+|oocsc||c+||z+o+++|t||o+ut|||z+iooc|no|c+oo|cst|+o|c|on+|scomo
+uc|cs oc +tcntcs ou oc out|os |no|c+oo|cs cu,+ c|t|ncnc|+ ocvc||+ sc| ocn|o+ cm
|uniooccscc|c|o+ocsoocontcxto|oc+|cscto||+|
|o| m um+ u+|t+ o|mcnsio oos |occssos co|ct|vos oc +|cno|z+oo |c|c|c-sc n+tu|cz+ csc-
c|c+ o+s cst|+tcg|+s tccno|og|c+s |m|cmcnt+o+s ^ssumc-sc u+nto + cssc +sccto uc + o||c-
io c + |ntcns|o+oc o+s cst|+tcg|+s tccno|og|c+s |m|cmcnt+o+s c|os +gcntcs +|ct+m os |occs-
sos oc +|cno|z+oo oc ou+s |o|m+s |uno+mcnt+|s |o| um |+oo o |o||o |occsso oc soc|+||z+-
iooccon|cc|mcntos|+c|||t+(c+tccst|mu|+)uccss+scst|+tcg|+ssc,+m|c|oouz|o+so|out|os
!!8
+gcntcs o|st|ntos o+uc|cs uc +s |nt|oouz||+m o||g|n+|mcntc |o| out|o |+oo + ncccss|o+oc o+s
|m+stc|cm+ccsso+comctcnc|+scom|cmcnt+|cs+|+v|+b|||z+|+|m|cmcnt+iooccst|+tc-
g|+stccno|og|c+sm+|s+g|css|v+st+mbcm|c|o|++|mo|tnc|+o+o|sscm|n+iooc|+t|c+scoo-
c|+t|v+sO|ntc|cmb|ooc|n|o|m+ocscnt|c+gcntcst+mbcm|+vo|cccum+m+|o|coo|ocn+io
o+s cst|+tcg|+s tccno|og|c+s |+zcnoo com uc con|cc|mcntos gc|+oos tcno+m + cst+| mc||o|cs
c+||b|+oos cm |c|+io s ncccss|o+ocs o+s |m+s |o toc+ntc +o |cv+nt+mcnto oc |n|o|m+ocs
cm|||c+scss+o|mcnsio|c|o|++|mo|tnc|+ocum++v+||+iou+||t+t|v+uccontcm|cc|o
mcnost|cs+scctos
+) +o||cnt+iogc|+|o+scst|+tcg|+stccno|og|c+so+s|m+s|css+|t+noo-scog|+uoccon-
vc|gcnc|+ouo|vc|gcnc|+cx|stcntccnt|c+scm|cs+su+nto+cssc+sccto
b) og|+uoc+bc|tu|+o+scst|+tcg|+stccno|og|c+snoucconcc|ncbusc+occomctcn-
c|+scom|cmcnt+|cso|son|vc|s
c) o g|+u oc +ocu+io o+ |n||+cst|utu|+ c|cnt|co-tccno|og|c+ cm |c|+io s ocm+no+s
co|oc+o+sc|+scst|+tcg|+stccno|og|c+s|m|cmcnt+o+sc|+s|m+s
|o|t+ntocomooocmosobsc|v+|++|t||o+so|mcnsocsocst+c+o+s+c|+bo|+iooc|no|c+oo|cs
oc+|cno|z+gcmniocons|stcnum+t+|c|+|+c||C+bc|css+|t+|uccss++n+||scoocsc||c|t+com
b+sccmo||c|cntcs|cco|tcssc,+mc|csscto||+|ssc,+mc|cs|cg|on+|s|x|stcum+v+st+||tc|+tu|+uc
|css+|t++scscc|c|o+ocs+ssum|o+scmo||c|cntcss|stcm+sscto||+|soc|nov+io|ss+scscc|c|-
o+ocs+c+||ct+m|occssosoc+|cno|z+gcmcomc+|+ctc||st|c+ss|ngu|+|csnoso||c|cntcss|stcm+s
scto||+|s|m|c|+ioucstiocs+c|+|;|cg|on+|t+mbcmc|+c||vc|uc+so||c|cntcsc+|+ctc||st|c+s
uccon|o|m+mos+mb|cntcs|nst|tuc|on+|s|oc+|s|nucnc|+mocm+nc||+cscc|c++so|mcnsocs
|c|+c|on+o+s+os|occssosoc+|cno|z+gcm|o|t+nton+sugcstiooc|no|c+oo|csoc+|cno|z+gcm
c+ostc||o|+n+||scoosmcsmosncccss+||+mcntcocvc-sccons|oc|+|o|cco|tc+n+||t|co+sc|ut|||-
z+ooô|c|on+|mcntc|css+|t+-scuc+cs+|o+|ccon|cc|o+|mo|tnc|+o++|cno|z+gcm+|+os
|occssos|nov+t|voscx|stcmouc+s+n+||scscm|||c+sucbusc+mc|+|c+|css+|nucnc|+|cssc
scnt|oo+|ox|m+scioocstct|+b+||o|ocu|+comb+sccmcv|ocnc|+scm|||c+s+n+||s+|+|nu-
cnc|+o++|cno|z+gcmnos|occssosocumcon,untooccm|cs+so+|noust||+b|+s||c||+
!!9
4.4. Evidncias da inuncia dos processos de aprendizagem no
desempenho inovativo de empresas industriais brasileiras: uma
anlise exploratria
Comoocst+c+oonoocco||c|ocstct|+b+||ocx|stcmcc|t+so|mcnsocsucoocmsc|+ssoc|+o+s
+os|occssosoc+|cno|z+gcm|csscscnt|oocst+sciobusc++ssoc|+|css+so|mcnsocs+umcon-
,untooc|no|c+oo|cscxt|+|ooso+|csu|s+oc|nov+ioccno|og|c+(||ntcc-c|+bo|+o+sc|o||C|
+|+o+nooc.oo,)cvc||c+|+|nucnc|+oosmcsmosn+|nt|oouiooc|nov+ocscm|ooutos
c|occssos|o|t+ntooob,ct|voocst++n+||sccons|stccm|ocnt|c+|+|nucnc|+oos|occssosoc
+|cno|z+gcm|ntc|+t|vonoocscmcn|o|nov+t|voo+scm|cs+so++most|+o+||ntcc|+|+t+nto
ut|||z+m-sc um con,unto oc mooc|os b+sc+oos n+ tccn|c+ oc |cg|cssio probit ordenado |m ||-
mc||ocon,untoocmooc|os+n+||s+o|m+ctooos|occssos|nov+t|vosn+scm|cs+s|nov+oo|+s
cm|ooutoscumscgunoocon,untoc|c|+t|voscm|cs+s|nov+oo|+scm|occssosOmooc|o
oc probit ordenado +|+ y ooc sc| oc||v+oo oc um mooc|o oc v+||+vc| |+tcntc |c +co|oo com
\oo|o||ogc(.oo.)cons|oc|+nooyum+|csost+o|ocn+o+comosv+|o|cs{,, ,...,J}+|+umo+oo
|ntc||o|c+ssum|nooy *como+v+||+vc||+tcntcscnoooctc|m|n+o+o|
'
Onoccumvcto|kxlXcovcto|ocv+||+vc|scx||c+t|v+s+n+||s+o+s-scmconst+ntc-ccocom-
oncntcocc||ocomo|st||bu|iono|m+|+o|io|cvc-sc+|no+ocn||osontosocco|tccnoo
n
ontosocco|tcocscon|cc|oosooc-scoctc|m|n+|
!40
Otou-sc c|+ ut|||z+io oos mooc|os probit ordenado o| +c|co|t+|-sc uc cstcs c+t+m com
m+|o||cc|sio+|c+||o+ocoos|occssos|nov+t|voso+|noust||+b|+s||c||+^n+||scsscmc||+ntcs
|oost+ncstct|+b+||ogc|+|mcntcv+|cm-scocmooc|osprobitconvcnc|on+|s+||c+oossv+||+-
vc|so+||ntcc;||C|n+su+|s+sv+||+vc|soccnocntcs+ssumcmumc+|+tc|o|cotom|co|oc+so
cmucstio+v+||+vc|occnocntc+ssumcov+|o|++|++s|m+suc|nov+|+mco+|++sucnio
|nov+|+m|o|cmcomoocst+c+ooum+o+sc+|+ctc||st|c+so+||ntcc;||C|
s,
cuc+m+|o|+|tco+s
ucstocs|c|+c|on+o+s+oscs|o|os|nov+t|vosscst|+tcg|+soc+|cno|z+gcmccooc|+ioctcsio
+||c+o+s+cn+sscm|cs+suc|nt|oouz||+m+|gumt|ooc|nov+iocm|ooutoc;ou|occs-
sos|o|t+nto+|+v|+b|||z+|++||c+iooomooc|o+m+|o||+ooscstuoos|cst||ngc+v+||+vc|occn-
ocntcscnoouccst++ssumcov+|o|+u+noo+cm|cs+|nt|oouz|uum|ooutonovonomc|-
c+oon+c|on+|c;ou|ntc|n+c|on+|(noc+soo+s+n+||scs|c|c|cntcs|nov+iooc|ooutos)cu+noo
+cm|cs+|nt|oouz|uum|occssonovo+|+oscto|oc+tu+io(nosmooc|osuc+n+||s+m+s|no-
v+ocscm|occssos)cmc+socont|+||o+v+||+vc|occnocntc+ssumcv+|o|oOusc,++scm|c-
s+suc+ss+|+m+|oouz||um|ooutonovo+|+c|+sm+s,+cx|stcntcnomc|c+ooou+oot+|+m
um|occssonovo+|++cm|cs+m+s,+cx|stcntcnoscto|niosiocons|oc|+o+scm|cs+s|nov+-
oo|+sscgunoocsscsc||tc||os|stct|ooc|occo|mcntogc|+sc||+so|sto|ocsn++n+||scocscon-
s|oc|+noo+scscc|c|o+ocsoc+|tcs|gn|c+t|v+o+scm|cs+s|nov+oo|+so+|noust||+b|+s||c||+
|mtc|mos||ust|+t|vosootot+|oc,s,|cm|cs+s|nov+oo|+so++most|+o+||ntcc.,o,|nt|oou-
z||+mum|ooutonovo+|++|m+m+s,+cx|stcntcnomc|c+ooc|o|.|nt|oouz||+mum|o-
ccsso novo +|+ + |m+ m+s ,+ cx|stcntc no scto| oc +tu+io |m cont|++|t|o+ +oe; cm|cs+s
|nt|oouz||+mum|ooutonovo+|+omc|c+oon+c|on+|;|ntc|n+c|on+|ce;o|nt|oouz||+mum|o-
ccssonovo+|+oscto|oc+tu+io|sscsnumc|osocmonst|+muc+m+|o|+|tco+|nt|oouio
oc|nov+ocsn+|noust||+b|+s||c||+ossu|comoc+|+ctc||st|c++|m|t+iooc|ooutosc|occssos
s|
|o|t+ntoomc||o|cntcno|mcntooos|occssos|nov+t|vosn+|noust||+n+c|on+|ocm+no+uc+
|nt|oouioocssct|ooc|nov+iot+mbcmsc,+com|ccno|o+|csscscnt|ooosmooc|osprobit
ordenadooss|b|||t+mummc||o|cntcno|mcntooos|occssos|nov+t|voscmscuscnt|oo+m|o
^ss|mnomooc|o|oostoncst++n+||sc+v+||+vc|occnocntc+ssumct|csc+tcgo||+s
s,
(nio|nov+
|nov++|+cm|cs+c|nov++|+omc|c+oo;scto|)|cv|oo+css+c+|+ctc||st|c+sc|iocons|oc|+oos
oo|sontosocco|tc
83 | oos ,:|nc|,+|s surveys oc |nov+io +,||c+oos t+nto nos ,+|scs cm ocscnvo|v|mcnto u+nto nos ,+|scs ocscnvo|v|oos
84 |ss+ conc|usio oc |o:m+ +|gum+ cx,:css+ um c+:+tc: ,c,o:+t|vo cm :c|+io +os ,:occssos |nov+t|vos n+ |noust:|+ b:+s||c|:+ |c|o
cont:+:|o o|vc:sos cstuoos +,ont+m +s v|:tuocs :c|+c|on+o+s + |nt:oouio oc |nov+cs +t:+vcs o+ |m|t+io oc ,:ooutos c ,:occs-
sos. bcm como os |nc:cmcntos gc:+oos n+s c+,+c|t+cs oos +gcntcs cm |unio ocstcs ,:occssos
85 :cnoo uc y c |gu+| + 0 u+noo + cm,:cs+s nio |nov+. 0. u+noo c|+ |nov+ +,cns+ ,+:+ cm,:cs+ |m|t+ ,:oouto c ,:occssos
c. 1 u+noo c|+ |nov+ ,+:+ o mc:c+oo;scto:
!4!
|+oo o |cssuosto oc o|st||bu|io no|m+| +o|io +|+ o c||o ooc-sc oc||v+| + o|st||bu|io
cono|c|on+o+ocyo+ooxb+st+noo+|+t+|c+|cu|+|+|ob+b|||o+ococ|csost+|c|+c|on+o++
c+o+c+tcgo||+
|mucc+|uniocumu|+t|v+oc|ob+b|||o+oc^som+o+s|ob+b|||o+ocsc+|oc+soocJ=
tcmosoprobit+o|ioouo|cotom|coO|csu|t+ooucsc|+obt|ooc|omooc|osc|+o|m+cto
cmtc|mosoc|ob+b|||o+ocm+|g|n+|ocumoctc|m|n+oocvcnton+oss|b|||o+oco+s|m+s|nt|o-
ouz||cm |nov+ocs oc c+|+tc| |m|t+t|vo c n+ oss|b|||o+oc oc |nt|oouz||cm |nov+ocs |+o|c+|s
|o|t+ntotc|cmost|cs|ob+b|||o+ocsm+|g|n+|s|c|+c|on+o+s+c+o+v+||+vc|cx||c+t|v++||mc||+
|c|c|c-sc|m+nio|nov+|+scguno+|m+|nt|oouz|||oouto;|occssosnovos+|+c|+m+s,+
cx|stcntcsnomc|c+oo;scto|oc+tu+ioc+tc|cc||+|c|c|cntc|m+|nt|oouz||um|oouto;|o-
ccssonovo+|+omc|c+oo;scto|oc+tu+io
Ovcto|Xo+sv+||+vc|scx||c+t|v+s+n+||s+o+soocsc|o|v|o|oocmoo|scon,untos+mboscst|u|+-
oosoc|o|m+|no|v|ou+|+|+c+o+cm|cs+o++most|+|m||mc||ocon,unto|c|c|c-scsv+||+vc|s
uc|c|cscnt+mo|ocoo++n+||sccmucstioos|occssos+|cno|z+gcmOscgunoocon,unto
|c|c|c-scsv+||+vc|soccont|o|c
se
ut|||z+o+sn++n+||sc
|m |c|+io +o ||mc||o con,unto o|to v+||+vc|s (|no|c+oo|cs) busc+m u+nt|c+| os |occssos
+|cno|z+gcmocscnvo|v|oosc|os+gcntcs|st+s|o|+mcst|u|+o+scomb+sccmucstocs|c|+t|v+s
(+)|mo|tnc|++|+c+o+c+tcgo||+o+|ontcoc|n|o|m+iocm|cg+o+cnt|c.oo,c.oo,+|+o
ocscnvo|v|mcntooc|ooutos(bcnsousc|v|os)c;ou|occssostccno|og|c+mcntcnovosousubs-
t+nc|+|mcntcmc||o|+oos
s;
c(b)|mo|tnc|+o+c+tcgo||+oc+|cc||onoocscnvo|v|mcntooc+t|-
v|o+ocscooc|+t|v+s
ss
|o|t+ntocss+sv+||+vc|sbusc+mt|+ns|o|m+|+t||butosu+||t+t|vos(|mo|-
86 ^ |nt:oouio oc um con,unto oc v+:|+vc|s oc cont:o|c occo::c o+ tcnt+t|v+ oc cx,||c+: ,+:tc oo ocscm,cn|o |nov+t|vo o+s cm-
,:cs+s o+ +most:+. com b+sc num cs,cct:o m+|s +m,|o oc v+:|+vc|s uc vio +|cm oo con,unto :cst:|to oc v+:|+vc|s uc ,:ctcnocmos
+n+||s+: ^ ||,otcsc :c|+c|on+o+ + |nt:oouio ocss+s v+:|+vc|s +ssumc uc cx|stcm out:os |+to:cs uc |nucnc|+m o ocscm,cn|o
|nov+t|vo o+s cm,:cs+s.. +|cm o+s v+:|+vc|s :c|+c|on+o+s +os ,:occssos |ntc:+t|vos
87 Qucstcs 10s + 1.1 oo ucst|on+:|o o+ ||ntcc ; |8| (.00). o|s,on|vc| cm www|bgcgovb:
88 Qucstcs 1! + 141 oo ucst|on+:|o o+ ||ntcc ; |8| (.00). o|s,on|vc| cm www|bgcgovb:
!4z
tnc|++t||bu|o++octc|m|n+oocvcnto)cmu+nt|t+t|vosOu+o|o.+|cscnt+ocon,untoocss+s
v+||+vc|sbcmcomoocvcntoc+t+ooo|c+o+|no|c+oo|
s,
Quadro z lndlcadores relaclonados aos processos aprendlzagem, desenvolvldas com

base na lN1LC } l8CL (z00), por evento } agente relaclonado ao lndlcador.
lndlcador Uesenvolvldo
Questes do
questlonarlo
da lN1LC
(z00)
Lventos } agentes captados
^|cno|z+gcm|ntc|n+(^||||) 10cc10 |c+|t+mcntooc||cout|osoc+|t+mcntos
^|cno|z+gcmVc|t|c+|(^||V||) 111c11.
|o|ncccoo|csocm+u|n+scu|+mcntosm+tc||+|scom-
oncntcscsoftwarescc||cntcsouconsum|oo|cs
^|cno|z+gcm|o||zont+|(^|||O|) 11!c114
Conco||cntcsc|m|cs+socconsu|to-
||+cconsu|to|cs|noccnocntcs
^|cno|z+gcmcomC|cnc|+
cccno|og|+(^||C)
1111oc11
|n|vc|s|o+ocsc|nst|tutosoccsu|s+ccnt|osoc
c++c|t+io|oss|on+|c+ss|stcnc|+tccn|c+c|ns-
t|tu|ocsoctcstccns+|occc|t|c+ocs
^|cno|z+gcm|cm+|s
|ontcs(^||O||O|)
11c111.0c1.1
û|s|iooc||ccn+s+tcntcscknow howcon|c|cn-
c|+scncont|oscub||c+ocscscc|+||z+o+s|c||+sc
cxos|ocsc|cocsoc|n|o|m+io|n|o|m+t|z+o+s
Cooc|+ioVc|t|c+|(COO|V||) 1!c1!o C||cntcsouconsum|oo|csc|o|ncccoo|cs
Cooc|+io|o||zont+|(COO||O|) 1!c1! Conco||cntcsccm|cs+socconsu|to||+
Cooc|+iocomC|cnc|+c
ccno|og|+(COO|C)
140c141
|n|vc|s|o+ocsc|nst|tutosoccsu|s+cccnt|osoc
c++c|t+io|oss|on+|c+ss|stcnc|+tccn|c+
Fonte: ||+bo:+io ,:o,:|+ com b+sc n+ ||ntcc; |8| (.00)
|c|ccbc-scucum||mc||o|no|c+oo|busc+c+t+|+|mo|tnc|+o+s|ntc|+ocsocscnvo|v|o+sno
|ntc||o| o+s |m+s |c|c||noo-sc +o +|cno|z+oo |ntc|no Os ocm+|s |no|c+oo|cs c+t+m +s c+|+c-
tc||st|c+s oos |occssos +|cno|z+gcm |ntc|+t|v+ ocscnvo|v|o+ com +m|o con,unto oc +gcntcs
Os |no|c+oo|cs oc +|cno|z+gcm vc|t|c+| c cooc|+io vc|t|c+| c+t+m + |c|cvnc|+ o+s |c|+ocs
uc oco||cm no |ntc||o| o+s c+oc|+s |oout|v+s n+s u+|s +s |m+s cstio |nsc||o+s ^s |c|+ocs
|c|c|cntcs + conco||cntcs c cm|cs+s oc consu|to||+ |c|cscnt+m + |o|m+ os +gcntcs |ntc|+gcm
89 Os |no|c+oo:cs |o:+m c+|cu|+oos o+ scgu|ntc |o:m+ . onoc
j i
I
,
c o |no|c+oo: j (^||||1 ou. ^||V|| ou.
^|||O| ou. ) ,+:+ + :m+ i, j :c,:cscnt+ o con,unto oc cvcntos;+gcntcs uc const|tu| c+o+ |no|c+oo:. k = 1....n c o numc:o oc
cvcnto;+gcntcs +g:u,+oos cm c+o+ con,unto j c. n
i,l
c o g:+u oc |m,o:tnc|+ +t:|bu|oo ,c|+ :m+ i +o cvcnto l (l j). scnoo uc
+|t+ |m,o:tnc|+ = 1. mco|+ |m,o:tnc|+ = 0.. b+|x+ |m,o:tnc|+ = 0.!! c scm |m,o:tnc|+ = 0 | |+c|| vc: uc c+o+ |no|c+oo:
cst|,u|+oo v+:|+ cnt:c um |ntc:v+|o oc 0 + 1
!4!
|o||zont+|mcntccomo|cst+ntco+cst|utu|+|oout|v+ccstios|stcm+t|z+o+scmoo|s|no|c+oo|cs
|no|c+oo|oc+|cno|z+oo|o||zont+|coccooc|+io|o||zont+|Os|no|c+oo|csoccooc|+io
comCc+|cno|z+gcmcmCc+t+m+|c|cvnc|++t||bu|o+c|os+gcntcs|ntc|+iocomun|-
vc|s|o+ocscccnt|osoccsu|s+|mu|t|mo|no|c+oo|c+t++|mo|tnc|++t||bu|o++out|+s|ontcs
oc|n|o|m+iouccont||bucm+|+o+|cno|z+ooo+scm|cs+scomoo|cxcm|o||ccn+sc
+tcntcscon|c|cnc|+sccncont|osctc^con,unioocsscs|no|c+oo|csoss|b|||t++com|ccnsio
oos |occssos |ntc|+t|vos oc +|cno|z+gcm ocscnvo|v|oos c|+s cm|cs+s c + ostc||o| |nucnc|+
oosmcsmosnoscuocscmcn|o|nov+t|vo|ssccon,untoocv+||+vc|s|c|cscnt+o|oco||nc|+|
o+ +n+||sc c +t|+vcs o+ +v+||+io oo como|t+mcnto ocst+s |ctcnoc-sc +|c+n+| o ob,ct|vo oc
|ocnt|c+|+scscc|c|o+ocs+ssum|o+so|csscs|occssosn+scm|cs+so++most|+cmucstio
|+oscgunoocon,untoocv+||+vc|s(v+||+vc|soccont|o|c)busc+|ocnt|c+|+|gum+sc+|+ctc||st|c+s
cst|utu|+|s o+s |m+s uc oss+m |nucnc|+| o scu ocscmcn|o |nov+t|vo |u+s v+||+vc|s cstio
|c|+c|on+o+s+ot+m+n|oooscst+bc|cc|mcntoscsso+|ocu+oo-|Oc|ccc|t+||u|o+ocvcn-
o+s-||Vût|||z+ioocss+sv+||+vc|sv|s+c+t+|sc|++|gum+|c|+iocnt|cot+m+n|oo+s|m+s
coocscmcn|o|nov+t|voo+smcsm+s^||otcscocuct|+b+||+oo|csm+|sbcm|cmunc|+oos
siom+|s|nccnt|v+oos+cont||bu||cm+|+os|occssos|nov+t|voso+s|m+sc+n+||s+o+nomooc|o
+t|+vcso+v+||+vc|s+|+||omco|o(|)
^ cx|stcnc|+ oc um+ |c|+io o||ct+ cnt|c |nc|cmcntos o+ |oout|v|o+oc c o+ t+x+ oc |uc|o c o
ocscmcn|o |nov+t|vo o+s cm|cs+s c tcst+o+ +t|+vcs o+s v+||+vc|s |oout|v|o+oc |||
,o
c
v+|o|+o|c|on+oo|oouio
,+
V^|^+|t|c|+ionocomc|c|ocxtc||o|c+|nucnc|+ocst+no
ocscmcn|o|nov+t|vosioc+t+o+so|ou+sv+|+vc|su+|ssc,+ms+|oocomc|c|+|comocxtc||o|
C|
,.
cuxooccomc|c|ocxtc|no|C|
,,
ût|||z+ioocss+sv+||+vc|sv|s++cst|m+|sc++|-
t|c|+ioo+scm|cs+snocomc|c|o|ntc|n+c|on+|(t+ntocomocxo|t+oo|+como|mo|t+oo|+)
bcmcomo+gc|+ioocsuc|+v|tscomc|c|+|scomocxtc||o|cst|mu|++scm|cs+s+obtc|cmum
m+|o|ocscmcn|o|nov+t|vo
^|c|+iocx|stcntccnt|coscs|o|os|nov+t|vosocscno|oosc|+scm|cs+scoocscmcn|o|no-
v+t|vo o+s mcsm+s c tcst+oo +t|+vcs o+ |m|cmcnt+io oc c|nco v+||+vc|s csso+| ocu+oo no
90 |c |o:m+ s|m||+:. + scio ,:oout|v|o+oc |o| c+|cu|+o+ cm |unio oo v+|o: o+ t:+ns|o:m+io |noust:|+| Ou sc,+ +t:+vcs o+ o|v|sio
oo V1| o+ cm,:cs+s ,c|o tot+| oc cm,:cg+oos ocss+ cm,:cs+
91 C+|cu|+oo oc |o:m+ s|m||+: +o V|^ +,:cscnt+oo n+ scio +ntc:|o:. ,o:cm oc |o:m+ |no|v|ou+| ,+:+ c+o+ cm,:cs+
92 |o| c+|cu|+oo com b+sc n+ o||c:cn+ cnt:c +s cx,o:t+cs c +s |m,o:t+cs o+s :m+s. com b+sc n+ t+x+ oc cmb|o mco|+ ,+:+
o +no oc .00. scnoo uc U:; 1 cu|v+|c + |; ..4
93 O uxo oc comc:c|o cxtc:no :c,:cscnt+ o som+to:|o o+s cx,o:t+cs c |m,o:t+cs o+s cm,:cs+s. tcnoo s|oo c+|cu|+oo com
b+sc n+ t+x+ mco|+ oc cmb|o ,+:+ o +no oc .00
!44
oc+|t+mcntooc|||O||g+stocm+t|v|o+ocs|nov+t|v+scm|oo|ioo+|ccc|t+||u|o+
ocvcno+sC^|;||Vg+stoscm||tot+|cm|oo|iooosg+stoscom+t|v|o+ocs|nov+t|v+s
C||;C^|g+stocmm+u|n+sccu|+mcntocm|oo|iooosg+stoscom+t|v|o+ocs|nov+-
t|v+sC||;C^|cg+stoscomt|c|n+mcntocc++c|t+iooc||cm|oo|iooosg+stoscom
+t|v|o+ocs|nov+t|v+sCC;C^||ssccon,untoocv+||+vc|s|o|ocscnvo|v|oocomb+scn+s|n|o|-
m+ocscxt|+|o+so+||^co+||ntcc+|+o+nooc.oo,coc|o|m+|no|v|ou+|+|+c+o+cm|cs+o+
+most|+ô|c|on+|mcntccst|u|ou-scum+v+||+vc|ucbusc+o||c|cnc|+|+|oc+||z+ioo+s|m+s
cmoo|sg|uoscst|u|+ooscm|cs+s|nsc||o+scm+g|omc|+io|oout|v+ccm|cs+snio|nsc||o+s
cm+g|omc|+io|oout|v+
,|
|o|t+nto oc |o|m+ con,unt+

,,
css+s |o|+m +s v+||+vc|s cx||c+t|v+s ut|||z+o+s nos mooc|os uc
sc|io+|cscnt+oos|++sv+||+vc|soccnocntcs|c|c|cntcs|nt|oouiooc|nov+iocm|ooutos
(||OV||O|) c |nt|oouio oc |nov+ocs cm |occssos (||OV||OC)
,e
|o|+m cst|u|+o+s com
b+scn+||ntcc;||C|(.oo,)^smcsm+s+ssumcmosscgu|ntcs|ntc|v+|os
INOVPRODi=
1sc+cm|cs+i|nt|oouz|uum
|ooutonovo+|+omc|c+oo
n+c|on+|c;ou|ntc|n+c|on+|
INOVPROCi=
1sc+cm|cs+i|nt|oou-
z|uum|occssonovo+|+
oscto|oc+tu+io
0sc+cm|cs+i|nt|oouz|uum
|ooutonovo+|++cm|cs+
m+s,+cx|stcntcnomc|c+oo
0sc+cm|cs+i|nt|o-
ouz|uum|occssonovo
+|++cm|cs+m+s,+cx|s-
tcntcnoscto|oc+tu+io
0sc+cm|cs+nio|nt|oou-
z|u|nov+iocm|oouto
0sc+cm|cs+nio|nt|oou-
z|u|nov+iocm|occsso
Lstatlstlcas descrltlvas das varlavels utlllzadas na anallse
Como ocst+c+oo os mooc|os uc sc|io +|cscnt+oos |o|+m cst|u|+oos com b+sc no con,unto
ocv+||+vc|s+|cscnt+oon+subscio+ntc||o|^+bc|++ocst+c++scst+t|st|c+socsc||t|v+socss+s
v+||+vc|s |+|+ o con,unto oc |no|c+oo|cs |c|+c|on+oos +os |occssos oc +|cno|z+gcm vc||c+-sc
uc + ||nc|+| |o|m+ oc |ntc|+io ocscnvo|v|o+ c|+s cm|cs+s o+ +most|+ |c|c|c-sc +|cno|-
z+gcmvc|t|c+|comum|no|c+oo|mco|oocoe+^+|cno|z+gcm|c|+c|on+o++out|+s|ontcsoc
|n|o|m+io(^||O|O|)c+|c|c|cntc+osconco||cntcscscm|cs+socconsu|to||+(^|||O|)
+|cscnt+mum+|mo|tnc|+sccuno+||++|++scm|cs+so++most|+com|no|c+oo|csoco|;c
94 |ss+ v+:|+vc| oummy +g|omc:+io +ssumc o v+|o: 1 u+noo + cm,:cs+ cst|vc: |nsc:|o+ cm +|gum+ o+s +g|omc:+cs ,:oout|-
v+s |ocnt|c+o+s cm :t+|||v|c:| (.009) c 0 c+so c|+ nio cstc,+ |oc+||z+o+ cm +g|omc:+io ,:oout|v+
95 V+:|+vc|s :c|+c|on+o+s +os ,:occssos |ntc:+t|vos. v+:|+vc|s oc cont:o|c c oummy +g|omc:+io
96 | o g:+u oc nov|o+oc ocss+s |nov+cs
!4
o,o|cscct|v+mcntc^|cno|z+gcm|ntc|n+ccmmco|+cons|oc|+o+ocb+|x+|mo|tnc|++|+
+scm|cs+o+s+n+||s+o+s(^||||=o+,)bcmcomo++|cno|z+gcm|c|+c|on+o++un|vc|s|o+ocs
c|nst|tutosoccsu|s+(^||C=o+;)
1abela ! Lstatlstlcas descrltlvas das varlavels dependentes
utlllzadas na anallse lA e lN1LC } l8CL (z00).
(N = 3.9s
9
)
varlavels Medla
valores
Mlnlmos
valores
Maxlmos
Uesvlo
adro
^|cno|z+gcm|ntc|n+(^||||) 01c0 0 1 0!!4
^|cno|z+gcmVc|t|c+|(^||V||) 0o14c 0 1 0!0
^|cno|z+gcm|o||zont+|(^|||O|) 0!04 0 1 0.cc
cccno|og|+(^||C)
01o0 0 1 0..
^|cno|z+gcm|cm+|s
|ontcs(^||O||O|)
04o 0 1 0!41
Cooc|+ioVc|t|c+|(COO|V||) 00o 0 1 0.1
Cooc|+io|o||zont+|(COO||O|) 00.! 0 1 0114
Cooc|+iocomC|cnc|+c
ccno|og|+(COO|C)
00!4! 0 1 0144
|csso+|Ocu+oo(|O) 401o41 1 41o 1!111o.
|ccc|t+||u|o+ocVcno+s(||V) |;1.!0o |;c!1ooc |;11c01!.!1c 4!!!1oc01.c
||oout|v|o+oc(|||) |;oo!..! |;1.4! |;..!4!14c !c40c0.1
V+|o|ô|c|on+oo||oouio(V^|) |;4oc.11 |;(1.!4.cc) |;1o410o 1!!1o04!1
+|+||o|co|o(|) |;1c!1 |;- |;1.! .44c14.4
+|ooComc|c|+|como|xtc||o|(C|)
|;
1!.14cc.c
|;(1o0!04co1o) |;40014c.c1 1c!oc001
||uxoocComc|c|o|xtc|no(|C|)
|;
!.!c0.40
|;- |;1.1coo4.10. .411o1!1c
|csso+|Ocu+oocm||(|O||) 4100 0 !.c 4!.4
C+stoscom^t|v|o+ocs|nov+t|v+s;
|ccc|t+||u|o+ocVcno+s(C^|;||V)
` 0` c!c` 011!o
C+stoscom||;C+stoscom
^t|v|o+ocs|nov+t|v+s(C||;C^|)
1.1o` 0` 100` 0.o04
97 |m |unio o+ v+:|+vc| oummy +g|omc:+io |nt:oouz|o+ n+ +n+||sc. + +most:+ cou :couz|o+ + !9s. |sso ,o:uc +s cm,:cs+s |o-
c+||z+o+s n+s m|c:o::cg|cs n+s u+|s o ,:occsso oc |ocnt|c+io oc +g|omc:+cs c oc o|||c|| +,||c+io |o:+m :ct|:+o+s o+ +n+||sc (Vc:
:t+|||v|c:|..009. 8:|tto ct +|. .00) |st+s m|c:o::cg|cs sio :io |+u|o. C+m,|n+s. ||o oc |+nc|:o. 8c|o |o:|zontc. Cu:|t|b+ c |o:to ^|cg:c
!46
varlavels Medla
valores
Mlnlmos
valores
Maxlmos
Uesvlo
adro
C+stoscom|+u|n+sc
|u|+mcntos;C+stoscom
^t|v|o+ocs|nov+t|v+s(C||;||V)
41!!` 0` 100` 04.4o
C+stoscom|c|n+mcntoc
C++c|t+io;C+stoscom
^t|v|o+ocs|nov+t|v+s(CC;||V)
1c` 0` 100` 00c.
Fonte: ||c:oo+oos |||1|C ; ||^ |8|. (.00) ||+bo:+io ,:o,:|+
|m|c|+ios+ocscooc|+t|v+soc|o|m+s|m||+|+o+|cno|z+oo+s|c|+c|on+o+s+c||cntcsc|o|-
ncccoo|cs+ssumcmm+|o||mo|tnc|++|+ocon,untoo+scm|cs+s+n+||s+o+s|o|cm|css+|t+-sc
uc+cooc|+iocomun|vc|s|o+ocscccnt|osocc++c|t+ioccons|oc|+o+m+|s|c|cv+ntcuc+
cooc|+iocomconco||cntcsccm|cs+socconsu|to||+Out|oonto+sc|ocst+c+ooco+|toocs-
v|o+o|io+|cscnt+ooo|csscs|no|c+oo|cs|cct|noouc+scm|cs+so++most|++|cscnt+m
como|t+mcntosb+st+ntcv+||+ooscm|c|+io+css+sv+||+vc|s
Comb+scn+sv+||+vc|soccont|o|cvc||c+-scuc+scm|cs+so++most|+cm|cg+mcmmco|+
|oo |unc|on+||os +|c+n+noo um+ |ccc|t+ ||u|o+ oc vcno+s no mont+ntc oc |, ,+,.;;,;oe cm
.oo,^|oout|v|o+ocmco|+ocss+scm|cs+soocsc|cons|oc|+o+c|cv+o+n+|+|x+oc|,eem||
o|t|+b+||+oo|scnooucos+|+||omco|o+nu+|+gocm.oo,|o|oc|,+s,,+,;Ov+|o|+o|c|o-
n+oo|oouioo|c+o+t|+b+||+oo|cncont|+-scn+|+|x+oc|,|em||mont+ntcuct+mbcm
oocsc|cons|oc|+ooc|cv+oo|m|c|+io+|t|c|+ionocomc|c|ocxtc||o|nocon,untocss+s
cm|cs+s gc|+|+m |, +|o b|||ocs cm uxos comc|c|+|s com o cxtc||o| scnoo uc cm mco|+ +
som+o+scxo|t+ocscu|v+|c+|,,,m|||ocsgc|+nooumsuperavitcomc|c|+|oc|,+,m|||ocs
Oscs|o|os|nov+t|vos|m|cmcnt+oos|cvc|+muccmmco|+osoc+|t+mcntosoc||ocss+s
cm|cs+s sio oc cucno o|tc cm|cg+noo +cn+s u+t|o |unc|on+||os
,s
Os g+stos com +t|v|-
o+ocs |nov+t|v+s cu|v+|cm + ,,/ o+ |ccc|t+ ||u|o+ oc vcno+s conccnt|+noo-sc ||nc|+|mcntc
n++u|s|ioocm+u|n+sccu|+mcntos(,+/oosg+stostot+|scom+t|v|o+ocs|nov+t|v+s)ccm
csc+|+bcmm+|s|couz|o+noocscnvo|v|mcntooc+t|v|o+ocsoc||(+./oosg+stostot+|scom
|nov+io)|css+|t+-scucoscs|o|os|c|+c|on+oos+ot|c|n+mcntocc++c|t+iooc||siomu|to
|couz|ooscom+cn+s+,/oosg+stoscm+t|v|o+ocs|nov+t|v+s+|oc+oosncss+s+ocs
^ o|st||bu|io oc ||cucnc|+ o+ v+||+vc| dummy aglomerao |cvc|+ uc cst+ +ssumc o v+|o| +
cm+ss,cm|cs+so++most|+|ogovc||c+-scuc|;/o+scm|cs+so++most|+cstio|nsc||o+s
n+s +g|omc|+ocs |oout|v+s |ocnt|c+o+s cm t+|||v|c|| (.oo,) c ,,/ cncont|+m-sc o||us+s c|o
98 Ou sc,+ cm mco|+ +,cn+s 1` oo ,csso+| ocu,+oo ncss+s cm,:cs+s. +tu+ |o:m+|mcntc cm +t|v|o+ocs oc |8|
!47
tc|||to||on+c|on+|^+bc|+.+|cscnt++o|st||bu|iooc||cucnc|+so+sv+||+vc|s|c|+c|on+o+s+o
ocscmcn|o|nov+t|voo+s|m+s|m|c|+io|nt|oouiooc|nov+ocscm|ooutosvc||c+-sc
uc|,/o+scm|cs+s|nt|oouz||+m|ooutosnovos+|++scm|cs+sm+s,+cx|stcntcsnomc|-
c+oo|mcont|++|t|o++cn+s+|,,/o+scm|cs+s|nt|oouz||+m|ooutosnovos+|+omc|c+oo
n+c|on+|c;ou|ntc|n+c|on+||oc+socscc|cooc|nov+ocscm|occssos+scm|cs+so++most|+
ossucmbo+c++c|o+ococ|nt|oouz||cm|occssosnovos+|++scm|cs+sm+s,+cx|stcntcsnos
scto|csoc+tu+io(;,/)csiooucoc++c|t+o+s+|+|nt|oouz||cm|occssosnovos+|+oscto|
oc+tu+ioCom+|+nooosoo|st|osoc|nov+ioconst+t+-scuc+scm|cs+so++most|+sio
m+|s|ntcns|v+sn+|nt|oouiooc|nov+ocscm|occssosvis--vis|nov+ocsoc|ooutos
|o|t+ntocomb+scnocon,untooccst+t|st|c+socsc||t|v+s+|cscnt+o+so+sv+||+vc|sucsc|iout|-
||z+o+sn++n+||scobsc|v+-scuc+|+ocon,untooccm|cs+so++most|++s|c|+ocs|ntc|+t|v+s
conccnt|+m-sc +o |ongo o+ c+oc|+ |oout|v+ n+ u+| cstio |nsc||o+s ^s cm|cs+s ossucm um
o|tcmco|oc|nvcstcm+|ox|m+o+mcntc,/ocsu+s|ccc|t+s||u|o+socvcno+scm+t|v|o+ocs|no-
v+t|v+sContuoocss+s+t|v|o+ocsconccnt|+m-scn+com|+ocm+u|n+sccu|+mcntosscnoo
|+t|c+mcntc|ncx|stcntcsoscs|o|os|c|+c|on+oos+t|c|n+mcntocc++c|t+iooc||^+|t|c|+-
ionosuxosoccomc|c|o|ntc|n+c|on+|cc|cv+o+bcmcomo+scm|cs+so++most|+gc|+mcm
mco|+cons|stcntcssuperavitscomc|c|+|sn+st|+ns+ocscomocxtc||o|
1abela z Ulstrlbulo de rreqncla dos lndlcadores de lnovao em
produto e lnovao em processos lntec } l8CL (z00)
(N = 3.9s)
lndlcador } valor
Assumldo
No lnova - 0
lnova para
Lmpresas 0,
lnova para o
mercado } setor - !
N + N + N +
||OV||O| 1o1 4.1` 11o 4!14` . 14!`
||OV||OC oc0 10` .! !c` !o! 1!`
Fonte: ||c:oo+oos ||ntcc ; ||^ |8|. (.00) ||+bo:+io ,:o,:|+
|m|c|+io+oocscmcn|o|nov+t|voobsc|v+-scuc+scm|cs+sossucmc|cv+o+sc++c|t+ocs
+|+|m|t+|cm|ooutosc|occssoso|cm+|nt|oouiooc|ooutosc|occssosnovosoco||c
cmcsc+|+|couz|o+^+most|+cst+o|v|o|+cmc|ccntu+|ss|m||+|cscnt|c+scm|cs+s|nsc||o+scm
+g|omc|+ocs |oout|v+s c +s o||us+s c|o tc|||to||o n+c|on+| ^ |ox|m+ subscio +|cscnt+ os
!48
|csu|t+oos obt|oos com os mooc|os cconomct||cos |m|cmcnt+oos |ocnt|c+o+ + |nucnc|+ oos
|occssos|ntc|+t|vosnoocscmcn|o|nov+t|voo+scm|cs+s
Uetermlnantes do desempenbo das lnovadoras em produtos
O||mc||omooc|oprobit o|ocn+ooc|m|cmcnt+oo+|++v+||+vc|occnocntc|c|+c|on+o+|nt|o-
ouiooc|nov+ocscm|ooutos|csscc+so+v+||+vc|occnocntc+ssumcv+|o|+sc+scm|cs+s
|nt|oouz||+m|ooutosnovos+|+omc|c+oon+c|on+|;|ntc|n+c|on+|o,sc+scm|cs+s|nt|oou-
z||+m|ooutosnovos+cn+s+|++scm|cs+scoc+soniotcn|+m|nt|oouz|ooncn|um+ocss+s
|nov+ocscnu+nto+sv+||+vc|s+|cscnt+o+sn+subscio+ntc||o|+osot|+t+mcnto(+o|on|z+-
io)sio+sv+||+vc|s|noccnocntcs^+bc|+^+no^ncxo|st+t|st|co+|cscnt+os|csu|t+oosobt|-
ooscomomooc|ocmtc|mosocs|gn|cnc|+o+sv+||+vc|s|c|+c|on+o+s+os|occssos|ntc|+t|vos
c+ocon,untoocv+||+vc|soccont|o|c|css+|t+-scucoocon,untooc+.v+||+vc|soccont|o|c,o/
oc|+snio+|cscnt+|+ms|gn|cnc|+cst+t|st|c++umn|vc|ocs|gn|cnc|+oc+o/contuooo+so|to
v+||+vc|sucsum+||z+mos|occssosoc+|cno|z+gcm|ntc|+t|vosocscnvo|v|oos+cn+st|csoc|+s
nio |o|+m s|gn|c+ntcs |ss+ c+|+ctc||st|c+ |n|c|+| |ocnt|c+o+ no mooc|o |c|o|+ + |nucnc|+ oos
|occssosoc+|cno|z+gcm+|+oocscmcn|o|nov+t|voo+scm|cs+s|nov+oo|+scm|ooutos
Vc||c+-scuc+sv+||+vc|soccont|o|c|c|+c|on+o+s+oocscmcn|occonom|co(|oout|v|o+occ
v+|o|+o|c|on+oo+|oouio)|cmunc|+iooost|+b+||+oo|cs(|)+osg+stoscom+t|v|o+ocs
|nov+t|v+s cm |oo|io o+ |ccc|t+ ||u|o+ oc vcno+s (C^|;||V) +o csso+| ocu+oo cm ||
(|O||)c+oscs|o|osoct|c|n+mcntocc++c|t+iooc||(CC;C^|)+|cscnt+|+mcocc|cn-
tcsnios|gn|c+t|vos|cct|noouccss+sv+||+vc|snio|nucnc|+m+|+++most|+cmucstio+
|nt|oouiooc|nov+ocscm|ooutos|m|unioocss+sc+|+ctc||st|c+somooc|o|o|cst|u|+oo
nov+mcntc+go|+scm+sv+||+vc|soccont|o|cucnio|o|+ms|gn|c+t|v+sOso+oos+|cscnt+-
oosn++bc|+,+|cscnt+mosnovos|csu|t+oosobt|ooscomomooc|oprobit o|ocn+oo+|+o
con,untoo++most|+
!49
1abela ! kesultados do modelo probit ordenado para o conjunto das varlavels expllcatlvas seleclonadas
e varlavels de controle slgnlcatlvas para as empresas lnovadoras em produtos no 8rasll (z00)
roblt Ordenado
varlavel Uependente. lNOvkOU
N=!.978
Lreltos Marglnals
Medla
varlavels Lxpllcatlvas Coer.
Std.
Lrr.
z No lnova
roduto
Novo para
Lmpresa
roduto
Novo para
o Mercado
|ummy+g|omc|+io -00!0 00!c -0c00 0011o -000oo0 -0000o
^|cno|z+gcm|ntc|n+(^||||) 04o0''' 00.c 1o0 -0101''' 01001!''' 00occ'''
^|cno|z+gcmVc|t|c+|(^||V||) 00o''' 00.1 !110 -00.o''' 00141''' 001114'''
^|cno|z+gcm|o||zont+|
(^|||O|)
-004'' 00.. -.00 0014c'' -000c'' -000''
cccno|og|+(^||C)
001''' 00.4 .o0 -00.1c''' 001!''' 0011c1'''
^|cno|z+gcm|cm+|s
|ontcs(^||O||O|)
-00!. 00.1 -140 001.!. -000o -000!
Cooc|+ioVc|t|c+|(COO|V||) 00''' 00. !40 -00!ooo''' 00.04''' 001.'''
Cooc|+io|o||zont+|
(COO||O|)
-00!1 00.o -110 0011 -000ooo -00011
Cooc|+iocomC|cnc|+c
ccno|og|+(COO|C)
004! 00. 10 -001o! 000! 0001c
|csso+|Ocu+oo(|O) 00c'' 00! .!00 -00!414'' 001!1'' 0014c!''
|ccc|t+||u|o+ocVcno+s(||V) 0!1''' 01.c !040 -010!4''' 00c04''' 00o!0'''
+|ooComc|c|+|com
o|xtc||o|(C|)
-...''' 10o -440 .000o''' -11!o4.''' -0c.o1'''
||uxoocComc|c|o|xtc|no(|C|) .1''' 10 40 -.0.oo''' 1140!''' 0cc0o.'''
C+stoscom||;
C+stoscom^t|v|o+ocs
|nov+t|v+s(C||;C^|)
00oo'' 00.o .c0 -00.4'' 00144'' 00110''
C+stoscom|+u|n+sc
-0.4''' 00.0 -140 011.1''' -00o!c''' -00404'''
|ontoocCo|tc1 -0!c!.4o 00.o
|ontoocCo|tc. 1.0cc4 00!4o
Ajuste do Modelo
Log likelihood-!!!01o ^|Coo4!. |scuoo|.01o0
LR chi2(.1)1!!1!''' ||Coc01.
':|gn|c+t|vo + 10`. '' :|gn|c+t|vo + `. c ''' :|gn|c+t|vo + 1`
!0
Com b+sc nos o+oos ooc-sc vc||c+| uc tooos os cocc|cntcs |c|+c|on+oos s v+||+vc|s cx||c+-
t|v+s sio cst+t|st|c+mcntc s|gn|c+ntcs com cxccio oo |c|+c|on+oo +o Dummy +g|omc|+io
^|cno|z+gcm|cm+|s|ontcsCooc|+io|o||zont+|cCooc|+iocomC|cnc|+cccno|og|+
Oss|n+|socsscscocc|cntcs
,,
sioos|t|vosousc,+v+||o+m+|oc|+ocum+|nucnc|+os|t|v+o+s
o|mcnsocsc+t+o+s+|++|nt|oouiooc|nov+ocscm|ooutos|css+|t+-scuc+s|ob+b|||o+ocs
m+|g|n+|s|o|+mc+|cu|+o+s+|+o|no|v|ouomco|oo++most|+ousc,+o|zcm|csc|toscm|cs+s
uc|c+||z+mos|occssoscmucstio(ossucmosv+|o|cso+sv+||+vc|s)cmum|c|c|cntcmco|+
o++most|+|m|c|+iosv+||+vc|soccont|o|cc|ccbc-scuc+sv+||+vc|s|c|+c|on+o+s+ocomc|-
c|ocxtc||o|sio+sucm+|s|nucnc|+mos|t|v+mcntccncg+t|v+mcntc+|ob+b|||o+oco+scm|c-
s+s |nov+|cm cm |ooutos t+nto oc |o|m+ |+o|c+| u+nto oc |o|m+ |nc|cmcnt+|
+oo
|m +umcnto
ocum+un|o+ocousc,+ocumocsv|o+o|io+c|m+o+mco|+(vc|+bc|++)nouxooccomc|c|o
cxtc|noc|cv++|ob+b|||o+oco+scm|cs+s|nov+|cmoc|o|m+|nc|cmcnt+|cm|ooutoscm++|/c
oc|o|m+|+o|+|cmss/
+o+
|mcont|++|t|o+o+umcntonos+|oocomc|c|+|comocxtc||o||couz+
|ob+b|||o+oco+scm|cs+s|nov+|cmt+ntooc|o|m+|+o|c+|comooc|o|m+|nc|cmcnt+|cm|o-
outos|ssc|+tot|+ouzcm+|tcoc||o+scxo|t+ocsb|+s||c||+sc+|c+o+scmcommoditiesuc
o|cu|t+moumcsmoto|n+m|nv|+vc|+|m|cmcnt+iooc|nov+ocscm|ooutos
^|no+cm|c|+iosv+||+vc|soccont|o|cvc||c+-scucot+m+n|oo+cm|cs+|nucnc|+os|t|v+-
mcntcn+|ob+b|||o+oco+scm|cs+s|nov+|cmcm|ooutos^v+||+ioocum+un|o+ocnocsso+|
ocu+ooc|cv++|ob+b|||o+oco+scm|cs+s|nov+|cmoc|o|m+|+o|c+|cm|ooutoscm+|/ccm
+,/oc|nov+|cmoc|o|m+|nc|cmcnt+||+o+umcntoocum+un|o+ocn+|ccc|t+||u|o+ocvcno+s
+c+||ct+um+c|cv+ioocs,/n+|ob+b|||o+oco+scm|cs+s|m|t+|cm|ooutosce,/oc|nov+|cm
oc|o|m+|+o|c+|cm|ooutosOscs|o|os|nov+t|vos+n+||s+oosgc|+mc|c|toso|st|ntosn+|ob+b|||-
o+oco+s|m+s|nov+|cmcm|ooutosO+umcntoocum+un|o+ocnosg+stoscm||cm|c|+io
|ccc|t+||u|o+ocvcno+sc|cv++|ob+b|||o+oco+s|m+s|nov+|cmoc|o|m+|+o|c+|cm|ooutoscm
++/coc|o|m+|nc|cmcnt+|cm+|/|o|cmum+umcntonosg+stoscmm+u|n+sccu|+mcntos
|couz+|ob+b|||o+oco+s|m+s|nov+|cm|csscscnt|oovc||c+-scuc+|++|nov+iocm|oou-
toso||oococscnc+oc+||occssosm+|sv||tuososuc+socm+|s+t|v|o+ocs|nov+t|v+s+n+||s+o+s
99 Com cxccio oos :c|+c|on+oos + ^,:cno|z+gcm |o:|zont+|. :+|oo Comc:c|+| com o |xtc:|o: c. +stos com |+u|n+s c
|u|,+mcntos ; +stos com ^t|v|o+ocs |nov+t|v+s
100 |+u| ,o: o|+ntc. u+noo c|t+:mos |nov+cs :+o|c+|s cntcno+-sc ,:ooutos ; ,:occssos novos ,+:+ o mc:c+oo n+c|on+|;|ntc:-
n+c|on+| ou ,+:+ o scto: oc +tu+io |. ,+:+ |nov+io |nc:cmcnt+|;|m|t+io cntcno+-sc ,:ooutos;,:occssos novos ,+:+ +s cm,:cs+s.
m+s ,+ cx|stcntcs nos mc:c+oos;scto:cs
101 |cst+c+-sc uc o mont+ntc +t|ng|oo ,c|+s ,:ob+b|||o+ocs m+:g|n+s cm :c|+io +s v+:|+vc|s :c|+c|on+o+s +o comc:c|o cxtc:no
ocvc sc: +n+||s+oo com ,:cc+uio Como ocst+c+oo. cm |unio o+ ,+o:on|z+io o+s v+:|+vc|s. o +umcnto oc um+ un|o+oc num+
octc:m|n+o+ v+:|+vc| s|gn|c+ o +umcnto no mont+ntc oc um ocsv|o ,+o:io |o:t+nto. o |m,+cto ,os|t|vo +,:cscnt+oo cm :c|+io
+ v+:|+vc| ||uxo oc comc:c|o cxtc:no c oc+s|on+oo. n+ :c+||o+oc. ,c|+ v+:|+io oc um ocsv|o ,+o:io ocst+ v+:|+vc|. ou sc,+. com b+sc
cm um +umcnto oc |; 1s9!9.s0 no uxo oc comc:c|o cxtc:no o+ cm,:cs+
!!
^+n+||scoos|no|c+oo|csucc+t+m+sc+|+ctc||st|c+soos|occssosoc+|cno|z+gcm|cvc|+uc
o+sv+||+vc|ss|gn|c+t|v+s+cn+s+|c|+c|on+o+com++|cno|z+gcm|o||zont+|ossu|um+cono-
t+io ncg+t|v+ com + |ob+b|||o+oc o+s cm|cs+s |nov+|cm cm |ooutos
+o.
^s ocm+|s v+||+vc|s
gc|+mc|c|tosos|t|vosn+|ob+b|||o+oco+scm|cs+s|nov+|cmcm|ooutosO+umcntoocum+
un|o+ocn++|cno|z+gcm|ntc|n+
+o,
c|cv++|ob+b|||o+ococ+scm|cs+so++most|+|m|t+|cm|o-
outoscm+o/coc|nov+|cmoc|o|m+|+o|c+|cm;e/^|ntc|+iocomun|vc|s|o+ocsccnt|osoc
c++c|t+ioc|nst|tu|ocsoctcstct+mbcmgc|+mc|c|tosos|t|vosn+|ob+b|||o+oco+scm|cs+s
|nov+|cmcm|ooutosum+vczuco+umcntoocum+un|o+ocno|no|c+oo|^||C+c+||ct+
um |nc|cmcnto oc +,/ n+ |ob+b|||o+oc o+s |m+s o+ +most|+ |m|t+|cm |ooutos c oc ++/ oc
|nov+|cmoc|o|m+|+o|c+|cm|ooutos
^s|ntc|+ocsocscnvo|v|o+sc|+s|m+scomc||cntcsc|o|ncccoo|cs+umcnt+m+c++c|o+oco+s
mcsm+s|nov+|cmcm|ooutos|ssc|+toccom|ov+ooc|osv+|o|cso+s|ob+b|||o+ocsm+|g|n+|s
|c|c|cntcs+os|no|c+oo|csoc+|cno|z+gcmvc|t|c+|ccooc|+iovc|t|c+|O+umcntoocum+un|-
o+ocno|no|c+oo|^||V||c|cv++|ob+b|||o+oco+|nt|oouiooc|nov+ocs|+o|c+|scm|ooutos
cm++/coc|nov+ocs|nc|cmcnt+|scm+|/O|no|c+oo|ocCOO|V||c|cv++s|nov+ocs|nc|c-
mcnt+|scm+,/c+s|+o|c+|scm./|o|t+ntocmtc|mosoc+|cno|z+gcm|ntc|+t|v++s|c|+ocs
m+|sv||tuos+scucm+|s|nucnc|+mos|t|v+mcntcoocscmcn|o|nov+t|voo+scm|cs+s(|c|+-
c|on+oo+|nov+ocsoc|ooutos)oco||cm+o|ongoo+c+oc|+|oout|v+
Com++n+||scocscnvo|v|o+coss|vc|conc|u||uc+sv+||+vc|s|c|+c|on+o+s+|cno|z+gcm|nucn-
c|+mos|t|v+mcntc+|ob+b|||o+ococ+scm|cs+so++most|+|nt|oouz||cm|nov+ocscm|oou-
tosCom+|+t|v+mcntc+ocon,untoocv+||+vc|soccont|o|c+oot+oonot+-scucos|occssosoc
+|cno|z+gcmc|cv+m+sc|+nccso+scm|cs+s|nt|oouz||cm|nov+ocscm|ooutos|ocon,unto
+sc|ncov+||+vc|ss|gn|c+t|v+succ+t+m+|ntcns|o+oco+|ntc|+ioc|cv+m+|ob+b|||o+oco+s
cm|cs+s|nov+|cmoc|o|m+|+o|c+|cm+os/coc|nov+|cmoc|o|m+|nc|cmcnt+|cm+|/|++s
sc|sv+||+vc|soccont|o|cuct+mbcmscmost|+|+ms|gn|c+t|v+s+|+os|occssosoc|nov+io
cm|ooutoscmcon,untoc|cv+mcme,/+soss|b|||o+ocsoc|m|t+iooc|ooutosccm,/oc
|nt|oouiooc|nov+ocs|+o|c+|s
102 |ss+ :c|+io ncg+t|v+ ,ooc cst+: +ssoc|+o+ + +,:o,:|+b|||o+oc oos :csu|t+oos :c|+c|on+oos + |nov+cs cm ,:ooutos Um+ vcz
uc + +,:cno|z+gcm |o:|zont+| :cctc. cm ,+:tc. + |ntc:+io ocscnvo|v|o+ com conco::cntcs. + +,:o,:|+b|||o+oc oos :csu|t+oos ocssc
,:occsso. u+noo c|+ sc m+tc:|+||z+ n+ |nt:oouio oc um+ |nov+io cm ,:oouto. ,ooc gc:+: con|tos oc |ntc:cssc cnt:c +s ,+:tcs
|sso ,ooc gc:+: :cst:|cs nos ,:occssos |ntc:+t|vos :c|+c|on+oos + cm,:cs+s conco::cntcs u+noo sc |oc+ + |nov+io cm ,:ooutos.
|+to cssc uc ,ust|c+ + :c|+io |nvc:s+ ocsc:|t+ Co::obo:+ +|no+ com css+ ,c:s,cct|v+. o |+to oc + coo,c:+io |o:|zont+|. uc c
:c+||z+o+ t+mbcm com conco::cntcs. nio sc: s|gn|c+t|v+ ,+:+ cssc t|,o oc |nov+io
103 Como ,oocmos vc: +t:+vcs o+ 1+bc|+ 1. o +umcnto oc um+ un|o+oc n+ +,:cno|z+gcm |ntc:n+ (ou. como |o| cx,||c|t+oo. oc um
ocsv|o ,+o:io) cu|v+|c + um +umcnto oc 0.!!4 no mcsmo
!z
Uetermlnantes do desempenbo das lnovadoras em processos
|st+ subscio +n+||s+ + |nucnc|+ o+s v+||+vc|s cx||c+t|v+s ocst+c+o+s no ocscmcn|o |nov+t|vo
o+scm|cs+so++most|+|c|+c|on+oo|nt|oouiooc|nov+ocscm|occssos^sv+||+vc|scx||c+-
t|v+ssio+smcsm+sut|||z+o+snomooc|o+ntc||o|scnoouc+v+||+vc|occnocntc(||OV||OC)
+ssumcov+|o|+u+noo+cm|cs+|nt|oouzum|occssonovocmn|vc|ooscto|oc+tu+ioo,
u+noo+cm|cs+|nt|oouzum|occssonovo+|+c|+m+s,+cx|stcntcnoscto|oc+tu+ioco
c+soniotcn|+|nov+oocm|occssos^+bc|+^.(^ncxo|st+t|st|co)+|cscnt+os|csu|t+oosoo
mooc|o+|+ocon,untoo+sv+||+vc|s|c|ccbc-scuco+s.+v+||+vc|s+n+||s+o+s+cn+s++siocst+-
t|st|c+mcntcs|gn|c+ntcs+umn|vc|ocs|gn|cnc|+oc+o/scnoouc+m+|o||+ocst+sv+||+vc|s(;)
|c|c|c-sc+ocon,untooccont|o|c|+sv+||+vc|succ+t+m+|ntcns|o+ocoos|occssosoc+|cno|-
z+gcm+cn+s++|cno|z+gcm|ntc|n++cooc|+iovc|t|c+|c+cooc|+iocomC|nucnc|+m
oocscmcn|o|nov+t|voo+scm|cs+s|c|+c|on+oos|nt|oouioocnovos|occssos
|c |o|m+ s|m||+| +os mooc|os +|cscnt+oos n+ scio +ntc||o| o mooc|o |c|+c|on+oo + |nov+ocs
cm|occsso|o|nov+mcntccst|u|+oo+|+ocon,untoo+scm|cs+so++most|++go|+scm+s
v+||+vc|s oc cont|o|c nio cst+t|st|c+mcntc s|gn|c+ntcs
+o|
Os |csu|t+oos ocssc novo mooc|o sio
+|cscnt+oosn++bc|+|
|otc-scuc+|+ocon,untoo++most|++v+||+vc|occont|o|cucm+|s|nucnc|++|nt|oouiooc
|nov+ocscm|occssoscouxooccomc|c|ocxtc|noscnoouco+umcntoocum+un|o+oc
+o,
ncstc c|cv+ + |ob+b|||o+oc o+s cm|cs+s |nt|oouz||cm |nov+ocs |nc|cmcnt+|s cm |occssos cm

.+e/c|+o|c+|scmee;/Ot+m+n|oo+|m+t+mbcm|nucnc|+os|t|v+mcntc+|ob+b|||o+oc
oc+scm|cs+s|nov+|cmcm|occssosum+vczuc+sou+sv+||+vc|succ+t+mcss+o|mcnsio
(|Oc||V)+|cscnt+m|ob+b|||o+ocsm+|g|n+|sos|t|v+s+|+cssct|ooc|nov+io|m+umcnto
cmum+un|o+ocn+|oout|v|o+oco+scm|cs+s+|+++most|+cmucstioc|cv+cm+s/+|o-
b+b|||o+oco+smcsm+s|nt|oouz||cm|nov+ocs|+o|c+|scm|ooutosm+snio+|ct+s|gn|c+t|v+-
mcntc+|++|nt|oouiooc|nov+ocs|nc|cmcnt+|scm|ooutos
u+nto+oscs|o|osoc|c+||z+iooc+t|v|o+ocs|nov+t|v+sosg+stoscm||ossucmum+|c|+io
ncg+t|v+cm|c|+io|nt|oouioocssct|ooc|nov+io|o|cmosg+stoscomm+u|n+sccu|-
+mcntosc|cv+m+|ob+b|||o+ococ+scm|cs+s|nov+|cm+t|+vcso+|m|t+iooc|occssos(+|/)
c||nc|+|mcntco+|nt|oouiooc|occssosnovos+|+oscto|oc+tu+io(|,/)Out|oonto
104 Quc sio +s scgu|ntcs v+|o: +o|c|on+oo + ,:oouio. s+|+:|o mco|o. s+|oo comc:c|+| com o cxtc:|o:. g+sto com +t|v|o+ocs |nov+-
t|v+s;:ccc|t+ ||u|o+ oc vcno+s c g+stos com t:c|n+mcnto;g+sto com +t|v|o+ocs |nov+t|v+s
105 |os tc:mos +ntc:|o:mcntc cx,||c+oos vc: not+ 9
!!
+sc|ocst+c+oo+|no+cm|c|+iosv+||+vc|soccont|o|ccucocsso+|ocu+oon+s+t|v|o+ocs
oc || |nucnc|+ os|t|v+mcntc o ocscmcn|o |nov+t|vo o+s cm|cs+s o+ +most|+ cm |c|+io
+osscus|occssosscnoouco+umcntoocum+un|o+ocncss+v+||+vc|c|cv+cm|./+|nov+io
|nc|cmcnt+|ccm+,+/+s|+o|c+|s
Comoocst+c+ooumnumc|o|couz|ooocv+||+vc|succ+t+mos|occssosoc+|cno|z+gcm
|ntc|+t|vos|o|+mcst+t|st|c+mcntcs|gn|c+ntcs+|++|nt|oouiooc|nov+ocscm|occssos
+oe
|nt|c +s v+||+vc|s uc +|cscnt+|+m um+ |c|+io s|gn|c+t|v+ com + |nt|oouio ocssc t|o oc
|nov+ioocst+c+-scuco+umcntocmum+un|o+ocoo|no|c+oo||c|+c|on+oo+|cno|z+gcm
|ntc|n+ c|cv+ cm o|/ + |ob+b|||o+oc oc +s cm|cs+s |m|t+|cm |occssos c cm +|/ oc |nt|o-
ouz||cm|occssosnovos+|+oscto|oc+tu+io^cooc|+iovc|t|c+|
+o;
+umcnt+cmo,/+
|ob+b|||o+oco+scm|cs+so++most|+oc|m|t+|cm|occssosccm+e/oc|nov+|cmoc|o|m+
|+o|c+||mcont|++|t|o++cooc|+iocomC+umcnt++oss|b|||o+ococ+scm|cs+s|nt|o-
ouz||cm |nov+ocs |+o|c+|s cm |occssos (o;/) m+s nio |nucnc|+ + |nt|oouio oc |nov+ocs
|nc|cmcnt+|scm|occssos
Comb+scncsscmooc|ocoss|vc|conc|u||uc+|++scm|cs+so++most|+oc|c|too++|cn-
o|z+gcm|ntc|+t|v+n+|nt|oouiooc|nov+ocscm|occssoscmu|to|couz|ooObsc|v+-sc+|no+
ucot|ooc|ntc|+iouc|nucnc|+cssct|ooc|nov+iocst+|c|+c|on+oocooc|+io+o
|ongo o+ c+oc|+ |oout|v+ c com un|vc|s|o+oc c ccnt|os oc csu|s+ ^s v+||+vc|s oc cont|o|c
+||c+o+s +|+ o mooc|o most|+|+m-sc mu|to m+|s |nucntcs +|+ + |nt|oouio oc |nov+ocs
cm|occssos|oout|vos|cst+c+-scncsscscnt|ooum+|c|+ioos|t|v+cnt|cot+m+n|ooos
cst+bc|cc|mcntos+|oout|v|o+ococsso+|ocu+oocm||+|ntcns|o+ocoouxooccomc|-
c|o cxtc|no c + |nt|oouio oc |nov+ocs cm |occssos Vc||c+-sc t+mbcm uc + +u|s|io oc
m+u|n+sccu|+mcntosgc|+c|c|tosos|t|vosnos|occssosoc|nov+iocm|ooutos^v+||-
+vc|dummy aglomeraocs|gn|c+t|v+c+|nsc|iooccm|cs+scm+g|omc|+ocs|oout|v+s
c|cv+cmo,/+|ob+b|||o+ococ+smcsm+s|m|t+|cm|occssosccm+e/+|ob+b|||o+ococ
|nov+|cmoc|o|m+|+o|c+|cm|occssos
106 ^s v+:|+vc|s +,:cno|z+gcm vc:t|c+|. +,:cno|z+gcm |o:|zont+|. +,:cno|z+gcm com c|cnc|+ c tccno|og|+. +,:cno|z+gcm com oc-
m+|s |ontcs c coo,c:+io |o:|zont+| nio |o:+m cst+t|st|c+mcntc s|gn|c+t|v+s + um n|vc| oc s|gn|cnc|+ oc 10`
107 O +umcnto oc um+ un|o+oc ncss+ v+:|+vc|
!4
1abela 4 kesultados do modelo probit ordenado para o conjunto das
varlavels expllcatlvas seleclonadas e varlavels de controle slgnlcatlvas
para as empresas lnovadoras em processo no 8rasll (z00)
roblt Ordenado
varlavel Uependente. lNOvkOC
N=!.978
Lreltos Marglnals
Medla
Std.
Lrr.
z
No
lnova
rocesso
Novo
para
Lmpresa
rocesso
Novo
para o
Setor
Dummy+g|omc|+io 010o''' 0041 .o10 -00.1!''' 0001.'' 001o.o'''
^|cno|z+gcm|ntc|n+(^||||) 00.''' 00!1 !000 -001co4''' 0004o'' 00140'''
^|cno|z+gcmVc|t|c+|(^||V||) 00!1 00.! 1!0 -000o!. 0001 0004
^|cno|z+gcm|o||zont+|(^|||O|) -00.0 00.! -0c40 000400 -0000c -000!0.
cccno|og|+(^||C)
001 00.o 0c0 -000!00 00004 000..
^|cno|z+gcm|cm+|s
|ontcs(^||O||O|)
-000 00.. -0400 0001c0 -000044 -0001!o
Cooc|+ioVc|t|c+|(COO|V||) 010''' 00. !o40 -00.1''' 000.c''' 001o.'''
Cooc|+io|o||zont+|(COO||O|) -000 00. -0!40 0001c4 -00004 -0001!
Cooc|+iocomC|cnc|+c
ccno|og|+(COO|C)
004' 00. 100 -0004' 000.4! 0001'
|csso+|Ocu+oo(|O) 01!''' 0044 44!0 -00!10''' 000c''' 00..'''
|ccc|t+||u|o+ocVcno+s(||V) 04.4''' 01! !140 -00coc''' 00.0c''' 00o40'''
||oout|v|o+oc(|||) 01.1' 00. 1oc0 -00.44' 000o00 001c'
||uxoocComc|c|o|xtc|no(|C|) 4!o''' 11co !oc0 -0cc!4o''' 0.1o!c''' 0oo1.'''
|csso+|Ocu+oocm||(|O||) 0co4''' 01!1 o0 -014c''' 004.c0''' 01!1'''
C+stoscom||;C+stoscom
^t|v|o+ocs|nov+t|v+s(C||;C^|)
-01''' 00.c -1c0 0040!1''' -000c''' -00!044
C+stoscom|+u|n+sc
0.''' 00.. 1!.0 -004''' 0014o!''' 00411
|ontoocCo|tc1 -11.c 00!o
|ontoocCo|tc. 14.! 0040
Ajuste do Modelo
Log likelihood-.o!.1c ^|C!0.! |scuoo|.0111o
LR chi2(1o)oo104''' ||C4.1c4
Fonte: ||c:o-o+oos ||ntcc ; ||^ |8|. (.00) ||+bo:+io ,:o,:|+
!
|o|t+ntocomb+scn++n+||sccx|o|+to||+ocscnvo|v|o+ncst+scio|o|oss|vc||ocnt|c+|+|nu-
cnc|+oos|occssosoc+|cno|z+gcm|ntc|+t|v+noocscmcn|o|nov+t|voo+scm|cs+so++mos-
t|+|c|ccbc-scuco+|cno|z+oooc|o|m+gc|+|tcmm+|o|c|c|tosob|c+|nt|oouiooc|nov+-
ocscm|ooutosvis--vis+|nt|oouiooc|nov+ocscm|occssosOut|oonto+sc|ocst+c+oo
|c|c|c-scoss|b|||o+ococ|c|+c|on+|+|gum+so+so|mcnsocs+|cscnt+o+sn+scio+ntc||o|+um
con,untocscc|coocucstocso+||ntccoss|b|||t+noo+|c+||z+iooc+n+||scssob|c+sc+|+ctc||s-
t|c+so++|cno|z+gcmn+|noust||+b|+s||c||+|o|mc+bcocst+c+|uc++n+||scocscnvo|v|o+com
b+sc n+ c|+bo|+io oos mooc|os +|cscnt+oos cons|stc cm um cxc|c|c|o cx|o|+to||o nio scnoo
ob,ct|vooomcsmocsgot+|+m+tc||+ncmmcsmo|o|nccc||no|c|osocn|t|vossob|c+|nucnc|+
oos|occssosoc+|cno|z+gcmnoocscmcn|o|nov+t|voo+scm|cs+s
4.5. Consideraes nais
|oocco||c|ocstct|+b+||obuscou-sct|++|umu+o|oo+s||nc|+|so|mcnsocsoos|occssosoc
+|cno|z+gcm+sc|cm+n+||s+o+scomb+sccm|no|c+oo|csoc|nov+io^m+|o|+|tco+smcto-
oo|og|+s|c|+c|on+o+sc|+bo|+iooc|no|c+oo|cs+|+|nov+io|o|ocscnvo|v|o+como|ntu|tooc
c+t+|um+|c+||o+occscc|c++oos+|scso+OC||scnoouc+su+|m|cmcnt+iocm+|scs
cm ocscnvo|v|mcnto +|cscnt+ um+ sc||c oc ||m|t+ocs ^s c+|+ctc||st|c+s cscc|c+s ocss+s cco-
nom|+s||nc|+|mcntc+s|c|+c|on+o+sc|cv+o+|ctc|ogcnc|o+ocscto||+|c|cg|on+|bcmcomo+o
+o|iooccscc|+||z+io+ssum|ooo|noss+scst|utu|+s|oout|v+so|cu|t+m+|m|cmcnt+io
ocstcs|no|c+oo|cs^|cmocsscsontoss+||cnt+-scucos|no|c+oo|csucbusc+mc+t+|oc+|+tc|
s|stcm|cooos|occssos|nov+t|vosccmcscc|+|+so|mcnsocs|c|+c|on+o+s+|cno|z+gcm+|no+
sc cncont|+m cm um cst+g|o cmb||on+||o mcsmo nos +|scs ,+ ocscnvo|v|oos nio |+vcnoo um
con,untoocconcc|tosc|no|c+oo|csncmum+mctooo|og|++m|+mcntc+cc|t+
^busc+o|umcon,untooc|no|c+oo|csoc+|cno|z+gcm+|++|c+||o+ocb|+s||c||++ss+ncccss+-
||+mcntcc|+o|scussioocum+sc||cocucstocsucoocmsc|s|stcm+t|z+o+so+scgu|ntc|o|m+
+) Comot|+t+|+c|cv+o+|ctc|ogcnc|o+ocscto||+|c|cg|on+||cscntcno||+s||
b) u+|sosconcc|tos|c|cv+ntcsucocvcmsc|+b+|c+oosc|os|no|c+oo|cscu+|s|no|c+-
oo|csocvcmsc|us+oos
c) |oss|vc|cns+|cm|no|c+oo|csocos|c|on+mcnto(scto||+|c|cg|on+|)+|+o||+s||
o) u+|+un|o+oc+n+||t|c+|oc+|+|+os|no|c+oo|cs
c) |oss|vc|c;ou|+ct|vc|+v+n+|n+const|uioocsurveyscscc|cos+|+c+t+|+so|mcn-
socs+n+||t|c+socsc,+o+s(sc|v|os+g|oncgoc|osctc)
!6
|) Como g+|+nt|| + com+|+b|||o+oc oos o+oos (|+|mon|z+| os concc|tos mctooo|og|+s
+gcntcscnt|cv|st+oos)
g) Como t|+t+| +s +t|v|o+ocs c |ccu|sos |nt+ng|vc|s uc c+|+ctc||z+m os novos scto|cs c +
|n|o|m+||o+oc|cscntcncsscs+|scs(sc|v|oso|cxcm|o)
^s|csost+s+css+sucstocsoocm|cv+|+g|+nocs+v+nosnos|occssosocsugcstioc|m|c-
mcnt+iooc|no|c+oo|csoc+|cno|z+gcm+|+o||b|+s||c||oComoocmonst|+oon++|tccm|-
||c+ocstct|+b+||occ|t+so|mcnsocsocssc|occssooocmsc||ocnt|c+o+sc+n+||s+o+scomb+sc
cm|n|o|m+ocs,+o|son|vc|scoccc|t+|o|m+s|stcm+t|z+o+scomonoc+soo+||ntcco|cxcm-
|o^|no+cm|c|+io+n+||sccm|||c+|c+||z+o+|o|oss|vc||ocnt|c+|+|c|cvnc|+oos|occssos
oc+|cno|z+gcm+|+oocscmcn|o|nov+t|vooos+gcntcsComoocst+c+oo++n+||scocscnvo|-
v|o+tcvcumc+|+tc|cx|o|+to||oscnooucno|utu|onov+so|mcnsocsooc|iosc|+o|c|on+o+s
+omooc|ogc|+noog+n|osu+||t+t|voscu+nt|t+t|vosn++n+||sc
|o|mc+bc|c|o|+|uccstct|+b+||oniotcm+|ctcnsiooc|o|nccc|umcon,untoocn|t|vooc
|no|c+oo|csoc+|cno|z+gcm+|+o||b|+s||c||o|c|o|m+gc|+|css+m+tc||+vcmscnooo|scu-
t|o+|+m+|socu+t|oocc+o+st+ntonomc|o+c+ocm|cocomonomc|oo||t|coniotcnoo+|no+
+|c+n+ooumconscnsocm+mb+s+scs|c|+s|uscou-sco|t+nto+cn+s+ont+|+|gunsc+m|n|os
uc oss+m sc| scgu|oos +|+ o mc||o| cntcno|mcnto ocsscs |occssos c +|gum+s ucstocs uc
ncccss+||+mcntctc|ioucsc|o|scut|o+sn+c|+bo|+ioocnov+smctooo|og|+scocumcon,unto
oc|no|c+oo|csoc+|cno|z+gcm+|+c+t+|oc|o|m+m+|s+u|+o++sc+|+ctc||st|c+soos|occssos
|nov+t|vosno||+s||
kerernclas
^||^|O\|z^|V|+b|||tyc|cct+b|||ty+noc+no|o+tcc|o|cc|n+|cs|ocnt|+|||m+|yc|cct|on^
tcsto|comct|ngmooc|sournal or olltlcsv,++,s,
^||^|OV|z | C+ct||ng u |o|g|ng +|c+o +no |+|||ng bc||no ournal or Lconomlc llstory
|cwo||veen.,s,-|oe+,se
^||||csc+|c||nvcnt|onocvc|omcnt+no|nnov+t|onAmerlcan Lconomlc kevlewv,+n,+,e+
^||||||^|^||^|\|+tc|ccnt+gco||nnov+t|ons|s+tcntcokesearcb ollcyv.;+,,s
+.;+|+
^||||||^|^||||||\|+tc|ccnt+gco||nnov+t|ons+|c+tcntco|m|||c+|cst|m+tcs|o|
|u|oc+n|mskesearcb ollcy||scv|c|v.;n.|unc+,,s+.;-+|+
!7
^||||||^|nnov+t|onsu|vcy|no|c+to|s+ny|og|csss|ncc+,,eO||owto+oo|csst|cO|so
+|+ooxwcscc|nnov+t|onsu|vcyscvc|yw|c|cbutw|c|c|st|c|m+cton|nnov+t|ono||cy|n
O|C| |||| | || CO||||||C| Wbat lndlcators ror Sclence, 1ecbnology and lnnovatlon
ollclesOtt+w+C+n+o+ctcmbc|.,-.;.ooe
||^||||^|||^||||+tcntt||c|ctsc|oss-||ccns|ng+no+nt|t|ustAntltrust 8ullv|;n
.;,,|,-,es.oo.
||^|COCC|||cs|c|cuzc|ouc+oo|sob|c+co+gog|+ooconcc|toLducao 8 kealldade (Uossl
Cllles Ueleuze)v.;n.,u|;ocz.oo.+;,-.o|
||^|CO|||||||^C^|V^||O|||st|m+t|v+o++|c+|o||+|ocC|ss+mc|osg|+bc|||m+|
us+nooo|mcnsocs||nc+|csoo||mbo|o||+|lanta Uanlnbav.on,,,,-,,e.oo.
|||O|||C^|O|Ô||Sectoral system or lnnovatlon and local productlve systems ln
tbe 8razlllan sortware lndustry. a rocus on competence bulldlng processes.ooe
|||O|V^|C^||no|c+oo|csoc+|cno|z+oocc++c|t+io|oout|v+cm+||+n,os|oout|vos
|oc+|s not+s |c||m|n+|cs |n ||||^||O |||||C|V^ | |O|||C^ |^|^ |||^ ||
||OV^Ô | ^||||||z^|O |^ ^||||C^ |^||^ ||o oc |+nc||o |coc|st - || - |||| .oo|
Anals||son|vc|cm|tt;;|cocs|st|cu||,b|;scm|
|||O|^||c+b|||o+ococ|no|c+oo|cssob|c|occssosoccooc|+ioc+|cno|z+oocm+||+n,os
|oout|vos |oc+|s um+ s|stcm+t|z+io |n ||||^||O |||||C|V^ | |O|||C^ |^|^
|||^||||OV^Ô|^||||||z^|O|^^||||C^|^||^||ooc|+nc||o|coc|st-||-
||||.oo|Anals||son|vc|cm|tt;;|cocs|st|cu||,b|;scm|.
||O|\|||||||||||C|^||cyncs-|us|cct|vcocm+no+noc|+ngcs|n|m-|cvc|||
+ncm|||c+|notcCambrldge ournal or Lconomlcsv.,n,+,,,,s,-,,+
||O|\|||||||||||C|^|ctc|m|n+ntso||nnov+t|onoutut^m|c|occonomct||c+n+|ys|s
o|t||cc|nnov+t|onoutut|no|c+to|s|n||||||||C|^(|o)Uetermlnants or lnnovatlon. tbe
message rrom new lndlcators. Macmlllan|onoon+,,e,,+.|
||O|\|| | ||||||||C| ^| |nnov+t|vc outut +no + |ms |ocns|ty to +tcnt +n
cx|o|+t|ono|C|m|c|oo+t+kesearcb ollcyv.s|ssuce+,,,
||O|\|||||||||||C|^||c+su||ngt|cunmc+su|+b|c^count|ysnon-||cxcno|tu|c
on|oouct+nosc|v|cc|nnov+t|onkesearcb ollcyv.,+,,;
C^|O|Ô||^|||V||||||^||||||O|C^|||||Clndlcadores de lnovao. uma
anallse crltlca para os 8klCS. klo de anelro. kedeSlst kelatorlo de esqulsa.oos
!8
C^|O|Ô || |^|| |c|cn+ || Lstrateglas para o desenvolvlmento. um enroque
sobre arranjos produtlvos locals do Norte, Nordeste e Centro-Oeste brasllelros||ooc|+nc||o
|-|+c|s.ooe
C^|O|Ô || |||O | lnterao, Aprendlzado L Cooperao 1ecnologlca |ucnos ^||cs
|cun|io oc |scc|+||st+s oo |stuo|o |ctooo|og|co |+ |ncucst+ oc |nnov+c|on ccno|og|c+ cn |+s
|m|cs+s.oo.
C^|O|Ô || z^|||O | ^||+n,os c s|stcm+s |oout|vos c |nov+t|vos |oc+|s no ||+s||
|n Notas tecnlcas da rase ll do rojeto roposlo de polltlcas para a promoo de slstemas
produtlvos e lnovatlvos locals de mlcro, pequenas e medlas empresas brasllelras||ooc|+nc||o
|||||coc|st.oo.
C^|O|Ô|||nov+iotccno|og|c+cmum+|sc|||c||cooc+soo+|noust||+ocbcnsocc+|t+|
+|++uc+|c+|coo||n||CO||O^||^||^^|||Cs+,so|ov+|||bu|goAnals||+s|||+
^|||C+,sov+,|;-,;.
C^|O|Ô||^|C|^|Âvallao tecnologla do alcool etlllco||+s|||+C||+,so,+,
COO|| ^ Consc|v+t|on munt,+c occ| +no wooo|+no |csc|vc m+n+gcmcnt . ract. Lcol.
Conserv. Spec. ubv++,,e|,-,.
CO||| | ||V|||^| | ^bso|t|vc c++c|ty + ncw c|scct|vc on |c+|n|g +no |nnov+t|on
Admlnlstratlve Sclence Quarterlyv,,+,,o+.s-+,.
CO||CC||^^\|+t|no|c+to|s|o|sc|cncctcc|no|ogy+no|nnov+t|ono||c|cs|nt|c.+stccntu|y
8lue Sky ll |orum 8ackgroundOC||.ooe
|||||^| C O|| | |cvc|o|ng sc|cncc tcc|no|ogy +no |nnov+t|on |no|c+to|s w|+t wc c+n
|c+|n||omt|c+stUNU-MLkl1 Worklng apernoo+|+nu+|y.oo;
______|cvc|o|ngsc|cncctcc|no|ogy+no|nnov+t|on|no|c+to|sw|+twcc+n|c+|n||omt|c
+stUNU-MLkl1, Worklng apersc||csn+.oo;
______le Lconomlcs or lndustrlal lnnovatlonC+mb||ogc|+ss||||css,+co+,,;
|||||^||C^scto|mc+su|cso|ccnt|+||tyb+scoonbctwccnncssSoclometryv|o+,;;,,-|+
|||||^|C1ecbnology pollcy and economlc perrormance|onoon||ntc|+,s;
C||||^||||||||!cm|c|o-octc|m|n+ntso|mcso-|cvc||c+n|ng+no|nnov+t|oncv|ocncc||om
+C|||c+nw|ncc|ustc|kesearcb ollcyv,||;-es.oo,
CO||||O || lndlcadores de C81, lnovao e conbeclmento. Onde estamos: Onde
queremos cbegar:||mco;|n|vc|s|o+occcn|c+oc||sbo+.oo,
CO||||O|Consc+ioocmcmo||+sc|ct|o+ioo|scu|s|v+o+sc||tcsumc+son+|+|+g+|+|co-
o|tugucs+ ^t+s oo |n CO|C||O |^ |||||^C|O| || ^||O|O|OC|^ ||| |^|O
||^|O| |+s o||t|c+s oc |+ mcmo||+ cm |os s|stcm+s ocmoc|+t|cos ooc| cu|tu|+ y mc|c+oo
cv|||+.oo,Atascv|||+.oo,;,-s,
CO||||t+t|st|cs+noc|cncccc|no|ogy+no|nnov+t|on|o||cy|owtogct|c|cv+nt|no|c+to|
|| O|C| |||| | || CO||||||C| \|+t |no|c+to|s |o| sc|cncc tcc|no|ogy +no |nnov+t|on
o||c|csctcmbc|.,-.;Ott+w+C+n+o+.ooeAnnalsOtt+w+C+n+o+.ooe
C||||C||z||+no||oouct|v|ty|conomct||c|csu|ts+no|c+su|cmcnt|ssucs|nO|||^|
|(|o)landbook or tbe Lconomlcs or lnnovatlon and 1ecbnologlcal Cbange||+c|wc||+,,,
C|||||||||||^|||||Osmot|co||vcn|c|c+sc||nct|cso|b|o+ct|vct|c|+cut|c|otc|ns||om
+b|oocg|+o+b|cc|+stomc|+|c||nc+|const+nts|m||+|+no+o,ust+b|cbarm. kes.,.ooe;s.-;s,
|^|| | ^ ||+mcwo|| ||n||ng |nt+ng|b|c |csou|ccs +no c++b|||t|cs to sust+|n+b|c comct|t|vc
+ov+nt+gcStrateglc Management ournalv+|+,,,eo;-e+s
||||||||O||O|||O|||z|||||V^|||^bso|t|vcC++c|ty|o|mso||now|cogc
+no |conom|c |cvc|omcnt |n C|O||||C|||OV^|O| || ^|| ||V||O||||
|mc|g|ng Oo|tun|t|cs +no C|+||cngcs .Octobc| +e-.o |c|,|ng C||n+ .oo| roceedlngs
|c|,|ngC||n+.oo|
||||||||C|^\|yoowcncconcw|nnov+t|onoutut|no|c+to|s|n||||||||C|^|^||
|(|os)New concepts ln lnnovatlon output measurementt|+|t|ns||css|cwo||+,,,
||||||O|||||C|^novc|v|cwo||nnov+t|on|n|^||^|||O|||||C|(O|gs)!c
osltlve Sum Strategy\+s||ngton|C|+t|on+|^c+ocmyo|||css+,se
|^|^||| ||||||| | ^||V|| 1owards a new understandlng or lnnovatlvlty
and or lnnovatlon based lndlcators|+c||cscntco+ttot|c|||Ocon|c|cnccon|ow-cc|+s
||snomc|||ussc|s.,.o|unc.oo,
|^|| ||| C^|O|Ô || (Coo|o) Clossarlo de arranjos e slstemas produtlvos e
lnovatlvos locals||ooc|+nc||o||.oo,
|||O || uc|symmct|y o| |ot+t|ng to|o|o+| b|+c| |o|cs |n |ou|-o|mcns|on+| +nt|-oc |ttc|
s+cct|mcs |n |^|C|| C|O|^|| |||||C , |omc |u|y .ooo co | |un| (\o||o
c|cnt|c.oo,)roceedlngs|omc.oo,
!60
||V|||^|||||\Ccncow|nscco|+ntsLvolutlonary 8lologyv;||cnum||css|cw
o||+,,-..o+,;|
||||V^|| | (|o) Natlonal systems or lnnovatlon. towards a tbeory or lnnovatlon and
lnteractlve learnlng|onoon||ntc|+,,.
||||V^|| |-^ |nnov+t|on +s +n |ntc|+ct|vc |occss ||om usc||ooucc| |ntc|+ct|on to t|c
|+t|on+||nnov+t|onystcms|n|O|C|||||^|C|||O|||||V|||||CCO|||
(|os)1ecbnlcal Cbange and Lconomlc leory|onoon||ntc||ub||s|c|s+,ss
||||-||og|+m+o+s|+ocs|n|o+s+|+o|cscnvo|v|mcntokUl - kelatorlo do desenvolvlmento
bumano z00!||sbo+||nov+.oo+
O|C^||^|O| |O| |CO|O||C CO-O|||^|O| ^|| ||V||O|||| Measurlng tbe
lnrormatlon economy|+||s.oo.
O|C^||^|O||O||CO|O||CCO-O|||^|O|^||||V||O||||Uynamlslng natlonal
lnnovatlon systems|+||s.oo.
O|C^||^|O| |O| |CO|O||C CO-O|||^|O| ^|| ||V||O|||| roposed standard
practlce ror surveys ror researcb and experlmental development, |rascatl Manual z00z|+||s.oo.
O|C^||^|O||O||CO|O||CCO-O|||^|O|^||||V||O||||;|u|ost+tOLCU roposed
Culdellnes ror Collectlng and lnterpretlng 1ecbnologlcal lnnovatlon Uata Oslo Manual|+||s+,,;
|^|||| | |ntc|+io un|vc|s|o+oc cm|cs+ no ||+s|| cv|ocnc|+s oo o||cto||o oos g|uos oc
csu|s+ooC||io|+u|oLstudos Lconmlcosv,;n+.oo;
|||||lndlcadores kedeSlst para a avallao de arranjos produtlvos locals|u||ooc.oo|(m|mco)
|O|||||C|erspectlves on 1ecbnologyC+mb||gcC+mb||gc|n|vc|s|ty+,;e
||||||||| || |+ncss | le strateglc use or patents. lmpllcatlons ror Antltrust ^nt|t|ust
|+tcnt+noCoy||g|tCon|c|cnccm|mco+,.oo|
^|O|^||^||O^C||||||||no|c+oo|csoc|nov+iot|c|n+mcntoccooc|+iocm
^||sumcstuooocc+soso+|coc|st++|t||o++n+||scmu|t|v+||+o+|nSemlnarlo erspectlvas e
olltlcas ara Slstemas de lnovao e Aprendlzado na Amerlca Latlna||ooc|+nc||o|coc|st||;
||||.oo|||son|vc|cm|tt;;|cocs|st|cu||,b|;scm|
^|O | | ct +| |+||ow gcoc|cct||c st|uctu|c o| c+stc|n +|t o| c|cc||+ |s|+no (ô|cs)
||om ^| souno|ngs |n |||O||^| |||||C O| ||V||O||||^| ^|| ||C|||||||C
C|O|||C,.oo,oster.oo,
!6!
||| | |c+su||ng |nnov+t|on || |^C|||||C | |O\|| | C |||O| | | (O|g) le
Oxrord landbook or lnnovatlonOx|o|oOx|o|o|n|vc|s|ty||css.oo,
^|||V|||||Lnsalos sobre aprendlzagem, cooperao e lnovao em aglomeraes produtlvas
na lndustrla brasllelra||tc|o||||cscocoouto|+oo.oo,
______ Ulnamlca econmlca e a lnsero de mlcro e pequenas empresas em arranjos
produtlvos locals. o caso da eletrometal-mecanlca na mlcrorreglo de olnvllle}SC .oo|
||ssc|t+io(|cst|+oocm|conom|+)|n|vc|s|o+oc|coc|+|oc+nt+C+t+||n+
^|||V|||| | C^||O | |no|c+oo|cs +|+ + ^n+||sc o+ ||nm|c+ |nov+t|v+ cm ^||+n,os
||oout|vos|oc+|s+||c+io+oc+sooo+||+n,oc|ct|omct+|-mccn|cooc|o|nv|||c;C|nSemlnarlo
erspectlvas e olltlcas ara Slstemas de lnovao e Aprendlzado na Amerlca Latlna ||o oc
|+nc||o|coc|st||;||||.oo|||son|vc|cm|tt;;|cocs|st|cu||,b|;scm|
C||OO||||||nvcnt|on+nocconom|cg|owt|C+mb||ogc|+ss|+|v+|o|n|vc|s|t||css+,ee
|^|||O||o||cy|ssucssu||ouno|ng|cg|on+||now|cogcccnt|cs|nC|||^Co||ou|um!cusco|
|C+s+suo|t|o|voc+t|on+|couc+t|on+not|+|n|ng||ussc|s+,-.o|ov.oo+aper||ussc|s.oo+
|||CO|O||Sometblng new under tbe sunoutub|o.oo;
V|O| || |uno+mcntos c cvo|uio oos |no|c+oo|cs oc C |n V|O| | | |^C||O | |
(O|gs)lndlcadores de clncla, tecnologla e lnovao no 8rasllC+m|n+s|o|to|+o+|n|c+m.oo,
OC|||CLntorno productlvo y ventajas competltlvas Ll caso de uma trama slderurglca|||+|
+.oo,
!6z
Anexo estatlstlco
1abela A! kesultados do modelo probit ordenado para o conjunto das varlavels
expllcatlvas seleclonadas para as empresas lnovadoras em produtos.
roblt Ordenado
varlavel Uependente. lNOvkOU N=!978
Std.
Lrr.
z
|ummy+g|omc|+io -00. 00!c -0o0
^|cno|z+gcm|ntc|n+(^||||) 04o ''' 00.c 1o0.0
^|cno|z+gcmVc|t|c+|(^||V||) 00o ''' 00.1 !1!0
^|cno|z+gcm|o||zont+|(^|||O|) -004o '' 00.. -.00
^|cno|z+gcmcomC|cnc|+cccno|og|+(^||C) 000 ''' 00.4 .40
^|cno|z+gcm|cm+|s|ontcs(^||O||O|) -00!! 00.1 -1o00
Cooc|+ioVc|t|c+|(COO|V||) 00 ''' 00. !4c0
Cooc|+io|o||zont+|(COO||O|) -00!1 00.o -1.10
Cooc|+iocomC|cnc|+cccno|og|+(COO|C) 004. 00. 1o0
|csso+|Ocu+oo(|O) 00c '' 0041 .100
|ccc|t+||u|o+ocVcno+s(||V) 0!c ''' 014 .o00
||oout|v|o+oc(|||) 001 00o! 0.o0
V+|o|ô|c|on+oo||oouio(V^|) 00. 00!. 000
+|+||o|co|o(|) 0041 01. 0.0
+|ooComc|c|+|como|xtc||o|(C|) -.40 ''' 10o. -4!0
||uxoocComc|c|o|xtc|no(|C|) .c ''' 10o! 4c0
|csso+|Ocu+oocm||(|O||) 00 004 00
C+stoscom^t|v|o+ocs|nov+t|v+s;|ccc|t+||u|o+ocVcno+s(C^|;||V) 00o 00o 1140
C+stoscom||;C+stoscom^t|v|o+ocs|nov+t|v+s(C||;C^|) 00o '' 00.o ..0
C+stoscom|+u|n+sc|u|+mcntos;C+stoscom^t|v|o+ocs|nov+t|v+s(C||;||V) -0.o ''' 00.0 -140
C+stoscom|c|n+mcntocC++c|t+io;C+stoscom^t|v|o+ocs|nov+t|v+s(CC;||V) 000 001 04o0
|ontoocCo|tc1 -0!c!.4o 00.o
|ontoocCo|tc. 1.0cc4 00!4o
^,ustcoo|ooc|o
Log likelihood-!!.4!c11|scuoo|.01o0
LR chi2(o)1!4oo'''
!6!
1abela Az kesultados do modelo probit ordenado para o conjunto das varlavels
expllcatlvas seleclonadas para as empresas lnovadoras em processos.
roblt Ordenado
varlavel Uependente. lNOvkOC
N=!978
Std.
Lrr.
z
|ummy+g|omc|+io 010. '' 0041 .00
^|cno|z+gcm|ntc|n+(^||||) 004 ''' 00!1 !0o0
^|cno|z+gcmVc|t|c+|(^||V||) 00!1 00.! 1!0
^|cno|z+gcm|o||zont+|(^|||O|) -001 00.! -0c.0
^|cno|z+gcmcomC|cnc|+cccno|og|+(^||C) 001o 00.o 0o10
^|cno|z+gcm|cm+|s|ontcs(^||O||O|) -000 00.. -0!!0
Cooc|+ioVc|t|c+|(COO|V||) 010c ''' 00. !oc0
Cooc|+io|o||zont+|(COO||O|) -000c 00. -0!00
Cooc|+iocomC|cnc|+cccno|og|+(COO|C) 004c ' 00. 1oo0
|csso+|Ocu+oo(|O) 01! ''' 0044 4!c0
|ccc|t+||u|o+ocVcno+s(||V) 040! ''' 01! .00
||oout|v|o+oc(|||) 01.o ' 001 10
V+|o|ô|c|on+oo+||oouio(V^|) -00.c 00!4 -0c.0
+|+||o|co|o(|) -044. 0.0 -10
+|ooComc|c|+|como|xtc||o|(C|) 1!0 11.o 1..0
||uxoocComc|c|o|xtc|no(|C|) !o0 ''' 1!oc .o0
|csso+|Ocu+oocm||(|O||) 0co ''' 01!1 oo10
C+stoscom^t|v|o+ocs|nov+t|v+s;|ccc|t+||u|o+ocVcno+s(C^|;||V) -00! 00.4 -140
C+stoscom||;C+stoscom^t|v|o+ocs|nov+t|v+s(C||;C^|) -0.01 ''' 00.c -.!0
C+stoscom|+u|n+sc|u|+mcntos;C+stoscom^t|v|o+ocs|nov+t|v+s(C||;||V) 0. ''' 00.. 1!440
C+stoscom|c|n+mcntocC++c|t+io;C+stos
com^t|v|o+ocs|nov+t|v+s(CC;||V)
-00. 00.0 -1.10
|ontoocCo|tc1 -11!.
|ontoocCo|tc. 141oc.
^,ustcoo|ooc|o
Log likelihood-.o.co4|scuoo|.011.
LR chi2(.1)ooc0'''
Fonte: ||c:oo+oos |||1|C ; ||^ |8|. (.00) ||+bo:+io ,:o,:|+
!64
!6
A importncia das interaes para a inovao e a busca por indicadores
5. A importncia das interaes para a inovao e a
busca por indicadores
Anne-Marie Maculan
108
||so| oc novos |no|c+oo|cs uc c|m|t+m cntcnoc| + com|cx|o+oc c|csccntc oos s|stcm+s oc
|nov+ioccsu|s+ccom+|+|osocscmcn|osocsscss|stcm+s+n|vc|n+c|on+||cg|on+|scto-
||+|cumocs+o+ont+oocmv+||oscstuoos|+|t|nooo++n+||scoc+bo|o+gcns+|cscnt+o+sn+
||tc|+tu|+|cccntc|c|+t|v+ss|o|m+soc|ntc|+ocscnt|coso||c|cntcs+gcntcscnvo|v|ooscm|occs-
sosoc|nov+iobusc+-scncstct|+b+||o|c+|+|+sc+|+ctc||st|c+socss+s|ntc|+ocstcnoocmv|st+
+|o|mu|+ioocconcc|tosm+|s+b|+ngcntcscocoss|vc|s|no|c+oo|csoc|nov+io
^sc+|+ctc||st|c+so+s|ntc|+ocs+ont+o+sncsscscstuoos|no|c+m+ncccss|o+ococsco|so|oc
|no|c+oo|csucoss|b|||tcm++v+||+iooos|m+ctoso+s|ntc|+ocst+ntocmn|vc|occ++c|o+oc
|nov+t|v+o+scm|cs+scomonouct+ngc|oout|v|o+ocoos|nvcst|mcntosub||coscmcs-
u|s+c|io+u|cn|oc+ooscnt|cout|ososconcc|tosoc|nov+io+bc|t+coc|cocsoc|nov+io
5.1. Reformulao das polticas de CT&I e necessidade de indicadores
|ss+s nov+s +bo|o+gcns concc|tu+|s tcm |nucnc|+oo + |o|mu|+io o+s o||t|c+s oc C|cnc|+ c
ccno|og|+(C)uc|nco|o|+|+mo|vc|s+s|c||+mcnt+scmuo+|+ms|gn|c+t|v+mcntcos|ocos
oc+tu+io+o|ongooosu|t|mos,o+nos|o,cosgovc|nos+|m+mc|+|+mcntctc|oo|sob,ct|vos
||nc|+|sccom|cmcnt+|cso+o|o+o|occssooc|nov+ioo+scm|cs+sno|ntu|tooc+|c+n-
+|umn|vc|m+|s+|tooccomct|t|v|o+oc|ntc|n+c|on+|co|omcntoo+csu|s+c|cnt|c+cmun|-
vc|s|o+ocsc|nst|tu|ocsub||c+soccsu|s+(|||s)+|++m||+|+c++c|o+ococo|c|t+ocnovos
con|cc|mcntoscoc|o|m+iooc|ccu|sos|um+nosûcstioo+s|ntc|+ocscnt|cun|vc|s|o+ocs
|nst|tu|ocsoccsu|s+ccm|cs+sc+ont+o+comomct+csscnc|+|+sc||omov|o+c|+so||t|c+s
ub||c+soc|omcnto|nov+io
108 ^nnc-|+:|c |+cu|+n c oouto:+ cm soc|o|og|+ ,c|+ Un|vc:s|tc |u Qucbcc + |ont:c+| (C+n+o+) c ,:o|csso:+ o+ Co,,c;U|||
!66
Anne-M arie M aculan
^ |nsc|io o+s cconom|+s n+c|on+|s no contcxto g|ob+| +ss+ |o,c o| css+s ou+s o||cnt+ocs
cst|+tcg|c+so+so||t|c+socC|cnc|+ccno|og|+c|nov+io(C|)cu,+s|c|o|mu|+ocsscocvcm
cm+|tc|mo|tnc|+o+o++o|occssooc|nov+iocomo+|+v+nc+ooc|csc|mcntocconom|co
^s+gcnc|+sgovc|n+mcnt+|s|ncumb|o+so+|m|cmcnt+ioocss+so||t|c+s|nco|o|+|+m|mo|-
t+ntcs+scctosoc||v+oosoos+v+noso++n+||sctco||co-concc|tu+|co+com|ccnsiocm|||c+oo
|occssooc|nov+iocomocst+uc+|+osscgu|ntcs
+o|mcnsioco|ct|v+c|ntc|+t|v+o+|nov+iocomumnumc|oc|csccntcoc+to|csuc
|cv++congu|+ocsmu|t||+sooss|stcm+soc|nov+ioccsu|s+cm|uniooocon-
tcxtoocc+o++|sou|cg|iobcmcomoo+scscc|c|o+ocsscto||+|s
o |ccon|cc|mcnto o+ |mo|tnc|+ o+s |nov+ocs oc n+tu|cz+ o|g+n|z+c|on+| ou sc,+
niocxc|us|v+mcntc|c|+c|on+o+stccno|og|+noscnt|oo|cst||too++|+v|+uctcmo|
n+||o+ocmooc|n|z+|outo|n+|m+|scc|cntcsos|occssosoc|oouioocbcnscsc|v|-
osou|nt|oouz||novoss|stcm+socgcstioc|m|t|noo+ss|mg+n|osoc|oout|v|o+oc
+|mo|tnc|+o+scono|ocsoc+|o||+ioo+|nov+iocoo+c|o+oo+oso||c|tosoc
|o||co+oc|ntc|cctu+|com+conscucntctcnsiocnt|c+busc+c|o+tcntc+mcntoc
+c|cnc|++bc|t+
+ o|cu|o+oc oc sc|cm c|+|+mcntc ocn|o+s +s cono|ocs oc com+|t|||+mcnto oo
con|cc|mcntogc|+oocm|+t|c+socco|+bo|+io|o|m+|sou|n|o|m+|s
+|mo|tnc|+o+sun|vc|s|o+ocsco+s|||scomo|oouto|+soccon|cc|mcntocu,+c++-
c|o+oc cm t|+ns|c||| con|cc|mcntos c tccno|og|+s +ss+ + sc| +v+||+o+ o| |no|c+oo|cs
ucmcocm+|oout|v|o+ocoos|nvcst|mcntoscmCc|unc|on+mcomoc||tc||osoc
+|oc+iooc|ccu|sos
+o|vc|s|c+iooos|nst|umcntosoc|nccnt|vo|nov+iocm|uniooosscto|csoc+t|v|-
o+ocs(m+nu|+tu|+ousc|v|os)o+sc+|+ctc||st|c+so+scm|cs+soo||tmoocmuo+n+s
oo|cg|mctccno|og|co(high techoulow tech)uc+m||+o|cucocmco|o+so||t|c+s
oss|vc|sc|no|c++ncccss|o+ococ+v+||+iooccc|cnc|+
+ccnt|+||o+ocoos|ccu|sos|um+noscomo+gcntcs||nc|+|so+gc|+ioc+t+iocc||-
cu|+iooocon|cc|mcntonoc+mocconom|cocsoc|+|comcn|+scn+|mo|tnc|+o+
mob|||o+oc|ntc|o|g+n|z+c|on+|c|ntc|n+c|on+|oosc|cnt|st+sccscc|+||st+s
+o|st||bu|iocs+c|+|c+o|vc|s|o+oc|nst|tuc|on+|o+s|ontcsoccon|cc|mcntouc|cv+m
+|o|m+so||c|cntcsoco|g+n|z+iooo|occssooc|nov+iocom+|t|c|+ioc|csccntc
oco|vc|sos+to|cscomocnt|cout|ososusu+||os+s|||s+scm|cs+socconsu|to||+os
|+bo|+to||osoucsu|s+oo|cs|no|v|ou+|s+s|m+sspin-o
!67
||+ntco++b|+ngcnc|+o+com|ccnsiouc|o,csctcmoo|occssooc|nov+ioc+c|+|++u|gcn-
c|+ocsc|nco|o|+|cmnovos|no|c+oo|csocn|ioo+so||t|c+socC|ucsc,+mc++zcsoc
|o|nccc||n|o|m+ocsc+v+||+ocsm+|s+oc|cntcss+tu+|sc+|+ctc||st|c+so+|nov+io
|mo|t+ntcsmuo+n+s,+sio|ocnt|c+o+sno|occssooc|nov+iom+sscus|m+ctosnio|o|+m
+|no++v+||+oos|oc+soo+s|cocsoc|nov+iococcsu|s+o+smoo+||o+ocsoc+|o||+io+
gcnc|+||z+iooo+tcntc+mcntoou+s|cst||ocscx+nsioo+|o||co+oc|ntc|cctu+|o+s|o|-
m+s oc +ccsso +os con|cc|mcntos o+ o|mcnsio o|st||bu|o+ o+ |nov+io com +|t|c|+io oos
usu+||oscoco|g+n|z+ocscxtc|n+s|m+
|cssc +mb|cntc oc muo+n+s +s |nst|tu|ocs como +s un|vc|s|o+ocs c +s |nst|tu|ocs oc cs-
u|s+cscc|+||z+o+scmgc|+ioco||usiooccon|cc|mcntoccm|o|m+iooc|ccu|sos|um+nos
+ou||cmnov+v|s|b|||o+ocnovos+c|scnov+s|csons+b|||o+ocso|n+m-scob,ctooc+v+||+ocs
ococscmcn|ouc|cuc|cm+|o|m+||z+ioocnovosmctooosoc+n+||sccmct||c+s
||vc|s+sc||t|c+svcmscnoo|c|t+s+os|no|c+oo|csut|||z+oosn+su|t|m+socc+o+s^||nc|+|ct+|-
vczo|+toocscc+|+ctc||z+|cmo||o|tcso|mcnsocsm+c|occonom|c+sCom|ssoc|csscmost|+m
|n+ocu+oosc|m|cc|sos+|+mco||ccom+|+|+n+tu|cz+c+o|vc|s|o+oco+scxc||cnc|+so+s
|ntc|+ocsoocscmcn|ooosmu|t||os+to|cscons|oc|+oos+|ntcns|o+occn+tu|cz+oosuxos
occon|cc|mcntocnt|cc|cs
||oouz|||no|c+oo|cscmct||c+suc+v+||cmcsscs|occssosto|n+-scm+|sncccss+||omco|o+uc
stakeholdersc+to|csscmu|t|||c+m(||ccm+noctc.oo;)|c||o|+|+u+||o+occ++||c+b|||-
o+ocoos|no|c+oo|cscono|c|on++oss|b|||o+ocococn||o||t|c+soc|nov+iom+|sc|ct|v+sb+sc-
+o+sn+com|ccnsiooos|occssos+cst|mu|+|ou+|+vo|ccc|n++v+||+iooos|csu|t+oosconsc-
gu|ooscn+|ocnt|c+iooos|ob|cm+scg+|g+|oscncont|+oos
5.2. Diculdades de conceituao do processo de inovao
O|+ + gc|+io oc novos |no|c+oo|cs |m||c+ t+mbcm cs|o|os +|+ concc|tu+| os |occssos oc
|nov+iooc|o|m++b|+ngcntc+|+ucoccmcont+o+snov+so|mcnsocs+u|mcnc|on+o+s|m
+|t|cu|+|o+mb|cntco|g+n|z+c|on+|+o|mcnsioscto||+|+o|mcnsios|stcm|c++congu|+ioo||c-
|cnc|+o+ooss|stcm+soc|oouiococ|nov+iocm|unioo+sc+|+ctc||st|c+so+cconom|+|c-
c|s+msc|+n+||s+oosocm+nc||+m+|s+|o|uno+o+|noo+|cmoocntcno|mcntoo+|nov+iocomo
|csu|t+ooocum|occsso|ntc|nocm|cs+oumcsmov|noooc|o|+
!68
|o|out|o|+ooucst|on+mcntoscouv|o+scstioscnoo|o|mu|+oosc|os+n+||st+sucscoc+|+m
com+so|cu|o+ocsocusoocss+socn|ocscoos|no|c+oo|cscmcconom|+so|t+scmc|gcntcs
|nsc||o+snum+o|nm|c+occatching upConst+t+-sccm+|scscomoo||+s||+|no|+ouo|cx|co
+cx|stcnc|+ocum+b+sc|noust||+|+m|+co|vc|s|c+o+cmbo|+comc+|+ctc||st|c+sb+st+ntco||c-
|cntcso+scconom|+soos+|scso+O|C|cm+|t|cu|+|nouco|z|csc|toc++c|o+ococgc|+-
iooc|nov+ocs|+o|c+|s++|t||oc+t|v|o+ocsoccsu|s+
^s+bo|o+gcnsconcc|tu+|socscnvo|v|o+s++|t||o++n+||sco+scxc||cnc|+soos+|scs|noust||+||z+-
ooso+O|C|niosio|+c||mcntct|+nso|t+vc|socumcontcxtocconom|co+|+out|oc+c+b+m
gc|+nooumu+o|oo|sto|c|ooc|ncom|ctooo|occssooc|nov+io|c+|ôcm+|sc|+snioc|-
m|tcm+com|ccnsioc|ntc||ct+iooos|+to|csuccont||bucm+|+oc|csc|mcntoo+sccono-
m|+scmc|gcntcsccono|c|on+moscumooooc|nsc|ion+cconom|+|ntc|n+c|on+|
|os+|scsoc|noust||+||z+io|cccntc|+cscc|c|o+ocsuc|csu|t+mo+sc+|+ctc||st|c+s||sto-
||c+soo|occssooc|noust||+||z+iocuc|m+ct+msob|c+n+tu|cz+oo|occssooc|nov+io
(||C.oo+)|iocx|stco|t+ntoummooc|oun|cooc|c|c|cnc|+ucsc,+v+||oo+|+too+s+s
s|tu+ocstoo+s+scm|cs+soutoo+s+scconom|+sV+|cnot+|ucoconcc|toocs|stcm+n+c|o-
n+|oc|nov+io|o|ocscnvo|v|oonos+nossoo|+uto|cscomo|unov+||c||ccm+n++|t||o+
c|ccioo+|mo|tnc|+o+so||c|cn+so||t|c+sccu|tu|+|scoocsoo+st|+,cto||+s||sto||c+s
cscc|c+socc+o++|s|+sousoooconcc|touctcmum|o|tccontcuoono|m+t|votcnoc+
oc|x+|oc|+oocss+c|ccio|n|c|+|C|t+noo||bc|(.oo,)+so||c|cn+scx|stcntcscnt|cs|stcm+s
oc|nov+io+ono|tcc+osu|oo|u+oo|sioumtcm+const+ntco+||tc|+tu|+nco-sc|umctc-
||+n++comc+|c|o|o||oconcc|tocomo+ont+m^|occn+cutz(.oo,)+ono|tccstccum
concc|to ex-post, c|+bo|+oo + +|t|| o+ +n+||sc oc |occssos ,+ cx|stcntcs c uc o|t+nto com-
b|n+c|cmcntosocsc||t|voscno|m+t|vos+o+ssouc+osu|cumconcc|toex-ante,ocn+tu|cz+
csscnc|+|mcntcno|m+t|v+
|o||+s||+cx|stcnc|+ocumvc|o+oc||os|stcm+n+c|on+|oc|nov+ioc+c|t|ncnc|+ooconcc|to
sio+cc|t+scom|cst||ocso|+uto|csuccomoV|ott|(.oo.)ou^|buuc|uc(.oo,)not+m+|cm
o+o|cu|o+ococ|ocnt|c+|+o|nm|c+oc|ntc|-|c|+ocs|c|c|cnc|+o+sn++|cscnt+ioooconcc|to
gc|+oo++|t||o+scxc||cnc|+soos+|scs|noust||+||z+oos+|+|t+occ++c|o+ococ+|t|cu|+iooos
o|vc|sos+to|cscnt|cs|occo||cntcooscomoncntcscxogcnosoo|occssooc|noust||+||z+io
Os +uto|cs oo |+nu+| oc |ogot+ (||C .oo+) cx||c|t+m os ||m|tcs o+s ocn|ocs oo |occsso
oc |nov+io t+|s como +|cscnt+o+s n+ ||tc|+tu|+ |ntc|n+c|on+| u+noo sc busc+ +n+||s+| c mco||
+s|+t|c+s|nov+t|v+so+scm|cs+soos+|scso+^mc||c+|+t|n+cm|unioo+sccu||+||o+ocsoo
!69
|occssooc|noust||+||z+io^s+n+||scsuc||v||cg|+m+s|ntc|-|c|+ocscnt|ccsu|s+c|nov+io
tcnocm + ++g+| os |occssos oc +|cno|z+gcm c oc c++c|t+io tccno|og|c+ c o|g+n|z+c|on+|
cu,+com|ccnsioccsscnc|+|+|+sc|ocnt|c+|cm+st|+,cto||+so+scm|cs+s|oc+|sc||+o+snocon-
tcxtoo+|noust||+||z+ioo|subst|tu|iooc|mo|t+io
|o|cxcm|on++n+||scoo|occssooc|nov+ioo+scm|cs+sb|+s||c||+sc|cc|so|cv+|cmcon-
s|oc|+io+cx|stcnc|+oos|stcm+ub||cooccsu|s+|o|m+oo++|t||oos+nos+,;ocsu+c++c|-
o+ococgc|+iooccon|cc|mcnto|sscs|stcm+c|ooutooco||t|c+socCucocsoc+uc|+
coc+ |o|+m |o|tcmcntc mooc|+o+s c|+ v|sio o+ || como |ontc ||nc|+| oc |nov+io c uc
t|+ouz|+m+cxcct+t|v+oossuccss|vosgovc|nosoc|omovc|oocscnvo|v|mcntoocum+b+sctcc-
no|og|c+cnoogcn+|+sccss+v|siouccst+bc|cccum+|c|+iou+sccxc|us|v+cnt|ccsu|s+c
|nov+iocomocono|ioo+comct|t|v|o+ocuccst+scnooucst|on+o+
|c|+toos|csu|t+ooso+st|csvc|socssuccss|v+so+||ntccub||c+o+sc|o||C|cm.oo+.oo,c
.oo;most|+noouc+scm|cs+s|noust||+|sb|+s||c||+smu|tooucocsu|s+mco||ssomu|to
ouco|nov+mmc|cccmnov+|c|tu|+|+|+mc||o||ntc||ct+|+s|csost+so+scm|cs+sc+n+||s+|
scuscs|o|os|nov+t|vosc|cc|soo+|m+|scso+os|occssosoc+ooioc+ss|m||+ioo+tccno-
|og|+|nco|o|+o+cmnovoscu|+mcntossmuo+n+so|g+n|z+c|on+|suc+com+n|+mo|o-
ccssoocmooc|n|z+iocs|ntc|+ocscomos|o|ncccoo|cscc||cntcs
lnteraes, colaborao e centralldade do conbeclmento
|u+so|mcnsocsoo|occssooc|nov+iocstioscnoocn|+t|z+o+sn+||tc|+tu|+|cccntccn+s+n+||-
scstco||co-concc|tu+|s^||mc||+c+|mo|tnc|+o+s|ntc|+ocscnt|co|vc|sos+to|csucoctcm
comctcnc|+so||c|cntcsc+ss+m+cooc|+|scgunoomoo+||o+ocsb+st+ntco|vc|s+s^scguno+c
+ccnt|+||o+ocoocon|cc|mcntocconscucntcmcntc++tcnioo+o++oocscmcn|oc+tu+io
o+smu|t||+so|g+n|z+ocsgc|+oo|+soccon|cc|mcntoscsmoo+||o+ocsoct|+ns|c|cnc|+ucc|+s
ut|||z+m |ss+s ou+s o|mcnsocs cvo|ut|v+s |o|+m |o|tcmcntc cst|mu|+o+s c|+ o|son|b|||o+oc o+s
tccno|og|+so+|n|o|m+iocu,+|mo|tnc|+cst|+tcg|c+cst+n+oss|b|||o+ococ|ntcg|+|conc|ct+-
mcntc+t|v|o+ocsoccsu|s+cs+c|+|mcntco|sc|s+s|csu|t+noon+|o|mu|+iooosconcc|tosoc
|cocsoccsu|s+coc|cocsoccon|cc|mcnto
^ ||mc||+ o|mcnsio + |mo|tnc|+ o+s |ntc|+ocs cnt|c o|vc|sos +to|cs |cv+ + |cct|| sob|c +s
o|vc|s+smoo+||o+ocsoss|vc|soccooc|+iocmcsu|s+c|nov+iocos|m+ctoso+s|ntc|+ocs
sob|c++|o||+iooc|nov+ocsocscnvo|v|o+so|o|vc|sos+to|cscon,unt+mcntc|o|um|+oo+s
!70
|oost+socC|csb|oug|(.oo,)c|+m+m++tcnio++|t||ooconcc|toocopen innovation+|+
+ |mo|tnc|+ o+ cooc|+io uc c|m|tc s cm|cs+s cng+,+o+s cm +t|v|o+ocs oc || v+|o||z+|
comc|c|+|mcntc tooo con|cc|mcnto gc|+oo |ntc|n+mcntc c +m||+| o +ccsso + |ontcs cxtc|n+s oc
con|cc|mcnto |o| out|o |+oo Von ||c| (.oo;) |ocu|+ +v+n+| n+ |ccxio sob|c +s com|cx+s
ucstocst|+z|o+sc|++|t|c|+iooosusu+||osn+gc|+ioo+s|nov+ocsocst+c+noocnt|cc|+sos
c||tc||osocsc|cioo+so|g+n|z+ocs+|+cooc|+|os|+to|csucoss|b|||t+m+s|ntc|+ocsosob,ct|-
voscscc|coscotcnc|+|mcntccon|t+ntcsoos+to|csn+s|cocs+govc|n+n+o+s|cocsoccsu|s+
++|o||+iooocon|cc|mcntoc+scono|ocsoc+||c+iooos|stcm+oc|o||co+oc|ntc|cctu+|
^ scguno+ o|mcnsio + ccnt|+||o+oc oo con|cc|mcnto cn|oc+ + cxt|cm+ o|vc|s|o+oc o|g+n|-
z+c|on+|ooslociocgc|+iooocon|cc|mcntoc+ncccss|o+ococsc|nvcst|g+|cm+smoo+||o+ocs
occ||cu|+iot|+ns|c|cnc|+co||usio+m||+o+oocon|cc|mcnto^so|g+n|z+ocsun|vc|s|o+ocs
c|||scu,+n+||o+occ+|c+||z+iooccsu|s+sc+gc|+iooccon|cc|mcnto|ccon|cccnoo+
|mo|tnc|+ocss+nov+|unioviobusc+|mc|osoccxc|cc-|+
A lnovao aberta
Com o concc|to oc open innovation C|csb|oug| (.oo, .oo;) oc cm cv|ocnc|+ + |mo|tnc|+
o+s nov+s cst|+tcg|+s oc com+|t|||+mcnto oc con|cc|mcnto o+s g|+nocs cm|cs+s uc n+s
occ+o+s +ntc||o|cs |cco|||+m + um+ cst|+tcg|+ oc |otcio o+ |nov+io u+sc cxc|us|v+mcntc
b+sc+o+cm+tcntcs
|o mooc|o +ntc||o| oc |nov+io |cc|+o+ uc |coom|nou ou|+ntc occ+o+s +s cm|cs+s com
|ntcns+s +t|v|o+ocs oc || ocscnvo|v|+m |ntc|n+mcntc |oouz|+m c comc|c|+||z+v+m scus |o-
||os |ooutos ^ o||t|c+ oc gcstio oos |ccu|sos |um+nos c|+ ccnt|+o+ n+ sc|cio oos csu|-
s+oo|cs m+|s u+||c+oos c++zcs oc gc|+| nov+s |oc|+s c novos con|cc|mcntos ^ |o||co+oc
|ntc|cctu+|c|++moo+||o+oc||v||cg|+o+oc|otciocont|+os||scosoc|m|t+ioc|osconco||cn-
tcscmbo|+bo++|tco+s+tcntcsnio|osscut|||z+o+o||ct+mcntcc|+scm|cs+soctcnto|+soo
o||c|tooc|o||co+ocOsbcnc||c|osn+ncc||os|cccb|ooscmocco||cnc|+o+s|nov+ocscomc|c|+-
||z+o+scomsuccssoc|+m|c|nvcst|ooscm||cst+bc|cccnooocss+m+nc||+umc||cu|ov||tuoso
cnt|c||c|nov+io
cgunooC|csb|oug|css+cst|+tcg|+oc|otcioc+|o||+ioo+|nov+iocst+|o,c|ncc|cntc
^co|+bo|+iocomout|os+to|csoctcnto|csoccon|cc|mcntosucc|m|tc|couz||o|+zooc
ocscnvo|v|mcnto o+ |nov+io c +cc|c|+| + |nt|oouio oos novos |ooutos no mc|c+oo cst+ sc
!7!
sob|conoocst|+tcg|+oc|otciocxc|us|v+c|+|o||co+oc|ntc|cctu+|^sg|+nocscm|cs+s
uc|c+||z+m|||cc|s+mcncont|+|nov+smoo+||o+ocsocv+|o||z+ioooscon|cc|mcntosgc|+-
oosn+s+t|v|o+ocsoccsu|s+
Como g|+noc +|tc oos con|cc|mcntos gc|+oos c|+ || ou |otcg|oos o| +tcntcs nio c oc
|+to ut|||z+o+ o||ct+mcntc no ocscnvo|v|mcnto o+s |nov+ocs +s cm|cs+s |ocu|+m +cc|c|+| o
|cto|no n+ncc||o ||ccnc|+noo +|+ tc|cc||os +s tccno|og|+s ocscnvo|v|o+s c nio ut|||z+o+s +sso-
c|+noo-sc + out|+s cm|cs+s ou |+c|||t+noo + c||+io oc |m+s spin o + +|t|| oc su+s +tcntcs
cgunooo+uto|+cs+|o+sc++c|o+ocs|ntc|n+soc||css+scm|cs+socvcm|cco||c|s|stcm+t|-
c+mcntcscsu|s+socout|+so|g+n|z+ocscm|cs+sun|vc|s|o+ocsou|nst|tu|ocsoccsu|s+
ucgc|+mcon|cc|mcntos+v+n+oos
^|og|c+sub,+ccntc+omooc|ooc|nov+io+bc|t+c++bunonc|+occon|cc|mcntosucoocm
cocvcmsc|v+|o||z+oos|+|o+mcntcocm+nc||++c+t+|osg+n|oscconom|cos|oo|c|on+oos
c|ousoo+stccno|og|+socscnvo|v|o+s|sscmooc|on+sccocum+|ccxiosob|c+g|ob+||z+io
o+|nov+io+|ntcns|c+iooousooc||cxtc|no+|mo|tnc|+o+s|nov+ocsocscnvo|v|o+s
c|os usu+||os + |ntcg|+io com |o|ncccoo|cs c +s mu|t||+s oss|b|||o+ocs oc comc|c|+||z+io
cxtc|n+o+tccno|og|+
|+t+-sc oc um mooc|o |o|tcmcntc |csc||t|vo +|+ uc +s cm|cs+s muocm su+s cst|+tcg|+s oc
|otciocv+|o||z+ioooscon|cc|mcntoscoc+|o||+ioo+|nov+ioot+nooo|um+o||t|c+
oc||ccnc|+mcntos|stcm+t|coooscon|cc|mcntosniout|||z+ooso||ct+mcntcCom+scm|cs+suc
cstiocmos|iooc||oc|+n+tccno|og|c++oot+noocss+cst|+tcg|+|+vc||+cono|ocs+|+|omo-
vc|+|o|m+ioocum+m|omc|c+ooo+tccno|og|+coocon|cc|mcntoonoco|c|t+cocm+no+
ooc||+msc|+tcno|o+scomm+|s|+|oczccc|cnc|+
|ioc+bcmncsscmooc|ocm|cs+sucnio|+zcm||ouucniogc|+mcon|cc|mcntos+tcn-
tc+vc|souocont+C|csb|oug|nio|cv+cmcons|oc|+iooss|vc|sb+||c||+scnt|+o+nomc|-
c+oo oo con|cc|mcnto uc |csu|t+||+m oos n|vc|s o||c|cnc|+oos oc comctcnc|+s tccno|og|c+s
o+s cm|cs+s oc cscc|c|o+ocs scto||+|s ou oc v+nt+gcns |c|+t|v+s oc +|gum+s cconom|+s no
contcxtoo+g|ob+||z+io
Von ||c| (.oo;) ocscnvo|vcnoo um+ +n+||sc |n|c|+|mcntc scmc||+ntc oc C|csb|oug| busc+
+|o|uno+| + o|scussio oo +c| oos usu+||os n+ |nov+io |ob|cm+t|c+ ,+ t|+t+o+ o| c|c +ntc-
||o|mcntc(VO|||||||+,s,)|+|+o+uto|+|nov+ioco|csu|t+ooocum|occssoo|st||bu|oo
coccnocc+o+vczm+|so++|t|c|+iooosusu+||osum+vczuccstcso|cont+|o||+ccm
!7z
bcnc||c|o|o||otom+m+|n|c|+t|v+ococscnvo|vc|so|uocsnov+suc+||mo|+moocscmcn|o
oos bcns |oouz|oos c comc|c|+||z+oos c|os |+b||c+ntcs O |cnomcno c const+t+oo t+mbcm no
scto|ocsc|v|oscmcscc|+|nooctccno|og|+so+|n|o|m+io
+o,
O|+osusu+||osocscnvo|vcmso|uocsm+|scc|cntcsucos|o||os|+b||c+ntcscnioocmons-
t|+m|ntc|cssccm|otcgc|su+s|nov+ocsncmcm|cco||c||o||co+oc|ntc|cctu+|+|+obtc|
|cto|non+ncc||o|c|ocont|+||oc|cso|son|b|||z+m+s|n|o|m+ocs+|+tooosccont||bucmoc
m+nc||+occ|s|v++|++c||cu|+ioooscon|cc|mcntoscomofree goodco|t+nto+|+um+cc|-
cnc|+soc|+|m+|o|Von||c|+ssumcos|ioc||t|c+cm|c|+io+os|stcm+oc|o||co+oc|ntc-
|cctu+| +|+ c|c |ncc|cntc o| nio cst|mu|+| o |nvcst|mcnto cm |nov+io ncm +m||+| + cs|c|+
o+c||cu|+ioo+c|cnc|+comopublic goodO+uto|cons|oc|+++m||+ioo+c||cu|+io||v|coos
con|cc|mcntosum|+to|os|t|vouc|+vo|ccc+o|nm|c+g|ob+|o+|nov+io
O potenclal lnovatlvo das lnteraes
||n+|mcntcn+|o|mu|+iooco||t|c+socC|g+n|++tcnioc|csccntcootcnc|+||nov+t|voo+s
|ntc|+ocscnt|c+s|nst|tu|ocsoos|stcm+occsu|s+cos|stcm+oc|oouioocbcnscsc|v|os
^consc|cnc|+o+ccnt|+||o+ocoocon|cc|mcntocomoo|mcnsio|uno+mcnt+|oo|occssooc|no-
v+io+m||++v|s|b|||o+ocoo+c|o+sun|vc|s|o+ocsco+s|||sbcmcomoo+|mo|tnc|+ocsu+s
|c|+ocscom+scm|cs+s
|+nsc|o(+,,+)cx||c+ucnum+cconom|++o|g+n|z+ioo+s+t|v|o+ocsoccsu|s+|cctcum+
o|v|siooot|+b+||ocnt|ccm|cs+c+c+ocm|++||cnt+uccss+|c+|t|iov+||+mu|toscgunooos
scto|cscniooocsc||+c||mcntc+v+||+o+Comoos|csu|t+ooso+csu|s++c+ocm|c+sio|+|g+-
mcntco||uno|oosmco|+ntcub||c+ocscomc|c|tos+m|oscmbo|+o||usosto|n+-scscgunooo
+uto|b+st+ntco|||c|||ocnt|c+|+|mcns+v+||co+oco+smoo+||o+ocsoc|ntc|+ioc+v+||+|cx+t+-
mcntc+n+tu|cz+o+st|oc+scnt|c+csu|s++c+ocm|c+c+|nov+io|noust||+|
|cv+nt+mcntos|c|toso||+nsc|o,unto+cm|cs+smost|+mucmu|tosnovos|ooutosc|o-
ccssosnioooc||+mtc|s|ooocscnvo|v|oosscm+csu|s++c+ocm|c+|mcc|t+s|noust||+scomo
+|+|m+ccut|c++|nst|umcnt+ioc|cnt|c+ou+|n|o|m+t|c++cont||bu|ioo+c|cnc|+ccons|oc|+-
vc|cscm+csu|s++c+ocm|c+|+vc||+um+subst+nc|+|o|m|nu|iooosbcnc||c|ossoc|+|s|mum
cstuoo m+|s |cccntc |+nsc|o c |cc (+,,e) const+t+m uc n+s |c|c|cnc|+s s |c|+ocs cnt|c un|-
109 |m ,+:t|cu|+: n+ |noust:|+ oc so|tw+:c c n+s tccno|og|+s o+ |n|o:m+io
!7!
vc|s|o+ocsccm|cs+s+s+n+||scstcnocm+co|oc+|o|ocosob|c+csu|s+c|cnt|c+b+s|c+como
|ontcoc|ooutosou|occssostccno|og|c+mcntc+v+n+oos
Os+uto|csc|+m+m++tcnio+|+o+c|gc|+|mcntcsub+v+||+ooo+sun|vc|s|o+ocsuco|nio
|c+||z+|cmcsu|s+b+s|c+sioc|+ss|c+o+scomoocscguno+||n|+m+sucn+|c+||o+occont||-
bucmocm+nc||+occ|s|v++|++gc|+iooc|nov+ocsmcno|csm+scom|mo|t+ntcs|m+ctos
cconom|cos^scm|cs+socc|+|+|+mbusc+|css+sun|vc|s|o+ocscom+n+||o+ococ|cso|vc||o-
b|cm+s |mco|+tos |+|+ +s cm|cs+s css+s un|vc|s|o+ocs mcnos |cst|g|os+s tcm m+|s c++c|o+oc
+|+|c+||z+|um+g|+nocv+||co+ococsc|v|ostccno|og|cosc|cco||cm+mu|t||+smoo+||o+ocsoc
o||usioccomc|c|+||z+ioooscon|cc|mcntos
|os|st+oos|n|ooscss+o|v|siooot|+b+||ocnt|c+c+ocm|+ccm|cs++|ccc||sto||c+mcntccon-
so||o+o+como||uton+tu|+|oo|c|+c|on+mcntooos+to|csnomc|c+oo|+|u|o+bcmcomonos
+|scs cmc|gcntcs uc |c+||z+m s|gn|c+t|vos |nvcst|mcntos ub||cos cm C o contcxto ccono-
m|coco+mb|cntc|nst|tuc|on+|siob+st+ntco||c|cntcsoono|tc-+mc||c+noOsgovc|nos+ssumcm
+c| |o+t|vo c +s o||t|c+s oc C| busc+m |omovc| +s |ntc|+ocs cnt|c os o||c|cntcs +to|cs
oos|stcm+occsu|s+c|nov+ioComo+s|nst|tu|ocsoccsu|s+siou+sccxc|us|v+mcntcoc
n+tu|cz+ub||c+comctc+osgovc|nostom+||n|c|+t|v+s+|+|c|o|mu|+|+s|c|+ocscnt|c+sun|-
vc|s|o+ocscosscto|cscconom|cosscmoc|x+|oc|+oo+ncccss|o+ococ+tcnoc|ocm+no+o|
|ccu|sos|um+nosu+||c+oosnum+cconom|+cu,+o|nm|c+occ|csc|mcntoco||ct+mcntc||g+o+
c++c|o+ococo|c|t+occon|cc|mcnto
cgunoo+O|C|(.oo|b)sco|occssooc|nov+ioc+||mcnt+ooc|+c|cnc|+c|no|scns+vc|o|g+-
n|z+|+s|ntc||+ccsc|o|t+|ccc|+s||g+ocscnt|c+|noust||+c+c|cnc|+^wc||-|unct|on|ng|ntc||+cc
bctwccnt|c|nnov+t|on+nosc|cnccsystcms|smo|cncccss+|yt|+ncvc|to|c+t|ccconom|c+no
soc|+|bcncts||omub||c+no||v+tc|nvcstmcnts|n|csc+|c|cnsu|ct|cv|t+||ty+nou+||tyo|t|c
sc|cnccsystcm+no|m|ovcub||cunoc|st+no|ng+no+ccct+ncco|sc|cncc+notcc|no|ogy+no
t|c|mo|t+ncco||nnov+t|on(O|C|.oo|b)
|nccnt|v+|+scm|cs+s+|nvcst||cm||cum+|cocu+ioniosooosgovc|nosoos+|scso+
O|C|m+soosoctooosos+|scsuc|nvcstcmcm|n||+cst|utu|+occsu|s+|ss+mct+c+|no+
m+|scx||c|t+n+so||t|c+socC|oc+|scsuccomoo||+s||cstionum|occssooccatching
up.||vc|sosob,ct|vossustcnt+mo|ntc|csscoosgovc|noscmcst|mu|+|+co|+bo|+iocumm+|o|
cnt|os+mcntoooss|stcm+soc|oouiococcsu|s+|m||mc||oob,ct|voucoc||v+o+const+-
t+iouc+s+t|v|o+ocsoc||n+scm|cs+ssio|nsuc|cntcsouc|couno+cmmcno|c++c|-
o+ococ|nov+io-ccomcns+|css+|+||+comum|c|o|oo||unoooos|stcm+ub||cooccsu|s+
!74
Out|oob,ct|vocobtc|um|cto|nosob|cos+|tos|nvcst|mcntosub||coscmc|cnc|+ouc|+z+|tc
o+ncccss+||+|cg|t|m+ioo+o||t|c+ocCo|+ntco+soc|co+oc|o||sso++|t|c|+io|o|m+|oc
cm|cs+scm|o,ctosoccsu|s+oc|||scst+scto|n+nooumc||tc||o||o||t+||o+|+obtcniooc
n+nc|+mcntoub||coocmu|tos|og|+m+s
|cnt|oocst+|og|c+busc+-sc|+vo|ccc|+c||+iooc|cocsoccsu|s+coc|nov+iouc|o,c|c|c-
scnt+monovo+|+o|gm+oco|g+n|z+ioo+s+t|v|o+ocsoc|||nt|ct+ntoniocs|m|csoc||m|-
t+|ousoootc|mo|cococout|oscomo+|cc||+s+||+n+s+co|oos|o,ctoscon,untosO|+toc
uccmtoo+s+s+|cc||+s|cocsoccsu|s+ou|cocsoc|nov+io+com|cx|o+occst+scm|c
|cscntc|c|+c|on+o+gc|+ioct|oc+occon|cc|mcntos+|oc+iooc|ccu|sosm+tc||+|sc|um+-
nosscscc|c|o+ocso+s|ntc|+ocs|ctc|ogcnc|o+ococcst|utu|+s+oscon|tosoc|ntc|csscc
c++c|o+oc oc govc|n+n+ |+|+ +s cm|cs+s + +|t|c|+io cm |cocs |c|cscnt+ occ|sio cst|+-
tcg|c+ c ||sco c|cv+oo ,+ uc +uto||z+| o +ccsso + |ccu|sos |nt+ng|vc|s v+||osos como |n|o|m+ocs
ccon|cc|mcntos|cuc|+ocn|ioocmoo+||o+ocsoc+|o||+ioucvio+|cmo+|o||co+oc
|ntc|cctu+|^+|t|c|+iocm|cocsoccsu|s++|cccsc|mcnos|ob|cm+t|c++|+osc|cnt|st+s
ucsc|nsc|cmc+o+vczm+|scm|cocsn+c|on+|sc|ntc|n+c|on+|s+bc|t+sou|cc|+o+s|o|m+||z+o+s
ounio|most+soucsco|||o+s(||||^|||z-^||O^||^||^|z.oo.)
5.3. Limites dos indicadores disponveis
|ssc con,unto oc muo+n+s n+ m+nc||+ oc conccbc| c o|g+n|z+| o |occsso oc |nov+io m+|s
uc+ont+|os||m|tcsc+|n+ocu+iooos|no|c+oo|cscx|stcntcs+|+mco||+t+x+oc|nov+io
cv|ocnc|++ncccss|o+ococscocscnvo|vc|cmout|os|no|c+oo|csc++zcsoc+v+||+|ccom+|+|o
ocscmcn|oo+scconom|+sco+scm|cs+s|mbo|+cm|unioo+|ctc|ogcnc|o+oco+ss|tu+ocs
o|vc|sos +uto|cs cons|oc|cm |moss|vc| cst+bc|ccc| com+|+ocs v+||o+s |ccon|ccc-sc + |+|t+ oc
mct||c+sc|no|c+oo|csucc|m|t+m+v+||+|oocscmcn|oo+s|nst|tu|ocsoccsu|s+bcmcomo
+c|ct|v|o+oco+so||t|c+socC|
Os|no|c+oo|csoc|nov+iobcmcomoosoccomc|c|+||z+ioo+csu|s+tcmscus||m|tcs+ont+-
ooscmmu|t+sub||c+ocs|cccntcsO|+|oouz|||no|c+oo|csc+t|v|o+occsscnc|+|+|+sctc|um+
v|sioooos|c|on+mcnton+c|on+|cmCnumcontcxto|ntc|n+c|on+|+|++n+||s+|oso||c|cntcs
comoncntcsoos|stcm+co+|m+|o|ob,ct|v|o+occc|ct|v|o+ocso||t|c+socC|
|+||c(.oo,)cons|oc|+uco|t|+soos|no|c+oo|cs+tu+|mcntccmuso|+um+|og|c+ocinput-
outputb+sc+o+no+|+o|gm+o+cont+b|||o+ocn+c|on+|cu,o|+c|oc|n|ocs|m|csc||nc+|comm+|s
!7
input(|nvcst|mcntos)|+vc|+m+|soutputousc,+con|cc|mcntoc|ooutosnovosOs|no|c+oo|cs
o|son|vc|ssioo+oos+g|cg+ooscco|ct+ooscmn|vc|oc+|sOs+to|cs|no|v|ou+|scomsu+s|og|-
c+so||c|cnc|+o+socs++|cccmcos|stcm+oc|nov+ioc|couz|oo+umun|co|tcm|omogcnco
|ss+v|siom+c|occ||t|c+o+t+mbcmo|Coo|n(.ooe)uccons|oc|+uc+sc|+ss|c+ocsus+o+s
+|+mco||+s+t|v|o+ocsoc|||nt|oouzcmum+sc+|+io+|t|c|+|cnt|coso|vc|sosc|cmcntos
oos|stcm+Coo|nsustcnt+ucsc||+ncccss+||o|cun||umnumc|omu|tom+|o|oc|no|c+oo|csuc
c|m|t|||+m|nco|o|+|m+|sc|cmcntosoocontcxtosoc|+|ccconom|co
cgunoo|stc||cc!cvcs(.oo,)csscs|no|c+oo|cs|o|+mgc|+ooso|o|giosgovc|n+mcnt+|scsc-
c|+||z+oosn+|oouiooccst+t|st|c+scconom|c+scnion+gc|+iooc|no|c+oo|csocC|o||sso
c|cs|cc|s+msc||c|o|mu|+oos+|++v+||+|o|unc|on+mcntoooss|stcm+soc|nov+ioc+cc|cnc|+
oos|og|+m+soc|omcntocsu|s+c|nov+io
cgunoo ^|unoc| c |o|ooy (.oos) oucos |no|c+oo|cs n+c|on+|s ou |ntc|n+c|on+|s c|m|tcm c|c-
t|v+mcntc com+|+| c +v+||+| + cc+c|+ o+s o||t|c+s oc v+|o||z+io c comc|c|+||z+io o+ c|cnc|+
ub||c+||cucntcmcntc|+z-sc|c|c|cnc|++o+|+ooxocu|ocucx|cssiouct|+ouz+so|cu|-
o+ocscmt|+ns|o|m+|c|cnc|+ccsu|s+cm|nov+ocsnomc|c+oo|+sco|||c||octc|m|n+|sc+
||+c+comc|c|+||z+iocconscucnc|+o+smoo+||o+ocsut|||z+o+sousc|+out|os|+to|csn+o||gcm
ocssc+|+ooxoOs|no|c+oo|csocst|n+oos+mco||+|c|cvnc|+o+c|cnc|+ub||c+(open science)nio
ocvc||+msc||m|t+|+cont+b|||z+|+tcntcsouc|t+ocsoc+tcntcs|cvc||+mc|m|t||mco||o|
cxcm|oos|m+ctoscconom|coscmtc|mosoccm|cgosougc|+ioocv+|o||nt|ct+nto|oou-
z||csscs|no|c+oo|cs|cvc|+-scum+t+|c|+b+st+ntccom|cx+
u+noo sc cns+ cm mco|| o ocscmcn|o |nov+t|vo o+s cm|cs+s csb+||+-sc cm o|cu|o+ocs
+|cc|o+s|+|+|+gcooo|nC|ooot(.oo,)nio|+umconcc|toc|+|oooucsc||+csscocscmc-
n|o|nov+t|voOsconcc|tosoc|nvcnio|nov+iococscmcn|oo+scm|cs+socvcmsc|oc-
n|oosocm+nc||+m+|s|cc|s++|+oss|b|||t+|+com|ccnsioocucstocs|c|+c|on+o+smcnsu-
|+ioo+|nov+io
Os|no|c+oo|cssc|c|c|cm+|nsumosn+ncc||oscm||numc|osoc+tcntcsc|t+ocsoc+tcn-
tcsounumc|oocnovos|ooutosm+ssio+|t+mcntc|mc||c|tos||vc|soscstuoosus+mumun|co
|no|c+oo|o|cons|oc|+-|omcnos|cst||t|voucosout|os^|gunsout|osus+moo|soum+|s|no|c+-
oo|cs+|+gc|+|umconst|uto|+s|+mu|t+|ncons|stcnc|+n+socn|ocsOocscmcn|o|nvcn-
t|vo c os |csu|t+oos o+s cm|cs+s cm tc|mos oc nov+s |oc|+s novos mooc|os ou ocscn|os oc
|ooutos sc|v|os ou s|stcm+s costum+m sc| mco|oos c|o numc|o oc +tcntcs |o cnt+nto o
!76
ocscmcn|o |nov+t|vo ocvc||+ sc| ocn|oo como os |csu|t+oos o+s cm|cs+s cm |c|+io + um+
comb|n+iooco|vc|sosinputso+c++c|o+ococcsu|s+coco|vc|sosoutputsoc||
||ccm+ncoctc(.oo;)cons|oc|+mucocons|oc|+vc|+umcntoo+busc+coousooc|no|c+oo|cs
ocvc-sccomb|n+ioocoo|s|+to|cs|o|um|+oooocscnvo|v|mcntoo+stccno|og|+so+|n|o|m+-
ioc|m|tco+ccsso+|mcns+u+nt|o+ococo+ooscmct||c+s|c|+c|on+oosC||o|out|o|+
|ntc|csscc|csccntcoos|o|mu|+oo|csoco||t|c+sub||c+scocg|+nocnumc|oocout|+so|g+n|z+-
ocsub||c+sou||v+o+scmo|so|ocm+|s|no|c+oo|cs,+uccsu|s+scmCsio|c||+mcnt+s
+|++|c+n+|o|vc|sosob,ct|vossoc|+|sccconom|coscuc+comct|iocconom|c+cnt|ccm|c-
s+sccnt|ccconom|+scb+sc+o+n+c++c|o+ococ|nov+io
Osusu+||osoosnovoscon|cc|mcntosniosiocxc|us|v+mcntc+scm|cs+sOsgovc|nos+|+|o|-
mu|+| o||t|c+s ub||c+s os csu|s+oo|cs c su+s |nst|tu|ocs +|+ +v+||+| +s |o||+s comctcn-
c|+s c ocn|| +s ||o||o+ocs os |nvcst|oo|cs n+ncc||os +|+ occ|o|| sob|c +|oc+io oc |ccu|sos
|cc|s+moc|c||+mcnt+su+nt|t+t|v+succ|m|t+mcont|o|+|+c|ct|v|o+ococsu+socc|socsOs
govc|nosocm+nc||+gc|+|m+st+mbcmout|os+to|cssoc|+|s+ssoc|+ocso|g+n|z+ocsscmns
|uc|+t|vos+|t|ooso||t|cos+|cscnt+m|numc|+vc|socm+no+so||csu|t+oosoccsu|s+suc
gc|+mcon|cc|mcntosc|m|t|noot|+t+|g|+nocs|ob|cm+ssoc|+|scomos+uocscgu|+n+|otc-
io+mb|cnt+|como|t+mcntosco|ct|vos^mu|t|||c|o+ocococm+no+so|s|socum+o|cu|-
o+occomocsco||c|ostcm+s+csu|s+|u+|ssc|io+s|ontcs|nst|tuc|on+|socn+nc|+mcntoo+s
csu|s+suc|nst|tu|ocsmc|cccmsc|||o||z+o+scomo+v+||+|os|csu|t+oosobt|oos|cssccon-
tcxtoos|nvcst|mcntoscmCocvc||+m+umcnt+|c|m+ncntcmcntcu+|ssc||+mos|cto|nos
oo+umcntocons|oc|+vc|o+s+t|v|o+ocsoccsu|s+
5.4. Repensar os indicadores de CT&I
|ccns+||no|c+oo|cs+ss+o|ou+sconst+t+ocs|||mc||oos|no|c+oo|cssc|c|c|cm+o||t|c+sc
+ocscomoctc|m|n+oosob,ct|voscc|m|tcmocsc|cvc|cc|t+|c+||o+ococt+|m+nc||+ucos+to-
|cscnvo|v|oososs+m+g||sob|ccss+|c+||o+ocOs+to|cssioos||nc|+|susu+||osoos|no|c+oo|cs
ucncccss+||+mcntcocvcm+tcnoc|+css+n+||o+ocOs|no|c+oo|cs|cc|s+mcntiosc|const|u-
|oos oc m+nc||+ coo|ocn+o+ +|+ sc|cm ||oos |ntc||ct+oos c ut|||z+oos oc m+nc||+ coo|ocn+o+
|o|out|o|+oocncccss+||o|cct||sob|c++ocu+iooos|no|c+oo|cso|son|vc|ssucstocscm
+n+||scc+ocntcno|mcntooc|ob|cm+t|c+scscc|c+s
!77
|cns+||no|c+oo|csnovoscgc|+||n|o|m+ocsucsc|io|nsumos+|+|o|mu|+|o||t|c+sub||c+s
+v+||+| + cc|cnc|+ c os |m+ctos ocss+s o||t|c+s ++|cccm como ncccss|o+oc +bso|ut+ (|||O||
|^||||||||^||^|.oos)ôcn|ioc+csco||+oc|no|c+oo|cscnt|ct+ntocsb+||+mcmv+||+s
o|cu|o+ocs ^ ||tc|+tu|+ +ont+ +|guns oos |ob|cm+s |c|+c|on+oos ocn|io c +o uso oc |no|-
c+oo|cs io ucstocs oc o|ocm |+t|c+ como cncont|+| os o+oos ou |oouz|| csscs o+oos oc
m+nc||+s|m|csccon+vc|Comous+|os|no|c+oo|csocnt|ooo|occssoocc|so||ooc|o|mu|+io
oco||t|c+socC|iot+mbcm|ob|cm+soco|ocmconcc|tu+|mco||ov+|o|cconom|cooo
con|cc|mcntoscnooc|cocn+tu|cz+|nt+ng|vc||ocnt|c+|+n+tu|cz+c|ntcns|o+oco+st|oc+soc
con|cc|mcntoco+s|ntc|+ocscnt|cosv+||os+to|csocums|stcm+oc|nov+iocnoc-sc+||v||c-
g|+|+smoo+||o+ocsu+nt|t+t|v+soc|+c||cont+b|||z+io|ocnt+ntobo++|tco+s|ntc|+ocscoc
o|||c||m+c+mcntosc,+o|ucsio|n|o|m+ocscst|+tcg|c+ssc,+s|m|csmcntco|ucco||cson-
ocm++t|v|o+ocs|n|o|m+|sou|c|+ocs|ntc|csso+|s
^|cm o|sso os |no|c+oo|cs uc |ocu|+m +v+||+| o otcnc|+| cconom|co o+ gc|+io oc con|cc|-
mcnto++|t||o+s+t|v|o+ocsoccsu|s+tcnocm+||v||cg|+|+|gum+smoo+||o+ocscscc|c+soc
v+|o||z+iocomo+s+tcntcs+c||+iooc|m+sspin oouoscont|+tosoc||ccnc|+mcntoComo
ut|||z+| csscs |no|c+oo|cs cm cconom|+s cm uc + |ocnsio +o +tcntc+mcnto c ||m|t+o+ uc
t|o oc |no|c+oo|cs c|m|t|||+ +v+||+| +s out|+s moo+||o+ocs oc t|+ns|c|cnc|+ oo con|cc|mcnto
mu|t+soc|+s|n|o|m+|sou|ntc|csso+|so+s|nst|tu|ocsoccsu|s++|+cm|cs+sou+|+out|os
+to|cssoc|+|sComocns+||no|c+oo|cs+|++n+||s+|+|mo|tnc|+o+o||usioo+tccno|og|+c+v+-
||+|+c++c|o+ococ+ss|m||+ioc+bso|iooctccno|og|+
cgunoo|+||c(.oo,)+tcnoc|ocm+no+o||no|c+oo|csnovos+|ccctc||o,cmc||o|cscono|-
ocsoc|+ct|b|||o+ococv|oom+|o|c++c|o+oc+om|n|st|+t|v+ocobtcniooco+ooscst+t|st|cos
sob|cumg|+nocnumc|ooc|cnomcnos|+||c(.oo,)|ccomcno+ucsc,+|c|toumcs|o|ocscc|+|
+|+ocscnvo|vc||no|c+oo|csocos|c|on+mcnto|stocuc|ocnt|ucm+os|ioocc+o++to|
ocnt|ooos|stcm+oc|nov+io^nov|o+oc|cs|ocn+c++c|o+ococ|ocnt|c+|c+v+||+|o|g+n|z+-
ocsgc|+oo|+soccon|cc|mcntocomg|+noco|vc|s|o+ococn+tu|cz+|nst|tuc|on+|+s|ntc|+ocsc
osuxosoccon|cc|mcntoscnt|c+to|csoos|stcm+occsu|s+c|nov+ioConst|u||csscs|no|c+-
oo|cs+|+|o|mu|+|o||t|c+snumcontcxtocmmuo+n+cumocs+o
|+|+ +tcnoc| s ncccss|o+ocs oos o|vc|sos +to|cs cm o||c|cntcs n|vc|s oo |occsso occ|so||o
o||t|c+s ub||c+s o||t|c+s |nst|tuc|on+|s cst|+tcg|+s cm|cs+||+|s os novos |no|c+oo|cs ocvc-
||+m sc| const|u|oos oc m+nc||+ + uc os |csu|t+oos oss+m sc| com+|t|||+oos o| mu|t||os
usu+||osO|ococst+||+n+ocsc||io|c|t+c|os+to|csoccomoc+o+umocscnvo|vcum+cst|+-
tcg|+|o||+c+omcsmotcmo|ntc|+gccomosout|osn+busc+occom|cmcnt+||o+ocnum
!78
+mb|cntcucmcsc|+cooc|+ioccomct|io^|oouioocsscs|no|c+oo|cs+sc||c+||z+o+
o|o||c|cntcs|nst|tu|ocscomob,ct|voscscc|coscsb+||++|no+cm|ob|cm+socu+||o+oc
con+b|||o+occ|c|cvnc|+
lndlcadores de lnterao das unlversldades e lnstltules publlcas de pesqulsa
com as empresas
^+n+||sco+smuo+n+soos|stcm+cconom|comuno|+|oco|||o+snos+nos,o+ont++|+o+c|
ccnt|+|oocon|cc|mcntoc+|++|mo|tnc|+cst|+tcg|c+o+sun|vc|s|o+ocsco+s|nst|tu|ocsoc
csu|s+cu,+m|ssioc|oouz||con|cc|mcntos+sc|cm|nco|o|+oossc,+n+s+t|v|o+ocs|oout|-
v+sgc|+oo|+socv+|o|cconom|cosc,+n+|cso|uiooosg|+nocs|ob|cm+ssoc|+|s(OC||+,,e)
|ocnt|c+|ocon|cc|mcntocomo|nsumocst|+tcg|co+|++c||+ioocv+|o|cconom|coc+|+o
c|csc|mcntoo+scconom|+sn+c|on+|scum+ncccss|o+oc+om|t|o+o|tooos^|cm|ss+niov+|c
somcntc+|++scconom|+s|noust||+||z+o+soum+|s+v+n+o+scmcsu|s+m+st+mbcm+|+
+scconom|+so|t+scmc|gcntcs|stoc+uc|+succmbo|+t+|o|+mcntccstioscnoo|ccon|cc|-
o+scomo+to|css|gn|c+t|vosnoccn+||occonom|comuno|+||o|conscucnc|++c++c|o+ococ
ocscnvo|vc|+t|v|o+ocsgc|+oo|+soccon|cc|mcnto|stoc+t|v|o+ocsoccsu|s+c|cnt|c+ctcc-
no|og|c+to|n+-scum|+to|occomct|t|v|o+occocv+nt+gcm|uno+mcnt+|+|+oc|csc|mcnto
ocss+scconom|+s|+su|t|m+socc+o+smu|t|||c+|+m-sc+s|nst|tu|ocsoccsu|s+ucsio+s
||nc|+|s gc|+oo|+s oc con|cc|mcnto |+s cssc c|csc|mcnto u+nt|t+t|vo vcm +com+n|+oo
o|cxt|cm+o|vc|s|o+oc|nst|tuc|on+|occ++c|o+ococcsu|s+oc|oc+||z+ioocmooc|oo|g+-
n|z+c|on+|ocn+||o+occocvo|umcoc|ccu|sosoucto|n+|no|scns+vc|ummooc|ooc+v+-
||+ioucc|m|t+com+|+|ocscmcn|os|ocnt|c+|+v+||+|cmco||os|m+ctoso+s+t|v|o+ocs
occsu|s+bcmcomo+c++c|o+ococgc|+ioocnovoscon|cc|mcntoscoob,ctooco|g+n|-
z+ocscscc|+||z+o+s
^|nov+ioto|nou-sccm|ccno|mcntoco|ct|voc+|c|+iocnt|cc|cnc|+c|nov+iotcmcvo|u|oo
notcmo|mbo|+g|+noc+|tco+s+t|v|o+ocs|nov+t|v+sniosc,+o||ct+mcntcb+sc+o+cmc|cnc|+
|+cv|ocnc|+ocuc+csu|s+ub||c+tcm+c|c|+vcnoocscnvo|v|mcntoocnov+stccno|og|+s
(cm+|t|cu|+|tccno|og|+so+|n|o|m+iob|otccno|og|+oun+notccno|og|+)cocss+m+nc||+con-
t||bu|o||ct+mcntc+|++s|nov+ocsocm+|o|+|c+ncc(Blue Sky.oo|)
|ot+-scuc+|ntcg|+iocnt|cs|stcm+occsu|s+cs|stcm+oc|nov+io+ss+c|+co|+bo|+io
cnt|co||c|cntcs|nst|tu|ocsoccsu|s++|+ocscnvo|vc||o,ctoscmcomumcc|+|o|m+io
!79
oc |cocs oc csu|s+oo|cs |ss+s nov+s |o|m+s oc o|g+n|z+io o+ || sio |csu|t+oo oc o|vc|sos
|+to|cs uc vio o+ |no|scns+vc| mu|t|o|sc|||n+||o+oc cm csu|s+ + mco|o+s oc |nc|t+io o+s
+gcnc|+soc|omcntoco+so||t|c+socC^s+bo|o+gcns++|t||ooconcc|toocs|stcm+n+c|o-
n+|oc|nov+ioouoomooc|oo+Triple Helixcn|+t|z+mniosomcntccss+mu|t|||c|o+ococ+to|cs
comot+mbcm+s|ntc|+ocscnt|cc|csc+|o|m+iooc|cocsuc|cun+m|||scout|+so|g+n|z+-
ocscomocm|cs+s+ssoc|+ocs+gcnc|+soc|omcnton+c|on+|s|cg|on+|sousu|+||cg|on+|s^
|ntcns|c+ioo+s|c|+ocscnt|c|noust||+cc|cnc|+niocun|c+mcntco|csu|t+oooc|o,ctosocscn-
vo|v|ooscon,unt+mcntco|un|vc|s|o+ocsccm|cs+s|t+mbcmconscucnc|+o+|o|tc|nc|t+io
govc|n+mcnt+| + comc|c|+||z+| |csu|t+oos oc csu|s+ n+ |o|m+ oc |m+s spin-o ou oc ||ccnc|+-
mcnto oc +tcntcs (O|C| .oo|+) Os |o||os c|cnt|st+s sio cst|mu|+oos + cx|o|+| comc|c|+|-
mcntc+s+||c+ocsocsu+socscobc|t+s
|cssc contcxto |no|c+oo|cs uc c|m|t|||+m mco|| o v+|o| cconom|co +tu+| ou otcnc|+| oos
|csu|t+ooso+c|cnc|+ub||c+siob+st+ntcocm+no+oosc|os|o|mu|+oo|cso+so||t|c+socC|
(^|||||||O||O.oos)^so|cu|o+ocscmocn||cssct|ooc|no|c+oo|cs|cs|ocmno|+to
ocucmu|t+svczcsousoo+c|cnc|+ub||c+c|+scm|cs+sniooc|x+|+st|oo||ct+mcntcmcnsu-
|+vc|ou|ocnt|c+vc|cgunoo^|unoc|c|o|ooy(.oos)+scm|cs+stcm+ccssoc|cnc|+ub||c+oc
m+nc||+|o|m+|ou|n|o|m+|++|t||ocub||c+ocscmcong|cssosoucont+tos|ntc|csso+|s|n|o|-
m+|sc++|t||occont|+tosocconsu|to||+soc||ccnc|+mcntoouoccsu|s+con,unt+||oouz|||no|-
c+oo|csucc|m|t|||+m+|gum+com+|+b|||o+occx|gccncont|+|umocnom|n+oo|comum+|+
c|+ss|c+|os|csu|t+oosooss|stcm+sub||cosocc|cnc|+Os+uto|csnot+mucossurveyscu|ocus
us+mt|cs|no|c+oo|csoc|csu|t+oos+|++v+||+|ootcnc|+|occomc|c|+||z+ioo+c|cnc|++bc|t+
+sub||c+ocsosco|oosoc+tcntcsc+obtcniooc+tcntcsct|cs|no|c+oo|csocuso||ccn-
c|+mcntosc||+iooccm|cs+scroyalties+gos|+s+u+||o+ococsscs|no|c+oo|csoccnoccm
g|+noc+|tco+s|n|o|m+ocs|o|ncc|o+sc|oscsc||to||osoct|+ns|c|cnc|+octccno|og|+o+s|nst|-
tu|ocsoccsu|s+co||ssov+||+mmu|tosio|ncom|ct+scc|ocm+com+|+b|||o+oc
|o|out|o|+oo+s|o|m+sv|s|vc|soc|csu|t+ooscomc|c|+|so+c|cnc|+ub||c++tcntcscont|+tos
oc||ccnc|+mcntoouspin-o|c|cscnt+msomcntcum+cucn++|tcocumg|+nocnumc|o
oc +t|v|o+ocs cu,o |csu|t+oo c |nov+ocs ou +v+nos soc|occonom|cos |+ |+t|c+ n+ c|cnc|+
+bc|t+ os con|cc|mcntos oocm sc| t|+ns|c||oos s cm|cs+s cm out|+s moo+||o+ocs como
|o|m+io oc |ccu|sos |um+nos ub||c+ocs +|cscnt+ocs cm cong|cssos cont+tos |ntc|cs-
so+|s^|gunscstuoost|+zcm|n|o|m+ocs|ntc|css+ntcssob|c+v|siooccm|cs+sucocc|+|+m
uc|o|m+s+bc|t+soco||usiooc|csu|t+oosoccsu|s+siom+|s|mo|t+ntcsuc+smoo+||o+-
ocscont|+tu+|s|o|m+|s
++o
110 |cs,ons+vc|s oo ||1 occ|+:+:+m uc ,+tcntcs c ||ccnc|+mcntos nio sio mctooos mu|to utc|s ,+:+ t:+ns|c:|: con|cc|mcnto
!80
^s |||s cstio c+o+ vcz m+|s scnoo submct|o+s + +v+||+ocs uc ocvcm mco|| su+ |oout|v|o+oc
(|^|||.oo+)|+soocscmcn|oocss+s|nst|tu|ocscm|c|+iot|+ns|c|cnc|+cv+|o||z+iocco-
nom|c+ooscon|cc|mcntosgc|+ooscoco|||c||mco|ioocv|oocmbo++|tcn+tu|cz+|nt+ng|vc|
oocon|cc|mcnto^s|||s+|+obtc|cmos|ccu|sosn+ncc||osc|um+nosucg+|+ntcmsu+sus-
tcnt+b|||o+occ+m|css|on+o+s+com|ov+|+ut|||o+occconom|c+csoc|+|o+scsu|s+suc|c+-
||z+|+s+c++c|o+ococt|+ns|c|||con|cc|mcntos+|+out|osscto|cssoc|+|sniocxc|us|v+mcntc
+|++scm|cs+sco|cto|nosoc|+|uc|sso|c|cscnt+|cc|s+||+msc|+v+||+ooso||ct+ou|no||ct+-
mcntc^c++c|o+ococt|+ns|c|||con|cc|mcntosoocsc|umc||tc||ooc|cg|t|m|o+ocsoc|+|uc
|+vo|ccc+v|s|b|||o+occ|cnt|c+co||t|c+o+|nst|tu|iooccsu|s+
^s|stcm+t|c+oc+v+||+iomost|+-sc|no|scns+vc|nioso+|++n+||s+|+s|ntc|+ocscnt|c+s|||sc
+scm|cs+sm+st+mbcm+|+ocn||+gcno+occsu|s+mct+soc|o|m+iooc|ccu|sos|um+-
nos moo+||o+ocs m+|s cc|cntcs oc gc|+io t|+nsm|ssio c o||usio oc novos con|cc|mcntos c
conscucntcmcntc + c++c|o+oc oc +||mcnt+| os |occssos oc |nov+io ^s |o||+s |||s |cc|-
s+mocn||su+scst|+tcg|+soccsu|s+c+|+t+|ocvc|io|cco||c|+nov+smct||c+s+|+csco||c|
moo+||o+ocscontcuoo||cucnc|+|ntcns|o+oco+t|+ns|c|cnc|+octccno|og|+
^s||mc||+s+v+||+ocso+s|ntc|+ocscnt|c+sun|vc|s|o+ocsou|||sc+scm|cs+ssc||m|t+v+m+
mco||os|ccu|sos|um+noscnvo|v|oososn+nc|+mcntos+|oc+oosonumc|ooc|cun|ocs|c|+to-
||osub||c+ocscon,unt+sou|cuc||mcntosoc+tcntcs|+scsscmooooc+v+||+ioucsc+ssc-
mc||++um+t+bc|+input-outputniocons|oc|++snov+s|o|m+so|g+n|z+c|on+|so+|||+n+tu|cz+
o+s |ntc|+ocs +s moo+||o+ocs oc t|+nsm|ssio oc con|cc|mcnto ou + o|vc|s|o+oc o+s ocm+no+s
o+scm|cs+s(|^C||^||||||O+,,s)
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,untooc|no|c+oo|cs+|+mco||+s+t|v|o+ocsocgc|+io+||c+ioccx|o|+iooocon|cc|mcnto
+t|v|o+ocsucco||csonocmtc|cc||+m|ssioo+sun|vc|s|o+ocsou|||so||c|cnc|+noo|no|c+oo-
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vc|csu|s+scomcm|cs+sc|ocnt|c+|os|csu|t+oos+|c+n+oosocm+nc||++ooc|u+nt|c+|
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u+||o+oco+v|o+o|c|t+ocsc|v|osub||cosoum+|o|cc|cnc|+o++om|n|st|+ioub||c+O
ocs+ocst+cm|ocnt|c+|ost|osoc+t|v|o+ocscmocn||c+om|n|st|+|os|no|c+oo|csc+smct||-
c+scmco|ct+|oso+oosncccss+||os+|++v+||+|+cont||bu|ioo+|||sniosomcntc+o|occsso
oc |nov+io o+s cm|cs+s como t+mbcm + out|os bcnc||c|os soc|+|s Out|+ o|cu|o+oc c ocn||
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m+ssoc|+|s^|csost+occnocooucc|+ct|vc|mco||nomomcntomco||+t|v|o+ocsco|oc+o
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o|||c||
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|ntcg|+|ou+s|cocu+ocsmco||+sc++c|o+ocsoccsu|s+|nst+|+o+scmco||+scomctcnc|+s
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|no|c+oo|csocvcmsc|ut|||z+oosnio+cn+scomomco|o+sococscmcn|om+st+mbcmcomo
|c||+mcnt+soc+ux|||os|ntc|+ocscocn|iooccst|+tcg|+soc|c|+c|on+mcntocomout|os+to-
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v+|o||z+iooccomctcnc|+sccon|cc|mcntos+cumu|+ooscoccx|o|+iooc|ccu|sosm+tc||+|s
tccn|cosc|um+noso+s|||s^v+|o||z+iocconom|c+s|gn|c+||ccnc|+mcntooctccno|og|+ccs-
siooc+tcntcsconsu|to||+s|no|v|ou+|sou|nst|tuc|on+|susooc|+bo|+to||osouoccu|+mcntos
cscc|+||z+oos+|+tcstcsccxc||mcnt+ocs|c|c|c-sct+mbcm|c+||z+iooccsu|s+scmcoo-
c|+iocom+scm|cs+s+|gum+s|c|t+sn+b+scocumcont|+toout|+sn+b+scoc|ntc|cmb|o
occsu|s+oo|csc+t|v|o+ocsocn+tu|cz+m+|scm|ccnocoo|+como+c||+iooc|ncub+oo|+sou
oc|m+sspin-o
|o uc sc |c|c|c s comctcnc|+s +t|v|o+ocs c moo+||o+ocs oc t|+ns|c|cnc|+ oc con|cc|mcnto
cstio+s+t|v|o+ocsocgc|+ioct|+nsm|ssiooccon|cc|mcntossc,+n+|o|m+t|+o|c|on+|oc|o-
,ctosoccsu|s+cub||c+iooc|csu|t+oossc,+n+|o|m+ocu+||c+iooc|ccu|sos|um+nos
not+o+mcntc+cont|+t+ioc|+scm|cs+soccstuo+ntcsoucncomcno+occu|sosoccscc|+||z+-
iosc,+cm+t|v|o+ocsoccomun|c+io+|+cscc|+||st+sou+|+o|sscm|n+iocm|cocssoc|+|s
o|mc|oo+g|+noc|m|cns+occnt|cv|st+socub||c+ocsnio+c+ocm|c+s
!8z
kepensar os lndlcadores de C18l no 8rasll
|cns+|numcon,untooc|no|c+oo|csocC|cum+|o|m+occntcnoc|mc||o|o+|+ooxob|+s||c||o
o+cx|stcnc|+ocum+|n||+cst|utu|+occsu|s+b+st+ntco|nm|c+c|oout|v+concom|t+ntccom
um+c++c|o+ococ|nov+io|noust||+|++|cntcmcntc||m|t+o+cmoocst+ôss|b|||o+ocococn||
novos|no|c+oo|cso|tosocos|c|on+mcntoo+s|nst|tu|ocsucsio+to|cs|mo|t+ntcsoos|stcm+
oc|nov+ioc|m|t|||+co|oc+|o|ocon+s|ntc|+ocscnosuxosoccon|cc|mcnton+mob|||o+oc
ooscsu|s+oo|cscn+||cucnc|+o++|t|c|+iocm|cocsoccsu|s+n+c|on+|sc|ntc|n+c|on+|s
|m+s|stcm+t|c+oc+v+||+ioc|uno+mcnt+|+|++n+||s+|+s|ntc|+ocscnt|cos+to|csoos|stcm+oc
|nov+iobcmcomoscu+c|sob|c+ocn|ioocum++gcno+occsu|s++|o|m+iooc|ccu|-
sos|um+nos+gc|+iot|+nsm|ssioco||usioocnovoscon|cc|mcntos||cc|soocn||mct||c+s
+|++v+||+|moo+||o+ocscontcuoo||cucnc|+|ntcns|o+oco+t|+ns|c|cnc|+octccno|og|+ucvio
+|cmo+s|m|csu+nt|c+iooc|ooutosnovos
^|c|o+|nov+iotcmcomoob,ct|voc||+|um+mb|cntc|cgu|+to||o|+vo|+vc|s|ntc|+ocscnt|c
un|vc|s|o+ocsou|||sccm|cs+sm+snioo|c|cccu+|uc|+|mct|o+|++v+||+|oocscmcn|o
oosnuc|cosoc|nov+io+sc|cmc||+oos|oscstuoosoccxc||cnc|+sbcmsucco|o+soccomc|-
c|+||z+io oc csu|s+ |+ ouc+s |n|o|m+ocs sob|c o contcxto |nst|tuc|on+| o +c| oos |ccu|-
sos |um+nos o |occsso oc occ|sio os |ccu|sos m+tc||+|s ncccss+||os o ||sto||co o+ |nst|tu|io
|nt|ct+ntocss+s|n|o|m+ocsc|m|t|||+mcntcnoc|mc||o|o|occssooc|ntc|+io|o|+ooo+s
cm|cs+snio|+c|cmcntos+|++v+||+|oucoctc|m|nou+occ|siooc|ntc|+g||comum+|||
^|mo|tnc|+o+o++tcntccomomoo+||o+oc||v||cg|+o+ocv+|o||z+|os|csu|t+oosoccsu|s+
o+sun|vc|s|o+ocsou|||s+|ccc||m|t+t|v+c|ob|cm+t|c+|no|c+oo|cs|oc+noosob|c+smoo+||o+-
ocsoco||usioo+c|cnc|+ub||c+ooc||+mmost|+|+cc|cnc|+ocout|+smoo+||o+ocscomo+
c||cu|+io|ntc|o|g+n|z+c|on+|ou|ntc|-|cg|on+|oos|ccu|sos|um+nosu+||c+oosc+||cucnc|+
o++|t|c|+iocmtooot|ooccooc|+ioou+|cc||+s
^tc+go|+os|no|c+oo|csocC|vo|t+|+m-sc+cn+s+|+mco||ovo|umcoc|nvcst|mcntosub||-
cos c ||v+oos cm C c os |csu|t+oos o+s +t|v|o+ocs oc csu|s+ cm tc|mos oc |o|m+io oc
|ccu|sos|um+nos(t|tu|+ioocmcst|+oocoouto|+oo)cub||c+ocs|cm+nc||+gc|+|csscs|no|-
c+oo|cssioouco+ocu+oos+|++v+||+|+smoo+||o+ocsoct|+ns|c|cnc|+octccno|og|+c+con-
t||bu|io o+s un|vc|s|o+ocs +|+ o |occsso oc |nov+io o+s cm|cs+s |m+ nov+ s|stcm+t|c+ oc
+v+||+io|cc|s+sc|ocn|o++|+mco||+s|ntc|+ocsun|vc|s|o+ocs|||sccm|cs+sbcmcomo
os|m+ctost+ng|vc|sc|nt+ng|vc|ssob|coocscnvo|v|mcntotccno|og|co+|o|m+iooc|ccu|sos
!8!
|um+nos+gc|+iot|+nsm|ssiocv+|o||z+iocconom|c+csoc|+|oocon|cc|mcntom+so||c|cn-
c|+nooos|no|c+oo|csocst|n+oos+mco||+|oout|v|o+oco+csu|s+ub||c+o+uc|csuc|cc-
tcm++u|s|iooccomctcnc|+stccno|og|c+so+scm|cs+s
|ouco|z|csc|tosc+|+ctc||st|c+soo|occssooc|nov+io|noust||+|o+scm|cs+sb|+s||c||+s
sc||+mu|tout||um+|c|c|tu|+oos|csu|t+ooso+||ntccc+moo+||o+ococ|nov+ioc|c|c|cnc|+|-
mcntc++ooiooctccno|og|+ocscnvo|v|o+cxtc|n+mcntcc|cccb|o+n+|o|m+occu|+mcntos
os |occssos oc o||usio c +ooio oc tccno|og|+ |cc|s+m sc| |ocnt|c+oos oc m+nc||+ bcm m+|s
oct+||+o+ ^ n+tu|cz+ + ||cucnc|+ c + |ntcns|o+oc o+s |ntc|+ocs cnt|c os +to|cs oo s|stcm+ oc
|nov+iocmcscc|+|n+o|mcnsio|oc+|ooc||+msc||ontcoc|n|o|m+ocs|c|cv+ntcs+|+c+|+c-
tc||z+| mc||o| o |occsso oc |nov+io | com cssc ob,ct|vo uc |no|c+oo|cs oc |c|+c|on+mcnto
mc|ccc||+msc|cns+oos|nm+cxt|cm+|ctc|ogcnc|o+occnt|c|cg|ocsoo||+s||nog|+uoc
|noust||+||z+iocnocontcxtocconom|coc|nst|tuc|on+|ocm+no+|no|c+oo|csucoss|b|||tcm
c+|+ctc||z+|com+|+|c+n+||s+|mc||o|+o|nm|c+ooss|stcm+soc|nov+io|oc+|s
kerernclas
^|8UQU||QU|. || |mm+tu:c systcms o| |nnov+t|on |nt:ooucto:y notcs +bout + com,+:|son bctwccn
:out| ^|:|c+. |no|+. |cx|co +no 8:+z|| b+sco on sc|cncc +no tcc|no|ogy st+t|st|cs 1exto para dlscusso.
8c|o |o:|zontc Ccoc,|+:;U||. n ii+. ioo,
^|U||||. ^. 8O||O:. C |cvc|o,|ng |ntc:n+t|on+||y com,+:+b|c |no|c+to:s |o: t|c commc:c|+||z+t|on
o| ,ub||c|y-|unoco :csc+:c| Worklng aper Serles, Maastrlcbt. !c |ct|c:|+nos U|U-||||1. ioos ,i ,
8^|||. | :cnsc +no nonscnsc o| :81 ,:oouct|v|ty |no|c+to:s Sclence and ubllc ollcy. v is. n |. ,
i,,ioo. ioo+
______ !c cmc:gcncc o| ,os|t|on|ng |no|c+to:s 1ow+:os + |u:o,c+n :1| |no|c+to:s ||+t|o:m (|:1||)
|n ||||| ^||U^| CO||||||C|. i. ||sbo+. ioo, Annals ||sbo+. ioo,
8|U| :|: || |O|U| Wbat lndlcators ror sclence tecbnology and lnnovatlon pollcles ln tbe z!st century:
ioo| ||s,on|vc| cm wwwst+tc+ngcc+;con|c:cnccs;sc|cnccioo,;,o|;sc|cnccioo,-cng,o|
C||:8|OU|. | !c c:+ o| o,cn |nnov+t|on Ml1 Sloan Management kevlew. v ||. n,. ioo,
______ v|y com,+n|cs s|ou|o |+vc o,cn bus|ncss mooc|s Ml1 Sloan Management kevlew. v|s. ni. ioo;
!84
||8||. |: lnovao tecnologlca na lndustrla brasllelra no passado recente. uma resenba da llteratura
econmlca (o:+|t). ioo,
|:1||||. |. 1||V|:. | Analysls or tbe dlerent Luropean systems ror produclng lndlcators. ioo,
||s,on|vc| cm |tt,;;wwwcn|o-cu:o,co:g;con|c:cncc|tm|
||||^|||z-^||O:^8|. |C. ^||^|z. | |:|nc|,|cs |o: t|c ocs|gn o| m+n+gcmcnt cont:o| systcms |n
|now|cogc nctwo:|s|x,c:|cnccs |nvo|v|ng t|c |u:o,c+n tcc|no|ogy nctwo:|s 1ecbnologlcal |orecastlng
8 Soclal Cbange. v o,. , ;o,;+,. iooi
|||||^|. C. :O|1|. | |cvc|o,|ng sc|cncc. tcc|no|ogy +no |nnov+t|on |no|c+to:s w|+t wc c+n |c+:n
|:om t|c ,+st Worklng aper Serles. |++st:|c|t. !c |ct|c:|+nos U|U-||||1. ioo;-oo+
O|||. 8 :t+t|st|cs +no sc|cncc tcc|no|ogy +no |nnov+t|on ,o||cy |ow to gct :c|cv+nt |no|c+to:s |n
O|C| 8|U| :|: || CO||||||C|. iooo Annals iooo
|^||OO||. |. C|OO|1. | |c+su:|ng |nnov+t|vc ,c:|o:m+ncc |s t|c:c +n +ov+nt+gc |n us|ng mu|t|,|c
|no|c+to:s kesearcb ollcy. v,i. ,+,o,-+,;,. ioo,
||||||. | von Sources or lnnovatlon ||1 |:css. +,s,
|||O||. 8. 8^|||. |. |||||^1||Û |cw ,c:s,cct|vcs +no c|+||cngcs |o: t|c ocs|gn +no ,:oouct|on o|
:81 |no|c+to:s kesearcb Lvaluatlon. v+;. n+. , ,,-||. ioos
|^CU|^|. ^|. |||||O. |C Como +v+||+: + t:+ns|c:cnc|+ oo con|cc|mcnto n+ |ntc:+io Un|vc:s|o+oc-
|m,:cs+ |n :|||O:|O || |:1Ô |^ ||OV^Ô. io. :io |+u|o ||C1;|^;U:| +,,s Anals :io
|+u|o. +,ss
|^|:|||||. | ^c+ocm|c :csc+:c| +no |noust:|+| |nnov+t|on kesearcb ollcy. , +-+i +,,+
|^|:|||||. |. |||. |-: !c mooc:n un|vc:s|ty cont:|buto: to |noust:|+| |nnov+t|on +no :cc|,|cnt o|
|noust:|+| |8| su,,o:t ,o||cy |csc+:c| |o||cy. v i,. , +o|;-+o,s. +,,o
|O|^:-^|^|1. |. :^|1||. ^. |^1||. |. :CO11. ^. |U|^| X Measurlng tblrd stream actlvltles. |lnal
keport to tbe kussell Croup or Unlversltles iooi
O|^||:^1|O| |O| |CO|O||C CO-O|||^1|O| ^|| ||V||O||||1 le knowledge-based
economy +,,o ||s,on|vc| cm |tt,;;wwwoccoo:g
______ lnnovatlon ln tbe knowledge economy. ioo| ||s,on|vc| cm |tt,;;wwwoccoo:g
______ 1cc|no|ogy +no |nnov+t|on |o: t|c i+st ccntu:y |n |||1|| O| 1|| O|C| CO|||11|| |O|
:C|||1|||C ^|| 1|C||O|O|C^| |O||C: ^1 ||||:1|||^| ||V||. |+nu+:y ioo| |lnal Communlque
||s,on|vc| cm |tt,;;wwwoccoo:g
!8
______ Sclence tecbnology and lnnovatlon lndlcators ln a cbanglng world. :cs,ono|ng to ,o||cy nccos ioo;
||| || ||||C^|O||: || C|||C|^ : 1|C|O|O|^ -|8||O^||||C^|^ | ||1||^||||C^|^. O|^.
C:1|| Manual de 8ogota, normallzaclon de lndlcadores de lnnovaclon tecnologlca en Amerlca Latlna
y el Carlbe ioo+ ||s,on|vc| cm |tt,;;www:|cyto:g
V|O11|. |8 |+t|on+| |c+:n|ng systcms. + ncw +,,:o+c| on tcc|no|og|c+| c|+ngc |n |+tc |noust:|+||z|ng
cconom|cs +no cv|ocnccs |:om t|c c+scs o| 8:+z|| +no :out| |o:c+ 1ecbnologlcal |orecastlng 8 Soclal
Cbange. v o,. , o,,oso. iooi
!86
!87
Inovao, atividade inovativa e P& D na legislao: uma anlise comparativa dos conceitos legais e suas implicaes
6. Inovao, atividade inovativa e P&D na legislao:
uma anlise comparativa dos conceitos legais e
suas implicaes
Maria Tereza Leopardi Mello
111
6.1. Apresentao
|stcc+|tu|otcmoo|sob,ct|vos||mc||ocx+m|n+|o++|+to|cg+|o+so||t|c+soc|nccnt|vo
|nov+iov|gcntcsno+|scomv|st+s+|ocnt|c+|osconcc|tos|cg+|sut|||z+oos+|+ocn|||no-
v+io +t|v|o+oc |nov+t|v+ c csu|s+ c ocscnvo|v|mcnto (||) ||ctcnoc-sc +n+||s+| +s o||c|cn-
+s ocsscs concc|tos n+s o|vc|s+s |c|s vc||c+| + cons|stcnc|+ oc c+o+ ocn|io concc|tu+| com
+sn+||o+ocsocc+o+|c|(ouc+o+|nst|umcntooco||t|c+)bcmcomo+com+t|b|||o+occnt|c
csscso||c|cntcsconcc|tos
Oscgunooob,ct|vocons|stccm+n+||s+|oc|o|m+b|cvcccx|o|+to||++s|m||c+ocs,u||o|-
c+so+smuo+n+sn+cont+b|||o+ocoos+t|vos|nt+ng|vc|s|nt|oouz|o+sn+|c|o+s;^c|+|c|
n++e,s;.oo;
6.2. Inovao e atividades de pesquisa e desenvolvimento: denies
conceituais na legislao brasileira: Lei de Inovao, Lei do Bem,
Lei de Informtica
^||tc|+tu|+cscc|+||z+o+costum+|ob|cm+t|z+|+oc||m|t+iooosconcc|tosoc|nov+iococ||
ccomo|sso|cc|cutcnosocscn|oso+so||t|c+soc|nccnt|vosvo|t+o+s+css+s+t|v|o+ocs
111 |+:|+ 1c:cz+ |co,+:o| oc |c||o c oouto:+ cm cconom|+ ,c|+ Un|c+m, c ,:o|csso:+ oo |nst|tuto oc |conom|+ o+ U|||
!88
M aria Tereza Leopardi M ello
|omb|to,u||o|cos|tu+ocsconcc|tu+o+soc|o|m+o||c|cntcscc|+ss|c+mcmo||c|cntcsc+tcgo-
||+scscsu,c|t+m+|cg|+so|st|nt+s^ss|mu+noosct|+t+oc|m|cmcnt+|o||t|c+sconcc|tosbcm
ocn|oossio|uno+mcnt+|s|csscontov+|cnot+|uc+so||t|c+sub||c+sossucmum+o|mcn-
sio,u||o|c+uc||csc|nt||nscc+su+|m|cmcnt+iooccnococsc+||c+|cmcc|t+sconscucn-
c|+s+octc|m|n+o+ss|tu+ocs,u||o|c+socsc||t+scm|c|o+|+|c|cvnc|+o+socn|ocsconcc|tu+|s
||vc|sos+uto|cs|ccon|cccm+ncccss|o+ococ+m||+|oconcc|tooc|nov+io oucocco||coc
sccom|ccnoc|ucsco|um|+oo+|mo|tnc|+o+c|cnc|++|+oocscnvo|v|mcntotccno|og|co
cconccnt|+o+(cmscto|cs)o|out|o|+oo+muo+n+tccno|og|c+sco|sscm|n+com+o||usioo+
m|c|oc|ct|on|c+(o|tooososscto|cs)oucco|oc+cm|c|cvo++t|v|o+ocococscnvo|v|mcntotcc-
no|og|co, uctcmum++|t|c|+ioc|csccntcnosg+stoscm||(||||z||O|||)
|omcsmoscnt|oo+cnz-+nc|cz|+u|+(.oo+)o|scutcmoconcc|tooctccno|og|+cnu+ntoum
con,unto oc con|cc|mcntos cu,+ gc|+io +ss|m||+io c ut|||z+io |c|cscnt+m um |occsso oc
+|cno|z+gcmcoct|+ns|c|cnc|+ocsscscon|cc|mcntoscnt|co||c|cntcs+to|cs. ^|nov+iotccno-
|og|c+ocvcsc|cntcno|o+comoum|occssocumu|+t|voc|ntc|+t|vo,+uc(+)|nco|o|+con|c-
c|mcntos|cv|os||sto||c+mcntc+ou|||oosucsc|vcmocb+sc|nt|oouioo+nov+tccno|og|+
c(b)cnvo|vc++|t|c|+ios|stcm|c+ocmu|t||os+to|cs;|nst|tu|ocscom|unocso||c|cnc|+o+s
||cngcn|+||+|oouto|csu+||o+octot+|o|st||bu|oo|cscomc|c|+||z+oo|cssc|v|osos-vcno+
cusu+||oscnt|cout|os(.oo+)
|mtc|mosconcc|tu+|scss++m||+io|m||c+|nc|u||noconcc|tooc|nov+ioo|nvcst|mcntovo|-
t+oocomc|c|+||z+ioco|st||bu|iooonovo|ooutoo|s+|nov+ioso|c+||z+|+scuotcnc|+|
cconom|cosctoo+s+s+t|v|o+ocs-+tc+o|st||bu|iooo|oouto;|nt|oouiooo|occsso|o|cm
conouz|o+scc|cntcmcntcocst+c+noo-sc+|mo|tnc|+o+s|o|m+soc+|cc||+cnt|c|m+s|nst|tu|-
ocsoccsu|s+un|vc|s|o+ocsctc+|+cx|o|+iooccom|cmcnt+||o+ocs(||||z||O|||)
ôcm+|sc|mo|t+ntc+|no+tc|cmv|st+uct+mbcm++t|v|o+oc|m|t+t|v+c|c|cv+ntc+|++|no-
v+ioum+vczucc|+|m||c++o||usioo+s|nov+ocsscm+u+|cst+sniotc||+m|m+ctocco-
nom|co^+ooiooc|nov+ocsmcsmouco||m|t+ioc|mo|t+ntco|uccnvo|vcumuxo
occon|cc|mcntoso++|tco+s|m+s|nov+oo|+scum|occssooc+|cno|z+ooucooc|cv+|
+ocscnvo|v|mcntosostc||o|cso+|nov+io|o|css+|+ziouco|+nu+|ocOs|occn|+t|coo
||nc|+||m+ctoo+|nov+ion++t|v|o+occconom|c+|ovcmo+o||usiooc|nov+ocs|n|c|+|so|
out|+scm|cs+s(|+nu+|ocOs|o,,,;;,s)
!89
|o|t+ntoo|occssooc|nov+ioocvcsc|cntcno|oocmscnt|oo+m|ouc+b+|c+... +|cmo+|c+-
||z+iooc+t|v|o+oc|ntc|n+occsu|s+cocscnvo|v|mcnto(||)+cont|+t+iocxtc|n+oc||o
cm|cgoocnov+stccno|og|+s|nco|o|+o+scmm+u|n+sccu|+mcntos++u|s|iooccon|cc|-
mcntoscxtc|nos(know how+tcntcsc||ccn+s)++u|s|ioocsoftware;ot|c|n+mcntooocsso+|
+ |nt|oouio oc |nov+ocs tccno|og|c+s no mc|c+oo c o |o,cto |noust||+| c out|+s |c+|+ocs
tccn|c+s+|++|oouioc+o|st||bu|io
++.
(CC||^||||.oo,.+)
|msum+css+so|vc|s+s+t|v|o+ocs|nov+oo|+succxt|+v+s+mocoreo+s+t|v|o+ocsoc|||o-
||+mcntco|t+s+b|+ngcnoo+t|v|o+ocsucooc||+msc|c|+ss|c+o+scomoo||usio;|m|t+ioc+|-
|cg+mums|gn|c+oocconom|conioocs|cz|vc|mco|o+ucocnot+mucos+gcntcsscmovcm
num+mb|cntcos|t|vo+|++|nco|o|+ioocnov+stccno|og|+sucocscnvo|vcm+|gum+c++-
c|t+iom|n|m++|+o+|cno|z+ootccno|og|co
|+|+|mo|tnc|+oc+bo|o+|o|occsso|nov+t|voocmooo+contcm|+|+so|st|nt+s|o|m+soc
+ccsso+ocon|cc|mcntoc|+scm|cs+socs|oc+noo+cxc|us|v|o+ococ|ocon+s+t|v|o+ocsoc||
(CC||)|nco|o|+noonoconcc|tooc|nov+iot+nto+u||ouccnovo+|+omc|c+oon+c|on+|
como+|nov+io+cn+ssob+ot|c+o+|o||+cm|cs+ousc,+ucnio|c|cscnt+um+nov|o+oc
+|+omc|c+oo(||ntcc)^t|v|o+oc|nov+t|v+ |cctcnio+cn+socs|o|o|o||oocc++c|t+io
tccno|og|c+ como t+mbcm oc mooc|n|z+io o| out|+s |o|m+s oc +u|s|io oo con|cc|mcnto
(CC||^||||.oo,+,)
|ss+concc|tu+iotcm|m||c+ocsobv|+s+|++o|scussiooco||t|c+svo|t+o+s+|+|nccn-
t|v+||nov+ocs
+s|c|succ||+mmco|o+soc|nccnt|voocvcmbcmt||c+|+s+t|v|o+ocsucmc|ccc|io
|otcio(+n+|osconcc|tos|cg+|ssiovo|t+oos+|+cmb+s+|occ|socs,u||o|c+sc|m|c-
c|socsgc|+m|ncc|tcz+,u||o|c+u+nto+os|csu|t+ooso++||c+ioo+|c|)
112 Um+ +n+||sc oos o+oos o+ ||ntcc +,:cscnt+o+ no |ocumcnto oc +uto:|+ oo C|| 8 ^|||| (.009) +,ont+ uc m+|s oc um
tc:o o+s cm,:cs+s |nov+oo:+s o+ |noust:|+ nio :c+||zou g+stos com u+|uc: t|,o oc +t|v|o+oc |nov+t|v+ no +no oc .00. o uc
,ooc s|gn|c+: 1) uc css+s cm,:cs+s ocscnvo|vc:+m +|gum+ +t|v|o+oc nos oo|s +nos +ntc:|o:cs. .) uc +s |nov+cs |o:+m tio
|nc:cmcnt+|s uc nio ocm+no+:+m o cm,:cgo oc :ccu:sos cm +t|v|o+ocs |nov+t|v+s. ou +|no+ !) uc +s cm,:cs+s |nco:,o:+:+m
|nov+cs oc out:+s cm,:cs+s |m u+|uc: oos c+sos. nio sc t:+t+ oc um cs|o:o |nov+oo: s|stcm+t|co ou sustcnt+oo |nt:c +s
+t|v|o+ocs |nov+t|v+s :c+||z+o+s ,c|+s cm,:cs+s |nov+oo:+s. + ,:|nc|,+| oc|+s |o| + +bso:io oc tccno|og|+ ,o: mc|o o+ +u|s|io oc
m+u|n+s c cu|,+mcntos (1.`) ^s ou+s out:+s com ,c:ccntu+| m+|s cx,:css|vo |o:+m ,:o,cto |noust:|+| c out:+s ,:c,+:+cs
tccn|c+s ,+:+ + ,:oouio c + o|st:|bu|io (...`) c |nt:oouio oc |nov+cs tccno|og|c+s no mc:c+oo (19.4`) ^,cn+s 1.` o+s
cm,:cs+s |nov+oo:+s :c+||z+:+m +t|v|o+ocs |ntc:n+s oc |8|. c um numc:o +|no+ mcno: +ou|:|u con|cc|mcntos cxtc:nos ,o: mc|o
oc ||ccn+s ou ,+tcntcs (.`) ou cont:+tou |8| cxtc:n+ (4.0`) |sscs numc:os sio cons|stcntcs com + +v+||+io o+ |m,o:tnc|+
o+s +t|v|o+ocs |nov+t|v+s ,c|+s cm,:cs+s m+|s oc 40` oc|+s +t:|bu|:+m +|to g:+u oc |m,o:tnc|+ + +u|s|io oc m+u|n+s c cu|,+-
mcntos cnu+nto mcnos oc 1!` conccoc:+m +|t+ |m,o:tnc|+ +s +t|v|o+ocs oc |8| (C|| 8 ^||||. .009.1)
!90
+m||+o|cucocbcncc|+||osotcnc|+|s
++,
um+vczuconumc|ooccm|cs+suc|no-
v+m+|+omc|c+oocbcmmcno|ooucooccm|cs+suc|c+||z+m|nov+ocs+cn+s
+|+s||o||+s||go|os+mcntccss+su|t|m+socvc||+msc|c|+ss|c+o+scomoo||usioc
niocomo|nov+io(CC||^||||.oo,+,)
|sscconcc|to+m||+oooc+t|v|o+oc|nov+t|v++|cccsc||coom|n+ntcn+|cg|s|+iob|+s||c||+uc
contcm|+o|st|nt+s|o|m+soc+ccsso+ocon|cc|mcntoc|+scm|cs+sc|ocu|+|nccnt|v+|+|c+||-
z+iooc+|cc||+scnt|ccm|cs+sc|Cs|+o|vc|s+s||otcscs|cg+|sn+su+|soconcc|tooc|nov+-
iocontcm|+nio+cn+s+nov|o+oc+|+o mc|c+oom+st+mbcm+|++cm|cs+.
|+|+ o CC|| contuoo o s|stcm+ b|+s||c||o oc |omcnto +o ocscnvo|v|mcnto tccno|og|co sc||+
m+|svo|t+oo+|+o+o|o||cnio|nov+ionoscnt|oom+|sgc|+|+c|m+o|scut|oo+|no+
uccss+sc,++o||cnt+io+oot+o+n+concciooosnovos|nst|umcntosO|c|+to||oc|+m++
+tcnionio|+mu|t+ouv|o+u+nto+||c+b|||o+ocoos|nccnt|vossc+|s+|++s+t|v|o+ocs
oc||m+sout|+s+t|v|o+ocsucsc+|ox|m+moomc|c+ooconst|tucmob,ctoocouv|o+ou
ucst|on+mcntos(CC||^||||.oo,)
|o|out|o|+ooocn|ocsocm+s|+o+mcntc+m|+soocmtc|su+oc|+c|on+||o+occom|omct|o+
c|+|+|t+occonso||o+iooocntcno|mcntoocconcc|tos,u||o|cos|noctc|m|n+oos
++|
cu,+
+||c+io|cuc|ucsc,+m|ntc||ct+oos|csscscnt|oov+||os+uto|csc|+m+m++tcn-
io+|+o|+toocnio|+vc|+|no+,u||s|uocnc|++|csc|toocu+|ssc||+most|osoc
ocscs+s com +t|v|o+ocs oc || c |nov+io uc +sscgu|+||+m o o||c|to +os |nccnt|vos
sc+|so|cxcm|o
oo mcsmo mooo + |nt|oouio oc concc|tos o||unoos o+ |cg|s|+io sob|c |nov+io cm
out|oss|stcm+s,u||o|cost+mbcmoocc+us+|ouv|o+socxcm|oscm|c|cmb|+oocoo+
|c|oc||c|t+io(|c|seee)|+cc+oo||c|tooc|c|c|cnc|++|+cm|cs+suc|nv|st+mcmcs-
u|s+cnoocscnvo|v|mcntooctccno|og|+no+|s|nt|oouz|ooc|+|c|oc|nov+io^+oc-
u+o+ocn|iooosconto|noso+u||oucsc|++cc|tocomogc|+oo|ooo||c|tooc|c|c|cn-
c|+c|uno+mcnt+|+|+osgcsto|csub||cosooc|cm+||c+-|oscmco||c|o||scoocsc|cm
|csons+b|||z+oosc|oso|giosoccont|o|co+scont+sub||c+s(CC||^||||.oo,.o)
113 |mbo:+ + :c+||z+io oc |8| |ntc:n+ sc ocst+uc. ocnt:c +s +t|v|o+ocs |nov+t|v+s. ,c|os scus ocsoob:+mcntos c c+,+c|o+oc oc
gc:+: +,:cno|z+oo c o||c:cnc|+| com,ct|t|vo. o+oos o+ ||ntcc most:+m uc cnt:c .00!-.00. +,cn+s 1.s` o+s cm,:cs+s o+ |noust:|+
oc t:+ns|o:m+io uc |nt:oouz|:+m +|gum+ |nov+io. oc ,:oouto ou oc ,:occsso. :c+||z+:+m +t|v|o+ocs |ntc:n+s oc ,csu|s+ c oc-
scnvo|v|mcnto |ssc ,c:ccntu+| c bcm mcno: ,+:+ o con,unto o+ |noust:|+ cxt:+t|v+. 4.1` (C|| 8 ^||||. .009.4)
114 |noctc:m|n+oo c o concc|to v+go c +mb|guo uc :cuc: octc:m|n+io ,o: mc|o oc |ntc:,:ct+io. |nc|us|vc ,c|o :ccu:so +
c:|tc:|os tccn|cos ^ ocn|io c oc |c::+z |: (199). cm +:t|go uc us+ o concc|to ,+:+ +n+||s+: ocn|cs ,u:|o|c+s no mb|to oo
o|:c|to +nt|t:ustc ^ t|tu|o oc cxcm,|o. ,+:+ sc const+t+: ,:c,u|zos + conco::cnc|+ um |tcm |uno+mcnt+| ,+:+ +,||c+io o+ |c| oc
oc|cs+ o+ conco::cnc|+ -. c ncccss+:|o :cco::c: + c:|tc:|os tccn|cos (como b+::c|:+s + cnt:+o+. ocnt:c out:os) 1:+t+-sc oc um concc|to
|noctc:m|n+oo + sc: |ntc:,:ct+oo tccn|c+mcntc
!9!
|ossoob,ct|voncst+||mc||++|tcocst++n+||scc|ocnt|c+|ccom+|+|osconcc|tosoc|nov+io
coc+t|v|o+ocsoc|csu|s+|cscnvo|v|mcntocm+|gum+s|c|s+|c|oc|nov+io(|c|+o,;,;o|)+
|c|oc|n|o|m+t|c+(|c|+o+;e;.oo+)c+|c|oo|cm(|c|+++,e;.oo,)uco|socmsob|c|nccnt|vos
subs|o|os|c|+ocscnt|c|nst|tu|ocsocC|cnc|+cccno|og|+ub||c+sccm|cs+sctccconst|tucm
o||nc|+|++|+to|cg+|o+so||t|c+scmv|go|
Comc+mos o| ocsc|cvc| os ||nc|+|s concc|tos oc c+o+ |cg|s|+io (+n+||s+mos c+o+ |c| c scus
occ|ctos|cgu|+mcnt+oo|cs)bcmcomo+s||nc|+|smco|o+soc|nccnt|vo|cv|st+s
|+ scucnc|+ +|cscnt+mos um+ com+|+io oos concc|tos (|nc|us|vc com +s ocn|ocs oos
|+nu+|socOs|ococ||+sc+t|)bcmcomosu+s|cscct|v+s|m||c+ocs,u||o|c+s
Lel de lnovao (Lel !0.97!, de 0z}!z}z004)
^|c|oc|nov+ioo|socsob|c|nccnt|vo|nov+ioccsu|s+c|cnt|c+ctccno|og|c+no+mb|cntc
|oout|vocc|cgu|+mcnt+o+c|o|cc|cto,ee,oc++;+o;.oo,
uno|c|oC+mos(.ooe)+n+||s+mt+||cg|s|+io|ocnt|c+noot|cs||nc|+|sc|xoso|mc|ooos
u+|s+so||t|c+sgovc|n+mcnt+|socvcm|nccnt|v+|+s+t|v|o+ocsoc||no||+s||
Os +uto|cs c|+m+m + +tcnio cm ||mc||o |ug+| +|+ + |c+||z+io oc um c|ouc oc gcstio
no scto| ub||co tcnt+noo conto|n+| + |+|t+ oc cx|b|||o+oc |most+ o| |cg|+s t|+o|c|on+|s oc
|||c|toôm|n|st|+t|vo|+zcnoocomuccomuccsu|s+oo|csub||cosc|nst|tu|ocssu+|s
c|cscstc,+m||g+ooss|nt+m-scmot|v+oos+cm|ccnoc|c+o+vczm+|scsu|s+sscmotcmo|oc
csb+||+|cm+m+||+soccun|o|cg+||oucscv|s|umb|+cmo|sos|t|vosuc|cvccm+|cc||+soc
cnt|o+ocscst+t+|scom+sooscto|||v+oo(+|t,)ccssiooucom+|t|||+mcntoocbcnscst+t+|s
com cm|cs+s ou cnt|o+ocs uc |nv|st+m cm || (+|t |) cx|b|||z+io oo |cg|mc oc t|+b+||o
occsu|s+oo|csub||cos+|+|+c|||t+|su++tu+iocm||t+ntocmcnt|o+ocsooscto|ub||co
u+ntoooscto|||v+oo(+|t,,++|t+|+|t+,)ccont|+t+iooccsu|s+scomoscto|||-
v+oo(+|t.o)(|||||||C^||O.ooe)
|mscgunoo|ug+|c|o|omcntocst+t+|+cm|cs+s||v+o+suc|nvcstcmcm|||csscscnt|oo
+sno|m+suco|socmsob|coss|b|||o+ococ+|t|c|+iooo|st+oocomosoc|om|no||t+||ocm
t+|scm|cs+s(+|t,)|c|c|cnc|+smcsm+sn+scont|+t+ocsgovc|n+mcnt+|s(+|t.;|V)co|c|t+
!9z
ocn+nc|+mcnto(+|cmocout|oooc|osomcc+n|smooc|nccnt|voc|+conccssioocv+nt+gcns
t||but+||+s|cv|st+sn+|c|oo|cm)
||n+|mcntcc|+mc||o||+oom+|co|cg+|+||c+vc|s+t|v|o+ocsoc||cscun+nc|+mcnto|c|c-
|cm-sc+|t|cu|+|mcntc+|nst|tu|iooc|unoosmutuosoc|nvcst|mcnto+|++t|+ioocc+|t+|s
||v+oos(+|t.,)
^|no+scgunoouno|c|oC+mos(.ooe)css+sno|m+scstio|mb||c+o+scomo|vc|s+sout|+soc
nossoo|ocn+mcnto,u||o|com+scomouc+s|nton|+comc|+sC|t+-sccomocxcm|oo+|t,,.
|Vo+|c|oc||c|t+ocs(|c|seee;,,)|nt|oouz|ooc|+|c|oo|cmoc+co|oocomou+|+scm|c-
s+suc|nvcstcmcmcsu|s+cnoocscnvo|v|mcntooctccno|og|+no+|stcmo||c|tooc|c|c|cn-
c|+(cm|gu+|o+ococcono|ocs)noscc|t+mcs||c|t+to||os
++,
|ssccumt||cocxcm|oo+|mo|tnc|+o+c|+|+ocn|ioconcc|tu+|o|scncccss+||oocn|||c-
c|s+mcntcuct|ooc+t|v|o+octo|n+||+um+c+no|o+t++t++|cccbc|ot|+t+mcnto||v||cg|+oo
|cn|ocs
^|c|oc|nov+ioocnccmscu+|t.osconcc|tosocc||+iococ|nov+io
C||+ioco|csu|t+ooococscnvo|v|mcntotccno|og|cooco|vc|s+sn+tu|cz+s(|nvcnocsocscn|oscu|t|-
v+|csctc)uc+c+||ctcnovo|oouto|occssoou|nc|cmcntoscm|ooutos;|occssos,+con|cc|oos
|nov+io cons|stc n+ |nt|oouio oc nov|o+oc ou +c||c|o+mcnto no +mb|cntc |oout|vo uc
|csu|tccmnovos|occssos|ooutosousc|v|os
C||+io|m||c+o|t+ntoum+nov|o+oc+|+omc|c+ooncsscconcc|toniosccng|ob+noo+s+t|-
v|o+ocs|m|t+t|v+s
115 ^:t ! ^ ||c|t+io ocst|n+-sc + g+:+nt|: + obsc:vnc|+ oo ,:|nc|,|o const|tuc|on+| o+ |sonom|+ c + sc|cc|on+: + ,:o,ost+ m+|s
v+nt+,os+ ,+:+ + ôm|n|st:+io c sc:+ ,:occss+o+ c ,u|g+o+ cm cst:|t+ con|o:m|o+oc com os ,:|nc|,|os b+s|cos o+ |cg+||o+oc. o+ |m-
,csso+||o+oc. o+ mo:+||o+oc. o+ |gu+|o+oc. o+ ,ub||c|o+oc. o+ ,:ob|o+oc +om|n|st:+t|v+. o+ v|ncu|+io +o |nst:umcnto convoc+to:|o.
oo ,u|g+mcnto ob,ct|vo c oos uc ||c sio co::c|+tos
()
, . |m |gu+|o+oc oc cono|cs. com c:|tc:|o oc ocscm,+tc. sc:+ +sscgu:+o+ ,:c|c:cnc|+. succss|v+mcntc. +os bcns c sc:v|os
()
|V ,:oouz|oos ou ,:cst+oos ,o: cm,:cs+s uc |nv|st+m cm ,csu|s+ c no ocscnvo|v|mcnto oc tccno|og|+ no |+|s
!9!
|+oconcc|tooc|nov+io+|cccm+|s+m|ocmbo|+com+|gum++mb|gu|o+oc,+ucc|otcxto
o+|c|, inovaooocsc|+cn+s+c||+io ucsctcnt+|oouz||ccomc|c|+||z+|co|t+ntot+mbcm
sc||+um+nov|o+oc+|+ omc|c+oo|css+|ntc||ct+iooconcc|toooc||++b+|c+|o|cxcm|o
+t|v|o+ocsoc|m|t+ioucscocst|n+sscm+|nt|oouioocnov|o+occmumo+oomc|c+oonou+|
+|no+niot|vcsscms|oo|nt|oouz|o+s
|+scsscconcc|tooc|nov+iot+mbcmoocsc||ntc||ct+oocomo+|gom+|s+m|onoscnt|oo
oc uc + nov|o+oc no +mb|cntc |oout|vo sc,+ cntcno|o+ como nov|o+oc oo onto oc v|st+ o+
cm|cs+uc|nov+
|||nc|+|smco|o+soc|nccnt|voc+o|os+t|v|o+ocs|nov+t|v+s
^|c|cmucstio|cvco|vc|sost|osoc+ocsucoocmsc||m|cmcnt+o+so|cnt|o+ocsub||-
c+s+|+|nccnt|v+|+s+t|v|o+ocsc||+oo|+sc|nov+oo|+scst|mu|+noo+||+n+scst|+tcg|c+sc|o,ctos
oc cooc|+io vo|t+oos +|+ +t|v|o+ocs oc csu|s+ c ocscnvo|v|mcnto uc ob,ct|vcm + gc|+io
oc|ooutosc|occssos|nov+oo|cs(+|t,)Os+gcntcsocst|n+t+||ossio+s|nst|tu|ocsC|cnt|c+s
cccno|og|c+s(|Cs)ooscto|ub||coo|g+n|z+ocsoc||oco||c|to||v+ooscmns|uc|+t|vos
(o|g+n|z+ocs)cm|cs+sn+c|on+|s(csso+s,u||o|c+s)c|nvcnto|cs|noccnocntcs(csso+s||s|c+s)
|csum|o+mcntc+smco|o+s|cv|st+ssio
+) com+|t|||+mcnto(comm|c|ooucucn+scm|cs+s)ouc|m|ssioocuso(+|+cm|c-
s+s n+c|on+|s ou o|g+n|z+ocs) oc |n||+cst|utu|+ oc || o+s |Cs (|+bo|+to||os cu|+-
mcntos ctc) +|+ +t|v|o+ocs vo|t+o+s |nov+io tccno|og|c+ c oc csu|s+ mco|+ntc
|cmunc|+ioco||+zooctc|m|n+oo(+|t|)
b) cont|+tosoct|+ns|c|cnc|+octccno|og|+c||ccnc|+mcntooco||c|tos+|+cx|o|+iooc
c||+io |otcg|o+ oc |Cs com ou scm cxc|us|v|o+oc (ou v|cc-vc|s+) com o|scns+ oc
||c|t+io(v+|t.,)
c) |cst+ioo||Csocsc|v|os|c|+c|on+oos++t|v|o+ocsvo|t+o+s|nov+ioccsu|s+
c|cnt|c+ctccno|og|c+cm+mb|cntc|oout|vo+|+|nst|tu|ocsub||c+sc||v+o+s(nio
socm|cs+sn+c|on+|souo|g+n|z+ocs)
o) +|cc||+s+|++t|v|o+ocscon,unt+soccsu|s+c|cnt|c+ctccno|og|c+cocscnvo|v|mcnto
octccno|og|+|ooutoou|occssocnt|c|Cscout|+s|nst|tu|ocsub||c+sou||v+o+s
(nio+cn+so|g+n|z+ocsoucm|cs+sn+c|on+|s)
c) nomb|toocsscs+co|oos(|cv|stos+c|m+nos|tcns,c|)ossc|v|oo|csub||cos(csu|-
s+oo|cs)o+s|Csoocm|cccbc||cmunc|+io+o|c|on+|tcmo|+||+bo|s+soccst|mu|o
+ |nov+io +|t|c|+io nos g+n|os occo||cntcs o+ |nov+io oocm +|no+ |cuc|c|
!94
+|+st+mcnto +|+ co|+bo|+| com +t|v|o+ocs oc out|+s |Cs c ||ccn+ scm vcnc|mcntos
+|+const|tu||cm|cs++|+ocscnvo|vc|+|nov+io
|) conccssiooc|ccu|sosn+ncc||os+cm|cs+sn+c|on+|sco|g+n|z+ocssob+|o|m+oc(+)
+|t|c|+iosoc|ct+||+(b) n+nc|+mcnto(c)subvcniocconom|c+comcont|++|t|o+
+|+oocscnvo|v|mcntooc|ooutosou|occssos|nov+oo|cs
g) cont|+t+io oc cm|cs+s n+c|on+|s c o|g+n|z+ocs o| cnt|o+ocs o+ ôm|n|st|+io
|ub||c++|+|c+||z+iooc+t|v|o+ocsoc||v|s+nooso|uiooc|ob|cm+tccn|cocsc-
c|co ou obtcnio oc |nov+io u+noo t+|s +t|v|o+ocs cnvo|v+m ||sco tccno|og|co ^
|cmunc|+iosc|+|oo|c|on+|+osuccssoobt|oo
|) +ooioocc||+ocs(+|t..)
|) |nst|tu|iooc|unoomutuooc|nvcst|mcntocmcm|cs+s|nov+oo|+scom|ccu|sosc+-
t+oosnomc|c+ooocv+|o|csmob|||+||os
|ms|ntcsc+smco|o+ssiovo|t+o+s+|++t|v|o+ocsoc|nov+iotccno|og|c+|o,ctosc|cnt|cos
outccno|og|cos+|+obtcniooc|ooutos;|occssos|nov+oo|cs+t|v|o+ocsococscnvo|v|mcnto
oc |ooutos ou |occssos |nov+oo|cs +t|v|o+ocs oc csu|s+ c ocscnvo|v|mcnto uc cnvo|v+m
||scotccno|og|co
A Lel do 8em (Lel !!.!96 de z!}!!}z00)
^|c|+++,e;o,m+|scon|cc|o+como|c|oobcmo|soccnt|cout|os+ssuntossob|c|nccnt|vos
sc+|s+|+|nov+iotccno|og|c+cncss++|tc|o||cgu|+mcnt+o+c|o|cc|cto,;,soco;;oe;.ooe
|conscnsoucc|++m||oucons|oc|+vc|mcntcosbcnc||c|oscm|c|+io|c|+ntc||o|(|c|see+;,,
|cvog+o+)bcmcomo|+c|||touost|m|tcs+|+su++||c+ioo|cxcm|oo|scns++scm|cs+s
oc+|cscnt+|cm|o,ctos|cv|+mcntc+|+usu||u||os|nccnt|vos
|c|+ |c| see+;+,,, +s cm|cs+s ocvc||+m cxccut+| |og|+m+s oc ocscnvo|v|mcnto tccno|og|co
|noust||+|ou+g|occu+||o+|ov+oosc|+s+gcnc|+sgovc|n+mcnt+|sscnooo+tu+||cg|mc+bc|to
+u+|uc|cm|cs+ucs+t|s|++os|cu|s|tos|cg+|scscc|c+oosnoucst|on+||ouc|n|o|m+o
+toococc|+|+iot|+zcnoocomo||nc|+|+|tc|+ion+cst|utu|+oos|nccnt|vosum+muo+n+
occ|co|tot||but+||o+|+tax allowance(cxc|usio) ^cm|cs+occ|+|+tc||c+||z+ooo|nvcst|mcnto
cm |nov+io c ocvc +|cscnt+| |ov+s oc uc cum|c os |cu|s|tos |cg+|s +|+ + conccssio oo
bcnc||c|o(OC^V|^||.oo,)
!9
|cn|ocs
^|c|oo|cmcsu+|cgu|+mcnt+io+|cscnt+mconcc|tosm+|s+m||+oosoc+t|v|o+oc|nov+t|v+
|o| |nov+io tccno|og|c+ cntcnoc-sc + conccio oc novo |oouto ou |occsso oc |+b||c+io
bcm como + +g|cg+io oc nov+s |unc|on+||o+ocs ou c+|+ctc||st|c+s +o |oouto ou |occsso uc
|m||ucmc||o||+s|nc|cmcnt+|scc|ct|vog+n|oocu+||o+ocou|oout|v|o+oc|csu|t+noom+|o|
comct|t|v|o+ocnomc|c+oo(|c|+|t+;,+c|cc|cto+|t.|)
^s+t|v|o+ocsoccsu|s+tccno|og|c+cocscnvo|v|mcntooc|nov+iotccno|og|c+sioocsc||t+sno
|cc|cto,;,s+|t.||c+b|+ngcm
+) csu|s+b+s|c+o|||g|o+vo|t+o++|+com|ccnoc|novos|cnomcnos... comv|st+s+o
ocscnvo|v|mcntooc|ooutos|occssosous|stcm+s|nov+oo|cs.
b) csu|s++||c+o+ cu,oob,ct|voc+ou||||novoscon|cc|mcntoscomv|st+s+oocscn-
vo|v|mcntoou+||mo|+mcntooc|ooutos|occssoscs|stcm+s(oocsc||m|t+io)
c) ocscnvo|v|mcntocxc||mcnt+| t|+b+||os|stcm+t|co+|+com|ov+|+v|+b|||o+octccn|c+
ou|unc|on+|ocnovos|ooutos|occssoss|stcm+scsc|v|osou+c||c|o+mcntos
o) tccno|og|+|noust||+|b+s|c+ o|cxcm|o+|c||iocc+||b|+ioocm+u|n+sccu|+-
mcntos |o,cto c con|ccio oc mco|o+s c |nst|umcntos oc mco|o+ cc|t|c+io ctc
|nc|us|vco+tcntc+mcnto
c) sc|v|osoc+o|otccn|co |no|scns+vc|s|m|+nt+iocm+nutcnioo+s|nst+|+ocs
ou cu|+mcntos ocst|n+oos cxccuio oc |o,ctos oc csu|s+ ocscnvo|v|mcnto ou
|nov+iobcmcomoc++c|t+iooos|ccu|sos|um+nos+c|csoco|c+oos
Obsc|vc-scuc+ocn|ioocst+|c|cm+|s+m|+oouc+uc|+cst+bc|cc|o+n+|c|oc|nov+ion+
mco|o+cmucsc|c|c|c+|ooutoc;ou|occssonovo(ou+||mo|+oo)+|++cm|cs+|noccn-
ocntcmcntcoctc|s|ooocscnvo|v|ooo|c|+|o||+|iocncccss+||+mcntcum+nov|o+oc+|+
omc|c+oo;scto|oc+tu+io
^|c|oo|cmcst+bc|cccb+s|c+mcntc(+)|nccnt|vossc+|s+|++scm|cs+suc+ssum||cmg+s-
tos n+s +t|v|o+ocs oc csu|s+ tccno|og|c+ c ocscnvo|v|mcnto oc |nov+io tccno|og|c+ (||)
com(+)bcnsocc+|t+|ou(.)ocscs+soc|+c|on+|sc(b)subvcniocconom|c+
!96
+) |nccnt|vossc+|s
1) Os|nccnt|vossc+|s+gastos de capital+|++t|v|o+ocsoc|||nc|ucm
|couiooc,o/oo||||nc|ocntcsob|ccu|+mcntosm+u|n+s++|c||osc|nst|umcn-
tosbcmcomosob|cos+ccsso||ossob|css+|cntcsc+s|c||+mcnt+sucos+com+n|cm
ocst|n+oos csu|s+ c +o ocscnvo|v|mcnto tccno|og|co (|c| +|t +; || ,+ cx|st|+ n+
|cg|s|+io+ntc||o|)
oc|cc|+io|ntcg|+|ocm+u|n+sccu|+mcntosnovosocst|n+oos||no|o||o
+nooc+u|s|io+|+c|c|tooo||||cC||(+|t+;|||)
++e
+|tc|n+t|v+mcntcoc|cc|+ioc
+mo|t|z+iono|m+|scoms+|ooniooc|cc|+oo;nio+mo|t|z+oocxc|u|ooo+octc|m|n+-
iooo|uc|o|c+|
++;
(+|t.o)
+mo|t|z+io+cc|c|+o+oco|scno|os|c|+t|vos++u|s|iooc|nt+ng|vc|sv|ncu|+oos||
+|+c|c|tooc||||(+|t+;|V)
++s
.) Os|nccnt|vossc+|s+ssoc|+oos+ocscs+soc|+c|on+|s|c|c|cntcs++t|v|o+ocsoc||c
|nov+iotccno|og|c+cons|stcmococouocso+b+scocc+|cu|ooucxc|usocsoo|uc|o
||u|oo+|+c|c|tooc+g+mcntoocC||c;ou|||||csum|o+mcntc
g+stoscomcsu|s+tccno|og|c+cocscnvo|v|mcntooc|nov+iotccno|og|c+c|+ss|c+-
vc|scomoocscs+soc|+c|on+|s(c|||||)sioocout|vc|s+|+c|c|tooc+u|+iooo|uc|o
||u|ooco+b+scocc+|cu|oo+C|||nc|us|vcg+stoscomcont|+t+iooc|nst|tu|ocsoc
csu|s+(ub||c+sou||v+o+s)ou|nvcnto|cs|noccnocntcsou+|no+ocm|c|occuc-
n+scm|cs+s+|t+;|,,.ce
++,
c;c+|t+s
+s|mo|tnc|+st|+ns|c||o+s+m|c|ocm|cs+c+cm|cs+soccucnoo|tcocst|n+o+s
cxccuiooc||oc|ntc|csscco|cont+co|ocmo+csso+,u||o|c+uc|omovcu
+t|+ns|c|cnc|+siocxc|u|o+so+|ccc|t+o+sm|c|ocm|cs+sco+scm|cs+soccucno
o|tcbcmcomooo|cno|mcntooo|nvcnto||noccnocntcocsocuccss+s|mo|tn-
c|+ssc,+mut|||z+o+s|ntcg|+|mcntcn+|c+||z+ioo+csu|s+ouooocscnvo|v|mcntooc
|nov+iotccno|og|c++|t+s+|+g|+|o.
+.o
g+stoscm|o,ctosoccsu|s+c|cnt|c+ctccno|og|c+coc|nov+iotccno|og|c+con-
t|+t+ooscom|Cs(ub||c+s)oocmsc|cxc|u|oosoo|uc|o||u|oo+|+c|c|tooc+u-
|+iooo|uc|o|c+|co+b+scocc+|cu|oo+C||(c|+|t+,-^|nc|u|ooc|+|c||+oo+o
(|c|++|s;oc+,;oe;.oo;)
116 |ocnt|co + |nccnt|vo ,:cv|sto ,c|+ |c| no s1;199!
117 |ocnt|co + |nccnt|vo |nt:oouz|oo ,c|+ |c| no 10!;.00. |stc bcnc||c|o oo +:t .0 t+mbcm |nc|u| g+stos com |nst+|+cs
118 |+ ,:cv|sto ,c|+ |c| no s1;199!
119 |ocnt|co |nccnt|vo |nt:oouz|oo ,c|+ |c| no 10!;.00.
120 |nccnt|vo nio ,:cv|sto n+ |cg|s|+io +ntc:|o:
!97
+tceo/oosg+stoscomcsu|s+tccno|og|c+cocscnvo|v|mcntooc|nov+iotccno|og|c+
oocmsc|cxc|u|oosoo|uc|o||u|ooco+b+scocc+|cu|oo+C|(oocnooc|cg+|++tc
so/cm|+ziooonumc|ooccm|cg+ooscsu|s+oo|cs)(c|+|t+,
+.+
)
+o|c|on+|mcntc ooc-sc cxc|u|| +tc .o/ oos g+stos |c+||z+oos com css+s mcsm+s +t|-
v|o+ocssc+|nov+iocmucstio|o|ob,ctooc+tcntcouoc|cg|st|ooccu|t|v+|(c|
+|t+,,,
+..
)
+g+mcntos + bcncc|+||os |cs|ocntcs ou oom|c|||+oos no cxtc||o| + t|tu|o oc royalties
oc +ss|stcnc|+ tccn|c+ ou c|cnt|c+ c oc sc|v|os cscc|+||z+oos |cv|stos cm cont|+tos
oct|+ns|c|cnc|+octccno|og|++vc|b+oosou|cg|st|+oosnostc|moso+|c|c|co|tooc||
|ct|oon+|ontc|nc|ocntcsob|ct+|s+g+mcntosoc.,/nosc||ooosoc+u|+iocncc|-
|+oos++|t||oc+oc,+nc||ooc.ooe+tc,+ococzcmb|ooc.ooscoc+o/|c|+t|v+-
mcntc+osc||ooosoc+u|+iocncc||+oos++|t||oc+oc,+nc||ooc.oo,+tc,+oc
oczcmb|ooc.o+,cono|c|on+oo+ocom|om|ssooc|c+||z+|o|scno|oscmcsu|s+no
|+|socmont+ntccu|v+|cntc+nom|n|moooob|ooov+|o|ocsscbcnc||c|o+|t+;V
c+|+g|+|o,
+.,
|cmcss+sc|ctu+o+s+|+ocxtc||o|ocst|n+o+s+o|cg|st|ocm+nutcnioocm+|c+soc
+tcntcscoccu|t|v+|cs|couio+zc|oo++||uot+oo|||ct|oon+|ontc+|t+;V|
+.|
b) ubvcniocconom|c+
^subvcniocconom|c+|cv|st+n+|c|oo|cmsc|c|c|c|cmunc|+iooccsu|s+oo-
|csmcst|csouoouto|cscm|cg+ooscm+t|v|o+ocsoc|nov+iotccno|og|c+occm|c-
s+s|oc+||z+o+snotc|||to||ob|+s||c||occ|m|cmcnt+o+o||ntc|mco|oo+s+gcnc|+soc
|omcnto oc c|cnc|+s c tccno|og|+ oocm sc| subvcnc|on+oos +tc |o/ oo v+|o| ocss+
|cmunc|+io o c|ccntu+| c oc eo/ no c+so oc cm|cs+s com +tu+io n+s +|c+s o+s
cxt|nt+suocnccuo+m(+|t.+)(|nccnt|vonio|cv|ston+|cg|s|+io+ntc||o|)
|+mcnc|on+o+|+|o+mcntc+c|m++|c||+oo+o|nc|u|uumnovo|nccnt|vo|nov+iotccno|og|c+
cmoo|cou|cg|+s|c|+t|v+s+mo|t|z+io+cc|c|+o++|+|nvcst|mcntosv|ncu|+oos+||
|ss+|c||nt|oouz|ucscc|c+mcntc|nccnt|vos+|++scm|cs+s|nov+|cmcms|nc|g|+com+s|Cs
^|tc|ouo+|t+,o+|c|oo|cmc|m|t|noocx|css+mcntc++||c+iooo|nccnt|vocont|+t+io
oc|Cs(ub||c+s)+cxc|usiooo|uc|o||u|oo+|+c|c|tooc+u|+iooo|uc|o|c+|co+b+scoc
c+|cu|o o+ Cont||bu|io oc|+| sob|c o |uc|o ||u|oo - C|| oos o|scno|os c|ct|v+oos cm |o-
121 |io ,:cv|sto n+ |cg|s|+io +ntc:|o:
122 |nt:oouz|oo ,c|+ |c| no 10!;.00.. uc ,:cv|+ + cxc|usio oc 100` oo o|s,cno|o
123 |nccnt|vo ,:cv|sto ,c|+ |c| no s1;199!. com + +|tc:+io o+ |c| 10!;.00.
124 |nccnt|vo nio ,:cv|sto n+ |cg|s|+io +ntc:|o:
!98
,ctooccsu|s+c|cnt|c+ctccno|og|c+coc|nov+iotccno|og|c++sc|cxccut+ooo||nst|tu|io
C|cnt|c+cccno|og|c+|C
||cvc-sc+|no+ucu+ntom+|o|obcnc||c|osc+|+u|c||oomcno|++|t|c|+ioo+cm|cs+n+
|o||co+oc|ntc|cctu+|oo|ooutoo++t|v|o+ococ||cvice-versa,u+ntomcno|+oio
c|obcnc||c|osc+|m+|o|++|t|c|+ion+|o||co+oc|ntc|cctu+|
^|c||cvcuccsscs|o,ctosocvc|iosc|+|ov+oos|cv|+mcntco|com|ssiom|n|stc||+|t||+|t|tc
A Lel de lnrormatlca (Lel 8.z48 de z!}!0}!99!, modlcada pela Lel !0.!76
de !!}0!}z00!)
^|c|oc|n|o|m+t|c+tcmsu+o||gcmnumcontcxtoo||c|cntco+socm+|s|c|s+u|+n+||s+o+so+t+
ocm+|socum+occ+o++t|+scmcsmosu+moo|c+iom+|s|cccntc(c|+|c|+o+;e)c+ntc||o|s
out|+s^tu+|mcntc|cgu|+mcnt+-+o|cc|cto,,oeoc.e;o,;.ooe
^|cscnt+t+mbcm+ccu||+||o+ococtc|ummb|tooc+||c+io|cst||to+umscto|+ocont|+||o
o+s+ntc||o|csuctcm+||c+iogc|+|
|cn|ocs
|m ||mc||o |ug+| c ncccss+||o ocn|| + uc +t|v|o+ocs sc +||c+m +s mco|o+s |cg+|s +|+ |sso
ocnc-scoucsccntcnoco|bcnscsc|v|osoc|n|o|m+t|c+c+utom+io(|c|s.|s+|t+e-^)
+) comoncntcsc|ct|on|cos+scm|conouto|otoc|ct|on|cos|cscct|vos|nsumosocn+tu-
|cz+c|ct|on|c+
b) m+u|n+scu|+mcntosco|sos|t|vosb+sc+ooscmtccn|c+o|g|t+|
c) |og|+m+s+|+comut+oo|csm+u|n+scu|+mcntosco|sos|t|vosoct|+t+mcntoo+
|n|o|m+ioc|cscct|v+oocumcnt+iotccn|c+
o) sc|v|ostccn|cos+ssoc|+oos+osbcnscsc|v|os+c|m+
O|cc|cto,,oeoct+||+no+|t.cons|oc|+m-scbcnscsc|v|osoc|n|o|m+t|c+c+utom+io
| - comoncntcs c|ct|on|cos + scm|conouto| otoc|ct|on|cos bcm como os |cscct|vos |nsu-
mosocn+tu|cz+c|ct|on|c+||-m+u|n+scu|+mcntosco|sos|t|vosb+sc+ooscmtccn|c+o|g|-
t+| com |unocs oc co|ct+ t|+t+mcnto cst|utu|+io +|m+zcn+mcnto comut+io t|+nsm|ssio
!99
|ccuc|+ioou+|cscnt+ioo+|n|o|m+ioscus|cscct|vos|nsumosc|ct|on|cos+|tcsc+s
csuo|tc||s|co+|+oc|+io|||-|og|+m+s+|+comut+oo|csm+u|n+scu|+mcntosco|s-
os|t|vosoct|+t+mcntoo+|n|o|m+ioc|cscct|v+oocumcnt+iotccn|c++ssoc|+o+(software)
|V-sc|v|ostccn|cos+ssoc|+oos+osbcnscsc|v|osocsc||tosnos|nc|sos|||c|||V-os++|c||os
tc|c|on|coso|ocomun|o+oc+uscu|t+oo|-m|c|o|oncscmouc|nco|o|cmcont|o|co|tcc-
n|c+so|g|t+|sV|-tc|m|n+|so|t+tc|soctc|c|on|+cc|u|+|V||-un|o+ocsocs+|o+o|v|oco(mon|-
to|cs)Osbcnsoc|n|o|m+t|v+sio|c|+c|on+oosno^ncxo|oo|cc|cto
^s +t|v|o+ocs oc csu|s+ c ocscnvo|v|mcnto cm tccno|og|+s o+ |n|o|m+io sio oct+||+o+s no
c|t+ooocc|cto(+|t.|)|nc|ucm
+) t|+b+||otco||cooucxc||mcnt+|s|stcm+t|covo|t+oo+|++ou||||novoscon|cc|mcn-
tos+t|ng||ob,ct|vocscc|coocscob|||nov+s+||c+ocsouobtc|+m|+c|cc|s+com-
|ccnsio oos |uno+mcntos sub,+ccntcs +os |cnomcnos c |+tos obsc|v+oos scm |cv|+
ocn|io+|+o+|ovc|t+mcnto|+t|cooos|csu|t+oos
b) ut|||z+iooocon|cc|mcnto+ou|||oon+csu|s+oucxc||cnc|+|+t|c++|+ocscnvo|-
vc| novos m+tc||+|s |ooutos o|sos|t|vos ou |og|+m+s oc comut+oo| |m|cmcnt+|
novos |occssos s|stcm+s ou sc|v|os ou +c||c|o+| os ,+ |oouz|oos ou |m|+nt+oos
|nco|o|+nooc+|+ctc||st|c+s|nov+oo|+s
c) sc|v|o c|cnt|co c tccno|og|co oc +sscsso||+ consu|to||+ cstuoos cns+|os mct|o|og|+
no|m+||z+iogcstiotccno|og|c+|omcnto|nvcnioc|nov+iogcstioccont|o|co+
|o||co+oc |ntc|cctu+| gc|+o+ ocnt|o o+s +t|v|o+ocs oc csu|s+ c ocscnvo|v|mcnto
bcmcomo|m|+nt+iococ|+iooc|ncub+oo|+socb+sctccno|og|c+cmtccno|og|+s
o+|n|o|m+ioocsocuc+ssoc|+o+s+u+|suc|o+s+t|v|o+ocs|cv|st+s+c|m+
o) |o|m+ioouc++c|t+io|oss|on+|ocn|vc|smco|ocsuc||o|+|++c||c|o+mcnto
cocscnvo|v|mcntooc|ccu|sos|um+noscmtccno|og|+so+|n|o|m+io+|++c||c|o-
+mcntococscnvo|v|mcntooc|ccu|sos|um+noscnvo|v|oosn+s+t|v|o+ocs+c|m+ccm
cu|sos oc |o|m+io |oss|on+| oc n|vc| suc||o| c oc os-g|+ou+io ôm|tc-sc |ntc|-
cmb|o c|cnt|co c tccno|og|co |ntc|n+c|on+| c |ntc|-|cg|on+| como +t|v|o+oc com|c-
mcnt+|cxccuiooc|o,ctooccsu|s+cocscnvo|v|mcnto
Como sc vc|+ +o|+ntc +|+ usu||u|| oos |nccnt|vos sc+|s |cv|stos n+ |c| +s cm|cs+s |cc|s+m
|nvcst||,/ocscu|+tu|+mcntob|uto+nu+|cm+t|v|o+ocsoccsu|s+cocscnvo|v|mcntocmtcc-
no|og|+so+|n|o|m+io(+|t++o+|c|c+|tsoo|cc|cto)+|+csscc|c|tocons|oc|+m-sc|nc|us|vc
osg+stos|c+||z+oosn+cxccuiooucont|+t+ioo+s+t|v|o+ocscscc|c+o+s+c|m+(no+|t.|oo
|cc|cto) ocsoc uc sc |c|+m + uso oc |og|+m+s oc comut+oo| oc m+u|n+s cu|+mcn-
tos++|c||osc|nst|umcntosscus+ccsso||ossob|css+|cntcsc|c||+mcnt+s+ss|mcomosc|v|ooc
z00
|nst+|+ioocss+sm+u|n+sccu|+mcntos|m|+nt+io+m||+iooumooc|n|z+iooc|+bo|+-
to||osoccsu|s+cocscnvo|v|mcnto|ccu|sos|um+noso||ctos|ccu|sos|um+nos|no||ctos+u|-
s|ocsoc||v|oscc||oo|costccn|cosm+tc||+|socconsumov|+gcnst|c|n+mcntosc|v|ostccn|cos
octc|cc||oscout|osco||c|+tos(|cc|cto+|t.,)
|ss+s+t|v|o+ocsoccsu|s+cocscnvo|v|mcntoocvcmsc|+v+||+o+so||no|c+oo|csoc|csu|t+oos
t+|s como +tcntcs ocos|t+o+s conccssio oc cot|tu|+||o+oc ou oc +|t|c|+io nos |csu|t+oos
o+ csu|s+ c ocscnvo|v|mcnto s |nst|tu|ocs convcncntcs |otot|os |occssos |og|+m+s oc
comut+oo|c|ooutosuc|nco|o|cm|nov+ioc|cnt|c+outccno|og|c+ub||c+ocsc|cnt|c+s
c tccno|og|c+s cm c||oo|cos ou cvcntos c|cnt|cos com |cv|sio c|os +|cs o|ssc|t+ocs c tcscs
oc|cno|o+s|oss|on+|s|o|m+oosouc++c|t+oosmc||o||+o+scono|ocsoccm|cgoc|cno+c
|omoioo+|nc|usiosoc|+|
|+|tcoo|nvcst|mcntoob||g+to||ooc,/o|+nocm||ocvcsc|+||c+oo mco|+ntcconvcn|o
comcnt|o+ocsoc|+|soccsu|s+ouoccns|no(ou|ccon|cc|o+s)(+/)|nc|us|vccom+ssco|+-
o+sn+s|cg|ocso+uo+muocnccCcnt|o-Ocstc(os/)+|cmoc+|tcucocvcsc|ocos|t+o+
no|||C(o,/)
|+|+c|c|toocss+ob||g+iocons|oc|+-scccnt|oou|nst|tutooccsu|s+oucnt|o+ocb|+s||c||+oc
cns|nooc|+|ou|ccon|cc|o+(|cc|cto+|t.;)
osccnt|osou|nst|tutosoccsu|s+m+nt|ooso|o|giosccnt|o+ocso++om|n|st|+io
ub||c+ o||ct+ c |no||ct+ +s |uno+ocs |nst|tu|o+s c m+nt|o+s c|o |ooc| |ub||co c +s
ocm+|so|g+n|z+ocssobocont|o|co||ctoou|no||ctoo+|n|ioooscst+oosoo||st||to
|coc|+| ou oos mun|c||os uc cxc|+m +t|v|o+ocs oc csu|s+ c ocscnvo|v|mcnto cm
tccno|og|+so+|n|o|m+io
os ccnt|os ou |nst|tutos oc csu|s+ +s |uno+ocs c +s ocm+|s o|g+n|z+ocs oc o||c|to
||v+oouccxc|+m+t|v|o+ocsoccsu|s+cocscnvo|v|mcntocmtccno|og|+so+|n|o|-
m+io c |ccnc|+m os scgu|ntcs |cu|s|tos +) nio o|st||bu+m u+|uc| +|cc|+ oc scu
+t||mon|oouocsu+s|cno+s+t|tu|ooc|uc|oou+|t|c|+iono|csu|t+ooo|u+|uc|
|o|m++osscuso|||gcntcssoc|osoum+ntcncoo|csb)+||ucmscus|ccu|sosn+|m|c-
mcnt+iooc|o,ctosno+|sv|s+noom+nutcnioocscusob,ct|vos|nst|tuc|on+|sc
c)ocst|ncmoscu+t||mon|ocmc+sooco|sso|uio+cnt|o+occongcnc|coo+|suc
s+t|s|++os|cu|s|tos|cv|stosncstc+|t|go
+s cnt|o+ocs b|+s||c||+s oc cns|no uc +tcno+m +o o|sosto no +|t .+, |nc|sos | c ||
o+ Const|tu|io ou sc,+m m+nt|o+s c|o |ooc| |ub||co con|o|mc ocn|oo no |nc|so |
ocstc +|t|go com cu|sos n+s +|c+s oc tccno|og|+s o+ |n|o|m+io como |n|o|m+t|c+
z0!
comut+io cngcn|+||+s c|ct||c+ c|ct|on|c+ mcc+t|on|c+ tc|ccomun|c+ocs c co||c|+-
tos|ccon|cc|oosc|o||n|stc||oo+|ouc+io
^||nc|+|mco|o+oc|nccnt|vo|cv|st+n+|c|oc|n|o|m+t|c+cons|stcn+|couiooc|||+|+cm|c-
s+suc|nvcst||cmcm+t|v|o+ocsoccsu|s+cocscnvo|v|mcntocmtccno|og|+o+|n|o|m+io
iocono|ocs+|+tc|o||c|to|scnioou|couiooo|||
+scm|cs+sococscnvo|v|mcntoou|oouioocbcnscsc|v|osoc|n|o|m+t|c+c+uto-
m+ioocvc|io|nvcst||+nu+|mcntcnom|n|mo,/(c|ncoo|ccnto)ooscu|+tu|+mcnto
b|utonomc|c+oo|ntc|nocm+t|v|o+ocsoccsu|s+cocscnvo|v|mcntocmtccno|og|+s
o+|n|o|m+io+sc|cm|c+||z+o+sno|+|s
+.,
(+|ts)(v+c|m++ocn|ioocg+stoscom
csu|s+cocscnvo|v|mcnto+cc|tos+|+cum||mcntoocss+cono|io)
+|scnioou|couiooo|||contcm|+|+somcntcosbcnsoc|n|o|m+t|c+c+utom+io
|oouz|oosoc+co|oocomo|||
+.e
ocn|ooc|o|ooc||xccut|vocono|c|on+oos+|c-
scnt+iooc|oost+oc|o,cto+o||n|stc||oo+C|cnc|+cccno|og|+(+|t+;)
As denles dos Manuals de Oslo e |rascatl
cgunoo o |+nu+| Os|o |nov+io c tuoo uc c novo ou s|gn|c+t|v+mcntc +c||c|o+oo +|+ +
cm|cs+nioscnooncccss+||+mcntcnovo+|+omc|c+oo|nov+iocons|stcn+|m|cmcnt+io
... ocum|oouto(bcmousc|v|o)novoous|gn|c+t|v+mcntcmc||o|+ooouum|occssoouum
novomctoooocmarketingou umnovomctoooo|g+n|z+c|on+|n+s|+t|c+socncgoc|osn+o|g+-
n|z+iooo|oc+|oct|+b+||ooun+s|c|+ocscxtc|n+s
|cncm-sc+ss|mosu+t|ot|osoc|nov+ocs+|cmoost|+o|c|on+|s|ooutoc|occssot+m-
bcm+s|nov+ocso|g+n|z+c|on+|s(cgmuo+n+sn+s|+t|c+socncgoc|osn+o|g+n|z+iooo|oc+|
125 |csscs `. ..!` ocvcm sc: +,||c+oos cm convcn|o com ccnt:os ou |nst|tutos oc ,csu|s+ ou cnt|o+ocs b:+s||c|:+s oc cns|no
c:cocnc|+oos ,c|o Com|tc o+ ^:c+ oc 1ccno|og|+ o+ |n|o:m+io C^1|. |nc|u|noo +s sco|+o+s n+s :cg|cs oc |nucnc|+ o+ :U|^|.
o+ :U|||| c n+ |cg|io Ccnt:o-Ocstc. cxcctu+o+ + zon+ |:+nc+ oc |+n+us (uc ocvcm :cccbc: um ,c:ccntu+| nio |n|c:|o: + 0.s`).
cm :ccu:sos n+ncc|:os. oc,os|t+oos t:|mcst:+|mcntc no |unoo |+c|on+| oc |cscnvo|v|mcnto C|cnt|co c 1ccno|og|co - |||C1.
ocvcnoo. ncstc c+so. sc: +,||c+oo ,c:ccntu+| nio |n|c:|o: + c|nco occ|mos ,o: ccnto
126 |:occsso |:oout|vo 8+s|co - ||8 c o con,unto m|n|mo oc o,c:+cs. no cst+bc|cc|mcnto |+b:||. uc c+:+ctc:|z+ + c|ct|v+ |nous-
t:|+||z+io oc octc:m|n+oo ,:oouto (+:t 1)
z0z
oc t|+b+||o ctc) c +s |nov+ocs oc marketing (cg muo+n+s no design oo |oouto cmb+|+gcm
|omoio|cc|c+ioctc)
|+soucc|uno+mcnt+|cuct+|smuo+n+s+|+sc|cmcons|oc|+o+s|nov+ocs - ocvcmcnvo|-
vc|umg|+uocnov|o+oc+|++|m+;oocsc|um+|nov+io|m|t+o+ocout|+s|m+scnio|c-
c|s+sc|nov++|+omc|c+oo
O |+nu+| ocnc t+mbcm o uc sc cntcnoc o| +t|v|o+ocs oc |nov+io uc cons|stcm cm ct+-
+sc|cnt|c+stccno|og|c+so|g+n|z+c|on+|sn+ncc||+sccomc|c|+|succonouzcm|m|cmcnt+-
iooc|nov+ocs^|gum+s+t|v|o+ocsoc|nov+iosiocms||nov+oo|+sout|+sniosio+t|v|o+ocs
nov+sm+ssioncccss+||+s+|++|m|cmcnt+iooc|nov+ocs|ss+s+t|v|o+ocs|nov+t|v+s|nc|ucm
+csu|s+cocscnvo|v|mcnto(||)mcsmoucniocstc,+o||ct+mcntc|c|+c|on+o++oocscnvo|-
v|mcntoocum+|nov+iocscc|c+
|o|+nu+|||+sc+t|+s+t|v|o+ocsoccsu|s+cocscnvo|v|mcntocxc||mcnt+||nc|ucm... ot|+b+-
||oc||+t|vooc|o|m+s|stcm+t|c++|++umcnt+|oc+moooscon|cc|mcntos|nc|u|nooocon|c-
c|mcntooo|omcmo+cu|tu|+co+soc|co+occ+ut|||z+ioocsscscon|cc|mcntos+|+c||+|nov+s
+||c+ocs
+.;
+|s+t|v|o+ocscom|ccnocm+csu|s+b+s|c++csu|s++||c+o+coocscnvo|v|-
mcntocxc||mcnt+|ucsioconcc|tu+o+scomo
csu|s+ b+s|c+: t|+b+||os cxc||mcnt+|s ou tco||cos vo|t+oos +|+ obtcnio oc novos
con|cc|mcntossob|c|uno+mcntosoos|cnomcnosc|+tosobsc|v+vc|sscmtc|cmv|st+
u+|uc|+||c+ioouut|||z+io+|t|cu|+|
csu|s+ +||c+o+ t|+b+||os o||g|n+|s +|+ +ou|||| novos con|cc|mcntos o|||g|oos +|+
umob,ct|vo|+t|cocscc|co
ocscnvo|v|mcntocxc||mcnt+| t|+b+||os|stcm+t|co|uno+oocmcon|cc|mcntoscx|stcn-
tcsvo|t+oos+|++|oouioocnovosm+tc||+|s|ooutosouo|sos|t|vos|nst+|+iooc
novos|occssoss|stcm+scsc|v|osou+mc||o||+oos,+cx|stcntcs
127 1+mbcm + ||ntcc scguc + o:|cnt+io |8| com,:ccnoc o t:+b+||o c:|+t|vo. cm,:ccno|oo oc |o:m+ s|stcm+t|c+. com o ob,ct|-
vo oc +umcnt+: o +cc:vo oc con|cc|mcnto c o uso ocsscs con|cc|mcntos ,+:+ ocscnvo|vc: nov+s +,||c+cs. t+|s como ,:ooutos
ou ,:occssos novos ou subst+nc|+|mcntc +,:|mo:+oos
z0!
Uma anallse comparatlva
^s+not+ocs+c|m+c|m|tcm+|m+|uccmgc|+|+|c|oc|nov+io+|cscnt+um+concc|tu+io
m+|s|cst||t+o++t|v|o+oc|nov+t|v+oouc+sout|+sou+s|c|s|st+scomoscoocvc||c+|sc+||-
n|+mg|ossomooocom+socn|ocsoos|+nu+|socOs|oc||+sc+t|(v. u+o|o+)
Quadro ! Os conceltos de lnovao tecnologlca e de pesqulsa e
desenvolvlmento Lel de lnovao, Lel do 8em, Lel de lnrormatlca
Lel !0.97!}z004 (Ll) Lel !!.!96}z00 (L8) Lels 8.z48}9! e !0.!76}0! (LlN|)
C||+io|csu|t+ooococscnvo|v|-
mcntotccno|og|cooco|vc|s+sn+tu-
|cz+s(|nvcnocsocscn|oscu|t|v+-
|csctc)uc+c+||ctcnovo|oouto
|occssoou|nc|cmcntoscm|o-
outos;|occssos,+con|cc|oos
|nov+io|nt|oouioocnov|-
o+ocou+c||c|o+mcntono
+mb|cntc|oout|vouc|csu|tc
cmnovos|ooutos;|occssos
(|nov+ioc+cn+s+c||+io uc
sctcnt+|oouz||ccomc|c|+||z+|
oucumconcc|tom+|s+m|o)
|nov+iotccno|og|c+concciooc
novo|ooutoou|occsso+g|cg+iooc
nov+s|unc|on+||o+ocsouc+|+ctc||st|c+s
uc|m||ucmmc||o||+s|nc|cmcnt+|s
cg+n|oocu+||o+ocou|oout|v|o+oc
|csu|t+noom+|o|comct|t|v|o+ocno
mc|c+oo(||+|t1,1|cc+|t.|)
|csu|s+tccno|og|c+cocscnvo|v|mcnto
oc|nov+iotccno|og|c+(|cc+|t.||)
csu|s+b+s|c+o|||g|o+
csu|s++||c+o+
ocscnvo|v|mcntocxc||mcnt+|
tccno|og|+|noust||+|b+s|c+
sc|v|osoc+o|otccn|co
^t|v|o+ocsoc||cmtccno|o-
g|+so+|n|o|m+io(|cc+|t.4)
+)t|+b+||otco||cooucxc||mcnt+|+|+
+ou||||novoscon|cc|mcntos+t|n-
g||ob,ct|vosobtc|nov++||c+ioou
com|ccnsiooc|cnomcnosctc
b)ut|||z+iooocon|cc|mcntoo+cs-
u|s+oucxc||cnc|++|+ocscnvo|-
vc|novosm+tc||+|s|ooutos|og|+-
m+s|m|cmcnt+|novos|occssos
s|stcm+sousc|v|osou+c||c|o+|os
,+|oouz|oosou|m|+nt+oos|nco|-
o|+nooc+|+ctc||st|c+s|nov+oo|+s
c)sc|v|oc|cnt|coctccno|o-
g|coocconsu|to||+ctc
o)|o|m+ioouc++c|t+io|os-
s|on+|ocn|vc|smco|ocsuc||o|
|+|c|oo|cmosconcc|tosoc|nov+iococcsu|s+tccno|og|c+cocscnvo|v|mcntooc|nov+io
tccno|og|c+siob+st+ntcscmc||+ntcs+osoo|+nu+|ocOs|o|ot+-sccnt|ct+ntoum+o||c|cn+
no c|cnco oc +t|v|o+ocs oc || uc n+ |c| oo |cm |nc|u| t+mbcm tccno|og|+ |noust||+| b+s|c+ c
sc|v|osoc+o|otccn|co(vu+o|o.), |tcnsucno|+nu+|ocOs|oc||+sc+t|siocons|oc|+oos
como+t|v|o+ocs|nov+t|v+sm+snioc+|+ctc||st|cosoc||
|ss+s+t|v|o+ocsoc||sioocn|o+soc|o|m+scmc||+ntcn+|c|oc|n|o|m+t|c+cmbo|+cst+
+|cscntcum+ocn|io+|no+m+|s+m|+(ver u+o|o.)|cmb|+nooucscc|+ss|c+mncss+c+tc-
go||+osg+stos|c+||z+oosn+cxccuiooucont|+t+ioo+s+t|v|o+ocsoc||ucsc|c|+m+usooc
|og|+m+soccomut+oo|ocm+u|n+scu|+mcntos++|c||osc|nst|umcntosscus+ccsso||os
sob|css+|cntcsc|c||+mcnt+s+ss|mcomosc|v|ooc|nst+|+ioocss+sm+u|n+sccu|+mcntos
|m|+nt+io+m||+iooumooc|n|z+iooc|+bo|+to||osoccsu|s+cocscnvo|v|mcnto|ccu|sos
|um+noso||ctos|ccu|sos|um+nos|no||ctos+u|s|ocsoc||v|oscc||oo|costccn|cosm+tc||+|soc
consumov|+gcnst|c|n+mcntosc|v|ostccn|cosoctc|cc||oscout|osco||c|+tos
z04
Quadro z Os conceltos de pesqulsa tecnologlca e desenvolvlmento
de lnovao Lel do 8em, Lel de lnrormatlca
Lel do 8em Lel de lnrormatlca
|csu|s+tccno|og|c+cocscnvo|v|mcntooc|nov+iotcc-
no|og|c+com|ccnoc+s+t|v|o+ocsoc(|cc|cto+|t.||)
+)csu|s+b+s|c+o|||g|o+vo|t+o++|+com|ccn-
oc|novos|cnomcnoscomv|st+s+oocscnvo|v|mcnto
oc|ooutos|occssosous|stcm+s|nov+oo|cs
b)csu|s++||c+o+cu,oob,ct|voc+ou||||novos
con|cc|mcntoscomv|st+s+oocscnvo|v|mcntoou
+||mo|+mcntooc|ooutos|occssoscs|stcm+s
c)ocscnvo|v|mcntocxc||mcnt+|t|+b+||os|stcm+-
t|co+|+com|ov+|+v|+b|||o+octccn|c+ou|unc|o-
n+|ocnovos|ooutos|occssoss|stcm+scsc|v|os
o)tccno|og|+|noust||+|b+s|c+o|cxcm|o+|c||ioc
c+||b|+ioocm+u|n+sccu|+mcntos|o,ctoccon|cc-
ioocmco|o+sc|nst|umcntosocmco|o+cc|t|c+ioctc
c)sc|v|osoc+o|otccn|co |no|scns+vc|s|m|+n-
t+iocm+nutcnioo+s|nst+|+ocsoucu|+mcn-
tosocst|n+ooscxccuiooc|o,ctosoccsu|s+
ocscnvo|v|mcntoou|nov+iobcmcomoc++-
c|t+iooos|ccu|sos|um+nos+c|csoco|c+oos
^t|v|o+ocsoccsu|s+cocscnvo|v|mcntocmtcc-
no|og|+so+|n|o|m+io(|cc+|t.4)
+)t|+b+||otco||cooucxc||mcnt+|s|stcm+t|co+|++ou|-
|||novoscon|cc|mcntos+t|ng||ob,ct|vocscc|coocsco-
b|||nov+s+||c+ocsouobtc|com|ccnsiooos|uno+mcn-
tossub,+ccntcs+os|cnomcnosc|+tosobsc|v+oosscm|c-
v|+ocn|io+|+o+|ovc|t+mcnto|+t|cooos|csu|t+oos
b)ut|||z+iooocon|cc|mcnto+ou|||oon+csu|s+ou
cxc||cnc|+|+t|c++|+ocscnvo|vc|novosm+tc||+|s|oou-
toso|sos|t|vosou|og|+m+soccomut+oo||m|cmcn-
t+|novosou+c||c|o+||occssoss|stcm+sousc|v|os
c)sc|v|oc|cnt|coctccno|og|cooc+sscsso||+consu|to||+
cstuooscns+|osmct|o|og|+no|m+||z+iogcstiotccno|o-
g|c+|omcnto|nvcnioc|nov+iogcstioccont|o|co+|o-
||co+oc|ntc|cctu+||m|+nt+iococ|+iooc|ncub+oo-
|+socb+sctccno|og|c+cmtccno|og|+so+|n|o|m+ioocsoc
uc+ssoc|+o+s+u+|suc|o+s+t|v|o+ocs|cv|st+s+c|m+
o)|o|m+ioouc++c|t+io|oss|on+|ocn|vc|smco|o
csuc||o|+|++c||c|o+mcntococscnvo|v|mcnto
oc|ccu|sos|um+noscm||ccu|sos|um+noscnvo|-
v|oosn+s+t|v|o+ocsoc||cu|sosoc|o|m+io|o-
ss|on+|ocn|vc|suc||o|cocos-g|+ou+io
|c|t+scss+sobsc|v+ocsm+|sgc|+|svc,+mos+go|++uct|oocmco|o+sc+||c+c+o+umocsscs
concc|toscomos|ntct|z+oonou+o|o,|cst+c+moscm+zu|+socn|ocsm+|s|cst||t|v+soc|no-
v+ioc+t|v|o+ocs|nov+t|v+soocnoo-scocsoc|ogonot+|uccst+snoocsm+|s|cst||t+s|+zcm
+|tco+|c|oc|nov+io
Quadro ! Medldas de lncentlvo prevlstas e conceltos legals pertlnentes
lncentlvos da Lel do 8em
|couio+|+c|c|tooc+u|+iooo|uc|o||u|ooco+b+scocc+|cu|o
o+C||oov+|o|ooso|scno|oscomcsu|s+tccno|og|c+cocscnvo|v|-
mcntooc|nov+iotccno|og|c+c|+ss|c+vc|scomoocscs+soc|+c|on+|s
c|+|cg|s|+iooo||||(,+c|+|cv|st+n+|cg|s|+iooo|mostooc|cno+)
C+stoscomcsu|s+tccno|o-
g|c+cocscnvo|v|mcntooc|nov+-
iotccno|og|c+c|+ss|c+vc|scomo
ocscs+oc|+c|on+|no||
|xc|usioooc+|cu|ooo|uc|o||u|oo+|+octc|m|n+iooo|uc|o|c+|o+b+sc
occ+|cu|oo+C||oc+tco0òoso|scno|os|c+||z+oosnoc||ooooc+u-
|+iocomcsu|s+tccno|og|c+cocscnvo|v|mcntooc|nov+iotccno|og|c+
|oocc|cg+|+c0`sc+cm|cs++umcnt+|onumc|ooccsu|s+oo|cscon-
t|+t+oosno+nocmm+|soc`cm|c|+iomco|+oo+no+ntc||o|coc|-
ccntu+|oc+umcnto|o||n|c||o|+ò||m|tcoobcnc||c|o+|c+n+0`
C+stoscomocsu|s+tccno|og|c+c
ocscnvo|v|mcntooc|nov+iotccno-
|og|c+cg+stoscom+umcntooccon-
t|+t+iooccsu|s+oo|cs(t+mbcm
suoc+t|v|o+ococ|||ntc|n+)
|xc|usioooc+|cu|ooo|uc|o||u|oo+|+octc|m|n+iooo|uc|o|c+|c
o+b+scocc+|cu|oo+C||oc+tc.0ò+som+ooso|scno|oscom|o-
,ctosoccsu|s+tccno|og|c+cocscnvo|v|mcntooc|nov+iotcc-
no|og|c+ob,ctooc+tcntcconcco|o+oucu|t|v+||cg|st|+oo
C+stoscom|o,ctosoccsu|s+
tccno|og|c+cocscnvo|v|mcntooc
|nov+iotccno|og|c+ob,ctooc
+tcntcou|cg|st|ooccu|t|v+|(|no-
v+io+|+omc|c+ooo|t+nto)
z0
lncentlvos da Lel do 8em
|couiooc0òo|||sob|ccu|+mcntosm+u|n+s++|c||osc|ns-
t|umcntos+ccsso||ossob|css+|cntcsc|c||+mcnt+suc+com+n|cm
csscsbcnsocst|n+ooscsu|s+c+oocscnvo|v|mcntotccno|og|co
C+stoscomcu|+mcntos(ctc)
ocst|n+ooscsu|s+c+oocscn-
vo|v|mcntotccno|og|co
(|nc|u|ocscnvo|v|mcntoc|nco|-
o|+iooctccno|og|+v|++u|-
s|ioocm+u|n+s)
|c|cc|+io|ntcg|+|ocm+u|n+sccu|+mcntos++|c||osc|nst|umcntos
novosocst|n+oosut|||z+ion+s+t|v|o+ocsoccsu|s+tccno|og|c+cocscnvo|-
v|mcntooc|nov+iotccno|og|c++|+c|c|tooc+u|+iooo||||co+C||
C+stoscomcu|+mcntosnovos
(ctc)ocst|n+ooss+t|v|o+ocsoc
csu|s+tccno|og|c+cocscnvo|v|-
mcntooc|nov+iotccno|og|c+
^mo|t|z+io+cc|c|+o+mco|+ntcocouiocomocustoouocscs+oc|+c|on+|no
c||ooooc+u|+iocmuc|o|cmc|ctu+oosooso|scno|os|c|+t|vos+u|s|io
ocbcns|nt+ng|vc|sv|ncu|+ooscxc|us|v+mcntcs+t|v|o+ocsoccsu|s+tccno|o-
g|c+cocscnvo|v|mcntooc|nov+iotccno|og|c++|+c|c|tooc+u|+iooo||||
C+stoscom|nt+ng|vc|sv|ncu|+oos
csu|s+tccno|og|c+cocscnvo|v|-
mcntooc|nov+iotccno|og|c+(||ccn-
c|+mcntooc+tcntco|cxcm|o)
C|co|tooo|||ct|oon+|ontc|nc|ocntcsob|cosv+|o|cs+gos+bcncc|-
+||osnocxtc||o|+t|tu|oocroyalties+ss|stcnc|+tccn|c+ouc|cnt|c+coc
sc|v|oscscc|+||z+oos|cv|stoscmcont|+tosoct|+ns|c|cnc|+octcc-
no|og|+ocsocuc+cm|cs++ssum+ocom|om|ssooc|c+||z+|o|scn-
o|oscmcsu|s+no+|scmmont+ntccu|v+|cntc+nom|n|moum+
vczcmc|+ov+|o|oobcnc||c|on+s+|c+soc+tu+ioo+scxt|nt+suocnc
cuo+mouooob|ooov+|o|oobcnc||c|o+|++socm+|s|cg|ocs
C+stoscom|oy+|t|cs+ss|stcnc|+tccn|c+
ouc|cnt|c+cocsc|v|oscscc|+||z+-
ooso|cont|+tooct|+ns|c|cnc|+oc
tccno|og|+ocsocuc+cm|cs++ssum+
ocom|om|ssooc|c+||z+|g+stoscom
csu|s+no+|s(ooccng|ob+|+t|-
v|o+ocsococscnvo|v|mcntoctc)
^||uot+zc|o+|+|||ct|oon+|ontcsob|c|cmcss+s+|+ocxtc||o|ocs-
t|n+o+s+o|cg|st|ocm+nutcnioocm+|c+s+tcntcsccu|t|v+|cs
C+stoscom+tcntcscu|t|v+|cscm+|c+s
(+|nc|usioocm+|c+s+m||+obcnc-
||c|o+|++t|v|o+ocsniocst||t+mcntc
|c|+c|on+o+s+|nov+iotccno|og|c+)
|xc|usioocg+stoscm|o,ctosoccsu|s+c|cnt|c+ctccno|og|c+coc|no-
v+iotccno|og|c+cont|+t+ooscom|Cs(ub||c+s)oo|uc|o||u|oo+|+
c|c|tooc+u|+iooo|uc|o|c+|co+b+scocc+|cu|oo+C||(+|t1-^)
C+stoscom|o,ctosoccs-
u|s+c|cnt|c+ctccno|og|c+
coc|nov+iotccno|og|c+
ubvcniocconom|c++|++|cmunc|+iooccsu|s+oo|cs(mcst|csouoouto-
|cs)cm|cg+ooscm+t|v|o+ocsoc|nov+iotccno|og|c+css+subvcnioc|c|t+
o||ntc|mco|oo+s+gcnc|+soc|omcntoocc|cnc|+sctccno|og|+coocc|c-
g+|++tc40òov+|o|o+|cmunc|+ioooscsu|s+oo|csoc|ccntu+|coco0`
noc+sooccm|cs+scom+tu+ion+s+|c+so+scxt|nt+suocnccuo+m
ubvcnio+|++g+mcntoocmcs-
t|cs;oouto|cscm|cg+ooscm+t|v|o+-
ocsoc|nov+iotccno|og|c+no||+s||
Lel de lnovao
Com+|t|||+mcnto(comm|c|ooucucn+scm|cs+s)ouc|m|s-
sioocuso(+|+cm|cs+sn+c|on+|souo|g+n|z+ocs)oc|n||+cst|utu|+
oc||o+s|Cs(|+bo|+to||oscu|+mcntosctc)|nov+iotccno|o-
g|c+coccsu|s+mco|+ntc|cmunc|+ioco||+zooctc|m|n+oo
^t|v|o+ocsoc|nov+iotcc-
no|og|c+coccsu|s+
Cont|+tosoct|+ns|c|cnc|+octccno|og|+c||ccnc|+mcntooco||c|-
tos+|+cx|o|+ioocc||+io|otcg|o+oc|Cscomouscmcxc|u-
s|v|o+oc(ouv|cc-vc|s+)como|scns+oc||c|t+io(v|oc+|t.)
^t|v|o+ococc||+io|otcg|o+(o|
o||c|tosoc|o||co+oc|ntc|cctu+|)
z06
Lel de lnovao
||cst+ioo||Csocsc|v|os|c|+c|on+oos++t|v|o+ocsvo|t+-
o+s|nov+ioccsu|s+c|cnt|c+ctccno|og|c+cm+mb|cntc
|oout|vo+|+|nst|tu|ocsub||c+sc||v+o+s
^t|v|o+ocsvo|t+o+s|nov+ioc
csu|s+c|cnt|c+ctccno|og|c+
|+|cc||+s+|++t|v|o+ocscon,unt+soccsu|s+c|cnt|c+ctcc-
no|og|c+cocscnvo|v|mcntooctccno|og|+|ooutoou|o-
ccssocnt|c|Cscout|+s|nst|tu|ocsub||c+sou||v+o+s
^t|v|o+ocsoccsu|s+c|cnt|c+c
tccno|og|c+cocscnvo|v|mcntooc
tccno|og|+|ooutoou|occsso
|omb|toocsscs+co|oosossc|v|oo|csub||cos(csu|s+oo|cs)o+s|Cs
oocm|cccbc||cmunc|+io+o|c|on+|tcmo|+||+bo|s+soccst|mu|o+|no-
v+io+|t|c|+ionosg+n|osocco||cntcso+|nov+iooocm+|no+|cuc-
|c|+|+st+mcnto+|+co|+bo|+|com+t|v|o+ocsocout|+s|Csc||ccn+
scmvcnc|mcntos+|+const|tu||cm|cs++|+ocscnvo|vc|+|nov+io
Conccssiooc|ccu|sosn+ncc||os+cm|cs+sn+c|on+|sco|g+n|z+ocssob+|o|m+
oc(+) +|t|c|+iosoc|ct+||+(b) n+nc|+mcnto(c)subvcniocconom|c+com
cont|++|t|o++|+oocscnvo|v|mcntooc|ooutosou|occssos|nov+oo|cs
|cscnvo|v|mcntooc|oou-
tosou|occssos|nov+oo|cs
Cont|+t+iooccm|cs+sn+c|on+|sco|g+n|z+ocso|cnt|o+ocso+ôm|n|st|+io
|ub||c++|+|c+||z+iooc+t|v|o+ocsoc||v|s+nooso|uiooc|ob|cm+
tccn|cocscc|coouobtcniooc|nov+iou+noot+|s+t|v|o+ocscnvo|-
v+m||scotccno|og|co. ^|cmunc|+iosc|+|oo|c|on+|+osuccssoobt|oo
^t|v|o+ocsoccsu|s+cocscnvo|v|-
mcntouccnvo|v+m||sco+|+so|u-
iooc|ob|cm+tccn|cocscc|co
ou|oouto;|occssos|nov+oo|cs
ôoioocc||+ocsoc|nvcnto||noccnocntc(+|t..) C||+io
|nst|tu|iooc|unoomutuooc|nvcst|mcntocmcm|cs+s|nov+oo-
|+scom|ccu|sosc+t+oosnomc|c+ooocv+|o|csmob|||+||os
|nov+io
Lel de lnrormatlca
|couiooc|||+|+cm|cs+suc|nvcst||cm+nu+|mcntcnom|n|mo`(c|nco
o|ccnto)ooscu|+tu|+mcntob|utonomc|c+oo|ntc|nocm+t|v|o+ocsoccs-
u|s+cocscnvo|v|mcntocmtccno|og|+so+|n|o|m+io+sc|cm|c+||z+o+sno+|s
^t|v|o+ocsoccsu|s+cocscnvo|v|-
mcntocmtccno|og|+o+|n|o|m+io
uccnvo|vcmos|tcns,+ocsc||tosno
u+o|o.(usooc|og|+m+soccom-
ut+oo|occu|+mcntosc+ccsso||os
|c||+mcnt+s+ss|mcomosc|v|ooc
|nst+|+ioocsscscu|+mcntos|m|+n-
t+io+m||+iooumooc|n|z+iooc
|+bo|+to||osoc|||ccu|sos|um+nos
+|+oocscnvo|v|mcntooc|ooutos
ou|occssos|nov+oo|cso||ctos|ccu|-
sos|um+nos|no||ctos+u|s|ocsoc
||v|oscc||oo|costccn|cosm+tc||+|s
occonsumov|+gcnst|c|n+mcntosc|-
v|ostccn|cosoctc|cc||oscout|os)
Cons|oc|+noo+s||nc|+|smco|o+soc|nccnt|vo|cv|st+sc+s|cscct|v+socn|ocsoc|nov+-
ioc+t|v|o+oc|nov+t|v+ucsc|+b|||t+m+scus|cscct|vosbcnc||c|osc|ccbc-scuc+g|+noc
m+|o||+o+s||otcscscontcm|++t|v|o+ocs|nov+t|v+socn|o+snos+o|ocsoo|+nu+|ocOs|o
|sso|m||c+uc+m+|o|+|tco+smco|o+socst|n+-sc+|nccnt|v+|+ocs|nov+oo|+sooontooc
v|st+o+cm|cs+
z07
6.3. Os ativos intangveis na Lei das S/A (Lei 6.404/76) mudanas
introduzidas pela Lei 11.683/2007)
Oob,ct|voocst+scguno++|tcoot|+b+||oco|scut||como+muo+n+|cg+||nt|oouz|o+n+|c|o+s
;^(c|+|c|++es,;.oo;)oocv||++|ct+|+|o|m+oc+|o||+|osg+stoscom++t|v|o+ococ||
cx+m|n+nooocuc|o|m+css+|c|+|tc|++cont+b|||o+ocoos+t|vos|nt+ng|vc|s
||ctcnoc-sc+n+||s+|+s|m||c+ocs,u||o|c+socss+smuo+n+so|scut|nooe.g., scoocmo|m|nu||+
+t|+t|v|o+ocoos|nccnt|vos|ccon|z+oosn+sout|+s|c|sû|o|ob|cm+niocst+n+o||c|cnc|+-
ioocconcc|tosm+sno|m+ctoc+so|+,+um+o|m|nu|iooocst|mu|o+|c+||z+|||
|st++n+||scsc,ust|c+c|+|mo|tnc|+ocsccntcnoc|oucnov+|c|n++e,st|+zsob|cot|+t+-
mcntocont+b||oc||n+scm|cs+s|o|cxcm|osc+socscs+scom||niom+|s|o|cmcont+-
b|||z+o+scomoocscs+scs|mcomo+t|voc|oc|io++t|+t|v|o+oc+so|sos|ocso+|c|+++,e(|c|
oo|cm)sob|cocouocsno|mostooc|cno+(ucsioocouocsno|uc|o+u|c||oo)
|ocscnot+|uc+|c|++es,;.oo;|o|um+sso|mo|t+ntcno|occssooc+ooiooc+o|ocs|ntc|-
n+c|on+|sc|+ssoc|co+ocs+non|m+sb|+s||c||+s+|+ocmonst|+ocsn+ncc||+scomv|st+s|utu|+
+ooio oc no|m+s |ntc|n+c|on+|s oc cont+b|||o+oc +s Internacional Financial Report Standard
(|||)cm.o+o^s|cg|+scst+bc|cc|o+so|css+|c|+b|+ngcmo|vc|sos+scctoso+cont+b|||o+oc
o+s;^|cst+c+mos+scgu||+uc|+sucsc|c|+c|on+mcont+b|||o+ocoos+t|vos|nt+ng|vc|s
As modlcaes da Lel
|ntct|c+mcntc+smoo|c+ocsn+|c|o+s;^|c|c|cntcscont+b|||o+ocsio+sscgu|ntcs
Os +t|vos |nt+ng|vc|s +ss+m + sc| c|+ss|||c+oos como +t|vo c|m+ncntc (|c| e|o|
+|t+;s,+c)
|o +t|vo |nt+ng|vc| c|+ss|c+m-sc os o||c|tos uc tcn|+m o| ob,cto bcns |nco|o|cos
ocst|n+oos m+nutcnio o+ com+n||+ ou cxc|c|oos com css+ n+||o+oc |nc|us|vc o
|unoooccomc|c|o+ou|||oo (|c|+|t+;,V|)
^ +v+||+io ocsscs +t|vos sc|+ |c|t+ c|o custo |nco|||oo n+ su+ +u|s|io ocouz|oo oo
s+|ooo+|cscct|v+cont+oc+mo|t|z+io(+|t+s,V||)
ô|m|nu|ionov+|o|ocsscs+t|vossc|+|cg|st|+o+n+cont+oc+mo|t|z+io(+|t+s,
,.b)
z08
O que so atlvos lntanglvels
^ ||mc||+ obsc|v+io + sc| |c|t+ c uc c|+s ocn|ocs o+ |c| os +t|vos |nt+ng|vc|s cons|oc|+oos
sio+uc|csucscc+|+ctc||z+mcomobcns|m+tc||+|sucoocmsc|ob,ctooct|+ns+io|otc-sc
c|+ss|c+m-scno|nt+ng|vc|oso||c|tosuctcn|+mo|ob,ctobcns|nco|o|cosocst|n+oosm+nu-
tcnioo+com+n||+oucxc|c|ooscomcss+n+||o+oc|nc|us|vco|unoooccomc|c|o+ou|||oo
(+|t+;,V|)c++v+||+ioocsscso||c|tossc|+|c|t+c|ocusto|nco|||oon+su++u|s|ioocouz|oo
oos+|ooo+|cscct|v+cont+oc+mo|t|z+io(+|t+s,V||)
^ss|mosg+stoscm||soscto|n+||+mum+t|vo|nt+ng|vc|
sc|osscmocscno|ooscm+u|s|iooctccno|og|+(+tcntcsm+|c+sscg|cooctc)cxtc|-
n+mcntcou
mco|o+uc|oouz|sscmum|csu|t+oo+|o||+vc| bcmocn|oo.
Os g+stos cm || |ntc|no oocm +tc |cc|cut|| no v+|o| oc mc|c+oo o+s +ocs o| cxcm|o
m+snioconst|tucmumbcmnoscnt|oo,u||o|coO |+toocum+|m++|cscnt+|g+stoscm||
|ntc|nocmoctc|m|n+oo|o,ctoooc+tc+|ct+|ov+|o|ocmc|c+ooocsu+s+ocs(cm|uniooos
c|c|tosuc|sso|ovoc+n+scxcct+t|v+soc+|ovc|t+|oo|tun|o+ocsocg+n|os|utu|os)m+snio
sct|+ouz|mco|+t+mcntcnov+|o|ocscus+t|vos|cscntcs
^ss|m+|cocu+ioucocuo||gcmucstio+u|t|+t+o+scosg+stoscm||nio|osscm
m+|scont+b|||z+ooscomoocscs+sos|nccnt|vossc+|s(uc|m||c+mocouocsno|uc|o+u|c||oo)
c|oc||+m+t|+t|v|o+ocnioscvc||c+
|+vc|o+occnsoucn+o||gcmocss+|cocu+iocstc,++o||c|cn+cnt|c+sv|socscconom|c+
c,u||o|c+sob|co||c|tos
|mbo|++o|scussioo+||tc|+tu|+cconom|c+sob|c|nt+ng|vc|snio|++css+o|st|nioooontooc
v|st+,u||o|coos+t|vos|nt+ng|vc|sn+o+m+|ssioooucbcns|m+tc||+|s|cbcnsucniosioco|-
s+s ||s|c+s;m+tc||+|s |uno+mcnt+|mcntc so sc to|n+m o||c|tos o|uc sio +|o||+vc|s +|no+ uc
css++|o||+b|||o+ocsc,+occnocntcoc|c||+|c+s+tcntcs|unoooccomc|c|ocnt|cout|ossio
o||c|tossob|cbcns|m+tc||+|scst+bc|cc|ooscomo|o||co+ocoucomoob||g+iocont|+tu+|
|otc-sc+u|+|mo|tnc|+o++|o||+b|||o+occntcno|o+comoum+t||butouccvo|u|ccomum
oocscnvo|v|mcntooctccn|c+s+|+c|m|t||+|o||+ioo+u||ouc+ntcsnioc|++|o||+vc|oc
z09
mooo+|+c|||t+|+t|+ns+io(cxc|co|tosocc+|bonoo||c|tosoco|u||ctc)^|o||+tccno|og|+
uc|o,cc+tcntc+vc|niosc||++ss|vc|oc+|o||+ioscnio|osscot|tu|oconcco|ooc|o|st+oo
|o| out|o |+oo os |nt+ng|vc|s uc nio sio octc|m|n+oos ou +|o||+vc|s o| o||c|tos nio sio
|+c||mcntcmcnsu|+vc|sos+t|vosniooc||m|t+oost|+ouzcm+cn+scxcct+t|v+s(oo|tun|o+ocs
ocuso|utu|o)cmbo|+oss+m+tctc|v+|o|cconom|coOso||c|tosoc||m|t+ooscu|v+|cm++t||-
mon|o+cumu|+ooosniooc||m|t+oosn+vc|o+oct|+ouzcmcxcct+t|v+s(oo|tun|o+ocsocuso
|utu|o)cmbo|+oss+mtc|v+|o|cconom|co
kerernclas
8|||^|||:. | |:oouio oc cst+t|st|c+s c |nov+io tccno|og|c+ |^|| +,,o-ioo+ So aulo em
erspectlva. v+;. n ,-|. , +,+-+o;. ioo,
8|^:|| |c| oc |nov+io (|c| +o,;,;o|). + |c| oc |n|o:m+t|c+ (|c| si|s;,+) c + |c| +++,o (|c| oo 8cm). |c|
n ++o,s (c |cg|s|+io co::c|+t+)
C||1|O || |:1Ô | |:1U|O: |:1|^1||CO:. ^::OC|^Ô |^C|O|^| || ||:QU|:^ |
||:||VO|V||||1O |^: |||||:^: ||OV^|O|^: Os novos lnstrumentos de apolo lnovao. uma
avallao lnlclal 8:+s|||+;|| ioo,
||||^z. |:. 1 |+ +bus|v|o+oc oo ,ooc: cconom|co kevlsta de Ulrelto Lconmlco. v i+. out;ocz +,,,
|U||z. :. ||O|:||. ^ Com,ct|t|v|o+oc c +,:cno|z+gcm tccno|og|c+ c o:g+n|z+c|on+| um c|o
|no|ssoc|+vc| s , (m|mco)
OC1^V|^||. ^ O Ordenamento da lnovao. a economla polltlca da rorma jurldlca 1:+b+||o +,:cscnt+oo
no :cm|n+:|o. ||o oc |+nc|:o. novcmb:o oc ioo,
O|^||:^1|O| |O| |CO|O||C CO-O|||^1|O| ^|| ||V||O||||1 roposed standard practlce
ror surveys ror researcb and experlmental development, |rascatl Manual z00z |+:|s iooi
O|^||:^1|O| |O| |CO|O||C CO-O|||^1|O| ^|| ||V||O||||1;|u:ost+t. OLCU proposed
guldellnes ror collectlng and lnterpretlng tecbnologlcal lnnovatlon data Oslo Manual. |+:|s +,,;
||||||. | |cocs oc con|cc|mcnto no 8:+s|| um+ +n+||sc o:g+n|z+c|on+| o+ |c| oc 1ccno|og|+ o+ |n|o:m+io
c Comun|c+io (1|C) arcerlas Lstrateglcas. n i, (oczcmb:o;ioo;). , o,-|o. ioo;
z!0
:^||z-:^|C||z. 1v . :OUz^ |Û|^. |C |cs+os |nst|tuc|on+|s ,+:+ o scto: oc c|cnc|+ c tccno|og|+ o
s|stcm+ n+c|on+| oc c|cnc|+ c |nov+io tccno|og|c+ arcerlas Lstrateglcas. n +, (oczcmb:o oc ioo+). , |i-o,
:U||||||. C^. C^||O:. || |nccnt|vo + |nov+io tccno|og|c+ n+s cont:+t+cs govc:n+mcnt+|s um
,+no:+m+ :c+||st+s u+nto + scgu:+n+ ,u:|o|c+ |n Semlnarlo lnovao 1ecnologlca e Segurana urldlca
Contrlbulo ao debate :io |+u|o. +,;+i;iooo 8:+s|||+ C||. iooo
1^V^||:. ^ | |st+tuto const|tuc|on+| o+ c|cnc|+ c tccno|og|+ |n Semlnarlo lnovao 1ecnologlca e
Segurana urldlca Cont:|bu|io +o ocb+tc :io |+u|o. +,;+i;iooo 8:+s|||+ C||. iooo
V|O11|. |8 8:+s|| oc ,o||t|c+ oc C81 ,+:+ ,o||t|c+ oc |nov+io |vo|uio c ocs+os o+s ,o||t|c+s b:+s||c|:+s
oc c|cnc|+. tccno|og|+ c |nov+io |n SLMlNAklO lN1LkNAClONAL AvALlAAO UL OLl1lCAS UL
ClLNClA, 1LCNOLOClA L lNOvAAO. o|+|ogo cnt:c cx,c:|cnc|+s |ntc:n+c|on+|s c b:+s||c|:+s 8:+s|||+
C||. ioos
V|O11|. |8. |^C||O. || lndlcadores de Clncla, 1ecnologla e lnovao no 8rasll C+m,|n+s |o
U||C^||. ioo,
z!!
Agradeclmentos
Cost+||+mos oc cx|css+| nosso +g|+occ|mcnto +os cscc|+||st+s c|t+oos +b+|xo uc mu|to con-
t||bu||+mcomsu+sc||t|c+scsugcstocsou|+ntc+soc|n+scmuc+s|oost+soct|+b+||osuc
oc|+mo||gcm+os+|t|gosocst+ub||c+io|o|+m+|cscnt+o+sc|osscus+uto|cs
^nton|o|osc|unuc||+|otc||o
^|cxo+||v+^|vcs
|+b|o|c|xoto
|c|n+no+^nton|+|onscc+ob|+|
|c|n+no+V|||cn+
C|+z|c|+ |c||c|ozuco|oto
|osc^nton|o||mcnt+-|ucno
|+|g+|ct|u||c|
|+||+n+|cbou+s
|+t||c|cc|ct
|ub|+ûx|||+oo|+Const+nc|ou|ntio
|osso|ccon|cc|mcnto+|un+ocmcst|+oooo||CC||||C;||||^|css+no|+|o|g+oo|+m||ooc
||m+c|+su+co|+bo|+io cm+t|v|o+ocsoo|o,ctooccsu|s+uc|csu|t+|+mcstct|+b+||o
z!z

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B

9 O |obo. 1 oc oczcmb:o oc .010

O uc c+|+ctc||z+ o c+|t+||smo cogn|t|vo n+ncc||o c g|ob+||z+oo c + ocsconst|uio o+ |c|+io

Bases conceituais em pesquisa, desenvolvimento e inovao

O tcxto cst+ cst|utu|+oo cm u+t|o to|cos |+ +|tc scgu|ntc |ocu|+mos c+|+ctc||z+| os

|ntcnoc| + v|ncu|+io cx|stcntc cnt|c c+|+ctc||st|c+s oos |ooutos |c|+c|on+oos + software c o

- |cstc mb|to ooc-sc o|zc| uc |+ um +|+st+mcnto cm |c|+io +s

+) |c|c+oo oc software-+cotc - ^s cono|ocs v|gcntcs |csc|v+m ouc+s oo|tun|o+ocs

70 |||||||O. ^| |+oos +,:cscnt+oos no |+bo:+to:|o oc |st+t|st|c+s |ub||c+s (|||;|8|;.00) c no |++st:|c|t |nst|tutc o|

Quadro z lndlcadores relaclonados aos processos aprendlzagem, desenvolvldas com

|o|t+nto oc |o|m+ con,unt+

ncstc c|cv+ + |ob+b|||o+oc o+s cm|cs+s |nt|oouz||cm |nov+ocs |nc|cmcnt+|s cm |occssos cm

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